Forsvarets Høgskole Våren 2014 Masteroppgåve Nils Nordstrand

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Forsvarets Høgskole Våren 2014 Masteroppgåve Nils Nordstrand Forsvarets høgskole våren 2014 Masteroppgåve Air Sea Battle Concept møter Kinas ubåtar Strategisk sjømakt i liv og lære Nils Nordstrand ii Til minne om eit offer for tyske sjønektingsoperasjonar i 1943. Besetning og spesialoperatørar om bord på P-41 Uredd – på evig patrulje i Fugløyfjorden. iii Om forfattaren Nils Nordstrand (f. 1975) er orlogskaptein i Sjøforsvaret med offisersutdanning frå Sjøkrigsskolen som operativ marineoffiser. Han vart etter Sjøkrigsskolen i 2000 beordra til ubåtteneste og har tenestegjort på Ula-klasseubåtar fram til 2009. I 2005 vart han klarert ubåtsjef etter å ha gjennomført internasjonalt ubåtsjefskurs i Noreg og Skottland saman med amerikanske og norske medelevar. Nils Nordstrand har tenestegjort som ubåtsjef på ubåtane KNM Uredd og KNM Ula. Han har også tenestegjort som ubåtoffiser i Norwegian Task Group stab og gjennomført Forsvarets stabsskole i 2013. I dag er han militær masterstudent ved Forsvarets høgskole. Han tenestegjer frå august som kommandørkaptein og ubåtoffiser i Nato-stilling i Mons, Belgia. Nils Nordstrand har erfaring frå Nato-operasjonen Operation Active Endeavour i 2002, 2005 og 2008, og frå nasjonale operasjonar. Nils Nordstrand er frå Hamre i Sund kommune. Han er gift med Kirsti Andrea Nordstrand. Dei har jentene Helena (8 år) og Johanna (6 år) i lag. iv Forord Ynske om å lære og forstå har eg hatt i meg sidan eg var liten. Mang ein lærar har måtta slite med ein elev som ikkje godtok eit svar utan grunngjeving. Svaret aleine var ikkje nok. I Sjøforsvaret har eg møtt ein arbeidskvardag der svaret i seg sjølv ikkje er tilstrekkeleg. Ein må også vite korleis ein kjem fram til svaret, og veit ein ikkje dét, må ein sjølv finne vegen. Det lærte eg alt som ung operativ kvartermester om bord på gamle KNM Sarpen, seinare på ny som ubåtoffiser og etter kvart som ubåtsjef på norske ubåtar. For ein sjef er det ingen fullgode svar i tekniske handbøker eller ståande ordrar. Svara må ein finne sjølv etter som forholda skiftar. Og svara ein finn, dei endrar forholda. Det er i slike stunder – om bord i skipa og langt borte frå akademia – at sjøkrigens fysiske element er tydelegast. Utan det fysiske kan ikkje sjøkrigen vere. Det er kjernen i profesjonen. Det er det eit studie av militærmakta må handle om. Eg vil takke rettleiaren min, den lyseblå sjøoffiseren Gjert Lage Dyndal, for god rettleiing med masteroppgåva. Det har vore ei glede å samarbeide med han. Dei gode medstudentane mine og instruktørane ved høgskulen må også nemnast. Takk til biblioteket ved høgskulen. Eg trur ikkje det er mange studentar som opplever like god sørvis og velvilje ved landets mange bibliotek som det me studentar får her. Takk til mi kjære Kirsti Andrea for at du nok ein gong gav meg moglegheita til å forfylgje mine eigne interesser. Det er ikkje alle som er så heldige å ha ein ektefelle som deg. Utan deg hadde ikkje det blitt noko av desse to åra som student. Takk til mor og far, Åshild og Harald Nordstrand, som har bidrege i heimen i mange år for å støtte svigerdottera når mannen har vore på havet eller på skulen. Takk til mor for språkleg støtte med oppgåva. Nils Nordstrand Hamre, 21. mai 2014 v Samandrag Det amerikanske konseptet AirSea er mynta på å trengje gjennom ein fiendes ytre motstandsrekkjer på havet. Saman med USAs varsla dreiing av det strategiske fokuset mot Asia–Stillehavsregionen gjer det at mange forskarar og kommentatorar trekkjer fram Iran og Kina som dei potensielle fiendane som konseptet er mynta på. Den stadige fornyinga og utviklinga av kampsystem hos det kinesiske folkets frigjeringsarmé gjer at Kina vil vere den mest krevjande fienden å bruke AirSea mot. Det er lite opne kjelder som analyserer om AirSea vil kunne lykkast i ein stridssituasjon med Kina. Denne oppgåva drøftar difor om kinesiske ubåtoperasjonar kan hindre AirSea og dermed nekte USA operasjonell tilgang til dei nære kinesiske havområda. Drøftinga blir gjord med utgangspunkt i eit teoretisk grunnlag frå utvalde strategiske sjømaktsmeistrar som Mahan, Castex og sjømaktslæra Jeune École. På dette grunnlaget drøftar oppgåva det amerikanske konseptet, slik det kan utleiast med Boyds handlingssløyfe, dei tilgjengelege ressursane og kjenneteikna på den kinesiske ubåtflåten. Det er særleg fire faktorar som peikar seg ut for å avgjere om kinesiske ubåtoperasjonar kan hindre AirSea og dermed nekte USA operasjonell tilgang til dei nære kinesiske havområda: nasjonanes vilje til å gå til krig mot kvarandre, den amerikanske marinens kapasitet til å verje the Capital Ships, strategisk avskrekking og faren for ein kjernefysisk krig, og korleis den kinesiske ubåtoffiseren kan utnytte kampsystemet han er sett til å operere. Oppgåva konkluderer med at kinesiske ubåtoperasjonar kan hindre AirSea og dermed nekte USA operasjonell tilgang til dei nære kinesiske havområda. Det betyr at AirSea ikkje lèt seg gjennomføre mot Kina i dei nære kinesiske havområda. Finansieringa av den amerikanske sjømakta må i så fall anten aukast eller ein må utvikle nye konsept dersom det skal vere gjennomførbart å gå til strid mot Kina i desse områda. Ei slik styrkeoppbygging vil likne på utviklinga i Europa i åra før den første verdskrigen. Oppgåva avsluttar med ein epilog om ubåtens framtidige relevans generelt og kva betyding det kan ha for Noreg, og korleis norske antiubåtkapasitetar kan vere aktuelle ved bruk av AirSea i Stillehavs-teateret. vi English abstract In the last years scholars have produced a substantial amount of litterature discussing the militarization of the Asia-Pacific region, the growing Asian navies and the American Air Sea Battle Concept (AirSea) and how Chinas People’s Liberation Army (PLA) will encounter it. Only a limited amount of publically accessible litterature directly analyzes how the different components of the PLA may be used against AirSea to deny US operational access to the Chinese main land or the narrow seas. In this thesis a Norwegian former diesel-submarine commander examines how Chinese submarine operations are able to prevent AirSea from succeeding and thus denying US operational access to China’s narrow seas. By studying the classics of seapower Mahan, Castex, Juene École, Dönitz, Gorskhov and even Lehman, the scholar establishes a theoretical fundation for further discussions. The imbalance between the lack of sufficient founding of the American seapower and the financially bolstered Chinese seapower reduces the US Navy’s ability to fully exploit the potential of the seapower when executing AirSea. If so, US Navy will be encountered by a potent Chinese submarine service able to conduct both coastal and offshore sea denial operations against US Aircraft Carrriers and major Amphibious warships, and unhindered nuclear deterrence patrols on the high seas. vii Innhaldsliste Illustrasjonar .................................................................................................................................. 2 Forkortingar ................................................................................................................................... 3 1 Innleiing ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Bakgrunn ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Val av tema og problemstilling ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Avgrensing ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Metode .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Korleis kjeldene er brukte i dei ulike kapitla ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Kjelder ................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Omgrepsavklaring ................................................................................................................................................. 13 2 Utvald strategisk sjømaktslære ................................................................................................. 14 2.1 Stormaktene .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Den svake parten .................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.3 Nødvendig krig ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 3 AirSea – ein kontinentalnasjons konsept .................................................................................. 22 3.1 Om konsept ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Konseptet AirSea ................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Å nekte tilgang .....................................................................................................................................................
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