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Consumption of Oleic Acid on the Preservation of Cognitive Functions in Japanese Elderly Individuals

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Consumption of Oleic Acid on the Preservation of Cognitive Functions in Japanese Elderly Individuals nutrients Article Consumption of Oleic Acid on the Preservation of Cognitive Functions in Japanese Elderly Individuals Keisuke Sakurai 1, Chutong Shen 1, Izumi Shiraishi 1, Noriko Inamura 2,3 and Tatsuhiro Hisatsune 1,* 1 Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8562, Japan; [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (I.S.) 2 Community Health Promotion Laboratory, Mitsui Fudosan, Co., Ltd., Kashiwa 277-8519, Japan; [email protected] 3 Urban Design Center Kashiwanoha (UDCK), Kashiwa 277-0871, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-4-7136-3632 Abstract: We recruited 154 community-dwelling elderly individuals and conducted a cohort study to find out the nutrient intake that is suitable for maintaining cognitive function in Japanese elders. Cognitive function was evaluated by the two functional tests, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Delayed Recall (WMS-DR), and daily nutrient intake was estimated from a Brief-type Self-administered Diet History Questionnaire (BDHQ). By a multiple regression analysis, among the four major nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash), we detected a significant correlation between the score of cognitive functions assessed by both MoCA and WMS- DR and daily consumption of fat (p = 0.0317 and p = 0.0111, respectively). Among categories of fatty acid, we found a significant correlation between the score of both MoCA and WMS-DR and consumption of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (p = 0.0157 and p = 0.0136, respectively). Finally, among MUFAs, we observed a significant correlation between the score of both MoCA and WMS-DR Citation: Sakurai, K.; Shen, C.; and consumption of oleic acid (p = 0.0405 and p = 0.0165, respectively). From these observations, Shiraishi, I.; Inamura, N.; Hisatsune, we can propose that daily consumption of fat, especially in oleic acid, has a beneficial effect against T. Consumption of Oleic Acid on the cognitive decline in community-dwelling Japanese elderly individuals. Preservation of Cognitive Functions in Japanese Elderly Individuals. Keywords: cognitive function; memory function; aging; fat; MUFA; oleic acid Nutrients 2021, 13, 284. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu13020284 Academic Editor: Mark Kindy 1. Introduction Received: 29 December 2020 The decline in cognitive function increases with aging, and age-related cognitive Accepted: 18 January 2021 decline is one of major risk factors for the onset of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease Published: 20 January 2021 (AD) [1–5]. The number of dementia patients is increasing not only in developed countries like European countries and the United States, but also in developing countries. In Asian Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral countries including Japan, if the disease continues at the current rate, it is estimated that with regard to jurisdictional claims in 67 million will have dementia by 2050, which is more than half of worldwide estimation of published maps and institutional affil- iations. 130 million people [6]. In Western countries, research on prevention of dementia using diet patterns and specific nutrients has been widely performed. By large-scale epidemiological studies, nowadays, three dietary habituations have been proposed for the prevention of dementia. The Mediterranean diet pattern, such as the intake of olive oil and seafood, has been confirmed to be effective in preventing dementia [7–10]. Dietary Approaches to Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Stop Hypertension (DASH) is also effective in preventing dementia [7–12]. Furthermore, a Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. research group at Rush University in Chicago, USA, led a proposal for their combination This article is an open access article as Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet, which distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons is a combination of these two diets, and confirmed its effectiveness in preventing demen- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// tia [13,14]. These dietary habits are mainly due to the fact that obesity is a problem even in creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ old age in Europe and the United States. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid excessive 4.0/). calorie intake and to decrease the intake of red meat, dairy products, and fats and oils, Nutrients 2021, 13, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020284 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Nutrients 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 Nutrients 2021, 13, 284 2 of 10 to avoid excessive calorie intake and to decrease the intake of red meat, dairy products, and fats and oils, mainly from the viewpoint of obesity control [7]. On the other hand, it ismainly noteworthy from the that viewpoint olive oil is of listed obesity as controla food that [7]. Onshould the otherbe consumed hand, it is[10,15]. noteworthy that oliveIn oil contrast is listed to as European a food that countries should beand consumed the United [10 States,,15]. in Asian countries, and es- peciallyIn contrastin Japan, toin Europeanold age, thinness countries rather and than the obesity United is States, considered in Asian more countries, of a problem and [16,17].especially The in consumption Japan, in old of age, meat thinness and dairy rather products than obesity is recommended is considered to maintain more of health; a prob- however,lem [16,17 there]. The is consumptionstill a great lack of of meat systematic and dairy cohort products data to is direct recommended this recommendation. to maintain health; however, there is still a great lack of systematic cohort data to direct this recom- Research on the causal interaction between preservation of cognitive function and daily mendation. Research on the causal interaction between preservation of cognitive function nutrient intake pattern has not been systematically conducted for elderly people in East and daily nutrient intake pattern has not been systematically conducted for elderly people Asian countries such as in Japan, whose eating habits are different from those of Western- in East Asian countries such as in Japan, whose eating habits are different from those of ers. In recent years, it has been reported in Japanese elderly cohort studies, such as those Westerners. In recent years, it has been reported in Japanese elderly cohort studies, such as of Hisayama and Osaki [18–21], that elderly people who consume a large amount of milk those of Hisayama and Osaki [18–21], that elderly people who consume a large amount of [18,19], meat [20] and tea [21] tend to have higher cognitive function. In addition, the re- milk [18,19], meat [20] and tea [21] tend to have higher cognitive function. In addition, the sults of intervention studies conducted by us have suggested that intake of functional di- results of intervention studies conducted by us have suggested that intake of functional peptides in meat [22–26] from chicken and fish, and vitamin K contained in matcha-green dipeptides in meat [22–26] from chicken and fish, and vitamin K contained in matcha-green tea [27], is involved in the maintenance of cognitive function. However, there are not tea [27], is involved in the maintenance of cognitive function. However, there are not many many studies that have investigated the relationship between oil intake and cognitive studies that have investigated the relationship between oil intake and cognitive function, function,and so far and there so far are there no reports are no that reports have that clarified have theclarified relationship the relationship between between specific fattyspe- cificacids fatty and acids cognitive and cognitive function. function. InIn this this study, study, to to find find out out the the nutritional nutritional components components that that are are suitable suitable for for maintaining maintain- cognitiveing cognitive function function in elderly in elderly Japanese Japanese people, people, we examined we examined cohort study cohort data study of commu- data of nity-dwellingcommunity-dwelling elderly elderlyJapanese Japanese people peoplewho lived who in lived Kashiwa-city, in Kashiwa-city, one of one the of typical the typical sub- urbssuburbs in Tokyo in Tokyo metropolitan metropolitan Area. Area. We We utilized utilized the the BDHQ BDHQ (Brief (Brief Self-administered Self-administered Diet HistoryHistory Questionnaire) Questionnaire) test test [28], [28], which is is a questionnaire to calculate the estimated daily intakeintake of all nutrients,nutrients, includingincluding eacheach fatty fatty acid, acid, from from a a daily daily food food intake intake frequency frequency survey. sur- vey.A multiple A multiple regression regression analysis analysis was performed was performed using using the daily the estimateddaily estimated nutrients’ nutrients’ intake intakebased based on the on BDHQ the BDHQ as explanatory as explanatory variables, variables, and and using using two two types types of cohort of cohort cognitive cogni- tivefunction function indicators indicators as independent as independent objective objective functions. functions. 2.2. Materials Materials and and Methods Methods 2.1.2.1. Participants Participants 2 WeWe designed this study based on the assumption by a Cohen’s f2 [29],[29], which which consisted consisted ofof an an effect effect size size of of 0.15, 0.15, a a type type 1 1 two-sided two-sided error error protection protection of of 0.01, 0.01, and and 80% 80% of of the the power. power. The number number of subject subject samples samples required required was calc calculatedulated to be be 148. 148. We We recruited recruited 154 154 elderly elderly individualsindividuals living inin Kashiwa-city,Kashiwa-city, Japan Japan (Figure (Figure1). 1). Based Based on on the the age age cutoffs cutoffs defined defined by the by theUnited United Nations Nations [30], [30], we recruitedwe recruited individuals individu overals over the age the of age 60 asof elderly60 as elderly people.
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