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Basic Concepts of Interview and Survey Procedures Governance and Decentralization Survey (GDS) Public Disclosure Authorized Survey Manual Governance and Decentralization Survey 2 (GDS 2) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Introduction 3 Introduction Survey Manual Governance and Decentralization Survey 2 (GDS 2) PUSAT STUDI KEPENDUDUKAN DAN KEBIJAKAN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA dengan INDONESIA 2006 4 Introduction 5 Introduction Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 Basic Concepts of Interview and Survey Procedures...........................................................5 Guideline for Filling Out Questionnaires................................................................................27 Household Questionnaire .......................................................................................................33 Village Heads/Lurah Questionnaire........................................................................................91 Head of Hamlet/Equivalent Questionnaire .......................................................................... 121 Unconditional Cash Transfer Questionnaire........................................................................ 139 School Principal Questionnaire............................................................................................ 153 Teacher Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 175 School Committee Questionnaire........................................................................................ 189 School Secondary Data Questionnaire ............................................................................... 199 Education Dinas Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 217 Heads of Puskesmas Questionnaire ................................................................................... 235 Puskesmas Secondary Data Questionnaire........................................................................ 253 Questionnaire for Health Dinas............................................................................................ 275 Private Health Provider Questionnaire ................................................................................ 293 Heads of Public Hospital Questionnaire .............................................................................. 303 Bureaucrat Questionnaire.................................................................................................... 313 Information System of Survey Management ....................................................................... 333 Annex ...................................................................................................................................... 333 Additional Guideline to Use and Fill Out Financial Data Questionnaire .......................... 383 6 INTRODUCTION The Governance and Decentralization Survey (GDS) is aimed at identifying governance practices in Indonesia following application of the decentralization policies under Law No. 32/2004. The decentralization policies launched by the Government since 1999 are focused on the delegation of broader authority to District/City Governments to make policies on the administration of governance and public services which could deliver more aspiration and in line with the needs of the local communities. Unlike Law No. 5/1974, which gave a very dominant role to the Central Government in making policies related to the administration of governance and public services, Law No. 22/1999 (which has been amended by Law No. 32/2004) provides broader roles and authorities for Regencies/Municipalities. Such shift is expected to lead to fundamental changes in the administration of governance in regions to be more democratic, transparent, pro people’s aspiration, and accountable to the local communities. There will be various heterogeneous local experiences due to the lenient supervision by the central government over regions and increased responsibility of regions for delivering public services. Despite the similar design of autonomy for all provinces in Indonesia, Governance and the Decentralization Survey will allow us to identify real variations occurring in every district/city in the course of the implementation of regional autonomy. As a response to the dynamics in the implementation of regional autonomy in each district/city, this survey is designed to anticipate the outcome or performance made by local stakeholders (such as the level, quality and responsiveness of public services to the local needs and preferences), which depend on several factors. Those factors include governance issues (such as factors providing impetus for the efficient use of public resources and their perception of the level of public welfare), the capacity of regional governments for assuming new responsibilities, budgetary resources (such as the basic nature of taxes, the design of inter-region fiscal system), as well as the local socio-economic characteristics (such as economic structure, the levels of ethnic gap and diversity). Although regencies/municipalities will become key players in several fields of public services, we do not have adequate information as to the performance of public sectors at this level of government. This survey is intended to address such lack of information. We actually need a better access to information on governance and decentralization, but the access is not adequate yet. Regional governments also have a very limited capacity for formulating their policies and programs. Consequently, their policies and programs fail to meet public needs. Such lack of responsiveness has resulted in dissatisfaction and contributed to the crisis of trust on the government. Although Indonesia has achieved an extraordinary success in expanding public services, the quality of several services remains sub- standard. Most of them are even categorized as inefficient services. Services delivered by the private sector, which has seen vast growth in Indonesia, serves as complementary services to those provided by the government. The implementation of decentralization has raised an assumption that the delivery of public services that are closer to the users may enhance its effectiveness. In this regard, effectiveness refers to enhanced responsiveness to local requirements and demands, broader participation and satisfaction of users (for example in education) in line with increased efficiency in the Introduction delivery of services (for example the reduction of irregularity rate, the use of more appropriate and innovative mechanisms for the delivery of services (such as cost reduction due to periodic rehabilitation and maintenance). Nevertheless, decentralization may also lead to decreased standards in the delivery of services as a result of local capture, limited capacity for implementation, lack of minimum standards as those occurring under a centralized regime, or shorter time dimension on the part of some local staff. Meanwhile, the private sector is fulfilling most of the demands for ‘public’ services in a number of fields in Indonesia, such as health and education. A similar survey was conducted previously in 2002 in 177 Regencies/Municipalities in 22 provinces in Indonesia (GDS 1). There were 12 types of respondents in GDS 1, ranging from Head of Districts/Mayors, members of Local Council, Government Officials, NGOs, the Media, Public Prosecutors, Entrepreneurs, Puskesmas, schools, to the general public. The results of GDS 1 are presented in books titled “Governance and Regional Autonomy Reform” (“Reformasi Tata Pemerintahan dan Otonomi Daerah”) and “Do’s and Don’ts in the Administration of Governance and Regional Autonomy” (“Teladan dan Pantangan dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan dan Otonomi Daerah”) written by Agus Dwiyanto et al in 2003 (publisher: Center for Population and Policy Studies of UGM). Subsequently, GDS 1+ was conducted in 2004 aimed at testing and enhancing the instruments (questionnaires) to be used in GDS 2, which will be conducted in 2006. GDS 1+ was a “preparatory” survey in which some of the respondents were former respondents for GDS 1 (2002), and a half of the respondents were selected by using a renewed sampling technique. GDS 1+ only covered 32 Regencies/Municipalities in 8 provinces, including: North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), South Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi. The respondents were Head of Districts/Mayors, Education Dinas, Principals, Health Dinas, Heads of Puskesmas, Patients of Puskesmas and Households. Compared to the respondents of GDS 1 (2002), there were some changes in the types of respondent in GDS 1+, including the addition of respondents, namely School Committees and Teachers, in the questionnaire for education sector, in addition to Principals and administrative secondary data. Similarly, there was an addition of respondents, namely Puskesmas patients, in the questionnaire for the health sector, while Household respondents remained unchanged, except for the sampling aspect. For further details, all information and writings related to GDS 1+ can be accessed at http://www.gdsonline.org//. In 2006, the Center for Population and Policy Studies of Gajah Mada University (PSKK UGM) carried out GDS 2 in 139 regencies/municipalities throughout Indonesia selected randomly (except
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