LION (Panthera leo) BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE RISK ASSESSMENT 16 – 20 March 2009 Skukuza, South Africa THE DAVIES FOUNDATION LION (Panthera leo) BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE RISK ASSESSMENT 16 - 20 March 2009 WORKSHOP REPORT Convened by: South African National Parks Endangered Wildlife Trust Conservation Breeding Specialist Group Southern Africa Sponsored by: Animal Health for the Environment And Development (AHEAD) Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo John Ball Zoo Society in Grand Rapids Michigan Disney's Animal Kingdom The Davies Foundation Jacksonville Zoo and Garden In collaboration with The Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission © Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG SSC / IUCN) and the Endangered Wildlife Trust. The copyright of the report serves to protect the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group workshop process from any unauthorised use. Keet, D.F., Davies-Mostert, H., Bengis, R.G., Funston, P., Buss, P., Hofmeyr, M., Ferreira, S., Lane, E., Miller, P. and Daly, B.G. (editors) 2009. Disease Risk Assessment Workshop Report: African Lion (Panthera leo) Bovine Tuberculosis. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG SSC / IUCN) / CBSG Southern Africa. Endangered Wildlife Trust. The CBSG, SSC and IUCN encourage workshops and other fora for the consideration and analysis of issues related to conservation, and believe that reports of these meetings are most useful when broadly disseminated. The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report reflect the issues discussed and ideas expressed by the participants in the Lion Bovine Tuberculosis Disease Risk Assessment Workshop and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the CBSG, SSC, or IUCN. Acknowledgements: Thanks to Claire Patterson-Abrolat, Linda Downsborough, Kelly Marnewick and Kirsty Brebner of the Endangered Wildlife Trust for providing valuable final editing on the manuscript. The photographs on the front cover of this report were supplied by Graeme Wilson and CBSG Southern Africa. The CBSG Conservation Council These generous contributors make the work of CBSG possible $50,000 and above Fort Wayne Children’s Zoo Nordens Ark Fort Worth Zoo Odense Zoo Chicago Zoological Society Fota Wildlife Park Oregon Zoo -Chairman Sponsor Gladys Porter Zoo Ouwehands Dierenpark Hong Kong Zoological and Riverbanks Zoological Park & Garden $20,000 and above Botanical Gardens Wellington Zoo Minnesota Zoological Garden Japanese Association of Zoos & Wildlife World Zoo, Inc. -Office Sponsor Aquariums (JAZA) Zoo de Granby Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo Kansas City Zoo Zoo de la Palmyre SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Laurie Bingaman Lackey Toronto Zoo Los Angeles Zoo $250 and above Zoological Society of London Marwell Zoological Park Alice Springs Desert Park Milwaukee County Zoo Apenheul Zoo $15,000 and above North Carolina Zoological Park Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Columbus Zoo & Aquarium - The Bramble Park Zoo Paignton Zoo WILDS Brandywine Zoo Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park Disney’s Animal Kingdom David Traylor Zoo of Emporia Parco Natura Viva Saint Louis Zoo Ed Asper Perth Zoo Wildlife Conservation Society International Centre for Birds of Prey Philadelphia Zoo World Association of Zoos and Lee Richardson Zoo Phoenix Zoo Aquariums (WAZA) Lincoln Park Zoo Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium Little Rock Zoo Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium $10,000 and above Racine Zoological Gardens Prudence P. Perry Roger Williams Park Zoo Nan Schaffer Ringling Bros., Barnum & Bailey Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure San Diego Zoo Robert Lacy Sacramento Zoo White Oak Conservation Center Rotterdam Zoo Tautphaus Park Zoo Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Tokyo Zoological Park Society $5,000 and above Royal Zoological Society Scotland – Topeka Zoological Park Edinburgh Zoo Al Ain Wildlife Park & Resort Saitama Children’s Zoo Australasian Regional Association of $100 and above San Antonio Zoo Zoological Parks and Aquaria San Francisco Zoo African Safari – France (ARAZPA) Schönbrunner Tiergarten – Zoo Vienna Aquarium of the Bay British and Irish Association of Zoos Sedgwick County Zoo Chahinkapa Zoo and Aquariums (BIAZA) Swedish Association of Zoological Parks Lincoln Children’s Zoo Chester Zoo & Aquaria (SAZA) Lion Country Safari, Inc. Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Taipei Zoo Mark Barone Evenson Design Group The Living Desert Miami Metrozoo Forestry Bureau of the Council of Thrigby Hall Wildlife Gardens Safari de Peaugres – France Agriculture, Taipei Twycross Zoo Steinhart Aquarium Linda Malek Union of German Zoo Directors (VDZ) Steven J. Olson Toledo Zoo Utah’s Hogle Zoo Touroparc – France Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre $1,000 and above Wilhelma Zoo $50 and above Aalborg Zoo Woodland Park Zoo Alameda Park Zoo African Safari Wildlife Park Zoo Frankfurt Darmstadt Zoo Albuquerque Biological Park Zoo Madrid – Parques Reunidos Elaine Douglass Alice D. Andrews Zoo Zürich Miller Park Zoo Allwetterzoo Münster Zoological Society of Wales – Welsh Oglebay's Good Children's Zoo Association of Zoos and Aquariums Mountain Zoo Stiftung Natur-und Artenschutz in den (AZA) Zoologischer Garten Köln Tropen Auckland Zoological Park Zoologischer Garten Rostock Audubon Zoo Zoos South Australia Bristol Zoo Gardens Calgary Zoological Society $500 and above Central Zoo Authority, India Akron Zoological Park Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Banham Zoo Colchester Zoo Edward & Marie Plotka Conservatoire pour la Protection des Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Thank you for your support! Primates Friends of the Rosamond Gifford Zoo Copenhagen Zoo Givskud Zoo 31 January 2010 Cotswold Wildlife Park Jacksonville Zoo & Gardens Detroit Zoological Society Katey & Mike Pelican Dickerson Park Zoo Kerzner International North America, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Inc. El Paso Zoo Knuthenborg Park & Safari Everland Zoological Gardens Lisbon Zoo TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms ................................................................................................ 2 SECTION 1........................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CBSG WORKSHOP PROCESS......................... 3 SECTION 2......................................................................................................... 10 PRESENTATIONS ............................................................................................. 10 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON BTB IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN WILDLIFE ............................ 11 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN LIONS IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK ............................................ 12 MODELLING PREDATOR-PREDATOR POPULATION DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF BTB.......... 14 LION POPULATION DYNAMICS ............................................................................................................. 15 SECTION 3......................................................................................................... 16 WORKING GROUP REPORTS ......................................................................... 16 Bovine Tuberculosis Working Group ...........................................................................................................17 Lion Working Group .......................................................................................................................................30 Baseline Model Dynamics................................................................................ 40 Joint Group Discussions ................................................................................. 49 Bibliography and References .......................................................................... 58 SECTION 4......................................................................................................... 61 FINAL PLENARY: WAY FORWARD................................................................. 61 SECTION 5......................................................................................................... 63 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 63 Appendix 1: Lion Workshop Participants List.............................................................................................64 Appendix 2: Participants Goals and Hopes.................................................................................................70 Appendix 3: Workshop Programme..............................................................................................................74 Appendix 4: The Endangered Wildlife Trust and CBSG Southern Africa ................................................76 List of tables Table 1: Survivorship data from the Serengeti....................................................................................................... 34 Table 2: KNP sections, with the number of pride territories and density................................................................ 37 Table 3: Data from Keet’s combined disease survey and comparative study in the different prevalence zones ... 39 Table 4: Uncertain input parameters and ranges for use in disease sensitivity analysis for lions of KNP. ............ 42 Table 5: The region-specific parameter values...................................................................................................... 44 List of figures Figure 1: Flow chart depicting the conversion stages from exposure to the diseased stage. ................................ 22 Figure 2: Graphical depiction of the timeline