The 1930S.Indd
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Significant Dates in American Legion History 1919 1920S 1930S 1940S
Significant dates in American Legion history 1919 March 15-17 Members of the American Expeditionary Force convene in Paris for the first American Legion caucus. May 8-10 St. Louis Caucus. "The American Legion" is adopted as the organization's official name. The Legion's draft preamble and constitution are approved. June 9 The National Executive Committee adopts the Legion emblem. Sept. 16 U.S. Congress charters The American Legion. Nov. 10-12 First American Legion convention convenes in Minneapolis. Constitution and preamble are adopted. Delegates vote 361-323 to locate the Legion's national headquarters in Indianapolis instead of Washington. A resolution is passed in support of Boy Scouts of America. Today, the Legion is the chartering agency for more than 1,700 Scouting units comprised of approximately 64,000 youths. 1920s Aug. 9, 1921 The American Legion's efforts result in the creation of the U.S. Veterans Bureau, forerunner of the Veterans Administration. Today, the Legion continues to lobby for adequate funding to cover medical, disability, education and other veterans benefits. June 15, 1923 The first "Flag Code" is drafted during a Legion conference in Washington. Congress adopts the code in 1942. Today, the Legion is at the forefront of efforts to pass a constitutional amendment to protect the U.S. flag from physical desecration. July 17, 1925 The Legion creates the American Legion Baseball program. Currently, more than 50 percent of Major League Baseball players are graduates of the program. About 100,000 youths play on Legion-sponsored teams each year. 1930s June 23, 1935 The first American Legion Boys State convenes in Springfield, Ill., to help youths gain an understanding of the structure and operation of the federal government. -
The Federal Music Project: an American Voice in Depression-Era Music
Musical Offerings Volume 9 Number 2 Fall 2018 Article 1 10-3-2018 The Federal Music Project: An American Voice in Depression-Era Music Audrey S. Rutt Cedarville University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings Part of the Composition Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Education Policy Commons, Ethnomusicology Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Music Education Commons, Musicology Commons, Music Performance Commons, Music Theory Commons, and the Social Welfare Commons DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Recommended Citation Rutt, Audrey S. (2018) "The Federal Music Project: An American Voice in Depression-Era Music," Musical Offerings: Vol. 9 : No. 2 , Article 1. DOI: 10.15385/jmo.2018.9.2.1 Available at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol9/iss2/1 The Federal Music Project: An American Voice in Depression-Era Music Document Type Article Abstract After World War I, America was musically transformed from an outsider in the European classical tradition into a country of musical vibrance and maturity. These great advances, however, were deeply threatened by the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the consequent Great Depression. -
Chapter 2 Music in the United States Before the Great Depression
American Music in the 20th Century 6 Chapter 2 Music in the United States Before the Great Depression Background: The United States in 1900-1929 In 1920 in the US - Average annual income = $1,100 - Average purchase price of a house = $4,000 - A year's tuition at Harvard University = $200 - Average price of a car = $600 - A gallon of gas = 20 cents - A loaf of Bread = 20 cents Between 1900 and the October 1929 stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression, the United States population grew By 47 million citizens (from 76 million to 123 million). Guided by the vision of presidents Theodore Roosevelt1 and William Taft,2 the US 1) began exerting greater political influence in North America and the Caribbean.3 2) completed the Panama Canal4—making it much faster and cheaper to ship its goods around the world. 3) entered its "Progressive Era" by a) passing anti-trust laws to Break up corporate monopolies, b) abolishing child labor in favor of federally-funded puBlic education, and c) initiating the first federal oversight of food and drug quality. 4) grew to 48 states coast-to-coast (1912). 5) ratified the 16th Amendment—estaBlishing a federal income tax (1913). In addition, by 1901, the Lucas brothers had developed a reliaBle process to extract crude oil from underground, which soon massively increased the worldwide supply of oil while significantly lowering its price. This turned the US into the leader of the new energy technology for the next 60 years, and opened the possibility for numerous new oil-reliant inventions. -
Political Extremism in the 1920S and 1930S: Do German Lessons Generalize?G
Political Extremism in the 1920s and 1930s: Do German Lessons Generalize?G ALAN DE BROMHEAD, BARRY EICHENGREEN, AND KEVIN H. O’ROURKE We examine the impact of the Great Depression on the share of votes for right- wing extremists in elections in the 1920s and 1930s. We confirm the existence of a link between political extremism and economic hard times as captured by growth or contraction of the economy. What mattered was not simply growth at the time of the election, but cumulative growth performance. The impact was greatest in countries with relatively short histories of democracy, with electoral systems that created low hurdles to parliamentary representation, and which had been on the losing side in World War I. he impact of the global credit crisis and Great Recession has been Tmore than just economic. In both parliamentary and presidential democracies, governments have been ousted. Hard economic times have increased political polarization and bred support for nationalist and right-wing political parties. All this gives rise to fears that economic hard times will feed political extremism, as it did in the 1930s. Memories of the 1930s inform much contemporary political commentary, just as they inform recent economic commentary. But exactly what impact the interwar depression and economic crisis had on the electoral fortunes of extremist parties has not been systematically studied.1 Many of our intuitions about the links between The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 73, No. 2 (June 2013). © The Economic History Association. doi: 10.1017/S0022050713000302. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Black America's Perceptions of Africa in the 1920S and 1930S Felicitas Ruetten
Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs) 2009 Black America's Perceptions of Africa in the 1920s and 1930s Felicitas Ruetten Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations Part of the African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ruetten, Felicitas, "Black America's Perceptions of Africa in the 1920s and 1930s" (2009). Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 535. https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/535 Black America's Perceptions of Africa in the1 920s and 1930s by Felicitas Ruetten M.A. Thesis Department of History, Seton Hall University Advisers: Dr. Larry A. Greene Dr. Maxim Matusevich April 29,2009 Abstract As a symbol of hope, pride, and freedom, Africa has long influenced Black American concepts of identity, culture, and politics. During the first half of the twentieth century, cultural movements such as the Harlem Renaissance and Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Inlprovement Association (UNIA) increased Black Americans' awareness of Africa and strengthened concrete historical ties between the "motherland and the Diaspora in the United States. Between 1934 and 1941, the Italian-Ethiopian crisis sparked enormous support of Ethiopia from the African American community. While this event is often treated as a watershed event in African American politics, this study suggests that the outcry over the Italian aggression in Ethiopia reflects the evolutionary process of Black America's growing concern for Africa which originated decades, even centuries prior to the Italian-Ethiopian crisis and which experienced continuing affnmation Events of the 1920s and 1930s triggered an increased awareness of these links between all Africans in their quests for political independence linking colonialism in Africa to racism in the Diaspora. -
Highlights from the 1930S “Community Chest”
United Way of Greater St. Joseph CARING NEVER GROWS OLD stjosephunitedway.org 1916-2016 Celebrating 100 years and still serving! Highlights from the 1930s MISSION: To improve lives through the caring power of community. St. Joseph Maintained Charitable Giving Efforts During Great Depression In St. Joseph, despite of being in the third year of the Great Depression “United Way” Fundraising Campaigns 1930s and experiencing decreased campaign amounts, the first executive $170,000 director was hired in 1931 for the agency now known as United Way. $160,000 The executive director promoted the campaign as a social work program and encouraged coordination of local social services. Two $150,000 campaigns were held to meet increasing human needs here that $140,000 Campaign Goal year, which boosted total overall contributions. $130,000 Campaign Results In the early 1930s, a St. Joseph citizens’ committee, brought together $120,000 by what is now United Way, helped establish an employment bureau $110,000 Great Depression and successfully persuaded the City Council to raise their funding of $100,000 the Social Welfare Board. 1930 1931 May1931 Nov.1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 19381939 When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, government In response to increased human needs during the Great programs were created to meet human needs across the nation, Depression in St. Joseph, the agency that is now United Way shifting the balance from local support for local needs to more of increased efforts, campaign goals, and even conducted two a partnership of public and private services during the remaining campaigns rather than the usual one in 1931. -
Readings in the History of the Soil Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture Readings in the Soil Conservation Service History of the Soil Conservation Service Economics and Social Sciences Division, NHQ Historical Notes Number 1 Introduction The articles in this volume relate in one way or another to the history of the Soil Conservation Service. Collectively, the articles do not constitute a comprehensive history of SCS, but do give some sense of the breadth and diversity of SCS's missions and operations. They range from articles published in scholarly journals to items such as "Soil Conservation: A Historical Note," which has been distributed internally as a means of briefly explaining the administrative and legislative history of SCS. To answer reference requests I have made reprints of the published articles and periodically made copies of some of the unpublished items. Having the materials together in a volume is a very convenient way to satisfy these requests in a timely manner. Also, since some of these articles were distributed to SCS field offices, many new employees have joined the Service. I wanted to take the opportunity to reach them. SCS employees are the main audience. We have produced this volume in the rather unadorned and inexpensive manner so that we can distribute the volume widely and have it available for training sessions and other purposes. Also we can readily add articles in the future. If anyone should wish to quote or cite any of the published articles, please use the citations provided at the beginning of the article. For other articles please cite this publication. Steven Phillips, a graduate student in history at Georgetown University and a 1992 summer intern here with SCS, converted the articles to this uniform format, and is hereby thanked for his very professional efforts. -
The Great Depression: California in the Thirties
The Great Depression: California in the Thirties California was hit hard by the economic collapse of the 1930s. Businesses failed, workers lost their jobs, and families fell into poverty. While the political response to the depression often was confused and ineffective, social messiahs offered alluring panaceas promising relief and recovery. In spite of the general gloom of the decade, Californians continued to build and celebrate their Golden State. Hard Times Californians who lived through the 1920s and 1930s must have felt as though they were on a roller coaster. In a dizzying cycle of boom and bust, a decade of spectacular prosperity was followed by the worst economic collapse in the state's history. Ramshackle encampments, such as Pipe City in Oakland, filled with forlorn unemployed workers and their families. The crash of the Macon, a helium-filled dirigible, mirrored the collapsing fortunes of Californians everywhere. The hard times of the thirties contributed to a disturbing resurgence of nativism; authorities shipped thousands of Mexican deportees across the border. Meanwhile, thousands of new Dust Bowl refugees from the heartland of America streamed into California seeking a better life. Their coming inspired John Steinbeck to write The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and Dorothea Lange to compile an epic photographic record. The newcomers created in California an "Okie subculture," a way of life still flourishing today. Discontented workers in the thirties went on the offensive. Farmworkers and farm owners locked horns in yet another round of total engagement. The San Francisco General Strike of 1934 paralyzed the bay area and attracted national attention. -
1935 Sanctions Against Italy: Would Coal and Crude Oil Have Made a Difference?
1935 SANCTIONS AGAINST ITALY: WOULD COAL AND CRUDE OIL HAVE MADE 1 A DIFFERENCE? CRISTIANO ANDREA RISTUCCIA LINACRE COLLEGE OXFORD OX1 3JA GREAT BRITAIN Telephone 44 1865 721981 [email protected] 1 Thanks to (in alphabetical order): Dr. Leonardo Becchetti, Sergio Cardarelli (and staff of the ASBI), Criana Connal, John Fawcett, Prof. Charles Feinstein, Dr. James Foreman-Peck, Paola Geretto (and staff of the ISTAT library and archive), Gwyneira Isaac, Clare Pettitt, Prof. Maria Teresa Salvemini, Prof. Giuseppe Tattara, Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Prof. Gianni Toniolo, Dr. Marco Trombetta, and two anonymous referees who made useful comments on a previous version of this paper. The responsibility for the contents of the article is, of course, mine alone. ABSTRACT This article assesses the hypothesis that in 1935 - 1936 the implementation of sanctions on the export of coal and oil products to Italy by the League of Nations would have forced Italy to abandon her imperialistic war against Ethiopia. In particular, the article focuses on the claim that Britain and France, the League’s leaders, could have halted the Italian invasion of Ethiopia by means of coal and oil sanctions, and without the help of the United States, or recourse to stronger means such as a military blockade. An analysis of the data on coal consumption in the industrial census of 1937 - 1938 shows that the Italian industry would have survived a League embargo on coal, provided that Germany continued her supply to Italy. The counterfactual proves that the effect of an oil embargo was entirely dependent on the attitude of the United States towards the League’s action. -
Sulfanilamide Disaster
Sulfanilamide Disaster FDA Consumer magazine June 1981 Issue By Carol Ballentine Taste of Raspberries, Taste of Death: The 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide Incident By the 1930s it was widely recognized that the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was obsolete, but bitter disagreement arose as to what should replace it. By 1937 most of the arguments had been resolved but Congressional action was stalled. Then came a shocking development--the deaths of more than 100 people after using a drug that was clearly unsafe. The incident hastened final enactment in 1938 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the statute that today remains the basis for FDA regulation of these products. Nobody but Almighty God and I can know what I have been through these past few days. I have been familiar with death in the years since I received my M.D. from Tulane University School of Medicine with the rest of my class of 1911. Covington County has been my home. I have practiced here for years. Any doctor who has practiced more than a quarter of a century has seen his share of death. "But to realize that six human beings, all of them my patients, one of them my best friend, are dead because they took medicine that I prescribed for them innocently, and to realize that that medicine which I had used for years in such cases suddenly had become a deadly poison in its newest and most modern form, as recommended by a great and reputable pharmaceutical firm in Tennessee: well, that realization has given me such days and nights of mental and spiritual agony as I did not believe a human being could undergo and survive. -
From the Concert Hall to the Cinema
FROM THE CONCERT HALL TO THE CINEMA: THE JOURNEY OF THE 20TH CENTURY CLASSICAL AMERICAN SOUND By Rebecca Ellen Stegall Liberty University A MASTER’S THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MUSIC EDUCATION Liberty University April, 2017 i FROM THE CONCERT HALL TO THE CINEMA: THE JOURNEY OF THE 20TH CENTURY CLASSICAL AMERICAN SOUND By Rebecca Ellen Stegall A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Music Education Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA April, 2017 APPROVED BY: Dr. Monica D. Taylor, Ph.D., Committee Chair Dr. John D. Kinchen III, D.M.A., Committee Member Dr. Vernon M. Whaley, Ph.D. Dean of the School of Music ii Acknowledgements I would first like to acknowledge and personally thank my family for supporting me endlessly through this process and for being an encouragement to “just keep at it” when it seemed I could not continue. Thank you to Dr. Monica Taylor for walking with me through this process and being tremendously patient with me along the way. I would also like to acknowledge a professor that has had a tremendous impact upon both my education and my life. Dr. John Kinchen, thank you for teaching me most of what I know about music, inspiring me to take on such daunting research and to step outside my comfort zone, and endlessly encouraging and pushing me to do my absolute best and pursue what the Lord has in store for me. You have made such an impact on my life. -
Download File
Noise, Sound and Objecthood: The Politics of Representation in the Musical Avant-Garde Alexander Hall Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Alexander Hall All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Noise, Sound and Objecthood: The Politics of Representation in the Musical Avant-Garde Alexander Hall This essay offers both a historical analysis of twentieth century avant-garde practices relating to representation in music, and a prescriptive model for contemporary methods of composition. I address the taxonomy problem in classical music, clarifying the ontological divide identified by German musicologist Michael Rebhahn Contemporary Classical music and New Music. I demonstrate how neoliberalism has developed a Global Style (Foster 2012) of "Light Modernity,” evident in both contemporary architecture and music alike. The central problem facing composition today is the fetishization of materials, ultimately derived from music's refusal to allow the question of representation to be addressed. I argue that composers have largely sought to define noise as sound-in-itself, eliminating the possibilities of representation in the process. Proposing instead that composers should strive to tackle representation head-on in the 21st century, I show how Jacques Rancière provides a model in which noise and sound—representation and abstraction—function in a conjoined, yet non-homogenized aesthetic regime. Governed by what he calls the "pensiveness of the image,” it allows for a renewed art form that rejects repetition and neoliberalism, re-connecting to the spirit of the avant-garde without slavishly echoing either its outmoded aesthetics or dogmatic philosophies.