American Journal of International Law

VOLUME 65 1971

Published by The American Society of International Law

7 The American Society of International Law The American Society of International Law was organized in 1906 "to foster the study of international law and to promote the establishment and mainte nance of international relations on the basis of law and justice." The Society serves as a meeting place and forum for scholars, teachers, offi cials, lawyers and others, from some ninety-seven countries. At the end of April, it holds a three-day Annual Meeting in Washington at which current prob lems of international law are discussed. The Society also sponsors regional meetings outside of Washington in co-operation with other institutions. Salient questions of international law and relations are considered in depth by panels and study groups organized by the Society's Board of Review and Development. Works of scholarship are often published under the Society's auspices in connec tion with studies sponsored by the Board. The Society periodically issues three publications: The American Journal of International Law, the leading journal in the field of international law, has been published since 1907. A special number of the Journal carries the papers and discussions of the annual meeting of the Society. The Journal is distributed to all members of the Society without additional charge, and is available to non-members at a subscription rate of $30 a year. International Legal Materials, a bimonthly, is a unique international collection of texts of current official documents, including legislation, treaties, court deci sions, and reports. Subscription rates are $15 a year for members of the Society, $35 for others. The monthly Newsletter provides members with news of the Society and other organizations in the field and reports on pending international litigation. Society membership is open to all persons of whatever nationality and pro fession who are interested in its objectives. Dues are: regular, $25 for residents of the United States, $10 for non-residents; professional, $40; intermediate, $15; student, $7.50. Application forms and further information may be obtained from the Membership Secretary of the Society.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1971-1972 Honorary President PHTT.TP C. JESSUP President HAROLD D. LASSWELL Executive Vice President STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL Vice Presidents RICHARD A. FALK, JOHN N. HAZARD, WILLIAM D. ROGERS Honorary Vice Presidents: DEAN G. ACHESON,* WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR., HERBERT W. BRIGGS, ARTHUR H. DEAN, HARDY C. DILLARD, CHARLES G. FENWICK, LEO GROSS, GREEN H. HACKWORTH, JAMES N. HYDE, HANS KELSEN, CHARLES E. MARTIN, BRUNSON MAC- CHESNEY, MYRES S. MCDOUGAL, OSCAR SCHACHTER, JOHN STEVENSON, ROBERT R. WILSON.

Secretary EDWARD DUMBAULD Treasurer FRANZ M. OPPENHEIMER Assistant Treasurer JAMES C, CONNER * Deceased Oct. 12, 1971. BOARD OF EDITORS Editor-in-Chief RICHABD R. BAXTER Harvard Law School WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR. BRUNSON MACCHESNEY University of Michigan Law School Northwestern University Law School JOHN CABEY MYRES S. MCDOUGAL Yale Law School New York, N. Y. STANLEY D. METZGER ALONA E. EVANS Georgetown University Law Center Wellesley College COVEY T. OLIVER RICHABD A. FALK University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Law School ALWYN V. FREEMAN STEFAN A. RTESENFELD University of California Law School Beverly Hills, California OSCAR SCHACHTER WOLFGANG FRIEDMANN New York, N. Y. Columbia University School of Law STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL JOHN N. HAZARD Washington, D. C. Columbia University School of Law LOUIS B. SOHN LOUIS HENKIN Harvard Law School Columbia University School of Law ERIC STEIN University of Michigan Law School JAMES NEVINS HYDE RICHARD YOUNG New York, N. Y. Van Hornesville, N. Y. RICHARD B. LILLICH University of Virginia Law SchooHonoraryl Editors HERBEBT W. BBIGGS PHILIP C. JESSUP Cornell University New York, N. Y. HABDY C. DILLARD HANS KELSEN University of Virginia Law School University of California CHABXES G. FENWICK Washington, D. C. PITMAN B. POTTER LEO GROSS American University Fletcher School of Law and JOHN B. WHITTON Diplomacy, Tufts University Princeton University ROBERT R. WILSON Duke University Assistant Editor ELEANOR H. FINCH Editorial Assistant ROSEMARY G. CONLEY The views expressed in the articles, editorial comments, book reviews and notes, and other contributions which appear in the JOURNAL are those of the individual authors and are not to be taken as representing the views of the Board of Editors or of The American Society of International Law.

The JOURNAL is published five times a year and is supplied to all members of The American Society of International Law without extra charge. The annual subscription to non-members of the Society is $30.00. Available back numbers of the current volume of the JOURNAL will be supplied at $6.00 a copy; other available back numbers at $7.50 a copy. Manuscripts may be sent to either the Acting Editor-in-Chief of the JOURNAL, North western University Law School, 357 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, 111. 60611, or the Assistant Editor. Subscriptions, orders for back numbers, correspondence with reference to the JOURNAL, and books for review should be sent to the Assistant Editor of the JOURNAL, 2223 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20008. PUBLICATION OFFICE: EDITORIAL AND EXECUTIVE OFFICE: PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W. LANCASTER, PA. 17604 WASHINGTON, D. C. 20008 Copyright © 1971 by The American Society of International Law Second-class postage paid at Lancaster, Pa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOLUME 65 CONTENTS 1971

[No. 1, January, 1971, pp. 1-252; No. 2, April, 1971, pp. 253-458; No. 3, July, 1971, pp. 459-704; No. 5, October, 1971, pp. 705-927] PAGE SYMPOSIUM ON UNITED STATES ACTION IN CAMBODIA The Cambodian Operation and International Law Richard A. Falk 1 The Constitutionality of the Cambodian Incursion William D. Rogers 26 Legal Dimensions of the Decision to Intercede in Cambodia John Norton Moore 38 Comments: George H. Aldrich 76 Wolfgang Friedmann 77 Robert H. Bork 79 John Lawrence Hargrove 81 Marine Pollution Problems and Remedies Oscar Schachter and Daniel Serwer 84 Developments in the Law and Institutions of International Economic . Relations: Unauthorized Changes of Par Value and Fluctuating Exchange Rates in the Bretton Woods System Joseph Gold 113 The International Court of Justice: Consideration of Requirements for Enhancing Its Rdle in the International Legal Order Leo Gross 253 Barcelona Traction: The Jus Standi of Belgium Herbert W. Briggs 327 The Rann of Kutch Arbitration J. Gillis Wetter 346 Vae Victis or Woe to the Negotiators! Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 358 Self-Determination Rupert Emerson 459 The Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity Robert H. Miller 476 Contemporary Soviet Doctrine on the Juridical Nature of Universal International Organizations Chris Osakwe 502 ' The Travaux Preparatoires of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Herbert W. Briggs 705 The Declaration of Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations: A Survey Robert Rosenstock 713 vi CONTENTS [Vol. 65

PAGE The Grounds of Invalidity and Termination of Treaties S. E. Nahlik 736 Selden Redivivus—Towards a Partition of the Seas? Wolfgang Friedmann 757 Editorial Comment: Josef L. Kunz, 1890-1970 Herbert W. Briggs 129 Quincy Wright, 1890-1970 Eleanor H. Finch 130 Arctic Anti-Pollution: Does Canada Make—or Break—Interna tional Law? Louis Henkin 131 The United States Assaults the I.L.O. Stephen M. Schwebel 136 Renewed Emphasis upon a Socialist International Law John N. Hazard 142 The Connally Reservation Revisited and, Hopefully, Contained Louis Henkin 374 Two Perspectives on the Barcelona Traction Case: The Rigidity of Barcelona Richard B. Lillich 522 Nationality of Corporate Investment under Investment Guaranty Schemes—The Relevance of Barcelona Traction Stanley D. Metzger 532 The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated Louis Henkin 544 The Doctrine of Self-Executing Treaties and GATT: A Notable German Judgment Stefan A. Riesenfeld 548 The Obligation to Register Treaties and International Agreements with the United Nations R. B. Lillich 771

Notes and Comments: The Sole Juridical Expression of the Sacred Trust of Civilization Charles H. Alexandrowicz 149 Tax Treaties between the United States and Developing Countries Patrick L. Kelley 159 Neutralization of Israel John F. Murphy 167 Regional Conference of the Society at Chicago M. Cherif Bassiouni 172 Regional Meeting of the Society at Iowa City Edward J. Lemons 174 Scott Prizes in International Law E.H.F. 175 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Eleanor H. Finch 175 65th Annual Meeting of the Society Eleanor H. Finch 176 A Cause of the Present Crisis of International Law Miodrag Sukijasovic 378 Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Society, April 29-May 1, 1971 381 Annual Meeting of the Philippine Society of International Law E.H.F. 387 Was Biafra at Any Time a State in International Law? David A. Ijalaye 551 1971] CONTENTS Vll

PAGE Resolution of the Bahrain Dispute Edtvard Gordon 560 Transfer or Recognition of Sovereignty—Some Early Problems in Connection with Dependent Territories Jochen A. Frowein 568 The United Nations Travel and Identity Document for Namibians /. F. Engers 571 A Sometime World of Men: Legal Rights in the Ross Dependency F.M.Auburn 578 Seminar on the Role of the United Nations in the Development of International Law Subhash C. Jain 582 New Student Journals of International Law Eleanor H. Finch 584 The Society's Eighth Annual Regional Meeting at Syracuse, 1971 L. F. E. Goldie 585 65th Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law Eleanor H. Finch 587 Further Thoughts on a New Source of International Law: Pro fessor d'Amato's "Manifest Intent" N. G. Onuf 774 The Need for Revision of the Bustamante Code on Private Inter national Law Kurt H. Nadelmann 782 The U. S. Treaty of Commerce and the German Constitution F. A. Mann 793 "Socialist International Law" or "Socialist Principles of Interna tional Relations"? W. E. Butler 796 Regional Meetings: Denver, Colorado, May 8, 1970, April 16, 1971 Ved P. Nanda 800 New School for Social Research, April 2-3, 1971 Nigel S. Rodleu 802 Mexican-American Border Relationship Conference, San Diego, May 7-8, 1971 S. Houston Lay 803

Correspondence: On the Status of United States Treaty Law Salo Engel 593 Teaching International Law Woodfin L. Butte 597 U. S. Contemporary Practice Relating to International Law Steven C. Nelson 178, 388, 599, 805 Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of International Law Alona E. Evans 195, 398, 608, 812

Book Reviews and Notes Leo Gross 214, 411, 632, 836

Books Received 239, 437, 665, 884

Official Documents: United Nations General Assembly. Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-op eration among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. October 24, 1970 243 viii CONTENTS [Vol. 65

PAGE Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. The Hague, December 16, 1970 440 United Nations Security Council. Resolution on aerial hijacking. September 9,1970 445 United Nations General Assembly. Resolution on aerial hijacking. November 25,1970 445 United Nations Secretary General. Statement. September 14,1970. 447 International Civil Aviation Organization: Assembly Declaration on violence against aircraft. June 30, 1970 452 Council Resolution on unlawful seizure of aircraft. October 1, 1970 453 Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air, Signed at War saw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955. Guatemala City, Guatemala, March 8, 1971 670 American Convention on Human Rights. San Jos6, Costa Rica, November 22,1969 679 UNESCO. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Prevent ing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cul tural Property. Paris, November 14, 1970 887 Mexico-United States. Treaty of Co-operation Providing for the Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Properties. Mexico City, July 17, 1970 895 Organization of American States. Convention to Prevent and Punish the Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes against Persons and Related Extortion That Are of International Signifi cance. Washington, February 2, 1971 898 North Sea Continental Shelf: Federal Republic of Germany-Denmark-The Netherlands. Pro tocol. Copenhagen, January 28, 1971 901 Federal Republic of Germany-Denmark. Treaty Relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea. Copenhagen, January 28, 1971 904 The Netherlands-Federal Republic of Germany. Treaty on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea. Copenhagen, January 28,1971 909 United States-Spain. Treaty on Extradition. Madrid, May 29, 1970 914 United States. Act to Implement the Convention on the Recogni tion and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. July 31,1970 922 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. IX, No. 6 (1970); Vol. X, Nos. 1-5 (1971) 251, 454, 703, 924

Index 928 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOL. 65 January, 1971 NO. 1

CONTENTS PAGE SYMPOSIUM ON UNITED STATES ACTION IN CAMBODIA The Cambodian Operation and International Law Richard A. Falk 1 The Constitutionality of the Cambodian Incursion William D. Rogers 26 Legal Dimensions of the Decision to Intercede in Cambodia John Norton Moore 38 Comments: George H. Aldrich 76 Wolfgang Friedmann 77 Robert H. Bork 79 John Lawrence Hargrove 81 Marine Pollution Problems and Remedies Oscar Schachter and Daniel Serwer 84 Developments in the Law and Institutions of International Economic Relations: Unauthorized Changes of Par Value and Fluctuating Ex change Rates in the Bretton Woods System Joseph Gold 113 Editorial Comment: Josef L. Kunz, 1890-1970 Herbert W. Briggs 129 Quincy Wright, 1890-1970 Eleanor H. Finch 130 Arctic Anti-Pollution: Does Canada Make—or Break—International Law? Louis Henkin 131 The United States Assaults the I.L.O. Stephen M. Schwebel 136 Renewed Emphasis upon a Socialist International Law John N. Hazard 142 Notes and Comments: The Sole Juridical Expression of the Sacred Trust of Civilization. Charles H. Alexandrowicz 149 Tax Treaties between the United States and Developing Countries Patrick L. Kelley 159 Neutralization of Israel John F. Murphy 167 Regional Conference of the Society at Chicago M. Cherif Bassiouni 172 Regional^Meeting of the Society at Iowa City Edward J. Lemons 174 Scott Prizes in International Law E.H.F. 175 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Eleanor H. Finch 175 65th Annual Meeting of the Society Eleanor H. Finch 176 U. S. Contemporary Practice Relating to International Law Steven C. Nelson 178 Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of International Law Edited by Alona E. Evans 195 CONTENTS {cont'd.) J'AGE Book Reviews and Notes. Edited by Leo Gross: Lauterpacht, E. (ed.), International Law: Collected Papers of Hersch Lauterpacht, Vol. I 214 Falk, Richard A., and Cyril E. Black (eds.), The Future of the Interna tional Legal Order 218 Verzijl, J. H. W., International Law in Historical Perspective. Vol. Ill: State Territory 220 Higgins, Rosalyn, United Nations Peacekeeping 1946-1967. Vol. II: Asia - 221 Ghebali, Victor-Yves, La France en Guerre et les Organisations Interna tionales 1939-1945 223 Van Dyke, Vernon, Human Rights, the United States, and World Com munity 224 Hoffmann, Wolfgang, Rechtsfragen der Wahrungsparitat 225 Pillai, K. G. J., The Air Net: The Case against the World Aviation Cartel 227 Al-Baharna, Husain M., The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States 227 Araya, Jonas Guerra, Derecho y Practica Consulares 228 Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1969 229 Briefer Notices: Fulda and Schwartz, 232; Brinkhorst and Schermers, 233; Green, 233; McWhinney and Bradley, 234; Chen, 234; Tobiassen, 235; Gal, 236; Ginther, 236; Gilas, 237; McWhinney, 237; Holton, 238; Strossenreuther and Mossner, 238 Books Received 239 Official Documents United Nations General Assembly. Resolution 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Adopted October 24, 1970 243 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. IX, No. 6 (November), 1970 251

The views expressed in the articles, editorial comments, book reviews and notes, and other contributions which appear in the JOUBNAL are those of the individual authors and are not to be taken as representing the views of the Board of Editors or of The American Society of International Law.

PUBLICATION OFFICE: EDITORIAL AND EXECUTIVE OFFICE: PRINCE AND LEMON STREETS 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W. LANCASTER, PA. 17604 WASHINGTON, D. C. 20008

The American Society of International Law was organized in 1906 "to foster the study of international law and to promote the establishment and mainte nance of international relations on the basis of law and justice."

The Society serves as a meeting place and forum for scholars, teachers, offi cials, lawyers and others, from some ninety-seven countries. At the end of April, it holds a three-day Annual Meeting in Washington at which current prob lems of international law are discussed. The Society also sponsors regional meetings outside of Washington in co-operation with other institutions. Salient questions of international law and relations are considered in depth by panels and study groups organized by the Society's Board of Review and Development. Works of scholarship are often published under the Society's auspices in connec tion with studies sponsored by the Board.

The Society periodically issues three publications: The American Journal of International Law, the leading journal in the field of international law, has been published since 1907. A special number of the Journal carries the papers and discussions of the annual meeting of the Society. The Journal is distributed to all members of the Society without additional charge, and is available to non-members at a subscription rate of $30 a year.

International Legal Materials, a bimonthly, is a unique international collection of texts of current official documents, including legislation, treaties, court deci sions, and reports. Subscription rates are $15 a year for members of the Society, $35 for others.

The monthly Newsletter provides members with news of the Society and other organizations in the field and reports on pending international litigation.

Society membership is open to all persons of whatever nationality and pro fession who are interested in its objectives. Dues are: regular, $25 for residents of the United States, $10 for non-residents; professional, $40; intermediate, $15; student, $7.50. Application for membership may be made on the form printed at the back of this issue of the JOURNAL.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1970-1971

Honorary President PHILIP C. JESSUP

President HAROLD D. LASSWELL

Executive Vice President STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL

Vice Presidents RICHARD A. FALK, COVEY T. OLIVER, WILLIAM D. ROGERS

Honorary Vice Presidents: DEAN G. ACHESON, WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR., HERBERT W. BRIGGS, ARTHUR H. DEAN, HARDY C. DILLARD, CHARLES G. FENWICK, GREEN H. HACKWORTH, JAMES N. HYDE, HANS KELSEN, CHARLES E. MARTIN, BRUNSON MACCHESNEY, MYRES S. MCDOUGAL, OSCAR SCHACHTER, JOHN R. STEVENSON, ROBERT R. WILSON.

Secretary EDWARD DUMBAULD

Treasurer FRANZ M. OPPENHEIMER

Assistant Treasurer JAMES C CONNER BOARD OF EDITORS Editor-in-Chief RICHARD R. BAXTER Harvard Law School

WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JH. OLIVER T. LISSITZYN University of Michigan Law School Columbia University JOHN CAREY BRUNSON MACCHESNEY New York, N. Y. Northwestern University Law School ALONA E. EVANS MYRES S. MCDOUGAL Wellesley College Yale Law School RICHARD A. FALK STANLEY D. METZGER Princeton University Georgetown University Law Center ALWYN V. FREEMAN COVEY T. OLIVER University of Pennsylvania Beverly Hills, California Law School WOLFGANG FRIEDMANN STEFAN A. RIESENFELD Columbia University School of Law University of California Law School JOHN N. HAZARD OSCAR SCHACHTEH Columbia University School of Law New York, N. Y. LOUIS HENKTN STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL Columbia University School of Law Washington, D. C. JAMES NEVINS HYDE LOUIS B. SOHN New York, N. Y. Harvard Law School RICHARD B. LDLLICH ERIC STEIN University of Virginia Law School University of Michigan Law School RICHARD YOUNG Van Homesville, N. Y.

Honorary Editors

HERBERT W. BRIGGS PHILIP C. JESSUP Cornell University New York, N. Y.

HARDY C. DILLARD HANS KELSEN University of Virginia Law School University of California CHARLES G. FENWICK Washington, D. C. PITMAN B. POTTER American University LEO GROSS Fletcher School of Law and JOHN B. WHrrTON Diplomacy, Tufts University Princeton University

ROBERT R. WILSON Duke University

Assistant Editor ELEANOR H. FINCH

Editorial Assistant ROSEMARY G. CONLEY