DOCSLIB.ORG

Migration, Freedom and Enslavement in the Revolutionary Atlantic: the Bahamas, 1783–C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migration, Freedom and Enslavement in the Revolutionary Atlantic: the Bahamas, 1783–C Migration, Freedom and Enslavement in the Revolutionary Atlantic: The Bahamas, 1783–c. 1800 Paul Daniel Shirley October 2011 UCL PhD thesis 1 I, Paul Daniel Shirley, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: _____________________________ (Paul Daniel Shirley) 2 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of revolution upon slavery in the Atlantic world, focusing upon the period of profound and unprecedented change and conflict in the Bahamas during the final decades of the eighteenth century. It argues that the Bahamian experience can only be satisfactorily understood with reference to the revolutionary upheavals that were transforming the larger Atlantic world in those years. From 1783, the arrival of black and white migrants displaced by the American Revolution resulted in quantitative and qualitative social, economic and political transformation in the Bahamas. The thesis assesses the nature and significance of the sudden demographic shift to a non-white majority in the archipelago, the development of many hitherto unsettled islands, and efforts to construct a cotton-based plantation economy. It also traces the trajectory and dynamics of the complex struggles that ensued from these changes. During the 1780s, émigré Loyalist slaveholders from the American South, intent on establishing a Bahamian plantocracy, confronted not only non-white Bahamians exploring enlarged possibilities for greater control over their own lives, but also an existing white population determined to defend their own interests, and a belligerent governor with a penchant for idiosyncratic antislavery initiatives. In the 1790s, a potentially explosive situation was inflamed still further as a new wave of war and revolution engulfed the Atlantic. The various ways in which Bahamians responded to the prospect of the new possibilities seemingly opened up by the Haitian Revolution would have lasting consequences. Whilst engaging critically with both the detail and general interpretive tendencies of existing Bahamian historiography, the thesis seeks to demonstrate the manifold, complex, and contingent nature of the relationship between the eighteenth- century revolutions and the Atlantic slave system. As such, it aims to show the potential of an Atlantic history integrating local and more general perspectives to facilitate a more nuanced and fully transnational account of the ‘Age of Revolution’. 3 Table of Contents Front Matter…………………………………………………………………………...1 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..3 Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………….5 List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….6 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………7 Chapter One: The Problem of Revolution in the Age of Slavery…………………….40 Chapter Two: The Diaspora of Defeat………………………………………...……...78 Chapter Three: Rescuing the Bahamas from Insignificance: Transformations, Compromises, and Resistance in the 1780s…….……………….……………..….110 Chapter Four: ‘Disentangled from the Disgraceful Shackles of Slavery’: Lord Dunmore and State Manumission in the Bahamas, 1787–1793…….…………….155 Chapter Five: ‘The Dread of our Country Becoming the Theatre of such Horrors’: the Haitian Revolution and the Bahamas, 1791–1797…………………..…...…...191 Conclusion……………..………………………………………………...………….239 Bibliography………………………………………………………...………………261 Appendix: Bahamian Manumissions, 1782–1800…………………...………...……294 4 Acknowledgments Writing this dissertation has been a tortuous, and at times torturous process, and I am glad to be able to offer at least some recognition of the help I have received along the way from a great many splendid people. As supervisors, Stephen Conway and Catherine Hall have been an unfailing source of enthusiasm, insight and erudition. The former, especially, has been relentless in his good humour and optimism regarding an uncommonly vexatious student. Nat Millet first suggested I do some research on the Bahamas more years ago than I care to remember. Since then, among the host of other scholars who have been more than generous with their time, expertise, support and friendship, I would especially like to thank Mary Turner, Betty Wood, Christopher Abel, Trevor Burnard, and Adam Smith. Errietta Bissa prompted something of a conceptual breakthrough by encouraging me to think in terms of crop yields. Having more or less decided to abandon the project, Katharina Rietzler was uniquely successful in convincing me that it was almost finished. The staff of the UCL Bentham Project, particularly Philip Schofield, Michael Quinn, and Oliver Harris, have helped to fill in some of the more glaring gaps in my understanding of scholarship, eighteenth-century Britain, and the finer points of annotation. This dissertation was primarily funded by a UCL History Department Research Studentship. My research in the Bahamas and the United States was made possible by grants from the UCL Graduate School, the University of London Central Research Fund, and the Royal Historical Society. I am grateful for the invaluable assistance of the staff of the various libraries and archives I visited on both sides of the Atlantic, and especially that of Gail Saunders and her team at the Bahamas Department of Archives. My parents, Jean and Bill Shirley, have provided unconditional support, moral, emotional and material, throughout this project. That the fabulous Jaclyn McGlasson has put up with it and me for so long is a daily source of wonder and delight. 5 List of Abbreviations Add. MSS Additional Manuscripts Series, British Library, London BDA Bahamas Department of Archives, Nassau, Bahamas CO Colonial Office Papers, National Archives, London CUP Cambridge University Press DCRO Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock FHQ Florida Historical Quarterly HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission JCBL John Carter Brown Library, Providence, Rhode Island JNH Journal of Negro History JSH Journal of Southern History LC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. OUP Oxford University Press RGD Registrar General’s Department, Nassau, Bahamas S.C. Bahamas Supreme Court Papers: General Court Minutes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly WO War Office Papers, National Archives, London 6 Introduction In the spring of 1788, a sequence of strange events unfolded on the island of Abaco, in the Bahamas. On Sunday 4 March, the planter Richard Pearis was having dinner with friends at his estate at Spencer’s Bight, one of several settlements recently established on Abaco by Pearis and other American Loyalist émigrés, when proceedings were interrupted by the arrival of Samuel Mackay, captain of the Bahamian governor’s schooner, the Shearwater . Mackay declared that he was looking for contraband corn, and demanded the keys to the plantation house and cellar. Pearis refused, asking Mackay ‘repeatedly to show his Authority, and Warned him at his peril from breaking or attempting to force any of [his stores], or to molest any of my property’. In response, after threatening ‘to make everyone present Prisoners’, Mackay ‘went to his Boat and brought up Armed White Men and Negroes whom he placed [as] Sentrys’ around the estate. He then had ‘Armed Negroes with an Axe’ break down the doors to Pearis’s stores, and seized 401 bushels of corn ‘in the King’s Name.’ 1 Many details of what happened next are ambiguous. It is clear that in the wake of this episode large numbers of the people held as slaves at Spencer’s Bight ‘absconded’; Pearis lost at least two of his own slaves, and reported that ‘some of our Neighbours are left without their House Servants, and all have more or less of our slaves gone to the Woods’. 2 What remains uncertain is why this mass flight happened, what the motives of the runaways were, and the precise role, if any, played by the crew of the Shearwater in provoking it. Several weeks later, Pearis stated that the slaves ‘who have been retaken, or come in, uniformly declare that they were misled by Captain Mackey and his Crew who told them he had the Governor’s Authority to carry them to Nassau [the colonial capital] and that all the Rebel Property Negroes would be made free.’ Petitioning the 1 Affidavit of Richard Pearis, 16 May 1788, CO23/29/304–5; Pearis to William Coleman, Spencer’s Bight, 16 May 1788, CO23/29/303. Before the American Revolution, Pearis had been a substantial landowner, first in Virginia, then in South Carolina. During the War of Independence, after being arrested and imprisoned by the Charleston council of safety in 1775, he served in various Loyalist provincial corps, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel by 1780. See Lydia Austin Parrish, ‘Records of some Southern Loyalists. Being a collection of manuscripts about some eighty families, most of whom immigrated to the Bahamas during and after the American Revolution’, Harvard University, Houghton MS. AM 1547 (photocopy typescript in BDA; cited hereafter as ‘Parrish, “Records”’), 419–20; Sandra Riley, Homeward Bound: A history of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a definitive study of Abaco in the American Loyalist plantation period (Miami: Island Research, 1983), 253, n. 8. 2 Pearis to Coleman, Spencer’s Bight, 16 May 1788, CO23/29/303. 7 governor for assistance, other white residents of Spencer’s Bight were still more explicit, claiming that ‘many of their slaves… came in open day before your Memorialists faces, and put their baggage on board said Mackay’s boat’. 3 According to Pearis, Mackay displayed a letter of authority signed by the governor, ‘but would neither
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fourteenth Colony: Florida and the American Revolution in the South
    THE FOURTEENTH COLONY: FLORIDA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH By ROGER C. SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Roger C. Smith 2 To my mother, who generated my fascination for all things historical 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Jon Sensbach and Jessica Harland-Jacobs for their patience and edification throughout the entire writing process. I would also like to thank Ida Altman, Jack Davis, and Richmond Brown for holding my feet to the path and making me a better historian. I owe a special debt to Jim Cusack, John Nemmers, and the rest of the staff at the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History and Special Collections at the University of Florida for introducing me to this topic and allowing me the freedom to haunt their facilities and guide me through so many stages of my research. I would be sorely remiss if I did not thank Steve Noll for his efforts in promoting the University of Florida’s history honors program, Phi Alpha Theta; without which I may never have met Jim Cusick. Most recently I have been humbled by the outpouring of appreciation and friendship from the wonderful people of St. Augustine, Florida, particularly the National Association of Colonial Dames, the ladies of the Women’s Exchange, and my colleagues at the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum and the First America Foundation, who have all become cherished advocates of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • International Civil Aviation Organization Bahamas Civil Aviation Department NACC/DCA/6 Nassau, Bahamas, 10-12/05/2015
    International Civil Aviation Organization Bahamas Civil Aviation Department NACC/DCA/6 Nassau, Bahamas, 10-12/05/2015 ____________________________________________________________________________ GENERAL INFORMATION (REVISED) (Presented by the Bahamas) 1. Venue and Dates The ICAO Sixth Directors of Civil Aviation of the North American, Central American and Caribbean Meeting (NACC/DCA/06) will take place in Nassau, Bahamas, at the Meliã Nassau Beach Hotel, Cable Beach. 2. Address and contact numbers Coordinator: Mrs. Monique V. Hepburn Office of the Director of Civil Aviation (Ag.) Address: Department of Civil Aviation J L Centre, Blake Road (off John F. Kennedy Drive) - short drive from Lynden Pindling International Airport P. O. Box N-975 Nassau, The Bahamas Telephone: 1-242-397-4700/326-0339 ext. 4712 (General) 1-242-397-4712 (Private) 1-242-376-3320 (Cell) Fax: 1-242- 326-3591 E-mail: [email protected] 3. Geography An archipelago, The Bahamas comprises 700 islands and some 2,000 cays, spread over 100,000 square miles in the Atlantic Ocean, located just 50 miles off the coast of Florida. Nassau, the capital and commercial centre, is located on the island of New Providence. Learn more at www.bahamas.com 4. Language English is the official language. - 2 - 5. Temperature During the month of May, the temperature in The Bahamas ranges from 72°-88° F (22°- 31°C). The average humidity is 77%. The rainy season is May – October; however, showers are generally short. The hurricane season is June 1 - November 30. 6. Money Exchange The legal tender and national currency is the Bahamian dollar, which is equivalent in value to the US dollar; however, one can expect to pay a small commission when exchanging traveller’s cheques for local currency and when converting local currency into US dollars (some Bahamian currency and coins are considered novelties and make good souvenirs).
    [Show full text]
  • South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution South Carolina in 1776 (Adapted by R
    South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution South Carolina in 1776 (adapted by R. S. Lambert from James Cook, 1773) Note: Broken lines, combined with natural features (e.g. rivers) delineate boundaries of judicial districts. Robert Stansbury Lambert Second Edition Works produced at Clemson University by the Center for Electronic and Digital Publishing, including Th e South Carolina Review and its themed series “Virginia Woolf International,” “Ireland in the Arts and Humanities,” and “James Dickey Revisited” may be found at our Web site: http://www.clemson.edu/caah/cedp. Contact the director at 864-656-5399 for information. Copyright 2010 by Clemson University ISBN 978-0-9842598-8-5 Second Edition CLEMSON UNIVERSITY DIGITAL PRESS Published by Clemson University Digital Press at the Center for Electronic and Digital Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. Editorial Assistants: Christina Cook, Ashley Dannelly, Steve Johnson, Carrie Kolb Cover Design: Christina Cook Produced with the Adobe Creative Suite CS5 and Microsoft Word. Th is book is set in Adobe Garamond Pro and was printed by University Printing Services, Offi ce of Publica- tions and Promotional Services, Clemson University. To order copies, contact the Center for Electronic and Digital Publishing, Strode Tower, Box 340522, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0522. To Edythe and Anne Contents Preface .......................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 'Deprived of Their Liberty'
    'DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY': ENEMY PRISONERS AND THE CULTURE OF WAR IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1775-1783 by Trenton Cole Jones A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Trenton Cole Jones All Rights Reserved Abstract Deprived of Their Liberty explores Americans' changing conceptions of legitimate wartime violence by analyzing how the revolutionaries treated their captured enemies, and by asking what their treatment can tell us about the American Revolution more broadly. I suggest that at the commencement of conflict, the revolutionary leadership sought to contain the violence of war according to the prevailing customs of warfare in Europe. These rules of war—or to phrase it differently, the cultural norms of war— emphasized restricting the violence of war to the battlefield and treating enemy prisoners humanely. Only six years later, however, captured British soldiers and seamen, as well as civilian loyalists, languished on board noisome prison ships in Massachusetts and New York, in the lead mines of Connecticut, the jails of Pennsylvania, and the camps of Virginia and Maryland, where they were deprived of their liberty and often their lives by the very government purporting to defend those inalienable rights. My dissertation explores this curious, and heretofore largely unrecognized, transformation in the revolutionaries' conduct of war by looking at the experience of captivity in American hands. Throughout the dissertation, I suggest three principal factors to account for the escalation of violence during the war. From the onset of hostilities, the revolutionaries encountered an obstinate enemy that denied them the status of legitimate combatants, labeling them as rebels and traitors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Settlement of Charlotia (Rolles Twon), 1765
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 4 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 4, Article 9 Issue 1 1925 The Settlement of Charlotia (Rolles Twon), 1765 Carl Bohnenberger Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Bohnenberger, Carl (1925) "The Settlement of Charlotia (Rolles Twon), 1765," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol4/iss1/9 Bohnenberger: The Settlement of Charlotia (Rolles Twon), 1765 43 THE SETTLEMENT OF CHARLOTIA (ROLLES TOWN), 1765 In the year 1763 George the Third, King of Great Britain and Ireland, secured from his Catholic Maj- esty of Spain the province of Florida in exchange for certain territory lately taken by the English, includ- ing the City of Havana. The territory was divided into two parts, East and West Florida, governments were established, and set- tlers and investors soon invaded the new country. Also extensive and valuable land grants were awarded to many gentlemen of wealth and gentlemen with for- tune hunting or philanthropic motives. Lords Grenville, Egmont, Hawke, Templeton, the Marquis of Hastings, and Sir William Duncan, and Dr. Turnbull were among those securing land grants. A genuine “land rush” was made toward Florida. The Annual Register states: “His Majesty this day passed twenty grants of land in East Florida upon petitions of gentlemen of rank and fortune, who in- tended settling them immediately; and it is said that St.
    [Show full text]
  • Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial
    Navigating the Atlantic World: Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial Networks, 1650-1791 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Jamie LeAnne Goodall, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Margaret Newell, Advisor John Brooke David Staley Copyright by Jamie LeAnne Goodall 2016 Abstract This dissertation seeks to move pirates and their economic relationships from the social and legal margins of the Atlantic world to the center of it and integrate them into the broader history of early modern colonization and commerce. In doing so, I examine piracy and illicit activities such as smuggling and shipwrecking through a new lens. They act as a form of economic engagement that could not only be used by empires and colonies as tools of competitive international trade, but also as activities that served to fuel the developing Caribbean-Atlantic economy, in many ways allowing the plantation economy of several Caribbean-Atlantic islands to flourish. Ultimately, in places like Jamaica and Barbados, the success of the plantation economy would eventually displace the opportunistic market of piracy and related activities. Plantations rarely eradicated these economies of opportunity, though, as these islands still served as important commercial hubs: ports loaded, unloaded, and repaired ships, taverns attracted a variety of visitors, and shipwrecking became a regulated form of employment. In places like Tortuga and the Bahamas where agricultural production was not as successful, illicit activities managed to maintain a foothold much longer.
    [Show full text]
  • "From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 "From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781 Brian David Palladino College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Palladino, Brian David, ""From a Determined Resolution to Get Liberty": Slaves and the British in Revolutionary Norfolk County, Virginia, 1775-1781" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626267. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4wyv-y677 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FROM A DETERMINED RESOLUTION TO GET LIBERTY”: SLAVES AND THE BRITISH IN REVOLUTIONARY NORFOLK COUNTY, VIRGINIA, 1775-1781 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Brian David Palladino 2000 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts ^ ""* Brian David Palladino Approved,
    [Show full text]
  • Browsing Through Bias: the Library of Congress Classification and Subject Headings for African American Studies and LGBTQIA Studies
    Browsing through Bias: The Library of Congress Classification and Subject Headings for African American Studies and LGBTQIA Studies Sara A. Howard and Steven A. Knowlton Abstract The knowledge organization system prepared by the Library of Con- gress (LC) and widely used in academic libraries has some disadvan- tages for researchers in the fields of African American studies and LGBTQIA studies. The interdisciplinary nature of those fields means that browsing in stacks or shelflists organized by LC Classification requires looking in numerous locations. As well, persistent bias in the language used for subject headings, as well as the hierarchy of clas- sification for books in these fields, continues to “other” the peoples and topics that populate these titles. This paper offers tools to help researchers have a holistic view of applicable titles across library shelves and hopes to become part of a larger conversation regarding social responsibility and diversity in the library community.1 Introduction The neat division of knowledge into tidy silos of scholarly disciplines, each with its own section of a knowledge organization system (KOS), has long characterized the efforts of libraries to arrange their collections of books. The KOS most commonly used in American academic libraries is the Li- brary of Congress Classification (LCC). LCC, developed between 1899 and 1903 by James C. M. Hanson and Charles Martel, is based on the work of Charles Ammi Cutter. Cutter devised his “Expansive Classification” to em- body the universe of human knowledge within twenty-seven classes, while Hanson and Martel eventually settled on twenty (Chan 1999, 6–12). Those classes tend to mirror the names of academic departments then prevail- ing in colleges and universities (e.g., Philosophy, History, Medicine, and Agriculture).
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Users\User1\Documents
    Date:June 3,2021 Last Web Update:September 2,2020 WHITLOCK FAMILY RESEARCH - PRINTED & ORIGINAL SOURCES R0001/20 Research by Wilfred John Whitlock - Whitlocks of Langtree, Devon to 1968 R0002/7 Whitlocks of Devon research by J.R. Powell Nov.1910 R0002A/5 Whitlocks of Warkleigh, Langtree, Parkham, Devon from Kate Johnson (nee Whitlock) June 1968 R0003/6 Photocopies of Whitelocke entries in Biographical Dictionary R0004/1 Whitlocks of Warkleigh with connection to Whitlocks of Illinois by Frank M. Whitlock 1936 R0004A/1 Whitlocks of Warkleigh descent from John Lake of Bradmore (Bodleian Library:Rawl D 287) R0004B/1 Whitlocks of Warkleigh descent from John Lake from Visitation of Devon (edit J.L. Vivian. Exeter 1895) R0005/4 Letter from M.M. Johns to Elmo Ashton re Whitlocks of Langtree, Devon R0006/2 Biography of Brand Whitlock (1869-1934) R0007/3 Whitlocks of Devon parish register extracts R0008/1 Biography of Percy Whitlock (1903-1946) from Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians from M.M. Johns R0009/1 Letter Dd. June 7,1906 from J. Stanley Wedlock of Stanley Bridge, P.E.I.. to John Whitlock of Holdsworthy (sic), Devon R0010/3 Whitlock extracts from Biographical Dictionaries from J.E.I. Wyatt R0011/2 Alumni Oxonienses, The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714 by Joseph Foster from Ruth Spalding R0012/1 Biographical sketch of Thomas Whitlock (1806-1875)'s life by Rev.W.C.Beer R0013/54 Whitlocks of Berkshire descent from John Whitlock & Agnes De la Beche (M about 1454) from J. Wyatt 1969 R0014/ (renumbered) R0015/1 Newspaper clipping re 50th Wedding Anniversary of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • David Fanning and Retaliatory Violence Between Tories and Whigs in the Revolutionary Carolinas
    “Blood for blood”: David Fanning and Retaliatory Violence between Tories and Whigs in the Revolutionary Carolinas By: Gregory Mayr History 586: Advanced Seminar in History Kansas State University Spring 2014 Professor Louise Breen Abstract This paper, relying primarily on Loyalist Colonel David Fanning’s personal narrative of the American Revolution, will argue that Fanning applied, in some of his actions, a form of retributive reasoning similar to that described by Historians Wayne E. Lee and Jeffrey J. Crow as typical for the revolutionary Carolinas. In Fanning’s case, the code by which he decided what to do in given situations was more complex than a one-dimensional law of retaliation; Fanning made an effort to incorporate conventional forms of honor into his actions, but harbored a great deal of distrust for his adversaries that came out of the experiences he had during the Revolution with his Whig opponents. His targets were purposive, aimed at Whig leadership, supplies and government officials. Fanning’s level of violence escalated toward the end of the revolution due to his genuine disdain for the rebels and his resentment at fighting what he eventually acknowledged to be a losing war. Keywords: Fanning; Retaliation; Retribution; lex talionis; Burke 2 On 28 February 1782, the infamous loyalist partisan David Fanning wrote a cold and threatening letter of protest to Governor Thomas Burke of North Carolina. The Whig government had hanged “three of my men, one Captain and two privates,” and was detaining an additional “Captain and six men under the sentence of death.”1 Fanning knew that the British cause had entered its death throes with the definitive American victory at Yorktown, Virginia, in October, 1781, but fighting units remained mobilized until the signing of the peace treaty in 1783, and in the meantime governments throughout the former colonies had to make decisions about how to deal with the militia men who continued the civil war in the southern frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor and Settlement in British East Florida, 1763-1773
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2006 Colonizing Schemes In An Integrated Atlantic Economy: Labor And Settlement In British East Florida, 1763-1773. Nathan Hill University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Hill, Nathan, "Colonizing Schemes In An Integrated Atlantic Economy: Labor And Settlement In British East Florida, 1763-1773." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1092. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1092 COLONIZING SCHEMES IN AN INTEGRATED ATLANTIC ECONOMY: LABOR AND SETTLEMENT IN BRITISH EAST FLORIDA, 1763-1773 by NATHAN W. HILL B.A. University of Central Florida, 2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2006 ABSTRACT The colonization of British East Florida in 1763 did not occur in a vacuum. Colonizers formulated different settlement plans based on their experience in the colonies and the Atlantic world in general. The most obvious differentiation was in their choice of labor. Some men chose to base their settlements on slave labor. Others imported white laborers either as indentured servants or tenant farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bahamas Voluntary National Review on the Sustainable Development Goals to the High Level Political Forum of the United Nations Economic and Social Council
    The Bahamas Voluntary National Review on the Sustainable Development Goals to the High Level Political Forum of the United Nations Economic and Social Council Government of The Bahamas July 2018 Picture 1: Artwork by students of the Salina Point and the Centreville Primary Schools on the topic – My Vision for The Bahamas in 2040 1 1.0 Table of Contents 1.0 Opening Statement ............................................................................................................... 6 2.0 Highlights ............................................................................................................................. 8 Integration of the SDGs into the National Development Plan .................................................... 8 Institutional Arrangements .......................................................................................................... 9 Leaving No-One -Behind ............................................................................................................ 9 Areas where support is needed for finance, capacity-building, technology, partnerships, etc. 10 3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11 4.0 Methodology and process for preparation of the review. .................................................. 13 5.0 Policy and Enabling Environment ..................................................................................... 14 Creating Ownership of the Sustainable Development Goals: National Level
    [Show full text]