DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 12 Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 12 Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients Chapter 12 Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients BIOL 5130/6130 Bob Locy Auburn University Chapter 12.01. Introduction - 01 Chapter 12.02. Nitrogen in the Environment - 02 02.01. Nitrogen passes through several forms in a biogeochemical cycle Chapter 12.02. Nitrogen in the Environment - 03 02.02. Unassimilated ammonium or nitrate may be dangerous – Although nitrate and ammonium are preferred nitrogen sources to support plant growth and development, both substances can be toxic at highlevels. – Ammonium ion dissipates the proton gradient – Nitrate can geneate toxic biproducts. Chapter 12.03. Nitrate Assimilation - 04 - + - + NO3 + NAD(P)H + H NO2 + NAD(P) + H20 03.01a. Many factors regulate nitrate reductase – Tight control of NR activity is required to keep toxic levels of nitrite from accumulating in cells – The induction of nitrate reductase activity is regulated transcriptionally by the control of NR mRNA levels. Chapter 12.03. Nitrate Assimilation - 05 03.01b. Many factors regulate nitrate reductase – Nitrate reductase activity is also regulated posttranslationally by a number of physiological parameters. – This control involves activating 14-3-3 protein, and phosphorylation of a serine residue in the hinge region of the protein between the MoCo and the heme. – Phosphorylation activates and dephosphorylation inhibits NR activity. Chapter 12.03. Nitrate Assimilation - 06 03.02. Nitrite reductase converts nitrite to ammonium - + + NO2 + 6 Fdred + 8 H NH4 + 6 Fdox + 2H20 – Nitrite derived from nitrate reductase is immediately taken up by choroplasts (in leaves) or plastids (in roots), where it is reduced to amonia by nitrite reductase (Nit) Chapter 12.03. Nitrate Assimilation - 07 03.03. Both roots and shoots assimilate nitrate – Varies from one species to another – GENERALLY – temperate species are root assimilators, tropical species are leaf assimilators Chapter 12.04. Ammonia Assimilation - 08 04.01. Converting ammonium to amino acids requires two enzymes – Glutamine synthetase – 2 isoforms, one cytosol, the other chloroplast/plastid – Two different types of glutamate synthase (GOGAT), NADH requiring (non-green plastids) and Fd requiring (chloroplast). Chapter 12.04. Ammonia Assimilation - 09 04.02. Ammonium can be assimilated via an alternative pathway Chapter 12.04. Ammonia Assimilation - 10 04.03. Transamination reactions transfer nitrogen Chapter 12.04. Ammonia Assimilation - 11 04.04. Asparagine and glutamine link carbon and nitrogen metabolism Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 • The Conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) iside a biological system is referred to as biological nitrogen fixation. 06.01a. Free-living and symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.01b. Free-living and symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.02. Nitrogen fixation requires anaerobic conditions – Nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of N2 into ammonium requires an anaerobic environment and is labile in the prsence of oxygen. – In legume of alder nodules a specialized protein called leghemoglobin is responsible for creating a microaerophilic envirnment that protects nitrogenase. – In free living nitrogen fixers, they either only fix nitrogen when they are anaerobic, or a capable of creating anaeorobic conditions. – The heterocyst of Anabena is an example of this. 06.03. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized structures – Examples are root nodules and heterocysts discussed above. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.04. Establishing symbiosis requires an exchange of signals – Nodulin genes are plant genes involved in the production of notdules – Nodulation genes are bacterial genes required for nodulation. – Nodulation is a complex process involving signalling and cross talk between the two organisms involved. 06.05. Nod factors produced by bacteria act as signals for symbiosis – Bacteria produce host specific Nod factors. – Specific species of plants respond to different Nod factors. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.06a. Nodule formation involves several phytohormones A. Rhizobia bind to an emerging root hair in response to a chemical attractant produced by the plant. B. In response to signals produced by the bacterial, the plant root hair curls and the bacteria grow within the curl. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.06b. Nodule formation involves several phytohormones C. Degradation of the root hair wall allows infection to occur, and the formation of an infection thread. D. When the infection thread reaches the end of the root hair wall, the infection thread membrane fuses with the plasma membrane. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.06c. Nodule formation involves several phytohormones E. The bacterial cells are released into the middle lamella, and ultimately work their way across a network of cells via the formation of subsequent branched infection threads. F. Once in the target cells, bacterial vessiculate into plant membrane surrounded vessicles in the cytosol of the cell, and form bacteroids. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.07. The nitrogenase enzyme complex fixes N2 – The nitrogenase is a complex enzyme with at least 2 types of subunits, the Fe protiens, and the MoFe proteins. – Neither of these have nitrogenase activity alone. – The electron path through the enzyme is complex but known. Chapter 12.06. Biological Nitrogen Fixation - 02 06.08. Amides and ureides are the transported forms of nitrogen – Ureides are translocated from nodules to other parts of the plant in the xylem in many tropical legumes such as soybean, peanut, and southern peas. – In temperate legumes, glutamine and asparagines are the primary forms of nitrogen translocated from the nodule in the xylem. Peas, clover, and alfalfa are examples of amide translocators. Chapter 12.07. Sulfur Assimilation - 02 07.01. Sulfate is the absorbed form of sulfur in plants 07.02. Sulfate assimilation requires the reduction of sulfate to cysteine 07.03. Sulfate assimilation occurs mostly in leaves Chapter 12.07. Sulfur Assimilation - 02 07.04. Methionine is synthesized from cysteine – Other sulfur containing compounds are made from APS via the PAPS pathway. END Chapter 12 Assimilation of Mineral Nutrients Supplemental topics and study questions Can be found at: http://4e.plantphys.net/chapter.php?ch=12 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Data Assimilation and Uncertainty Quantification in Cardiovascular Biomechanics Rajnesh Lal
    Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics Rajnesh Lal To cite this version: Rajnesh Lal. Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics. Mod- eling and Simulation. Université Montpellier, 2017. English. NNT : 2017MONTS088. tel-02081644 HAL Id: tel-02081644 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02081644 Submitted on 27 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par l’Université de Montpellier Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale I2S Et de l’unité de recherche IMAG Spécialité : Mathématiques et Modélisation Présentée par Rajnesh Lal Data assimilation and uncertainty quantification in cardiovascular biomechanics Soutenue le 14 Juin 2017 devant le jury composé de Pr. Franck Nicoud IMAG - Univ. de Montpellier Directeur Pr. Bijan Mohammadi IMAG - Univ. de Montpellier Co-Directeur Dr. Jean-Frédéric Gerbeau INRIA Paris - Rocquencourt Rapporteur Dr. Pierre-Yves Lagrée Université Pierre et Marie Curie Rapporteur PUPH. Vincent Costalat CHRU - Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier Examinateur Pr. Christophe Prud’homme IRMA - Université de Strasbourg Examinateur Abstract Cardiovascular blood flow simulations can fill several critical gaps in current clinical capabilities. ey offer non-invasive ways to quantify hemodynamics in the heart and major blood vessels for patients with cardiovascular diseases, that cannot be directly obtained from medical imaging.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting Sulphur—The Once Neglected Nutrient: It's Roles in Plant Growth, Metabolism, Stress Tolerance and Crop Production
    agriculture Review Revisiting Sulphur—The Once Neglected Nutrient: It’s Roles in Plant Growth, Metabolism, Stress Tolerance and Crop Production Tinashe Zenda 1,2,3,4 , Songtao Liu 1,2,3, Anyi Dong 1,2,3 and Huijun Duan 1,2,3,* 1 State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; [email protected] (T.Z.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (A.D.) 2 North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of the Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China 3 Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China 4 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura P. Bag 1020, Zimbabwe * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-3127-9716 Abstract: Sulphur plays crucial roles in plant growth and development, with its functions ranging from being a structural constituent of macro-biomolecules to modulating several physiological processes and tolerance to abiotic stresses. In spite of these numerous sulphur roles being well acknowledged, agriculture has paid scant regard for sulphur nutrition, until only recently. Serious problems related to soil sulphur deficiencies have emerged and the intensification of food, fiber, and animal production is escalating to feed the ever-increasing human population. In the wake of huge Citation: Zenda, T.; Liu, S.; Dong, A.; demand for high quality cereal and vegetable diets, sulphur can play a key role in augmenting the Duan, H. Revisiting Sulphur—The production, productivity, and quality of crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation Into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N
    plants Review Light-Independent Nitrogen Assimilation in Plant Leaves: Nitrate Incorporation into Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine Traced by 15N Tadakatsu Yoneyama 1,* and Akira Suzuki 2,* 1 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan 2 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), UMR1318, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.Y.); [email protected] (A.S.) Received: 3 September 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 2 October 2020 Abstract: Although the nitrate assimilation into amino acids in photosynthetic leaf tissues is active under the light, the studies during 1950s and 1970s in the dark nitrate assimilation provided fragmental and variable activities, and the mechanism of reductant supply to nitrate assimilation in darkness remained unclear. 15N tracing experiments unraveled the assimilatory mechanism of nitrogen from nitrate into amino acids in the light and in darkness by the reactions of nitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, aspartate aminotransferase, and asparagine synthetase. Nitrogen assimilation in illuminated leaves and non-photosynthetic roots occurs either in the redundant way or in the specific manner regarding the isoforms of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in their cellular compartments. The electron supplying systems necessary to the enzymatic reactions share in part a similar electron donor system at the expense of carbohydrates in both leaves and roots, but also distinct reducing systems regarding the reactions of Fd-nitrite reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in the photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Assimilation and Carbohydrate Metabolism of ‘Concordʼ Grape (Vitis Labrusca L.) Leaves in Response to Nitrogen Supply
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 128(5):754–760. 2003. Carbon Assimilation and Carbohydrate Metabolism of ‘Concordʼ Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Leaves in Response to Nitrogen Supply Li-Song Chen1 and Lailiang Cheng2 Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, metabolites, NADP-glyceral- dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoribulokinase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, sucrose phosphate synthase ABSTRACT. One-year-old grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. ‘Concordʼ) were supplied twice weekly for 5 weeks with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM nitrogen (N) in a modifi ed Hoaglandʼs solution to generate a wide range of leaf N status. Both light-saturated CO2 assimilation at ambient CO2 and at saturating CO2 increased curvilinearly as leaf N increased. Although stoma- tal conductance showed a similar response to leaf N as CO2 assimilation, calculated intercellular CO2 concentrations decreased. On a leaf area basis, activities of key enzymes in the Calvin cycle, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoribulokinase (PRK), and key enzymes in sucrose and starch synthesis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), increased linearly with increasing leaf N content. When expressed on a leaf N basis, activities of the Calvin cycle enzymes increased with increasing leaf N, whereas activities of FBPase, SPS, and AGPase did not show signifi cant change. As leaf N increased, concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), and 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) increased curvilinearly. The ratio of G6P/F6P remained unchanged over the leaf N range except for a signifi cant drop at the lowest leaf N.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals Macmillan Studies in Comparative Zoology
    Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals Macmillan Studies in Comparative Zoology General Editors: J. B. Jennings and P. J. Mill, University of Leeds Each book in this series will discuss an aspect of modern zoology in a broad comparative fashion. In an age of increasing specialisation the editors feel that by illustrating the relevance of zoological principles in a general context this approach has an important role to play. As well as using a wide range of representative examples, each book will also deal with its subject from a number of different viewpoints, drawing its evidence from morphology, physiology and biochemistry. In this way the student can build up a complete picture of a particular zoological feature or process and gain an idea of its significance in a wide range of animals. Feeding, Digestion and Assimilation in Animals J. B. JENNINGS Reader in Invertebrate Zoology, The University of Leeds MACMILLAN EDUCATION © J. B. Jennings 1965, 1972 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1965 by The Pergamon Press Second edition 1972 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in New rork Toronto Melbourne Dublin Johannesburg and Madras SBN 333 13391 9 (board) 333 13622 5 (paper) ISBN 978-0-333-13622-5 ISBN 978-1-349-15482-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15482-1 Library of Congress catalog card number 72-90021 Preface THIS book is intended as a general introduction to the study of animal nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • From Sulfur to Homoglutathione: Thiol Metabolism in Soybean
    Amino Acids (2010) 39:963–978 DOI 10.1007/s00726-010-0572-9 REVIEW ARTICLE From sulfur to homoglutathione: thiol metabolism in soybean Hankuil Yi • Geoffrey E. Ravilious • Ashley Galant • Hari B. Krishnan • Joseph M. Jez Received: 19 December 2009 / Accepted: 16 March 2010 / Published online: 3 April 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Sulfur is an essential plant nutrient and is soybean genome may guide the next steps in exploring this metabolized into the sulfur-containing amino acids (cys- biochemical system. teine and methionine) and into molecules that protect plants against oxidative and environmental stresses. Keywords Soybean Á Sulfur Á Cysteine Á Glutathione Á Although studies of thiol metabolism in the model plant Homoglutathione Á Metabolism Á Seed Á Biotechnology Á Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) have expanded our Food and feed understanding of these dynamic processes, our knowledge of how sulfur is assimilated and metabolized in crop plants, such as soybean (Glycine max), remains limited in com- Overview parison. Soybean is a major crop used worldwide for food and animal feed. Although soybeans are protein-rich, they Amino acid metabolism in plants not only provides basic do not contain high levels of the sulfur-containing amino metabolic building blocks for small molecules and pro- acids, cysteine and methionine. Ultimately, unraveling the teins, but also is a critical determinant of both the nutri- fundamental steps and regulation of thiol metabolism in tional composition of plants and the value of crops for food soybean is important for optimizing crop yield and quality. and feed purposes (Jez and Fukagawa 2008). For normal Here we review the pathways from sulfur uptake to glu- plant growth, sulfur, along with nitrogen, phosphorus, and tathione and homoglutathione synthesis in soybean, the potassium, is an essential nutrient.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eruca Sativa Genome and Transcriptome
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.23.886937; this version posted December 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 FRONT MATTER 2 3 Title 4 The Eruca sativa genome and transcriptome: A targeted analysis of sulfur metabolism and 5 glucosinolate biosynthesis pre and postharvest 6 7 Authors 8 Luke Bell 1*, Martin Chadwick 2, Manik Puranik 2, Richard Tudor 3, Lisa Methven 2, Sue 9 Kennedy 3, Carol Wagstaff 2 10 11 Affiliations 12 1 School of Agriculture, Policy & Development, PO Box 237, University of Reading, 13 Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire. RG6 6AR. UK. 14 15 2 School of Chemistry Food & Pharmacy, PO Box 226, University of Reading, 16 Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire. RG6 6AP. UK. 17 18 3 Elsoms Seeds Ltd., Pinchbeck Road, Spalding, Lincolnshire. PE11 1QG. UK. 19 20 * [email protected] 21 22 Abstract 23 Rocket (Eruca sativa) is a source of health-related metabolites called glucosinolates (GSLs) 24 and isothiocyanates (ITCs) but little is known of the genetic and transcriptomic mechanisms 25 responsible for regulating pre and postharvest accumulations. We present the first de novo reference 26 genome assembly and annotation, with ontogenic and postharvest transcriptome data relating to 27 sulfur assimilation, transport, and utilization. Diverse gene expression patterns related to sulfur 28 metabolism and GSL biosynthesis are present between inbred lines of rocket.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Sulphur Application and Water Salinity on Soil and Plant Properties
    Vol. 10(2), pp. 29-38, February 2019 DOI: 10.5897/JSSEM2018.0625 Articles Number: 4FB200760067 ISSN: 2141-2391 Copyright ©2019 Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JSSEM Management Full Length Research Paper Effect of Sulphur application and water salinity on soil and plant properties Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed*, Ahmed Osman Mohamed and Ozories Mohamed Ali Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Received 25 March 2017; Accepted 19 May 2017 The main objective of this work was to study the effect of sulphur application and irrigation water quality on some soil properties of the calcareous, alluvial and sandy soils. A lysimeter experiment was conducted and filled with calcareous, alluvial and sandy soils to evaluate the impact of using elemental sulfur on the yields and mineral uptake of wheat plant. The experiment was cultivated with wheat plant (Triticum Vulgare L.), and irrigated by saline water (diluted sea water recording EC values of 2000, 3000 and 4000 mgl-1). The rate of sulfur applications were 0, 476 and 952 kg Sha-1. The results showed that increasing salinity to 4000 mgl-1 gradually and significantly decreased the fresh and dry weights of wheat were as follow: Sandy > alluvial > calcareous soils, and the reductions in the grain yield under the same condition were 27, 15 and 23% relative to the control for calcareous, alluvial and sandy soils, respectively. Salinity levels also significantly reduced the total uptake of NPK of all crops cultivated in different soils under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Sulphur Metabolism Is Stimulated by Photorespiration
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0616-y OPEN Plant sulphur metabolism is stimulated by photorespiration Cyril Abadie1,2 & Guillaume Tcherkez 1* 1234567890():,; Intense efforts have been devoted to describe the biochemical pathway of plant sulphur (S) assimilation from sulphate. However, essential information on metabolic regulation of S assimilation is still lacking, such as possible interactions between S assimilation, photo- synthesis and photorespiration. In particular, does S assimilation scale with photosynthesis thus ensuring sufficient S provision for amino acids synthesis? This lack of knowledge is problematic because optimization of photosynthesis is a common target of crop breeding and furthermore, photosynthesis is stimulated by the inexorable increase in atmospheric CO2. Here, we used high-resolution 33S and 13C tracing technology with NMR and LC-MS to access direct measurement of metabolic fluxes in S assimilation, when photosynthesis and photorespiration are varied via the gaseous composition of the atmosphere (CO2,O2). We show that S assimilation is stimulated by photorespiratory metabolism and therefore, large photosynthetic fluxes appear to be detrimental to plant cell sulphur nutrition. 1 Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 2Present address: IRHS (Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences), UMR 1345, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Angers, Beaucouzé, France. *email: guillaume. [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Sulfur Metabolism — the Reduction of Sulfate to Sulfite Julie Ann Bick and Thomas Leustek∗
    240 Plant sulfur metabolism Ð the reduction of sulfate to sul®te Julie Ann Bick and Thomas Leustek∗ Until recently the pathway by which plants reduce activated matter of contention and is the focus of this review. sulfate to sul®te was unresolved. Recent ®ndings on two Skipping this step for the moment, the remaining reactions enzymes termed 5′-adenylylsulfate (APS) sulfotransferase and in the pathway to cysteine include the reduction of APS reductase have provided new information on this topic. sul®te to sul®de catalyzed by ferredoxin-dependent sul®te On the basis of their similarities it is now proposed that these reductase [6], then assimilation of inorganic sul®de by proteins are the same enzyme. These discoveries con®rm that the sulfhydration of O-acetylserine [7••]. The second the sulfate assimilation pathway in plants differs from that in assimilation pathway branching from APS is used for the other sulfate assimilating organisms. synthesis of a variety of sulfated compounds carried out by speci®c sulfotransferases (ST's). These enzymes use the phosphorylated derivative of APS, 3-phosphoadenosine- Addresses 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS)[4••,5••], formed by APS kinase Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, Foran Hall, New Brunswick, New Jersey (AK). 08901-8520 USA ∗e-mail: [email protected] This paper focuses on the latest information on the Current Opinion in Plant Biology 1998, 1:240±244 enzyme catalyzing the reduction of APS. The recent puri®cation of APSSTase from a marine alga provides the http://biomednet.com/elecref/1369526600100240 ®rst evidence on the catalytic properties of this enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Organic Compost, Gypsum, and Topdress Sulfur Rates on Bioactive Compounds and Physicochemical Characteristics of Collard Greens
    VOL. 16, NUM. 9 2020 www.scientiaplena.org.br doi: 10.14808/sci.plena.2020.090201 Effects of organic compost, gypsum, and topdress sulfur rates on bioactive compounds and physicochemical characteristics of collard greens Compostos bioativos e caracterização físico-química da couve-de-folha sob composto orgânico, gessagem e doses de enxofre em cobertura M. D. Nasser1*; A. I. I. Cardoso2; R. L. Vieites2; F. A. C. M. Nasser2; K. A. Furlaneto2; J. A. Ramos2; P. K. Caetano2; J. A. Santos2 1Polo Regional Alta Paulista, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, APTA, 17800-000, Adamantina - SP, Brasil 2Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brasil * [email protected] (Recebido em 10 de outubro de 2019; aceito em 18 de setembro de 2020) This study evaluates the use of sulfur, gypsum, and organic compost as to their effects on bioactive compounds and physicochemical characteristics of collard greens. Twelve treatments were assessed in randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme, where the main plots received three types of soil amendments (pre- planting incorporation of organic compost; gypsum; and organic compost + gypsum), and the subplots received four rates of topdress-applied sulfur (0; 80; 160; and 240 kg ha-1 of S). Flavonoid bioactive compounds, total antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds were evaluated. The physicochemical characteristics assessed were: reducing sugars, total sugars, sucrose, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, fiber, protein, pigments (chlorophyll a, b, anthocyanins, and total carotenoids), and the relative chlorophyll index (SPAD index). The treatment whose soil was prepared with organic compost and a topdressing of sulfur from ammonium sulfate increased the flavonoid content in the collard plants.
    [Show full text]
  • A Data Assimilative Marine Ecosystem Model of the Central Equatorial Pacific
    Journalof MarineResearch, 59, 859– 894,2001 Adataassimilative marineecosystem modelof the central equatorialPaci c: Numerical twinexperiments byMarjorieA. M.Friedrichs 1 ABSTRACT Ave-component,data assimilative marine ecosystem model is developed for the high-nutrient low-chlorophyllregion of thecentral equatorial Paci c (0N,140W). Identical twin experiments, in whichmodel-generated synthetic ‘ data’are assimilated into the model, are employed to determine thefeasibility of improving simulation skill by assimilating in situ cruisedata (plankton, nutrients andprimary production) and remotely-sensed ocean color data. Simple data assimilative schemes suchas data insertion or nudging may be insuf cient for lower trophic level marine ecosystem models,since they require long time-series of daily to weekly plankton and nutrient data as wellas adequateknowledge of the governing ecosystem parameters. In contrast, the variational adjoint technique,which minimizes model-data mis ts byoptimizingtunable ecosystem parameters, holds muchpromise for assimilating biological data into marine ecosystem models. Using sampling strategiestypical of those employed during the U.S. JointGlobal Flux Study (JGOFS) equatorial Pacic processstudy and the remotely-sensed ocean color data available from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-viewSensor (SeaWiFS), parameters that characterize processes such as growth, grazing, mortality,and recycling can be estimated. Simulation skill is improved even if synthetic data associatedwith 40% random noise are assimilated; however, the presence of biases of 10 – 20% provesto be more detrimental to the assimilation results. Although increasing the length of the assimilatedtime series improves simulation skill if randomerrors are present in the data, simulation skillmay deterior ateas more biased data are assimilat ed.As biologic aldatasets, includin g in situ, satelliteand acoustic sources, continue to grow, data assimilat ivebiologic al-physical modelswill play an increasin glycrucial role in large interdis ciplinaryoceanogr aphicobserva- tionalprograms .
    [Show full text]