Proposed Strategic Guidelines for the ART GOLD Lebanon Programme (January 2008) Annex 1 Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 1 Index Value chains 8. Olive 8.1. Products and processes 105 1. Biodiversity 8.2. Strategic considerations 106 1.1. Background 4 8.3. The ART GOLD support 108 1.2. North Lebanon 10 1.3. South Lebanon 11 9. Textile Fabrics and Clothes 1.4. Hypothesis of a strategy for North L. 12 9.1. Products and sectors 110 1.5. Hyp. of a strategy for South L. and other Areas 17 9.2. Strategic considerations 114 1.6. The ART GOLD support 17 9.3. The ART GOLD support 116 2. Boatyards 10. Typical Handicraft 2.1. The sector and the boat 20 10.1. The ART GOLD support 118 2.2. Strategic considerations 21 2.3. The ART GOLD support 22 11. Wine 11.1. The ART GOLD support 120 3. Fishing 3.1. The ART GOLD support 24 Basic interventions 4. Fruit and Vegetables 4.1. FV and connected value chains 26 12. Basic Interventions 4.2. Processes and products 28 12.1. Energy management 123 4.3. Strategic considerations 40 12.2. Water management 125 4.4. The proposal for strategic guidelines 49 12.3. Waste management 127 4.5. The ART GOLD support 54 5. Honey Supports 5.1. Honey and connected value chains 58 5.2. Conditions, processes and products 59 13. Territorial Information Systems 5.3. Strategic considerations 68 13.1. Territory as a system 131 5.4. The proposal for strategic guidelines 73 13.2. The ISTD 132 5.5. The ART GOLD support 76 13.3. ISTD design specifications 138 6. Medical and Aromatic Plants 14. Local Tourist Systems 6.1. The ART GOLD support 81 14.1. Tourism and development 142 14.2. Strategic dynamics 143 7. Milk 14.3. Operation 145 7.1. Milk and connected value chains 83 7.2. Cheese and yogurt production 84 7.3. Strategic considerations 91 7.4. The proposal for strategic guidelines 96 7.5. The ART GOLD support 100 Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 2 Value Chains Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 3 BIODIVERSITY Characteristics, constrains and opportunities, hypothesis of strategic guidelines and supports for the sustainable use of biodiversity as a resource for socio-economic development • Focus Groups (see att. N.2): o NLe FG n.2, 26/09/07. • Field Reconnaissance: Akkar, 09/10/07. Sources of information: o • Desk Analysis. • Other activities: o Meeting with Mada Association, Beirut, 05/10/07. 1. Biodiversity 1.1. Background 1.1.1 Geo - Demographical elements Geographical introduction Lebanon lies between latitudes N33°03' - N34°45' and longitudes E35°05' - E36°30'; it is almost a “rectangle”, with average sides of 180 km and 57 km and whose S – N axis is about 30° oriented. Surface area: 10,202 km2 Pres. Population: 4,005,025 Av. Density: 393 inhabit./ km2 Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 4 Administrative elements Lebanon is administratively divided in 6 Mohafazas (“Governatorates”): North Lebanon, Mount Lebanon, Beirut (corresponding with Beirut City), South Lebanon, Nabatiyeh and Bekaa. Each Governatorate is divided in qadaas, or cazas (“Regions”). Demographical considerations Lebanon occupies the 25th place (on 236) in the world, in terms of density of population. High anthropization is not a favourable condition for the existence of high levels of biodiversity heritage, but Lebanese demographical conditions, very heterogeneous, deserve a more careful analysis. The following tables, in which population data are presumptive and interpolated among those recorded by (2000) the database of Lebanese CDR (Council for Development and Reconstruction) and by (2001) the “Lebanon State of the Environment Report” (Lebanese Ministry of Environment/LEDO), could contribute to give an idea about the state of the anthropization of Lebanese territory. Surf. area Density Mohafaza Capital % Population % (km2) (inhabit./ km2) North Lebanon Tripoli 2,025 19.85 807,204 20.15 398.62 Mount Lebanon Baabda 1,968 19.28 1,507,559 37.64 766.03 Beirut Beirut 20 0.20 403,337 10.07 20,166.85 South Lebanon Saida 930 9.12 472,105 11.79 507.64 Nabatiyeh Nabatiyeh 1,098 10.76 275,372 6,88 250.79 Bekaa Zahleh 4,161 40.79 539,448 13.47 129,64 Total 10,202 100 4,005,025 100 393.00 Table 1: Demographical macro-properties of the Mohafazas Surf. area % % Density City Population (km2) (Country) (Country) (inhabit./ km2) Tripoli 8.0 0.08 220,000 5.49 27,500.00 Saida 3.3 0.03 80,000 2.00 24,242.42 Beirut 20.0 0.20 403,337 10.07 20,166.85 Tyre 3.1 0.03 48,000 1.20 15,483.87 st Beirut Suburbs (1 crown) 70.0 0.69 900,000 22.47 12,857.14 Zahleh 4,1 0.04 52,000 1.30 12,682.93 Tyre Suburbs 6.7 0.07 69,000 1.72 10,298.51 Lebanon average urban density 9,296.30 Baalbek 5.5 0.05 50,000 1.25 9,090.91 Zahleh Suburbs 7.8 0.08 65,000 1.62 8,333.33 Saida Suburbs 12.1 0.12 86,000 2.15 7,107.44 Jbail 2.0 0.02 14,000 0.35 7,000.00 Tripoli Suburbs 15.0 0.15 102,000 2.55 6,800.00 Nabatiyeh 3.5 0.03 22,000 0.55 6,285.71 th Beirut Suburbs (10 crown) 80,0 0.78 300,000 7,49 3,750.00 Baalbek Suburbs 3.9 0.04 14,000 0.35 3,589.74 Jbail Suburbs 11.6 0.11 37,000 0.92 3,189.66 Nabatiyeh Suburbs 11.5 0.11 30,000 0.75 2,608.70 Lebanon average density 393.00 Total 268.1 2.63 2,492,337 62.23 9,296.30 Table 2: Demographical macro-properties of the most important Lebanese urban areas Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 5 These tables show evidence that: • all urban areas lie above the line of Lebanese average density, • most of the cities lies above the line of Lebanese average urban density, • all the cities are more anthropized than their suburbs, • a very small fraction of Lebanese surface (2.63%) includes more than 62% of Lebanese population. Consequently, it could be said that average density of population in “rural” (“not urban”) areas (accounting more than 97% of the Country) amounts to about 150 inhabitants/ km2. A comparative approach (see the following Table3) could also be more useful to understand the conditions of Lebanese urban areas. The three greatest Italian Cities, with their more and less populated areas, have been chosen as the basis of comparison (Italy, 301,338 km2, 59,206,382 inhabitants): 2 • Rome (1,285.3 km , 2,823,201 inhabitants), and its Municipalities VI and XX, 2 • Milan (181.8 km , 1,304,263 inhabitants), and its Zones 2 and 5, 2 • Naples (117.3 km , 1,005,500 inhabitants), and its Municipalities 2 and 8. Surf. area Density City Population (km2) (inhabit./ km2) Tripoli 8.0 220,000 27,500.00 Saida 3.3 80,000 24,242.42 Beirut 20.0 403,337 20,166.85 Naples (Italy), Municipality 2 4,6 91,536 19,889.13 Rome (Italy), Municipality VI 7.9 129,039 16,334.05 Tyre 3.1 48,000 15,483.87 Beirut Suburbs (1st crown) 70.0 900,000 12,857.14 Zahleh 4,1 52,000 12,682.93 Milan (Italy), Zone 2 12.6 137,559 10,917.38 Tyre Suburbs 6.7 69,000 10,298.51 Lebanon average urban density 9,296.30 Baalbek 5.5 50,000 9,090.91 Naples (Italy) 117.3 1,004,500 8,563.51 Zahleh Suburbs 7.8 65,000 8,333.33 Milan (Italy) 181.8 1,304,263 7,174.16 Saida Suburbs 12.1 86,000 7,107.44 Jbail 2.0 14,000 7,000.00 Tripoli Suburbs 15.0 102,000 6,800.00 Nabatiyeh 3.5 22,000 6,285.71 Naples (Italy), Municipality 8 17.5 92,616 5,292.34 Milan (Italy), Zone 5 29.9 119,953 4,011.81 Beirut Suburbs (10th crown) 80.0 300,000 3,750.00 Baalbek Suburbs 3.9 14,000 3,589.74 Jbail Suburbs 11.6 37,000 3,189.66 Nabatiyeh Suburbs 11.5 30,000 2,608.70 Rome (Italy) 1,285.3 2,823,201 2,196.53 Rome (Italy), Municipality XX 186.7 149,910 802.95 Lebanon average density 393.00 Italy average density 196.48 Table 3 The table shows that: • all the Lebanese urban areas have a density of population higher than the smallest and average values of Rome, • most of the Lebanese urban anthropization is comparable to the Italian one, • three Lebanese cities are more densely populated than Municipality 2 of Naples, which is the most anthropized area of the Italian sample: Beirut (+ 1.40%), Saida (+ 21.89%) and Tripoli (+ 38.27%). Thanks to the above showed tables, it can be said that, at least, Tripoli, Saida, Beirut and its first crown, Tyre and its suburbs and Zahleh are “urban habitats” areas, although they are different from each other. In many cases, their needs of public services and material or not – material infrastructures (of “European kind”) are not sufficiently satisfied. Value Chains, Basic Interventions, Supports - 6 A deeper analysis could highlight a very significant danger of losing also “physical” spaces for a minimum level of biodiversity’s survival, because of an excessive anthropization and a misuse of the agricultural Lebanese territory.