DOCSLIB.ORG

Types of Cardiovascular Disease

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Types of Cardiovascular Disease 18-19 Types of CVD CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK Stroke Strokes are caused by disruption of the blood supply to the brain. This may result from either blockage (ischaemic 1 Types of cardiovascular stroke) or rupture of a blood vessel (haemorrhagic stroke). 2 265 824 Risk factors High blood pressure, atrial fibrillation (a heart Coronary heart disease kills disease Coronary heart disease rhythm disorder), high blood cholesterol, tobacco use, “All the knowledge I possess everyone else Disease of the blood vessels more than can acquire, but my heart is all my own.” unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, diabetes, 7 million people Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) supplying the heart muscle. and advancing age. each year, and The Sorrows of Young Werther 1774 Number of deaths globally per year Major risk factors High blood pressure, strokes kill from different types of CVD, high blood cholesterol, tobacco use, nearly 6 million. The human heart is only the size by age 1 868 339 unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, Most of these Highest numbers shown of a fist, but it is the strongest diabetes, advancing age, inherited deaths are in muscle in the human body. 2002 developing (genetic) disposition. countries. The heart starts to beat in the coronary heart disease Other risk factors Poverty, low educational uterus long before birth, usually stroke status, poor mental health (depression), by 21 to 28 days after conception. inflammation and blood clotting disorders. The average heart beats about other cardiovascular diseases Aortic aneurysm and 100 000 times daily or about two hypertensive heart disease Rheumatic heart disease dissection and a half billion times over a Dilatation and rupture inflammatory heart disease Damage to the heart muscle and heart 70 year lifetime. valves from rheumatic fever, caused by of the aorta. With every heartbeat, the heart rheumatic heart disease streptococcal bacteria. Risk factors Advancing age, long- pumps blood around the body. It standing high blood pressure, beats approximately 70 times a Congenital heart disease Marfan syndrome, 996 183 minute, although this rate can Malformations of heart structures congenital heart disorders, double during exercise or at times existing at birth may be caused by syphilis, and other of extreme emotion. genetic factors or by adverse infectious and Blood is pumped out from the exposures during gestation. inflammatory left chambers of the heart. It is Examples are holes in the disorders. transported through arteries of heart, abnormal valves, ever-decreasing size, finally and abnormal heart reaching the capillaries in all the chambers. tissues, such as the skin and other Risk factors body organs. Having delivered its Maternal alcohol oxygen and nutrients and having use, medicines 280 819 collected waste products, blood is (for example brought back to the right thalidomide, warfarin) used by the expectant Peripheral arterial disease chambers of the heart through a mother, maternal infections such as rubella, system of ever-enlarging veins. 104 116 Disease of the arteries 66 542 poor maternal nutrition (low intake of folate), During the circulation through supplying the arms and legs. close blood relationship between parents Risk factors As for the liver, waste products are (consanguinity). removed. 0–4 years 5–14 15–29 30–44 45–59 60–69 70–79 80+ years coronary heart disease. This remarkable system is Other cardiovascular diseases Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) vulnerable to breakdown and Global deaths from CVD Tumours of the heart; vascular tumours of the and pulmonary embolism assault from a variety of factors, millions brain; disorders of heart muscle 2002 Blood clots in the leg veins, many of which can be prevented inflammatory (cardiomyopathy); heart valve diseases; and treated. Risk factors will be total deaths: 16.7 million heart disease rheumatic which can dislodge and move to the 0.4m heart disease disorders of the lining of the heart. heart and lungs. explored on pages 24–43. 0.3m hypertensive Risk factors Surgery, obesity, cancer, heart disease Other factors that can damage previous episode of DVT, recent 0.9m other forms of the heart and blood vessel system heart disease childbirth, use of oral contraceptive and stroke 2.4m Inflammation, drugs, high blood pressure, hormone replacement therapy, long 5.5m unhealthy diet, trauma, toxins and alcohol. periods of immobility, for example while travelling, high homocysteine levels in the blood. coronary heart disease 18 7.2m 19.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • J Wave Syndromes
    Review Article http://dx.doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2016.46.5.601 Print ISSN 1738-5520 • On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Korean Circulation Journal J Wave Syndromes: History and Current Controversies Tong Liu, MD1, Jifeng Zheng, MD2, and Gan-Xin Yan, MD3,4 1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 2Department of cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China, 3Lankenau Institute for Medical Research and Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA, 4The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China The concept of J wave syndromes was first proposed in 2004 by Yan et al for a spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of prominent J waves that are associated with a potential to predispose affected individuals to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Although the concept of J wave syndromes is widely used and accepted, there has been tremendous debate over the definition of J wave, its ionic and cellular basis and arrhythmogenic mechanism. In this review article, we attempted to discuss the history from which the concept of J wave syndromes (JWS) is evolved and current controversies in JWS. (Korean Circ J 2016;46(5):601-609) KEY WORDS: Brugada syndrome; Sudden cardiac death; Ventricular fibrillation. Introduction History of J wave and J wave syndromes The concept of J wave syndromes was first proposed in 2004 The J wave is a positive deflection seen at the end of the QRS by Yan et al.1) for a spectrum of electrocardiographic (ECG) complex; it may stand as a distinct “delta” wave following the QRS, manifestations of prominent J waves that are associated with a or be partially buried inside the QRS as QRS notching or slurring.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment with Ankle Brachial Index in Adults the U.S
    Understanding Task Force Recommendations Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment with Ankle Brachial Index in Adults The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Task The Task Force reviewed the use of ABI to screen for Force) has issued a final recommendation statement PAD and to predict a person’s risk of heart attacks on Screening for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) and stroke. The final recommendation statement and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Assessment summarizes what the Task Force learned about with Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) in Adults. the potential benefits and harms of this screening: There is not enough evidence to judge the benefits This final recommendation statement applies to and harms of using ABI for this purpose. adults who do not have signs or symptoms of PAD and who have not been diagnosed with PAD, CVD, This fact sheet explains the recommendation and severe chronic kidney disease, or diabetes. what it might mean for you. PAD is a disease in which fatty deposits called plaque build up in What is peripheral the arteries, especially those in the legs. Over time, the plaque can block the flow of blood to the legs often artery disease? leading to pain with walking. What is Cardiovascular disease affects the heart and blood vessels. It is caused by a build up of plaque in arteries that supply the heart, brain, and cardiovascular other parts of the body. When the build up is in the legs it is called disease? PAD. Heart attacks and strokes are other common types of CVD. Facts About CVD and PAD Cardiovascular disease is the leading killer of both men and women in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Disease and Rehab
    EXERCISE AND CARDIOVASCULAR ! CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Exercise plays a significant role in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity can all be positively affected by an appropriate and regular exercise program which in turn benefits cardiovascular health. Cardiovascular disease can come in many forms including: Acute coronary syndromes (coronary artery disease), myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction (MI), Peripheral artery disease and more. Exercise can improve cardiovascular endurance and can improve overall quality of life. If you have had a cardiac event and are ready to start an appropriate exercise plan, Cardiac Rehabilitation may be the best option for you. Please call 317-745-3580 (Danville Hospital campus), 317-718-2454 (YMCA Avon campus) or 317-456-9058 (Brownsburg Hospital campus) for more information. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS • Ask your healthcare team which activities are most appropriate for you. • If prescribed nitroglycerine, always carry it with you especially during exercise and take all other medications as prescribed. • Start slow and gradually progress. If active before event, fitness levels may be significantly lower – listen to your body. A longer cool down may reduce complications. • Stop exercising immediately if you experience chest pain, fatigue, or labored breathing. • Avoid exercising in extreme weather conditions. • Drink plenty of water before, during, and after exercise. • Wear a medical identification bracelet, necklace, or ID tag in case of emergency. • Wear proper fitting shoes and socks, and check feet after exercise. STANDARD GUIDELINES F – 3-5 days a week. Include low weight resistance training 2 days/week I – 40-80% of exercise capacity using the heart rate reserve (HRR) (220-age=HRmax; HRmax-HRrest = HRR) T – 20-60mins/session, may start with sessions of 5-15 mins if necessary T – Large rhythmic muscle group activities that are low impact (walking, swimming, biking) Get wellness tips to keep YOU healthy at HENDRICKS.ORG/SOCIAL..
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Disease Session Guidelines
    Cardiovascular Disease Session Guidelines This is a 15 minute webinar session for CNC physicians and staff CNC holds webinars on the 3rd Wednesday of each month to address topics related to risk adjustment documentation and coding Next scheduled webinar: • Wednesday, February 28th • Topic: Respiratory Disease CNC does not accept responsibility or liability for any adverse outcome from this training for any reason including undetected inaccuracy, opinion, and analysis that might prove erroneous or amended, or the coder/physician’s misunderstanding or misapplication of topics. Application of the information in this training does not imply or guarantee claims payment. Agenda • Statistics • Amputation Status & Atherosclerosis • Angina Pectoris • Acute Myocardial Infarction • Specified Heart Arrhythmias • Congestive Heart Failure • Pulmonary Hypertension • Cardiomyopathy • Hypertensive Heart disease Statistics • Nearly 35 percent of Tarrant County and Dallas area deaths each year are attributed to cardiovascular disease. • About 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year–that’s 1 in every 4 deaths • Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women • Every year about 735,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, (approximately 70%) 525,000 are a first heart attack and (approximately 30%)210,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack Amputations There are nearly 2 million people living with limb loss in the United States Approximately 185,000 amputations occur in the United States each
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management Of
    European Heart Journal Advance Access published August 29, 2015 European Heart Journal ESC GUIDELINES doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) Downloaded from Authors/Task Force Members: Yehuda Adler* (Chairperson) (Israel), Philippe Charron* (Chairperson) (France), Massimo Imazio† (Italy), Luigi Badano (Italy), Gonzalo Baro´ n-Esquivias (Spain), Jan Bogaert (Belgium), Antonio Brucato http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/ (Italy), Pascal Gueret (France), Karin Klingel (Germany), Christos Lionis (Greece), Bernhard Maisch (Germany), Bongani Mayosi (South Africa), Alain Pavie (France), Arsen D. Ristic´ (Serbia), Manel Sabate´ Tenas (Spain), Petar Seferovic (Serbia), Karl Swedberg (Sweden), and Witold Tomkowski (Poland) Document Reviewers: Stephan Achenbach (CPG Review Coordinator) (Germany), Stefan Agewall (CPG Review Coordinator) (Norway), Nawwar Al-Attar (UK), Juan Angel Ferrer (Spain), Michael Arad (Israel), Riccardo Asteggiano (Italy), He´ctor Bueno (Spain), Alida L. P. Caforio (Italy), Scipione Carerj (Italy), Claudio Ceconi (Italy), Arturo Evangelista (Spain), Frank Flachskampf (Sweden), George Giannakoulas (Greece), Stephan Gielen by guest on October 21, 2015 (Germany), Gilbert Habib (France), Philippe Kolh (Belgium), Ekaterini Lambrinou (Cyprus), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), George Lazaros (Greece), Ales Linhart (Czech Republic), Philippe Meurin (France), Koen Nieman (The Netherlands), Massimo F. Piepoli (Italy), Susanna Price (UK), Jolien Roos-Hesselink (The Netherlands), * Corresponding authors: Yehuda Adler, Management, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer Hospital, City of Ramat-Gan, 5265601, Israel. Affiliated with Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Tel: +972 03 530 44 67, Fax: +972 03 530 5118, Email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • What Works Fact Sheet: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
    www.thecommunityguide.org Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control Evidence-Based Interventions for Your Community ardiovascular disease refers to several types of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and stroke, account for one-third of all U.S. deaths and contribute an C 1, 2 estimated $315 billion annually in healthcare costs and lost productivity. Many cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, excess weight, poor diet, smoking and diabetes, can be prevented or treated through behavior change and appropriate medication.3 This brochure is designed to help public health program planners, community advocates, educators, primary care providers and policymakers find proven intervention strategies—including programs, services and policies—to plan evidence-based care that has been proven to reduce patients’ risk for cardiovascular disease. It can help decision makers in both public and private sectors make choices about what intervention strategies are best for their communities. This brochure summarizes information in The Guide to Community Preventive Services (The Community Guide), an essential resource for people who want to know what works in public health. Use the information in this brochure to help select from the following intervention strategies you can use in your community and healthcare organizations: z Introduce clinical decision-support systems within healthcare systems to implement clinical guidelines at the point of care. z Reduce out-of-pocket costs for medications to control high blood pressure and high cholesterol in patients. z Incorporate multidisciplinary team-based care within healthcare systems, including the patient, the primary care provider, and other professionals such as nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, social workers and community health workers, in order to improve blood pressure control.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Disease: a Costly Burden for America. Projections
    CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A COSTLY BURDEN FOR AMERICA PROJECTIONS THROUGH 2035 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A COSTLY BURDEN FOR AMERICA — PROJECTIONS THROUGH 2035 american heart association CVD Burden Report CVD Burden association heart american table of contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................5 ABOUT THIS STUDY ................................................................................................... 6 WHAT IS CVD? ......................................................................................................... 6 Atrial Fibrillation Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Heart Disease High Blood Pressure Stroke PROJECTIONS: PREVALENCE OF CVD .............................................................7 Latest Projections Age, Race, Sex – Differences That Matter PROJECTIONS: COSTS OF CVD ................................................................. 8-11 The Cost Generators: Aging Baby Boomers Medical Costs Breakdown Direct Costs + Indirect Costs RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................13-14 Research Prevention Affordable Health Care 3 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A COSTLY BURDEN FOR AMERICA — PROJECTIONS THROUGH 2035 american heart association CVD Burden Report CVD Burden association heart american Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading killer In addition, CVD has become our nation’s costliest chronic of Americans for decades. In years past, a heart attack disease. In 2014, stroke and heart
    [Show full text]
  • A Public Health Action Plan to Prevent Heart Disease and Stroke
    Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention SECTION 1. HEART DISEASE AND STROKE PREVENTION: TIME FOR ACTION Summary The continuing epidemic of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the United States and globally calls for renewed and intensified public health action to prevent heart disease and stroke. Public health agencies at national, state, and local levels (including CDC in partnership with NIH) bear a special responsibility to meet this call, along with tribal organizations and all other interested partners. The widespread occurrence and silent progression of atherosclerosis and high blood pressure (the dominant conditions underlying heart disease and stroke) has created a CVD burden that is massive in terms of its attendant death, disability, and social and economic costs. This burden is projected to increase sharply by 2020 because of the changing age structure of the U.S. population and other factors, including the rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Several popular myths and misconceptions have obscured this reality, and these must be dispelled through effective communication with the public at large and with policy makers. More than a half-century of research and experience has provided a strong scientific basis for preventing heart disease and stroke. Policy statements and guidelines for prevention have been available for more than four decades and have increased in breadth, depth, and number to guide both public health action and clinical practice. National public health goals have been updated to 2010 and include a specific call to prevent heart disease and stroke. Achieving this goal would greatly accelerate progress toward achieving the nation’s two overarching health goals—increasing quality and years of healthy life and eliminating health disparities.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiovascular Disease in Arizona FIGURE 1 Figure Title
    The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Arizona FIGURE 1 Figure Title Ut utat. Duiscinci eros nulluptat, velit non volobore dolorper sim ercil eugait incipit prat loborti onsequamet in henit autatue core core ex enim zzrit, sed modiatumsan hendio ent augiam zzrit ver adit, quat. Dui tet augiat aute ea faccum exer senim volent niametum euip etumsan et at. El dolor augait acincin esse tat, venibh esend- ipit iriure doloboreet aut euipit, si. Dolore mincil erilit lum dolumThis accum verate document feugait amcommod dolesto provides dipit ipit lam, conse digna commolent ilit lutem zzrit wisci tem“ alit at. Peratie modipsu sciduis nosto dolum in ea commy nis non henisit ad tatie min heniat. Del eliquipit, quatuma ditsnapshot nosto ea con ut aut augaitof adiamconsedthe current magna feugiam consequis nis cardiovascular disease burden in Arizona. It identifies the mortality rates, prevalence rates, and hospitalization rates and estimated costs for cardiovascular disease risk factors and diseases.” Section Heading 2 i Acknowledgements Authors Steering Committee: Jessica Han, MSc Bart Demaerschalk, M.D. Arizona Department of Health Services Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale Ross Merrit, M.P.H June Estrada Arizona Department of Health Services TriZetto Group, Inc Nicole Olmstead, M.P.H James Frey, M.D. Arizona Department of Health Services Barrow Neurological Institute Reviewers Alicia Gonzales American Heart Association/American Ben Bobrow, M.D. Stroke Association Arizona Department of Health Services Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale Mary Lee Hyatt American Heart Association/American Pam Ferguson Stroke Association American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Julie Jackson, RN Summit Healthcare Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Tim Flood, M.D. Arizona Department of Health Services Nancy Keane American Heart Association/American Tim Ingall, M.D., Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Sinus Bradycardia
    British Heart Journal, I97I, 33, 742-749. Br Heart J: first published as 10.1136/hrt.33.5.742 on 1 September 1971. Downloaded from Sinus bradycardia Dennis Eraut and David B. Shaw From the Cardiac Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon This paper presents thefeatures of 46 patients with unexplained bradycardia. Patients were ad- mitted to the study if their resting atrial rate was below 56 a minute on two consecutive occasions. Previous electrocardiograms and the response to exercise, atropine, and isoprenaline were studied. The ages of thepatients variedfrom I3 to 88years. Only 8 had a past history ofcardiovascular disease other than bradycardia, but 36 hJd syncopal or dizzy attacks. Of the 46 patients, 35 had another arrhythmia in addition to bradycardia; at some stage, i6 had sinus arrest, i.5 hadjunc- tional rhythm, 12 had fast atrial arrhythmia, I6 had frequent extrasystoles, and 6 had atrio- ventricular block. None had the classical features of sinoatrial block. Arrhythmias were often produced by exercise, atropine, or isoprenaline. Drug treatment was rarely satisfactory, but only i patient needed a permanent pacemaker. It is suggested that the majority of the patients were suffering from a pathological form of sinus bradycardia. The aetiology remains unproven, but the most likely explanation is a loss of the inherent rhythmicity of the sinoatrial node due to a primary degenerative disease. The descriptive title of 'the lazy sinus syndrome' is suggested. copyright. Bradycardia with a slow atrial rate is usually attempt to define the clinical syndrome of regarded as an innocent condition common in bradycardia with a pathologically slow atrial certain types of well-trained athlete, but occa- rate and to clarify the nature of the arrhyth- sionally it may occur in patients with symp- mia.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipids & Cardiovascular Disease
    LIPIDS & CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Leon A Simons MD FRACP University of NSW & St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is the dominant single cause of premature mortality in Australia. In men and women dying before 70 years of age in 1993, 17.8% of deaths were due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and 4.1% of deaths to stroke. Cardiovascular mortality has fallen by around 60% since 1968, principally because of a decline in coronary deaths. The MONICA Study has demonstrated that this declining death rate is driven more by a falling incidence of disease than by a falling case fatality rate (Lancet 1999;353:1547-1557). CLINICAL & PATHOLOGICAL PICTURE Cardiovascular disease in its various manifestations (coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, etc) has a long pre- symptomatic or incubation period, possibly 30-50 years in duration. This indicates that "outwardly healthy" citizens might propose insurance, yet they will be at increased risk of a vascular event. The underlying pathological process in CHD (and occlusive disease elsewhere) is atherosclerosis. This may give rise to a gradual obstruction of vessels and diminution in blood flow. Alternatively, a small coronary artery plaque, perhaps blocking only 30% of blood flow, may be unstable and fracture. This leads to coronary thrombosis which becomes a myocardial infarction (i.e. a heart attack). RISK FACTORS A number of risk factors have been identified. They are more properly called "causal factors". A short list of these factors might include: cholesterol and other lipid abnormalities, elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, obesity, blood coagulation abnormalities, male gender, family history of premature CHD, increasing age.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening for Cardiovascular Disease Risk with Electrocardiography: an Evidence Review for the U.S
    Evidence Synthesis Number 163 Screening for Cardiovascular Disease Risk With Electrocardiography: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Pre pare d for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA-290-2015-00011-I, Task Orde r No. 5 Prepared by: RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center Research Triangle Park, NC Investigators: Daniel E. Jonas, MD, MPH Shivani Reddy, MD, MSc Jennifer Cook Middleton, PhD Colleen Barclay, MPH Joshua Green, BA Claire Baker Gary Asher, MD, MPH AHRQ Publication No. 17-05235-EF-1 June 2018 This report is based on research conducted by the RTI International–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA-290-2015- 00011-I, Task Order No. 5). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The information in this report is intended to help health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of health care services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for the application of clinical judgment.
    [Show full text]