Campus Special Constables in Ontario
George S. Rigakos, PhD Ontario Association of College and University Security Administrators Professor of the Political L'Association Des Chefs De Securite Dans Les Colleges Et Universites De L'Ontario Economy of Policing Carleton University OACUSA ACSCUO & SAMANTHA PONTING, MA Comments or Questions to:
George S. Rigakos Professor of the Political Economy of Policing Carleton University 613-520-2600 ext. 3683
[email protected] Table of Contents
1.0 Goals and scope of this report 5 2.0 Origins of the office of special constable 7 3.0 Special constables in Canada 9 3.1 Special constables on Canadian campuses 9 3.2 Authority and oversight of campus special constables 10 4.0 Ontario campus special constables 13 4.1 Training, qualifications and accountability 13 4.2 Use of force 14 4.3 Arrest, search and seizure 15 4.4 Oversight 15 5.0 Policing the university community 17 5.1 Specialized campus-based training 17 5.1.1 Theft 19 5.1.2 Sexual assault and violence against women 19 5.1.3 Mental health 22 5.1.4 Substance abuse 22 5.2 Community policing initiatives 23 6.0 The special constable advantage 27 6.1 Special constables as a cost-saving measure 27 6.2 Critical incident response 29 6.3 Specialized service delivery and innovation 30 6.4 Ethical diversion 31 6.5 Information sharing with police 32 Conclusions: Moving Forward 35 APPENDIX 37 Notes 47
Goals and scope of this report | 5
Goals and scope of this report 1.0
his study of Ontario Campus Special Constables is undertaken by George S. Rigakos, Professor of the TPolitical Economy of Policing, Carleton University and Samantha Ponting and is commissioned by the Ontario Association of College and University Security Administrators. It is based on a review of:
(1) the existing legislative context of Canadian and Ontario campus special constabularies;
(2) scholarly and government documents pertaining to campus policing in Ontario and elsewhere;
(3) discussions with Ontario campus security directors;
(4) reports to the Ministry of Corrections and Community Safety provided by campus security directors (“Special Constable Profile Forms” N=12) as part of a larger provincial study of special constables in Ontario.
The goal of this Report is to provide an up-to-date review of the legislative, operational, training and oversight mechanisms currently governing campus special constables in Ontario. 6 | Goals and scope OF this report
The first campus constable: J.P. Christie, University of Toronto, 1904 Origins of the office of special constable | 7
Origins of the office of Photo by Loozrboy http://www.flickr.com/people/loozrboy/ special constable 2.0
he office of constable is as old as also saw the rise of large-scale, organized the English common-law system criminality. Paid constables worked Tand pre-dates the Norman invasion alongside “petty” constables, “deputy” of England of 1066, originally serving as constables, and an assortment of other a military rank within the Roman Empire. police titles ranging from “night watchmen” In England, the title replaced the older to “marching watches” and, of course, communal and tribal distinction known special constables. In some cases, these as the “tithingman” or “borsholder” which offices were paid directly by the Crown but was tied to feudal-lord arrangements of by the late eighteenth and early nineteenth the Medieval period. From the start, the century constables were largely locally and duties of constables included patrol and privately compensated as Londoners sought safety responsibilities associated with both out the skills and connections necessary to urban and countryside order as early as the recoup their stolen goods, often unwittingly 15th century. Originally, the position was a looking to the same criminal organizations duty-bound and uncompensated obligation that stole from them in the first place. This imposed by the Crown upon upstanding gave rise to some famous instances of members of the community. With the privately compensated “thief-takers” such advent of mass urbanization in England as the infamous Jonathan Wild, Fielding’s on the heels of the industrial revolution in “Bow Street Runners” or Patrick Colquhoun’s the eighteenth century, these obligations Thames River Police. All were, in whole or became particularly onerous for local part, compensated by private sources.2 community leaders who also tended to be By the time of Sir Robert Peel’s first part of a rising merchant class. 1 consolidated, salaried, centralized and The office of constable became a professional police based out of Scotland compensated position almost as soon as Yard in 1830, both London and the English local industrialists and other emerging countryside were being policed by a wide professionals were able to amass enough assortment of public, private and hybrid surplus to pay someone else to take on this policing organizations3 that included policing responsibility. It is at this time that dozens of “petty”, “deputy” and “special” the English system, particularly in London, constables. 8 | Origins of the office of special constable
Indeed, the history of constables and special constables demonstrates that while policing has always been an office associated with the public good, its sponsorship has been both public and private depending on the circumstances.4 In some cases, constables were both publicly-funded but also took additional private compensation for conducting investigations and/or retrieving goods and persons. While we now typically associate the offices of constable and special constable as Crown-sponsored and centralized police authorities, quasi-public and hybrid agencies such as railways, universities, and other Crown and private corporations have continued to employ special constables in a manner consistent with English common-law since at least the seventeenth century.5
I fully endorse the University of Windsor Campus Community Police Special Constable Service… [they] play a vital role not only in the campus community, but the community at large by providing security and policing services that would otherwise be carried out by the Windsor Police Service.
- AI Frederick, Chief of Police, Windsor Police Service Special constables in Canada | 9
Special constables in Canada 3.0
cross Canada, provinces have hire special constables. Across provinces, incorporated into policing legislation special constables must be appointed on a A clauses that permit the establishment term-delimited and conditional basis, and of special constables (SCs) who are the minister or appointing body retains considered peace officers granted the right to terminate special constable all or some of the authority of police status. SCs also work alongside provincial, officers depending on how their roles municipal and federal police, preforming are defined. While provincial legislation a wide array of tertiary functions ranging permits SCs to obtain the same from: detention centre security, court powers as police constables, specific security and prison transport, and even powers, territorial jurisdictions, and bomb disposal. responsibilities are outlined within the terms of the individual appointment. In 3.1 Special constables on Canadian Ontario, SCs may be hired directly by campuses the private sector. The parameters of With the exception of Newfoundland, SCs are then outlined in the contract New Brunswick and British Columbia, between the employer and the provincial every province in Canada has sworn or municipal police service. SCs working on university campuses. In Canada, special constables are Ontario has the highest concentration commonly appointed to fulfill a specific role of universities in Canada and not within government agencies. For example, coincidentally the largest number of in Nova Scotia, inspectors enforcing the campuses with SCs. Sometimes working Elevator and Lifts Act and the Amusement alongside SCs, many universities either Devices Safety Act are appointed as hire in-house or contract security special constables. In other cases, special providers. In many cases, universities constables are hired by for-profit or non- hire By-law enforcement officers to for-profit organizations to fulfill specific issue parking tickets or have their purposes. In British Columbia, Consumer security personnel certified to write Protection BC and the BC Society for the municipal parking tickets as Municipal Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) Law Enforcement Officers (MLEOs). 10 | Special constables in Canada
Generally speaking, larger campuses • University of Prince Edward located in larger Canadian cities are far Island, Charlotte PEI more likely to hire SCs than their smaller • University of Saskatchewan, counterparts. Canadian campuses with Saskatoon, SK SCs outside of Ontario include: 3.2 Authority and oversight of • University of Alberta, Edmonton AB campus special constables • University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB Special constables are mandated to • Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS perform their functions on university • Université de Montréal, Montréal PQ campuses by provincial police legislation, • Université de Sherbrooke, the university that employs them and Sherbrooke PQ by the police of jurisdiction where the Special constables in Canada | 11
campus is located. Table 3.2a (see In provinces across Canada, special Appendix) provides a comparative view constables perform specialized security of the different provincial legislation functions on university campuses (see that governs SCs in their respective Table 3.2b, Appendix). These specialized provinces. Generally, the authority of functions involve the implementation of SCs on Canadian campuses is confined specific acts, particularly those relevant to university property and they are never to campus communities, such as the granted full police status and authority. acts that regulate traffic and liquor use. SCs are generally appointed by the University special constables play a role Minister or by the Municipal Police Board in the enforcement of municipal by-laws, or Regional Authority where the campus and also enforce particular elements is situated. In this respect, SCs may have of the Criminal Code. Campus SCs may their appointment revoked by either the perform investigations that relate to more Minister, the Board or by termination by minor criminal activity, and often act as the university that employs them. a liaison between members of a campus In other provinces, (Nova Scotia, community and a local police force. While Quebec, PEI, and Saskatchewan), special legislated oversight mechanisms vary from constables are incorporated into the province to province, the structural role of purview of police oversight commissions. In special constables remains consistent. Ontario, the provincial Special Investigations Campus SCs are provincially-mandated, Unit (SIU) does not investigate incidents performing tertiary policing functions involving campus SCs as they are not related to campus security, circumscribed considered “police”. Although campus SC by the boundaries of the university and by services are on record that they do not working agreements with the local police oppose SIU oversight, in cases of suspected of jurisdiction. malfeasance the local police may conduct a criminal investigation. In 2004, the office of the Solicitor General and Public Security released a report and a series of recommendations in review of Alberta’s special constable program. From this report came the introduction of the Alberta Peace Officer Act (APOA). The Police Act remains the piece of legislation that establishes special constable status in Ontario where SCs are governed by Ministerial regulations6 and local police requirements. 12 | Special constables in Canada Ontario campus special constables | 13
Ontario campus special constables 4.0
here are 199 campus SCs in 4.1 Training, qualifications and Ontario employed at 9 universities accountability Tand one college. The University of The required qualifications of special Toronto campus police employ the largest constables are generally consistent number of SCs at 63 spread across three across campuses (see Table 4.1a campuses: St. George, Mississauga, and below). Most campuses require some Scarborough. Ontario universities with form of education within the field of campus special constable units employ law enforcement and policing, including an average of 21.2 SCs. Brock University the attainment of a community college employs the smallest university-based diploma. While required work experience special constabulary at eleven members varies, most departments reported that (see Table 4.0, Appendix for more previous experience is an asset. The details). Almost all of these campus clearance process required for special special constabularies are augmented constables is fairly extensive, in all by other security personnel including cases requiring a local records check student patrols. and clearance with the Criminal Name The oldest campus constabulary Index, and employment and character was founded in 1904 at the University of references. In some instances, Toronto as it fell outside the geographic candidates are screened with the boundaries of the Toronto Police. Most National Crime Information Centre or the campus SC services in North America, Credit Bureau. All departments required however, were instituted in the 1970s, First Aid and CPR certification, and in including at Brock University in 1971, some cases, AED certification. In all and the University of Guelph and Wilfrid cases, the candidate’s driver’s license Laurier University in 1976. This was a history is screened, and competency time of both rapid growth in university interviews are conducted (see Table registrations as well as heightened 4.1b, Appendix). student unrest and activism. 14 | Ontario campus special constables
Table 4.1a: Per cent Qualification Summary required of Required Work Experience 0-3 years Qualifications of Campus Special First Aid/CPR 100 Constables in Criminal Name Index 100 Ontario Canadian Police Information Centre 100 Background Investigation 92 Local Records 100 Employment and Character References 100
Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012)
4.2 Use of force mandatory (see Table 4.2b, Appendix for Tactical communication and effecting details). arrest were highlighted as common uses Ten out of twelve campuses have of force employed by SCs. In all cases, mandatory training on the use of force campus security departments report that delivered directly or indirectly by their special constable use of force practices respective local police. These campuses are: align with the current use of force model in Ontario (see Table 4.2a, Appendix). Use • Brock University of force reports are commonly submitted • Carleton University to the special constables’ sponsoring • Fanshawe College body, such as the Police Services Board. • Guelph University All security departments require • McMaster University that special constables receive training • University of Toronto Mississauga in police powers, provincial legislation, • University of Waterloo and federal legislation, first aid and CPR • University of Windsor training. All schools receive mandatory • Western University training on Use of Force Legislation, Use • Wilfrid Laurier University of Force Defensive Tactics, and Arrest. All schools receive mandatory training on Training is provided by the Peel Regional Search and Seizure. All schools except Police (PRP), Waterloo Regional Police Service Brock University receive mandatory (WRPS), Guelph Police Service (GPS), London training on Use of Force Legislation/Baton. Police Service (LPS), Hamilton Police Service However, special constables at Brock (HPS), Windsor Police Service (WPS), Ottawa University are not authorized to use hard Police Service (OPS) personnel through or soft impact weapons. At Brock, training Algonquin College or the Niagara Regional on Use of Force Legislation/OC Spray is Police Service Training Unit (NRPSTU). While the University of Guelph special ASP baton, and handcuffs. All universities constables receive mandatory training from require SCs receive recertification on the the Guelph Police Service, the OACUSA use of force at least annually. and the firm J.E. Judd and Associates provide additional training. At the U of T St. 4.3 Arrest, search and seizure George campus and U of T Scarborough, Training on Arrest and Search and Seizure is the Manager of Staff Development provides mandatory for all special constables across mandatory training on use of force. At all campuses, although the frequency of Carleton University, use of force training, as required training recertification varies. The well as training for Arrest and Search and body responsible for training on Arrest and Seizure, is provided by Algonquin College. Search and Seizure also varies. Commonly, At Brock University, the NRPSTU provides training is provided by local police, the firm training for OC spray, handcuffs, tactical J.E. Judd and Associates, or by organizations communications, judgment scenario, such as the Canadian Police Knowledge edged weapons, and defensive tactics. At Network, the Ontario Police Video Training U of T Mississauga, Peel Regional Police Alliance, or Algonquin College. provide training on tactical communication, 16 | Ontario campus special constables
4.4 Oversight A special constable under the Police Services Act must be appointed by a board, which is a municipal police services board.7 In all cases, agreements are formed between the local police services and the university, which outline procedures for the appointment, training, and oversight of special constables. In some instances, such as the University of Waterloo Campus Special constables, a police Staff Sergeant is seconded from Waterloo Regional Police to act as a campus supervisor for special constables. Special constables are given police powers based on the specific purpose of the appointment.8 SCs, unlike police officers, do not have specific legislative duties, and thus their powers are limited.9 They are generally sworn as police and are given the powers of arrest, but are generally unarmed. However, special constables may carry handcuffs, special constable services maintain pepper spray and batons.10 The municipal statistics on service calls and criminal board also has the power to suspend or activity that is passed on to local police. terminate special constable status outside In one case (The University of Waterloo), of the specific appointment.11 the Police Services Board and the OPP Across campuses (see Table 4.4, are involved in the application process Appendix for details), it is evident that for the selection of special constables. SCs and the broader campus security Oversight procedures are outlined in the offices have close relationships with local agreement between the Police Services police forces. Local police services often Board and the employer. provide training to special constables Special constables, as employees of and review the curriculum of training the university, are required to abide by courses. Local police become directly the institution’s internal policies, including involved in campus policing when crimes employee codes of conduct and anti- of a serious nature occur. Campus discrimination and harassment policies. Policing the university community | 17
Policing the university community 5.0
niversity campuses, as special special constables can assist in the communities, deal with a variety effective mitigation of the dangers, risks, Uof issues less common within the and crimes commonly associated with wider public. Theft is a common problem these activities. encountered by students. Interestingly, in Campus security departments in a study of campus victimization by Bonnie Ontario with special constables have Fisher and others (1998), students were consistently adopted community policing 2.1 times more likely to experience theft models that seek to engage with a variety on campus than off campus.12 Various of campus partners in order to identify crime prevention initiatives can assist in effective approaches to crime prevention. combating campus-based theft. Resources have been made available Another growing concern for to deliver programming pertaining to campuses are rates of sexual assault. campus-specific issues, and special When compared to crime in the general constables have received special training population, studies of sexual assault on topics relevant to student populations. demonstrate that it is more common on college campuses then in the general 5.1 Specialized campus-based population.13 Campus security can play training a fundamental role in preventing sexual Special Constables are required to take a assaults on campuses. Educational variety of training courses on subjects that workshops and anti-sexual assault pertain specifically to the types of crimes campaigns increase awareness of the and safety issues commonly witnessed risks associated with campus life and across university campuses. The following change attitudes towards sexual assault. Table summarizes which universities Crime and safety issues related to implement mandatory training on issues the consumption of alcohol and illicit pertinent to university communities. drugs are commonly witnessed on Ontario university campuses. As a result of specialized training and experience, 18 | Policing the university community
Table 5.1: Per cent 92 92 92 92 92 100 100 100 Specialized Available 100 Training for Special M M M M M M M Windsor M Constables n/a at Ontario Campuses M M M M M M M M Western M M M M M M M M Waterloo M n/a
U of T O M M M M M M M (St. G.) M
UTSC O M M M M M M M n/a M M M M M M UTM M M M M M M M M McMaster M M M n/a M M M M M Guelph M M M n/a O O O M M M M Laurier M M O O O O O M M M Fanshawe M O O M M M M M M Carleton M O O O M M M M M Brock M L icense A ct wareness Procedures Conflict Management Diversity Training Community Policing Community Policing L iquor Mental Health A ct Offenders A ct Young Crime Prevention Drug A Sexual A ssault Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012), O=Optional, M=Mandatory, n/a=not available M=Mandatory, O=Optional, Special Constable Profile Forms (2012), Source: Policing the university community | 19
As is evident in Table 5.1, specialized security departments in the development training in a multiplicity of policing areas is of relevant programming and services to either mandatory or optional at all Ontario minimize theft. campus SC services. Carleton University offers several theft prevention programs including "project 5.1.1 Theft identification" which tracks registered Students are often poor guardians of valuables including laptops and bicycles, their property. They frequently leave their "lock it or lose it" which audits parked belongings unattended and they do not vehicles on campus and advises motorists often lock dorm room doors.14 Burglaries of vulnerabilities, and "if I were a thief" are often not reported to the campus bookmarks where special constables leave special constabularies because there is no bookmarks on unattended valuables as evidence, as the entries are not forced, and an aid to crime prevention education. The the financial losses are relatively minor.15 University of Guelph, UTSC, the University Students also do not have an office on of Windsor, McMaster University and campus and often must carry around their other campus special constable and belongings such as computers, purses, security services have also launched wallets and cell phones while attending laptop anti-theft programs. The University classes. Doing so not only increases the of Windsor has a bike registration program number of suitable targets for theft, but to help prevent bicycle theft –a significant also increases the likelihood that they will problem on university campuses as eventually leave their property unguarded students commonly rely on bicycles as a in the presence of potential offenders.16 mode of transportation. Table 5.1 shows that nine of twelve (75%) of university campuses require 5.1.2 Sexual assault and violence that special constables take mandatory against women crime prevention training: the University Eleven out of twelve (92%) campuses of Guelph, McMaster University, University require their special constables to take of Toronto Scarborough, University of mandatory training on Sexual Assault Toronto St. George, University of Toronto prevention and response.19 These Mississauga, University of Waterloo, campuses are Brock University, Carleton Wilfrid Laurier University, Western University, Fanshawe College, University University and the University of Windsor.17 of Guelph, McMaster University, Wilfrid Property crime, including breaking and Laurier University, University of Toronto St. entering, theft, and vandalism, is probably George, University of Toronto Mississauga, the most common crime on campus.18 University of Waterloo, University of Crime prevention training can assist Windsor and Western University. Some institutions, notably the University of Mississauga Campus Police received of Toronto and its satellite campuses, 24 hours of training on Train-the-Trainer have engaged in unique training and Green Dot Violence Prevention, provided programming opportunities around sexual by the St. George Health and Wellness assault and broader forms of power- unit. This training increased the capacity based violence. In 2011, the Community of Mississauga Campus Police to facilitate Safety Office (CSO) at the University of Green Dot training with other groups Toronto focused on the implementation across campus. Green Dot Violence of the Green Dot Bystander Intervention Prevention Training for other Staff was Initiative across all three of its campuses. also provided to a campus special The Green Dot program seeks to reduce constable. Two special constables at the power-based violence and foster a safe, Scarborough campus received 3.5 days inclusive, and equitable environment. The of Green Dot training. program has been implemented at 50 Other Ontario special constable post-secondary institutions in the United services have initiated similar programs. States. Its introduction at the University of At Carleton University, the Department Toronto marks the first Canadian campus of Safety works with the Coordinator of to engage with this initiative. Sexual Assault Services to develop Public The CSO is a founding partner is the Service Announcements (PSAs) that involve Green Dot program, in collaboration with students, staff, faculty and members from the Health and Wellness unit at U of T. the greater Ottawa community. Special In order to be effective partners in the constables at Carleton University also facilitation of this campaign, members of lead the Rape Aggression Defense (RAD) the Community Safety Office underwent women's self-defense course on campus specialized training. In 2011, members staffed by both male and female SCs. Policing the university community | 21
Other campus special constabularies George, four security personnel attended engage in similar gender-sensitive a conference on Canadian Domestic training to better prepare them to deal with Violence, and two officers took the course sexual violence, stalking and threatening “Verbal Abuse: The Hidden Side of Domestic behaviours. Depending on the nature of Violence”. At Western University, officials the behavior, these incidents can be dealt have taken courses on “Violence and with either through criminal sanctions Domestic Violence”, and New Legislation or via campus-based conduct policies. on Workplace Harassment. Additionally, In this sense, SCs can act as both law campus special constabularies have enforcement officers signaling the gravity been involved in delivering educational of gender-based violence or as custodians sessions to campus employees on these of university conduct policies that serve to topics. Western Campus Community Police educate and correct behaviour that may report that approximately 5,000 faculty be perceived as threatening to women. and staff received training on bullying, This unique position and the violence, threats, and domestic violence specialized training it involves helps in 2011.20 At the University of Guelph, foster a preventative approach to campus Campus Community Police provide training violence. At the University of Toronto, the on workplace violence and workplace nature of calls received by the CSO in harassment. Training is also provided on 2011 reflects the nature of the dual role the university’s Domestic Violence and required of SCs: Sexual Assault Protocol. At Brock University, special constables • 23% stalking and harassment have received training from the University • 15% intimate partner abuse/ and the Niagara Regional Police on violence domestic violence and violence in the • 9% family conflict/violence workplace. At McMaster University the • 9% disputes/threatening and special constable service has initiated assault a "Don't be that guy" campaign and • 7% sexual assault instituted a dedicated sexual assault prevention website. Additionally, security personnel at a number of Ontario campuses have 5.1.3 Mental health undergone training relating to domestic Mental health issues are very common violence and workplace harassment. At on university campuses across North the University Toronto Misissauga, two SCs America. Students commonly practice poor completed the course Harassment and stress management and face a variety of Violence in the Workplace. At U of T St. mental health issues. It is important that 22 | Policing the university community
those providing campus security services University, security personnel received are equipped with knowledge on mental “Applied Suicide Intervention Skills health issues in order to appropriately Training” (ASIST). This training builds the address campus security and safety capacity of special constables to deal with issues that arise. suicide risks on campus as they arise. All twelve campuses require SCs to undergo mandatory training on the Mental 5.1.4 Substance abuse Health Act.21 Various campuses have Eleven out of twelve (92%) campuses undergone additional specialized training provide special constables with training on mental health issues. These campuses on Drug Awareness and Procedures.23 include Brock, Carleton, University of These campuses are Brock University, Toronto Mississauga, University of Toronto Carleton University, University of Guelph, Scarborough and Western. McMaster University, University of Toronto At Carleton University, the Ottawa Scarborough, University of Toronto St. Police Service delivered a “Mental Health George, University of Toronto Mississauga, Introductory Course” to 14 campus University of Waterloo, Western University, officers and a Mental Health Course to Fanshawe College and Laurier University. six personnel. At the University of Toronto Based on available information, 5 Scarborough, training courses have campuses (Brock, Carleton, McMaster, been provided to officers on “Acute and UTM, Western) have been identified Post-Traumatic Stress Intervention”, the as offering additional training course “Mental Health Act and Mobile Crisis for officers on the topic of substance Team”, and “Mental Health Awareness”. abuse. At Carleton, a course on “Safer At the University of Toronto Mississauga, Bars and Smart Serve” was offered to six the course “Stand Up for Mental Health” officers. The Peel Regional Police Service was delivered to campus special facilitated a Drug Education Conference constabularies. At Western, a course on for some of UTM’s officers. At Western “Mental Health First Aid” was delivered. University, officers received alcohol test In 2011 at Brock University, a special training. constable and inspectors attended the Community-oriented and region- course “Mental Health First Aid”, provided based training initiatives enhance a by Mental Health First Aid Canada. department’s capacity to deal with Attempted suicide is an important common issues affecting the local concern facing university campuses. In campus community. In 2011, the Niagara 2011, Brock Campus Security Services Regional Police Service offered the course received six service calls pertaining to “Addiction Issues within the Community” attempted suicides.22 At UTSC and Brock to Brock’s security officers. The same year, Brock Campus Security Services 5.2 Community policing initiatives received 123 service calls pertaining to A community-oriented policing model controlled drugs and substance abuse.24 appears to be the dominant model for In 2010, the Hamilton Police Service policing on campus, and for good reason. trained McMaster special constables on It allows for community partnerships that “Drug Education and Law Enforcement”, address safety concerns of community educating officers on the different types members, rather than responding to crime of drugs commonly used in the region, data. This is important when victimization how they’re sold, and how to enforce the surveys demonstrate that much of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.25 crime occurring on campuses in Canada At UTSC and the University of Windsor, is going unreported. For police to be campus community police have conducted effective on campus, they need to address educational programming for the broader the particular norms and institutional community surrounding substance abuse. regulations of the college or university. UTSC special constables have held While it may be said that all of campus “Alcohol Awareness” seminars, and the policing is de facto community policing University of Windsor’s Crime Prevention by its structure, form of service delivery, Unit is directly involved in broader campus reliance on diversion and its location, programming surrounding responsible 11 of 12 (92%) campuses nonetheless drinking. provide special constables with specialized 24 | Policing the university community Policing the university community | 25
training on Community Policing. This At Wilfrid Laurier University, a training is mandatory at: Carleton University, student liaison officer is appointed University of Guelph, McMaster University, annually to assist in the development University of Toronto St. George, University of relations between students and the of Toronto Mississauga, University of Toronto SCs. The Campus Safety and Support Scarborough, University of Windsor and Team organizes members of the campus Western University.26 community and community agencies to A variety of universities have address situations involving threatening developed programs that place emphasis or harmful behaviour. Another interesting on the unique needs of the respective example of community policing at Wilfrid campus community and entail the Laurier University is the “Community development of community partnerships. Door Knocker” program. In association Examples of such programming are with the Waterloo Regional Police numerous, however select examples are Service, Wilfrid Laurier University’s SCs worth highlighting. visit approximately 1,500 homes to Various campus security departments, engage with students and community including those at the University of Guelph, members about safety and security McMaster University and Wilfrid Laurier issues.27 Through the University of University, have developed relationships Guelph’s “House Calls” and “Best Foot with residence personnel. McMaster Forward” programs, campus community University has a “Constable in Residence” police knock on residence doors program, and at Wilfrid Laurier University, and visit densely populated student “Residence Life” and the Special neighbourhoods. Constable Service (SCS) have formed a These types of campus-based Residence Security Partnership. A special initiatives are quite common, reflecting constable is placed in each residence to the specialized needs of the campus provide familiar support to its dons and community that includes faculty, students, residents. Special constables are able to staff and contractors, students in residence attend residence meetings, and additional and visitors. Campus policing is by its very meetings between Residence Services nature community-based policing and this and special constables address specific has promoted a plethora of specialized security and safety concerns. At UTSC, services and strategic partnerships campus police participate in “Residence between campus SC services and the Advisor Training”, placing emphasis wider university and college community. on common issues facing residence communities, including sexual assault response and alcohol abuse. When McMaster students indicated that they wished to have a confidential/anonymous peer-based support phone line, Security Services could not have been more accommodating… our Special Constables have repeatedly proven themselves to be dedicated campus partners, working collaboratively with numerous student services, including the multiple licensed establishments at McMaster, as well as our campus’ Emergency First Response Team (EFRT), our Student Walk Home Attendant Team (SWHAT), our Campus Events department, sporting events and the hundreds (if not thousands) of student and/or club events that take place each year.
- Siobhan Stewart, President, McMaster Student’s Union The special constable advantage | 27
The special constable advantage 6.0
fter several high-profile violent priority for the overburdened local police. events on North American college A stolen laptop is a minor crime for a Acampuses, college and university municipal police department but campus police agencies have now become the most SCs would be more likely to prioritize its important department ensuring campus recovery. Indeed, the cost to the student, safety.28 Unlike a local police force, campus its importance for conducting research security departments are mandated to serve and completing assignments is well- the special security needs of the student understood by a campus special constable community, and can focus expressly on service that may have more incentive and protecting the property of the university while time to interview witnesses, follow-up on maintaining an image of safety necessary to leads and take time to assist the student in the recruitment of new students. Campus getting a replacement laptop and tracking crime, while uncommon, still leads to physical down the missing item. or psychological injury or loss of property. Not protecting the members of a university can 6.1 Special constables as result in expensive court proceedings and a cost-saving measure tarnished reputations.29 A sense of security, In the province of Ontario, Justice imperative to an academic environment, can spending increased by an average of be lost when students and faculty fear for 5.6 per cent annually from 2001–02 their safety.30 Furthermore, if the members to 2010–11.32 It has been identified of a campus community fear victimization, as one of the fastest growing areas of the school may have difficulty attracting and public spending in Canada.33 According retaining students and personnel.31 Thus, to the 2012 report released by the the employment of special constables on Commission on the Reform of Ontario university campuses, working directly with Public Services (i.e. the Drummond the campus community, can have numerous Report), compensation is the primary financial and social benefits. factor driving costs in the justice sector.34 Special constables, for example, With the aim of reducing provincial have the time, training and can prioritize spending, the report recommends incidents that would be a very low reviewing alternative models for policing 28 | The special constable advantage
that “eliminate the use of police officers Toronto Scarborough campus police report for non-core policing duties.” These a four-minute response time to urgent models “could include increasing use of calls.36 They are the first respondents to private security and expanding the role all calls that do not involve a weapon. This of special constables, in circumstances can furthermore increase the effectiveness deemed appropriate.”35 of the Toronto Police. Other campuses, By hiring special constables to work such as Wilfrid Laurier University, also within campus safety departments, boast of increased response times, universities finance the policing needs enabling the Waterloo Regional Police to of the campus community and offload allocate further resources to serving the policing costs from municipalities. community at large. Through the development of specialized Salary figures vary from campus to policing services, resources are made campus and region to region. Salaries for available for valuable programming a 4th class constable –the class obtained that may fall outside the purview of following graduation from training –range “core policing duties,” particularly from $45,644 to $60,456. University programming that is centered around special constables' 1st year salaries range education and crime prevention. Such from $45,656 to $53,896. Top salaries for strategies can protect property through university special constables range from potential crime reduction. University $52,589 to $81,363 though this figure special constables are well situated also includes SCs who are managers. Top to develop community networks salaries for first class police constables instrumental to crime prevention. range from $82,415 to $88,080. Situated on campus property, Based on available date, the average special constables are likely to reduce rank-salary of campus special constables response time to service calls and can in fourth year is $59,780.20 while more efficiently protect the assets of the average rank-salary of 1st class the university. For example, University of constable municipal police is $80,665.25
“…campus police staff provide a community-based policing service… They work out solutions to problems with the community and provide law enforcement when that is necessary.”
- Alastair J. Summerlee, Chair of the Council of Ontario Universities in comparative jurisdictions. This is a and communications strategies to alert difference of $20,885.05 which amounts the campus community about ongoing to a cost savings of 35 per cent along with emergency situations. Carleton University, unknown additional savings to local police for example, uses a text, email, computer- based on call-outs and the investigation capture, campus-wide announcements of low-level and summary conviction through public address and display screen offences on campus including ethical notices that can be flashed throughout diversion (see section 6.4 below). campus. Campuses across Ontario are also implementing Critical Incident 6.2 Critical incident response Response protocols including lock-down One of the more unfortunate developments procedures and evacuation plans. of the last two decades has been the Response preparation for Critical emergence of campus-based critical Incidents requires advanced planning and incidents such as targeted shootings in coordination with local law enforcement North America.37 Canada has experienced and other emergency services including its fair share of bloodshed38 in this regard but not limited to rehearsals. Campus SC and recent geopolitical threats after 9/11 services also work directly with university seem to have amplified concerns among administrators and the student population the public.39 Most Ontario campuses have to create warning and contingency plans. now developed emergency management 30 | The special constable advantage
6.3 Specialized service delivery In the last forty years universities and and innovation colleges have also become equated with This report has already detailed the seeking liminal experiences associated wide array of specialized programming with experimentation with drug use or and training made available to special binge drinking.40 These social trends pose constables on Ontario campuses. These particular challenges to campus security programs are aimed at dealing with the services because student deviant activity specific threats to student life and learning. is mostly transient and part of the cultural Special constables must deal with an expectations of “coming of age.” The educated, younger population that often associated challenges these developments lacks the life skills necessary to make pose to campus security services are an adjustment to independent living. significant requiring specialized training. The special constable advantage | 31
Moreover, since at least the 1960s, At Wilfrid Laurier University, and many university campuses have become centres other Ontario universities, disciplinary for contentious debates about civil rights committees such as judicial affairs councils and world affairs which has necessitated have been established to address campus a sensitivity and collaboration with on- issues internally when appropriate. Not campus movements to ensure that only does this help reduce financial strain learning is possible. For example, recent on the judicial system (as per 6.1 above), tensions between pro-Israeli speakers it more adequately deals with the nature and protesters41 in the context of global of the offence, allowing students an developments creates pressure on opportunity to correct their conduct, make universities to have established action amends with any affected parties, and plans and security contingencies in place continue with their studies while they are to safeguard all parties. placed under closer scrutiny. Most university campuses today are, Ethical diversion measures would be at least demographically, very different difficult under a more formalized legal than they were forty years ago. Women process or if outside police agencies now outnumber men on campus42 and responded to all campus calls for visible minority students are becoming a service. Indeed, campus values often larger proportion of registered students. differ from those of the wider community. The university is a traditionally important Infractions that may seem trivial off- facilitator of upward mobility and campus campus such as copying text and using special constables are confronted with new it as your own is considered a serious challenges dealing with sexism and racism academic offence (plagiarism) on that may encompass behavioural issues that campus that could lead to suspension. can variably be criminal, workplace-related Remarks or actions that make women conduct concerns43, human rights violations, feel unsafe of uncomfortable are often or violations of student codes of conduct. not criminal and would be a very low This requires professionals who have good priority response off campus. On institutional knowledge, law enforcement campus, however, conduct that makes expertise and a keen sensitivity to the another student feel alienated or creates student community they represent. an environment that is not conducive to learning would certainly warrant 6.4 Ethical diversion the attention of SCs who could use As the first responders to campus crime, campus-based conduct measures and SCs are often able to resolve what would coordinate with university administrators otherwise be labeled criminal behaviour to remedy the behaviour. For instance, through alternative forms of discipline. the university could make a student’s progress through their program of study without CPIC access and the suspect contingent on some form of service or would likely have been issued a trespass require that they successfully complete notice and sent on his way. a sensitivity workshop. The above incident has played itself out The additional authority of campus in various forms and in different contexts special constables to access national hundreds of times on university campuses or local criminal information databases across Ontario. On the same University of could uncover information about a student Toronto Scarborough campus alone in the or visitor that would not be available to past year, SCs responded to 134 criminal private security personnel. As a result, offences. Accessing CPIC or local police a minor infraction on campus may be information systems has proven to be revealed to be part of a wider record a vital resource to campus SCs across of criminal activity that would warrant Ontario. At the relatively small Fanshawe immediate police intervention. There are College, SCs made 71 CPIC queries in the indeed many such examples on university last year, in one case culminating in the campuses. In short, SCs understand arrest of two males who were sexually that the aim of the a university is to help assaulting female students. students get a degree and not a criminal The special status of SCs as both record if it can be avoided. law enforcement agents and university employees allows them to act in ways 6.5 Information sharing with police simply not possible by contract private In the late evening hours of December security or the local public police. 10, 2010 on the University of Toronto Their special status gives them wide Scarborough campus, two SCs investigated discretion to resolve both seemingly a male engaging in “suspicious” behaviour trivial matters that would bog down local in a common area of the university. They police resources as well as to respond to conducted a Canadian Police Information suspects and incidents that pose a direct Centre (CPIC) check and found that the threat to the safety and security of the male was on the Sexual Offender Registry campus community. A major contributing and was in breach of conditions imposed factor facilitating this dual role is access on him by the court. The male was to the CPIC system by campus SCs - a immediately arrested and held in custody type of access that cannot be granted to for the Toronto Police Service. A rather non-police personnel. mundane arrest by any measure except for the potential consequences had the man not been identified as a predator. The arrest would have not been possible The special constable advantage | 33 I don’t know of any other university town where the relationship between students and security services (including special constables and police) is as positive as we find in Waterloo. The overwhelming majority of students are respectful, polite and courteous be it during Frosh week, at Homecoming or during St. Patrick’s Day celebrations. This is a function of trust and respect that takes root with the students’ initial exposure, and follow up relationship, with the Special Constable Service.
- Superintendant Kevin A. Chalk, Waterloo Regional Police Service Conclusions: Moving Forward | 35
Conclusions: Moving Forward
ntario campus special constabularies the Ontario college or university who are generally well-trained, cost- pays their salary. Oeffective, specialized policing services By virtue of the challenging environment delivering security and safety to thousands they are tasked with policing, Ontario campus of university and college students, faculty SC services have developed innovative and staff on a daily basis. Their duties are programs to deal with campus-related in keeping with the function of the position problems including gender-based of “special constable” as it has developed in violence, drug, alcohol and mental health the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition since at least problems, critical incident response and the mid-1800s. student conduct issues of every sort. In Over the last number of decades some cases on-campus security and developments including more prevention programming likely exceeds standardized local policing agreements, that offered to the general public as SCs the advent of the Ontario Association liaise with on-campus sexual assault of College and University Security centres, mental health services and Administrators and a more active role operate within the general framework by the Ministry of Community Safety of university conduct policies. and Correctional Services has resulted Since SC campus services are in relatively homogeneous levels of university-sponsored bodies while training and expertise among SC campus simultaneously provincially mandated services in Ontario. This training often far and locally governed, they have exceeds the minimum mandated training come to occupy an important bridge and oversight mechanisms required by between general public policing and the provincial or local police service standards. requirements of a demanding campus Special constables must be re- setting. In this way, campus SC services qualified every five years, are subject to are in function if not by definition oversight by their local police services community policing entities that have board, the local police and the Ministry evolved ethical diversion practices in line of Community Safety and Correctional with college and university standards Services as well as their direct employer: that save municipal taxpayers millions 36 | Conclusions: Moving Forward
of dollars annually and better serve the service, are highly trained, and are subject interests of the campus community. to ongoing oversight and accountability on In short, campus SCs in Ontario serve multiple levels. a vital function, provide cost-effective
In order to build on these successes, OACUSA will strive to improve service delivery to the campus community by attending itself to the following:
• Continued pursuit of specialized training related to campus challenges;
• Reinforce links to local police in order to improve information sharing concerning risks including Critical Incidents and other threats;
• Work to develop and promote Adequacy Standards for Campus Special Constables in Ontario;
• Work to develop and promote a standard of consistent Oversight and Accountability for Campus Special Constables at the local and provincial level;
• Promote the recognition of Campus Special Constables as a unique, efficient and specialized policing entity in Ontario;
• Work with the Ontario Police College to oversee the content and delivery of campus Special Constable training in Ontario. APPENDIX | 37
APPENDIX
Table 3.1: Campus Special Constables outside of Ontario
AB BC MB NFLD NB NS QB PEI SK University None None None Campus identified identified identified SCs? Université de University Campuses University University of Dalhousie Montréal of Prince University of with SCs of Alberta Manitoba University -Université de Edward Saskatchewan Sherbrooke Island Campus 61,000 and Student 38,500 27,880 16,000 4,590 19,880 22,140 Populations1 campuses outside 38 on Canadian of Authority Constables T of Special of Ontario able 3.2a: ummary Summary | APPENDIX
Dalhousie U U of Manitoba U of Saskatchewan U de Montréal UPEI Summary of Authori- Under the authority of Patrol officers at U of M SCs at the U of S are able SC are responsible for Security Services can ties the Halifax Regional with SC status have the to enforce the University keeping the peace, conduct criminal inves- Municipality, security authority to enforce uni- Act, the Traffic Safety order and public safety, tigations. SCs are able officers enforce parking versity regulations, and Act, the Saskatchewan and perform investiga- to enforce on campus regulations on university a variety of municipal Alcohol and Gaming tions. Limits are defined the Highway Traffic Act, property. by-laws and federal and Regulations Act, and with the appointment. Liquor Control Act, and provincial statues. sections of the Criminal Authority is within the sections of the Criminal Code of Canada. territorial limits of the Code pertaining to: University of Montreal. ·· Theft under and property damage under $5,000 ·· Impaired Driving offences ·· Common Assault ·· Mischief
Source: Association of Universities and Colleges Canada (2011). Canadian University Profiles. Available: http://www.aucc.ca/canadian-universities/our-universities. AB BC MB NFLD NB Legislation Police Act Police Act Police Services Act Constabulary Act, 1992 Police Act Peace Officer Act Police Amendment Act, Memorial University Act 1997 Highlights -According to the POA, -Municipal Police Board -Director of Policing - Section 1 of the -The Minister may the Minister must or minister may appoint appoints SCs Constabulary Act dictates appoint SC. The grant authorization to SCs -SC has status, powers, that special constables appointment must outline employers seeking to Section (4) of the Police and protections of a are not designated the responsibilities, hire peace officers, and Act states: “subject to the Peace Officer “police officers.” Section powers, and territorial to individuals seeking restrictions the municipal -The duties, 16 of the Constabulary jurisdiction of SCs status. The POA police board specifies responsibilities, territorial Act outlines how chiefs Section 14.1 (3) states outlines the peace in the appointment, jurisdiction, term of may appoint SC for a that: “No person shall be officer’s responsibilities, a special municipal appointment, and designated term, area, appointed as a special territorial jurisdiction and constable has, while any other terms and and purpose, conferring constable who does not authorized equipment carrying out the duties of conditions are outlined in the powers of a police satisfy qualifications as his or her appointment, writing upon appointment officer to the extent of the to training, experience the powers, duties and (section 78(4) of PSA). appointment. and other qualifications immunities of a municipal established by the constable.” employer of the special constable and approved by the Minister.”
Oversight/ - POA outlines complaint Police Amendment Act -As outlined in PSA, The Act does not outline 14.1 (4) of the Police Accountability and disciplinary outlines process for the employer of a SC is oversight measures for Act specifies that the procedures dealing with complaints of responsible and liable for SCs. employer is responsible -The employer remains a provincial SC, including the actions of SCs for the discipline of the liable for the actions and the review, investigation, SC, and must ensure omissions of the peace and disciplining and “that the special officer corrective measures constable discharges the responsibilities and exercises the powers of APPENDIX a special constable in a proper manner.” Constables Campus Special governing Legislation Provincial T able 3.2b: |
39 40 | APPENDIX
NS ON QB PEI SK Legislation Police Act and Regulations Police Services Act Police Act Police Act Police Act Highlights -The Solicitor General may - PSA states that SCs are not - Minister may appoint - A chief officer may The Act legislates the Saskatchewan appoint persons as SCs police officers but can posses SCs appoint SCs to assist Police Commission, which, under - Section 14(3) of the Police full police powers within a -limits are set out in police in the execution of section 12.1 (h) of the Act, may Act states that SCs “shall given territory deed of appointment their duties. Conditions make regulations “prescribing the be appointed, promoted, -Section 105 and restrictions procedures, requirements and suspended, dismissed or states, “The mission of are outlined in the forms for the appointment of special reinstated by the board on the special constables is to appointment, specifically constables.” recommendation of the chief maintain peace, order those pertaining to -The Minister may appoint SCs officer, or by the chief officer and public security, to territorial jurisdiction and specifying the terms of their authority in accordance with a by-law prevent and repress powers of authority made by the municipality for crime and, according -The Act outlines terms that purpose.” to the jurisdiction for auxiliary constables specified in their deeds pertaining to qualifications, of appointment, to expiry, oath of affirmation, enforce the law and proof, production of municipal by-laws, and identification card, powers, to apprehend offenders.” liability, and supervision
Oversight/ Police Act stipulates: (2) The SCs are not subject to police -Police Act sets out The Prince Edward Island -According to Police Act, the Accountability Commission or any member public complaints system, detailed guidelines Police Commission, an commission must be advised of all thereof designated by the and are not within the regarding the ethical independent statutory appointments Chairman may investigate, mandate of SIU code, investigation and office, investigates public -SCs appointed by the Minister inquire into and report upon -Contracted security officers inspection of SCs. complaints against most are subject to a public complaint (a) the conduct of or the must be licensed by the -Some of the Act’s police bodies, excluding process, as outlined in Part IV of performance of duties by any province and much obtain provisions pertaining the RCMP. the Act. chief of police, other police criminal clearance to the penal provisions -Section 80(2) of the Act states officer, constable, special -In 2003, the Ministry of Public of police officers also that where the minister has not constable or municipal by-law Safety and Security released explicitly pertain to SCs specified in the appointment of a enforcement officer. the booklet Special Constables: SC, the complaint shall be forwarded -The Solicitor General and the A Practitioner’s Handbook, to the Minister, and the Minister is employer are liable for the establishing new guidelines responsible for handling the complaint actions of SCs while on duty for SCs - Section 77 states that the employer of a SC is responsible for ensuring “special constables fulfill the duties imposed by this Act and exercises the powers conferred by this Act in a proper manner.” NS ON QB PEI SK Legislation Police Act and Regulations Police Services Act Police Act Police Act Police Act Highlights -The Solicitor General may - PSA states that SCs are not - Minister may appoint - A chief officer may The Act legislates the Saskatchewan appoint persons as SCs police officers but can posses SCs appoint SCs to assist Police Commission, which, under - Section 14(3) of the Police full police powers within a -limits are set out in police in the execution of section 12.1 (h) of the Act, may Act states that SCs “shall given territory deed of appointment their duties. Conditions make regulations “prescribing the be appointed, promoted, -Section 105 and restrictions procedures, requirements and suspended, dismissed or states, “The mission of are outlined in the forms for the appointment of special reinstated by the board on the special constables is to appointment, specifically constables.” recommendation of the chief maintain peace, order those pertaining to -The Minister may appoint SCs officer, or by the chief officer and public security, to territorial jurisdiction and specifying the terms of their authority in accordance with a by-law prevent and repress powers of authority made by the municipality for crime and, according -The Act outlines terms that purpose.” to the jurisdiction for auxiliary constables specified in their deeds pertaining to qualifications, of appointment, to expiry, oath of affirmation, enforce the law and proof, production of municipal by-laws, and identification card, powers, to apprehend offenders.” liability, and supervision
Oversight/ Police Act stipulates: (2) The SCs are not subject to police -Police Act sets out The Prince Edward Island -According to Police Act, the Accountability Commission or any member public complaints system, detailed guidelines Police Commission, an commission must be advised of all thereof designated by the and are not within the regarding the ethical independent statutory appointments Chairman may investigate, mandate of SIU code, investigation and office, investigates public -SCs appointed by the Minister inquire into and report upon -Contracted security officers inspection of SCs. complaints against most are subject to a public complaint (a) the conduct of or the must be licensed by the -Some of the Act’s police bodies, excluding process, as outlined in Part IV of performance of duties by any province and much obtain provisions pertaining the RCMP. the Act. chief of police, other police criminal clearance to the penal provisions -Section 80(2) of the Act states officer, constable, special -In 2003, the Ministry of Public of police officers also that where the minister has not constable or municipal by-law Safety and Security released explicitly pertain to SCs specified in the appointment of a enforcement officer. the booklet Special Constables: SC, the complaint shall be forwarded -The Solicitor General and the A Practitioner’s Handbook, to the Minister, and the Minister is employer are liable for the establishing new guidelines responsible for handling the complaint actions of SCs while on duty for SCs - Section 77 states that the employer of a SC is responsible for ensuring “special constables fulfill the duties imposed by this Act and exercises the powers conferred by this Act in a proper manner.”
Brock Carleton Fanshawe Laurier McMaster Guelph U of T Waterloo Windsor Western Number of SCs 11 21 8 15 19 15 63 18 23 20 Student Pop. 18,000 27,000 15,000 16,000 27,000 28,000 85,000 34,000 16,000 28,000 (approx.)
Number of SCs APPENDIX 1636:1 1286:1 1875:1 1067:1 1421:1 1867:1 1349:1 1889:1 696:1 1400:1 per student
Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012) Ontario Constables in Campus Special T able 4.0: |
41 42 | APPENDIX
Table 4.1b: Y Y Y Y Y Required Windsor N work work
Qualifications of R elative preferred Campus Special Constables in Y Y Y Y Y Western Y Ontario less 1 year or 1 year or Y Y Y Y Y Waterloo Y none Y Y Y Y Y U of T St. G. Y 1-3 1-3 years Y Y Y Y Y UTSC Y 1-3 1-3 years Y Y Y Y Y UTM N 1-3 1-3 years Y Y Y Y Y McMaster Y none Y Y Y Y Y Guelph Y none Y Y Y Y Y Laurier Y none Y Y Y Y N Fanshawe N 1-3 1-3 years Y Y Y Y Y Carleton Y More More years than 3 than 3 Y Y Y Y Y Brock N none mployment E mployment and Character R eferences Background Background I nvestigation L ocal R ecords Criminal Name Criminal Name I ndex Canadian Police Canadian Police I nformation Centre Work E xperience Work First A id/CP R APPENDIX | 43
Table 4.2a: Use Windsor of Force Training by Ontario Campus Special Constables Western
Waterloo
U of T St. G.
UTSC
UTM
McMaster
Guelph
Laurier
Carleton
Brock I mpact Weapon I mpact Weapon Tactical Communication Tactical E mpty Hand Techniques OC Spray Handcuffs Soft Physical Control Hard Physical Control Hard Soft Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012) Source: 44 | APPENDIX
Table 4.2b: Use of Force Windsor
Legislation and Tactics Training by Ontario Western Campus Special Constables Waterloo
U of T St. G.
UTSC
UTM
McMaster
Guelph
Laurier
Fanshawe
Carleton
Brock Use of Force L egislation Use of Force Defensive Tactics Use of Force L egislation/Baton Use of Force L egislation OC Spray Communication Tactical Handcuffs E dged Weapons Judgment Scenario A rrest Search and Seizure Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012) Source: Brock Carleton Fanshawe Laurier Guelph McMaster ·· Complaints of a serious ·· Complaints of a seri- ·· public complaints are ·· Results on internal ·· PSB informed of all ·· public complaints are nature are forwarded to ous nature or alleged investigated by the complaint investigation complaints against SCs first addressed by the NRPS criminal offences are Manager of the Security of SCs are provided to ·· Board determines who relevant supervisor. If ·· Quarterly Reports are forwarded to the OPS for Management Team the PSB will conduct the inves- a resolution cannot be submitted to the NRPSB investigation ·· When a complaint ·· Allegations of criminal tigation obtained and further ·· Yearly performance ·· Breach of orders and alleges a criminal act, conduct are investigated ·· All allegations of criminal investigation is required, review conducted by the public complaints are occurrence reports are by the appropriate police nature investigated by the report is forwarded university’s HR depart- investigated by the forwarded to the LPS service the Police Service to the Director of ment director or designate in Chief of Police for classi- ·· Incident reports are sent ·· Incident reports are Security Services. HPS accordance with depart- fication and investigation to WRPS submitted to PSB are informed of public
mental directives and complaints. APPENDIX university policies.
Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012) Constables Campus Special the Conductof P Practices Oversight T able 4.4: ertaining to |
45 46 | APPENDIX
UTM UTSC U of T St. George Waterloo Western Windsor ·· Complaints of criminal ·· Complaints of a criminal ·· Public complaints are ·· University Police an- ·· The management and ·· The University must nature are immediately nature are immediately referred to Toronto nual report submitted to direction of employ- investigate all com- referred to local police referred to local police Police Service WRPSB ees are the exclusive plaints concerning the division division ·· Staff Sergeant from WRP responsibility of the conduct of a SC. ·· Administration Sergeant ·· Complaints of miscon- serves as Operational employer ·· All complaints at the local police divi- duct are referred to Commander, performs ·· All allegations of containing criminal sion is responsible for Toronto Police Services oversight within depart- misconduct must be allegations are inves- providing a degree of Professional Standards ment, investigates public investigated and serious tigated by the Windsor localized oversight Unit complaints matters must be report- Police Service ed by the Director to the ·· Breaches of order are Chief of LPS and to the investigated by the Associate Vice-President Director of Campus of Human Resources at Community Police. Western
Source: Special Constable Profile Forms (2012) Notes | 47
Notes
1 See Emsley, Clive. 1991. The English Police : A Political and 25 “McMaster Security Services 2010 Annual Report,” McMaster Social history, 2ed. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf; St. University, p. 11. Martin’s Press. 26 Special Constables Profile Forms (2012) 2 McMullan, John L. 1995. The political economy of thief-taking. 27 “May 2011-April 2012 Annual Report,” Wilfrid Laurier Special Crime, Law, and Social Change: An International Journal 23:121-46 Constable Service, p. 51. 3 Reiner, Robert. 1992. The Politics of the Police, 2nd edition. 28 Bromley, M. (2007). “The evolution of campus policing: different Toronto: University of Toronto Press models for different eras.” In B.S. Fisher and J.J. Sloan (eds) 4 Rigakos, George S., John L. McMullan, Joshua Johnson, and Campus Crime: Legal, Social and Policy Perspectives. 2nd edition. Gulden Ozcan. 2009. “Toward a critical political economy Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 280-303. of policing.” Pp. 1-32 in A General Police System: Political 29 Gomme, I. And Micucci, A. (1997). Crime and Policing on the University Economy and Security in the Age of Enlightenment, edited Campus. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 28(1): pp.41-68. by G. S. Rigakos, J. L. McMullan, J. Johnson, and G. Ozcan. 30 Wood, J and Shearing C. (1998). Securing safety on campus: A Ottawa: Red Quill Books. case study. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 40(1): pp. 81-95. 5 Rigakos, George S. 2002. The New Parapolice: Risk Markets and 31 Gomme, I. And Micucci, A. (1997). Crime and Policing on the Commodified Social Control. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. University Campus. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 6 See Special Constables: A Practitioner’s Guide, 2003. Ministry 28(1): pp.41-68. of Public Safety and Security 32 “Public Services for Ontarians: A Path to Sustainability and 7 Police Services Act. (1990). Special constables: Section 53. Excellence.” Commission on the Reform of Ontario’s Public Police Services Act, s.53(2). Services. Ontario Ministry of Finance. Accessed November 8 Ibid, s.53(3). 1, 2012: < http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/reformcommission/ 9 Government of Ontario (2009). “Special constable program.” chapters/ch14.html>. Ontario Provincial Police. Accessed: