Reforma Política No Brasil 01 272.P65 1 01/08/06, 17:27 Programa Das Nações Unidas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Para O Desenvolvimento

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Reforma Política No Brasil 01 272.P65 1 01/08/06, 17:27 Programa Das Nações Unidas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Para O Desenvolvimento Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 1 01/08/06, 17:27 Programa das Nações Unidas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS para o Desenvolvimento Reitor: Ronaldo Tadêu Pena Vice-Reitora: Heloisa Maria Murgel Starling Representante Residente: Kim Bolduc Representante Residente Adjunto: Lucien Muñoz Editora UFMG Diretor: Wander Melo Miranda Unidade de Governo Vice-Diretora: Silvana Cóser Coordenador: Francisco Gaetani Conselho Editorial Wander Melo Miranda (presidente) Carlos Antônio Leite Brandão José Francisco Soares Juarez Rocha Guimarães Maria das Graças Santa Bárbara Maria Helena Damasceno e Silva Megale Paulo Sérgio Lacerda Beirão Silvana Cóser Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 2 01/08/06, 17:27 Leonardo Avritzer Fátima Anastasia Organizadores Belo Horizonte Editora UFMG 2006 Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 3 01/08/06, 17:27 © 2006, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento | © 2006, Editora UFMG Este livro ou parte dele não pode ser reproduzido por qualquer meio sem autorização escrita do Editor. R322 Reforma política no Brasil / Leonardo Avritzer, Fátima Anastasia (organizadores). – Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2006. 271 p. ; il. – Inclui referências. ISBN: 85-7041-536-2 1. Brasil – Política e Governo. 2. Brasil – História. I. Avritzer, Leonardo. II. Anastasia, Fátima. CDD: 981 CDU: 981 Elaborada pela Central de Controle de Qualidade da Catalogação da Biblioteca Universitária da UFMG Coordenação Técnica: Francisco Gaetani (PNUD) Editoração de textos: Ana Maria de Moraes Revisão e normalização: Maria do Carmo Leite Ribeiro Revisão de provas: Michel Gannam e Marco Marinho Projeto gráfico e capa: Paulo Schmidt Formatação: Paulo Schmidt Produção gráfica: Warren M. Santos Editora UFMG Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 SCN Quadra 2 Bloco A Ala direita da Biblioteca Central - térreo - Campus Pampulha Ed. Corporate Financial Center - 7º andar CEP: 31270-901 – Belo Horizonte/MG CEP: 70712-901 - Brasília/DF Tel.: (31) 3499-4650 – Fax: (31) 3499-4768 Tel.: (61) 3038-9300 - Fax: (61) 3038-9009 [email protected] [email protected] www.pnud.org.br www.editora.ufmg.br Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 4 01/08/06, 17:27 Apresentação O Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) vem através desta publicação contribuir para a discussão sobre as possibilidades de aperfeiçoamento da democracia no Brasil. O país é hoje uma democracia consolidada e vibrante, exemplo para o continente latino-americano, e objeto de admiração e respeito em todo o mundo. Transcorridas mais de duas décadas do processo de redemocratização, não se verifica no país nenhum temor quanto à possibilidade de retrocessos autoritários. As crises políticas ocor- ridas nesses anos foram todas superadas dentro do marco consti- tucional, sem colocar em risco as instituições democráticas, cuja construção é uma conquista permanente de toda a nação brasileira. O Brasil tornou-se conhecido internacionalmente também pelas inovações no campo da democracia cidadã, isto é, na esfera da democracia que vai além dos processos eleitorais periódicos da chamada democracia representativa. A multiplicação das experi- ências de orçamento participativo no âmbito local, a criação de conselhos com participação social no âmbito de diversas políticas públicas, as experiências de descentralização das políticas sociais e a institucionalização de uma instância de diálogo com os movi- mentos sociais no âmbito do Executivo são exemplos de como o Brasil vem contribuindo para o enriquecimento da prática democrá- tica no continente e no mundo. O PNUD é a favor de um debate qualificado sobre os dilemas e opções do país no que se refere ao seu sistema político. Esta publi- cação é uma contribuição ao diálogo nacional sobre o tema e destina- se ao mundo político, a organizações da sociedade civil, às universidades, aos meios de comunicação e à sociedade brasileira, em geral. Dado seu caráter didático e informativo, trata-se, também, de uma contribuição que não é prisioneira de debates marcados pelo imediatismo, pois visa possibilitar escolhas conscientes, uma meta desejável para a consolidação de processos democráticos fundados essencialmente na disputa política. Trata-se de um esforço de contribuição do PNUD ao debate sobre a reforma política no Brasil. Este é um assunto recorrente desde a Constituição de 1988, sinalizando que algumas das escolhas do país em relação ao tema ainda não estão consolidadas ou, talvez, devam ser objeto de recon- sideração. A iniciativa constitui-se em um seguimento de duas outras impor- tantes contribuições do PNUD ao debate sobre democracia: o Rela- tório Internacional sobre Desenvolvimento Humano de 2002 “Aprofundar a Democracia num Mundo Fragmentado” e o Informe da Diretoria para América Latina e Caribe “Democracia na América Latina – Rumo a uma Democracia de Cidadãos e Cidadãs”, lançado dois anos atrás com o apoio da União Européia. Ambos os relatórios alcançaram grande repercussão em escala continental e mundial Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 5 01/08/06, 17:27 ao abordarem o tema da relação dos siste- aos desafios afetos ao funcionamento do sis- mas políticos nacionais e a qualidade do tema político. processo democrático. A iniciativa foi desenvolvida com o apoio Muito se discute sobre a funcionalidade de diversos integrantes da comunidade de de sistemas políticos em abstrato. Mas, cientistas políticos, economistas e sociólo- quando se trata de vincular este debate aos gos da academia brasileira, que se dispu- desafios de um país como o Brasil — que seram a participar do projeto. A edição deste enfrenta simultâneamente os imperativos de trabalho se deu em parceria com a Universi- combater a pobreza e crescer —, as coisas dade Federal de Minas Gerais, instituição à já não são tão simples. Os grandes desafi- qual pertencem os organizadores desta publi- os da democracia brasileira são o combate cação, que organizaram a estrutura do livro e à desigualdade e a promoção do desenvol- a articulação das contribuições. A publicação vimento, simultâneamente. A construção de não é um documento oficial do PNUD, embo- um sistema político que favoreça um proje- ra a iniciativa seja de sua responsabilidade, e to de governabilidade comprometida com os textos sejam de responsabilidade dos estes dois projetos é um desafio nacional. respectivos autores. A forma que o PNUD encontrou de apoiar A publicação é constituída por dois tipos esta discussão foi optando por disseminar de contribuições: artigos e verbetes. Os arti- o debate e os dilemas nele envolvidos. A gos que abrem e fecham o livro tratam de sociedade precisa apropriar-se das escolhas questões sobre a democracia cidadã e so- que conduzem ao sistema político que a bre a funcionalidade — ou não — do sistema governa. Optou-se por desagregar os diver- político brasileiro, além de uma contribuição sos ingredientes da discussão sobre refor- ao debate a partir de um outro país latino- ma política e mapear as posições existentes americano — o México — que traz um olhar sobre cada um deles. A intenção foi escla- comparativo. Os verbetes referem-se a diver- recer as divergências, não processá-las, por- sos temas, mais ou menos relacionados com que esta tarefa é da sociedade brasileira e de o debate sobre a reforma política no país. O sua classe política. O produto deste traba- conjunto das contribuições proporciona uma lho, contido no livro, é um conjunto de textos visão do mosaico que é a discussão da re- que elucidam dilemas e proporcionam aná- forma política do país e das posições em lises do cenário brasileiro no que se refere disputa. PNUD Brasil julho 2006 Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 6 01/08/06, 17:27 Sumário Introdução 11 Parte I Reforma Política no Brasil e na América Latina 15 A Reforma da Representação 17 Fátima Anastasia Felipe Nunes Reforma Política e Participação no Brasil 35 Leonardo Avritzer Reforma Política em Perspectiva Comparada na América do Sul 45 Carlos Ranulfo Melo Transição e Governabilidade nas Democracias Mexicana e Brasileira 63 Alberto J. Olvera Tradução: Áurea Cristina Mota Parte II Entendendo as Mudanças Necessárias no Sistema Político 71 1. Republicanismo 73 Republicanismo 73 Heloisa Maria Murgel Starling Financiamento de Campanha (público versus privado) 77 Renato Janine Ribeiro Corrupção e Estado de Direito 82 Newton Bignotto Voto Obrigatório 86 Cícero Araújo CPIs e Investigação Política 90 Fábio Wanderley Reis Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 7 01/08/06, 17:27 2. Participação e Opinião Pública 94 Iniciativa Popular 94 Sonia Fleury Plebiscito e Referendum 99 Cláudia Feres Faria Política de Cotas 103 Céli Regina Jardim Pinto Regulação das Pesquisas 107 Rachel Meneguello Regulação da Mídia 111 Regina Mota Francisco Tavares Corporativismo 116 Renato Raul Boschi 3. Método de Constituição das Instâncias Decisórias 123 Federalismo 123 Marta Arretche Sistema Eleitoral 128 Antônio Octávio Cintra Lista Aberta – Lista Fechada 133 Jairo Nicolau Número e Distribuição de Cadeiras na Câmara dos Deputados 137 David Samuels Tradução: Cláudia Feres Faria Coligações Eleitorais 142 David Fleischer Justiça Eleitoral 147 Matthew Taylor O Financiamento de Campanhas Eleitorais 153 Bruno Wilhelm Speck O Bicameralismo em Perspectiva Comparada 159 Mariana Llanos Francisco Sánchez Tradução: Daniela Paiva de Almeida Pacheco Suplentes de Parlamentares 165 Charles Pessanha Ana Luiza Backes Reforma Política no Brasil_01_272.p65 8 01/08/06, 17:27 4. Regras Decisórias 170 Poderes de Agenda do Presidente 170 Magna Inácio Modalidades e Procedimentos
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