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, Form, and Medium of Performance Terms in Cataloging

Ann Shaffer, University of Oregon [email protected] OLA 2015 Pre-Conference What We’ll Cover

• New music vocabularies for LC Genre & Form and LC Medium of Performance Terms • Why were they developed? • How to use them in cataloging? • What does it all mean? Genre, Form, & MoP in LCSH Music Terms

When describing music materials, LCSH have blurred the distinction between: • Subject  what the work is about • Genre  what the work is • Form  the purpose or format of the work • Medium of performance  what performing forces the work requires Genre, Form, & MoP in LCSH Music Terms

Book Music Score • LCSH describe what • LCSH describe what the musical work is: subject the book is Symphonies about: Symphony Waltzes Bluegrass music • LCSH also describe what the format is: Rap (music) $v Scores and parts $v Vocal scores $v Fake books Waltz • And what the medium of performance is: Sonatas ( and ) with instrumental ensemble String quartets Genre, Form, & MoP in LCSH Music Terms

Audio Recording • LCSH describes what the musical work is: music Concertos

• And what the medium of performance is: (High voice) with ensembles Choruses (Mens’ voices, 4 parts) with piano Concertos (Tuba with string ) Why Is This Problematic?

• Machines can’t distinguish between topic, form, genre, and medium of performance in the LCSH • All coded in same field (650) • Elements of headings & subdivisions can’t be separated out • Users have to know exact string to find what they want • We expect patrons to be able to distinguish between resources that are about a genre/form and resources that are of a genre/form • (They often or the other, but not both.) Why Change Now?

• Faceted Searching • RDA • Granularity • New fields for additional RDA elements Who’s Responsible for Music Terms? • Music Library Association (MLA)’s Bibliographic Control Committee (now the Cataloging and Metadata Committee)

• Form/Genre Task Force: formed in 2009; 567 proposals approved as of Feb. 2015 • Currently negotiating another 100 proposed terms • Newly approved terms will be published in monthly lists • Not accepting any new term proposals at this • Announcement of LC implementation coming soon!

• Medium of Performance Task Force: MLA-BCC Subject Access Subcommittee; over 800 terms approved in Feb. 2014 • LC implemented in spring 2014 • accepting proposals through the SACO Music Funnel Genre & Form Vocabulary for Music

MARC 655 indicator: Blank 2nd indicator: 7

Subfields $a $2 lcgft

655 #7 Sonatas. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Surf rock. $2 lcgft LCGFT Hierarchy of Music Terms

Music [Top Level] (Music) Notated music (Music) Popular music Sacred music Chants Songs Dramatic music Sound art Folk music Teaching pieces (Music) Functional music Glitch music Humorous music Medleys (Music) LCGFT– Art Music

Aʼak Honkyoku Rhapsodies (Music) Aleatory music Interludes Romances (Music) Anthems Kacapi-suling Rondos Ballades (Instrumental music) Barcaroles Kacapi-suling Scherzos Cadenzas Malhūn Sicilianas (Music) Canons (Music) Ma'lūf Sonatas Cantatas Maqāmāt (Iraqi music) cycles Microtonal music Songs without words Chamber music (Instrumental music) Chinese operas Monologues (Music) Soundscapes (Music) preludes etudes Musique concrète Spectral music Nhạc tài tứ Stochastic music Concertos Nō music Suites Dastgāhs Oratorios Symphonies Dialogues (Music) Organ masses Taech’wit’a Fanfares Overtures Text-sound compositions Finales (Music) Partimenti (Music) Fugues Pastoral music Toccatas Phlēng thao Variations (Music) Hát ả đào Preludes (Music) Vọng cố Hát bội Program music Heike biwa Quodlibets Hindustani music Ragas LCGFT– Dramatic Music

Ballad operas Melodramas Ballets (Music) Modern music Bangsawan Monologues (Music) Barong (Music) Ch’anggŭk Motion picture music Chinese operas Musical theater Congadas (Music) Musicals Dialogues (Music) Nāḍagam Entremés (Music) Operas Hát bội Oratorios Hát chèo (Music) P’ansori Hira gasy Pantomimes (Music) Incidental music Rappresentazioni sacre (Music) Katarimono Revues Kecak (Music) Serenatas Liturgical dramas (Music) music comedies Masques (Music) LCGFT– Functional Music

Acclamations (Music) Musical games Background music Production music Camp songs Radio music Campaign songs commercials Circus music Television music Work songs Event music Marches (Music) Military music Mission music Motion picture music LCGFT– Popular Music Agbadja modern (Music) Choros Huaynos Salsa (Music) Arabesk (Popular music) Chutney (Music) Jazz Mchiriku Schrammelmusik Bachata Jingles (Advertising Minstrel music (Music) Bailā (Music) Cover versions songs) Modinhas Banda (Music) (Music) Juju music Mornas (Music) Sones Beatboxing Kanto (Popular music) (Music) Bhangra (Music) Dansi (Music) Karaoke Música sertaneja music Danzones (Music) Kaskawi (Music) Música tropical Steampunk music (Music) (Music) Keroncong New Age music music Boogaloos (Music) Electronica (Music) Klezmer music Norteño (Music) Taraab (Music) (Music) Enka Konkoma Old-time music Brega (Music) Forró (Music) music (Music) Fuji (Music) Kwaya Rai (Music) Tropicália (Music) Calypso (Music) Funana (Music) Latin (Music) Tspapiky (Music) Campursari (Music) Lounge music Rapso Turbo-folk (Music) Candombes (Music) Gaitas (Venezuelan Lundus Rebetika (Music) Cavachas (Music) music) (Music) music Waila music (Music) (Music) (Music) Gumbé (Music) Mandó (Music) and blues music Zouk (Music) (Music) Habaneras (Music) Mangue (Music) music Chanchona (Music) High-life (Music) (Music) (Music) Chicha Huaylas (Music) Rumbas (Music) LCGFT– Notated Music

Notated music refers to forms/formats of notated music, like the $v subdivision in LCSH: Musical sketches Part books Parts (Music) Scores Service books (Music) Songbooks Tune-books LCGFT– Arrangements (Music)

Arrangements (Music) also contains format terms familiar from $v subdivisions in LCSH: Parts Scores Vocal scores Piano scores Narrower Terms Can Appear in Multiple Hierarchies

Art music Songs Functional music

Song Cycles Work Songs

Sacred music Event music

Peyote Songs Use the Most Specific Term Applicable

655 #7 Wedding music. $2 lcgft

NOT

655 #7 Functional music. $2 lcgft

655 #7 Event music. $2 lcgft Use the Most Specific Term Applicable

655 #7 . $2 lcgft

NOT

655 #7 Popular music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Rock music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Garage music. $2 lcgft Use Two or More Terms When Appropriate

100 1# Warren, Elinor Remick, $d 1900-1991. 100 1# Stravinsky, Igor, $d 1882-1971. 240 10 Songs. $k Selections 240 10 Zhar-ptits︠a︡. Suite (1919) 245 10 Art songs $h [sound recording] / $c by 245 14 The firebird suite for orchestra, 1919 / Elinor Remick Warren ǂc Igor Stravinsky.

655 #7 Songs. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Dance music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Art music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Suites. $2 lcgft Notated music

Apply one or more terms that describe the printed format, in addition to terms describing the genre and form of the musical work

Example: A string quartet with a score and 4 parts • 655 _7 Chamber music. $2 lcgft • 655 _7 Scores. $2 lcgft • 655 _7 Parts (Music) $2 lcgf Terms to Watch Out For

Art music • DO NOT USE for musical cultures with no distinction between Art music, Folk music, and Popular music. • Do not use “Folk music” or “Popular music” in these cases either

• USE “Art music” for music that: • lacks a narrower genre/form term in the Art music hierarchy • is art music but also can be described by a term in a different hierarchy

Example: A bourrée for harpsichord: 655 #7 $a Bourrées (Music) $2 lcgft 655 #7 $a Art music. $2 lcgft Terms to Watch Out For

Chamber music • Use this (or narrower term) for works of art music for 2 or more performers whose medium is described in terms of individual instruments/voices and/or by unspecified ensemble terms (e.g., “bowed string ensemble”).

• Generally DO NOT use “Chamber music” for: • works for larger ensembles (, orchestra, chorus) • art songs with piano • music for solo (1) performer

• NO SCOPE NOTE-- use judgment in borderline cases Example 1 100 1# Bartók , Béla, $d 1881-1945 240 10 Concertos, $m , orchestra 245 10 Violin concertos nos. 1 & 2 / $c Béla Bartók

Should use: A. 655 #7 Art music. $2 lcgft B. 655 #7 Chamber music. $2 lcgft C. 655 #7 Concertos. $2 lcgft D. 655 #7 Old-time music. $2 lcgft Example 2 100 1# Piazzolla, Astor, $e . 245 10 Histoire du tango : $b pour flûte et guitare / $c Astor Piazzolla. 650 #0 Tangos $v Scores 650 #0 and guitar music $v Scores

Should you use: A. 655 #7 Tangos (Music) $2 lcgft B. 655 #7 Art music. $2 lcgft C. 655 #7 Scores. $2 lcgft D. All of the above Example 3 245 11 O brother, where art thou? ǂh [sound recording]. 500 ## "Music from a film by Joel Coen & Ethan Coen"--Container. 500 ## Old-time and folk music.

How many 655 fields? Which terms?

655 #7 Motion picture music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Old-time music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Folk songs. $2 lcgft Example 4: Experimental music in parts 100 1# Adams, John Luther, $d 1953- 245 10 Inuksuit : ǂb ("--to act in the capacity of the --") : for nine to ninety- nine percussionists / ǂc John Luther Adams. 500 ## Performance instructions and parts organized in 5 folders. 500 ## "The work may be performed in an open space of any size, in almost any outdoor location ... not intended for performance indoors"--Performance notes. 650 #0 Percussion ensembles $v Parts. 650 #0 Aleatory music. 650 #0 Instrumental ensembles $v Parts.

655 #7 Aleatory music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Background music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Parts. $2 lcgft Example 5 110 2# Metalachi (Musical group) 245 10 Uno ǂh [sound recording] / ǂc Metalachi. 505 00 ǂt train -- ǂt -- ǂt -- ǂt Sweet child o' mine -- ǂt -- ǂt Wind of change -- ǂt -- ǂt Livin' on a prayer.

655 #7 Heavy metal (Music) $2 lcgft 655 #7 Mariachi (Music) $2 lcgft 655 #7 Cover versions. $2 lcgft LC Medium of Performance Thesaurus for Music

• LCMPT is a stand-alone vocabulary that provides terminology to describe the instruments, voices, etc., used in the performance of musical works. • Overview and current list can be downloaded as PDFs from http://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/FreeLCSH/freelcsh.html • Separate searchable database in LC Classification Web • MARC records available at http://classificationweb.net/LCMPT/

• MLA-BCC published Provisional Best Practices for using LCMPT in 2014, at http://bcc.musiclibraryassoc.org/BCC- Historical/BCC2014/ProvisionalBestPracticesforUsingLCMPT%20FINAL.pdf LCMPT Hierarchies

Performer Ensemble Visuals Actor Audience no narrower terms Audience Continuo Celebrant Instrumental ensemble Conductor Mixed media Dancer Pin peat Instrument Vocal ensemble Mime Mixed media Signer Voice LCMPT Hierarchies

Performer • instrument - aerophone - wind instrument - - reed instrument - single reed instrument - - tenor saxophone - clarinet LCMPT Hierarchies

Performer • Voice • Singer • High voice • Tenor voice • Male voice • Tenor voice LCMPT Hierarchies

Performer • Instrument • Aerophone • Armpit squeezing • Idiophone • Struck idiophone • Concussion idiophone • Body percussion • Armpit squeezing LCMPT Hierarchies

Performer Ensemble

Instrument Audience Continuo Electronic instrument Electronics Instrumental ensemble LCMPT Best Practices

• Choose the most specific Medium of Performance term applicable to the work or manifestation

• There’s no prescribed order for listing performing forces; generally prefer either the order in which they are listed on the source, or score order

• Transcribe terms as provided in the Thesaurus– singular, not capitalized

• Use several 382 fields when needed to represent more than one group of performing forces for a bibliographic item that contains more than one work or manifestation (score anthologies, recorded compilations, etc.) MARC 382 MARC 382

Authority record Bibliographic record 382 0# $a orchestra $2 lcmpt 382 01 $a orchestra $2 lcmpt MARC 382 Subfields

$a: Medium of performance $n: Number of performers of same $a piano medium $a tenor voice $a piano $n 1 $a $a cello $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $a violin $n 2 $a viola $n 1 Not for ensembles!

$b: Soloist (for solo with ensemble) $d: Doubling instrument $b flute $a orchestra $a flute $n 1 $d piccolo $n 1 $b soprano voice $a mixed chorus $b $a $a lead singer $n 1 $d vocal percussion $n 1 $d armpit squeezing $n 1 MARC 382 Subfields

$p: Alternative medium of $s: Total number of performers performance $a flute $n 1 $a oboe $n 1 $s 2 Trio for piano, clarinet (or viola) and violoncello, A minor : ǂb op. 114 / ǂc $a violin $n 2 $a viola $n 2 $s 4 Johannes Brahms. $a piano $n 1 $a clarinet $n 1 $p viola $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $a flute $n 1 $d piccolo $n 1 $d alto flute $n 1 $d flute $n 1 $s 1 Second quartet : in D major for flute, violin, viola da gamba or violoncello, and basso continuo / ǂc $v: Free-text note Georg Philipp Telemann $p clarinet $v alternative for violin $a flute $n 1 $a violin $n 1 $a viola da $a mixed chorus $v SATB gamba $n 1 $p cello $n 1 $a continuo $a didjeridu $v didjeridu is prominent, but other instruments are not Put It All Together

Medium of Performance: viola with orchestra 382 01 $b viola $n 1 $a orchestra $2 lcmpt

Medium of performance: alto voice and piano 382 01 $a alto voice $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt NOT 382 01 $a low voice $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt

Medium of performance: 4 instruments: 382 01 $a instrument $n 4 $s 4 $2 lcmpt Put It All Together Medium of performance: violin, viola (or clarinet), cello, and bassoon (or ): 382 01 violin $n 1 $a viola $n 1 $p clarinet $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $a bassoon $n 1 $p double bass $n 1 $s 4 $2 lcmpt

Medium of performance: clarinet (doubling castanets) and oboe (doubling finger snapping): 382 01 $a clarinet $n 1 $d castanets $n 1 $a oboe $n 1 $d finger snapping $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt Multiple 382 Fields and Other Variants

CD containing nine pieces: four for solo cello, two for violin and cello, two for string quartet, and one for violin, viola, and cello: • 382 01 $a cello $n 1 $s 1 $2 lcmpt • 382 01 $a violin $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $s 2 $2 lcmpt • 382 01 $a violin $n 2 $a viola $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $s 4 $2 lcmpt • 382 01 $a violin $n 1 $a viola $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $s 3 $2 lcmpt

Songbook consisting of 100 songs for tenor and piano, some including other voices or accompanying instruments: 382 11 $a tenor voice $a piano $2 lcmpt Example 1: Recording w/multiple works 100 1 Beethoven, Ludwig van, ǂd 1770-1827. 245 10 Triple concerto ǂh [sound recording] : ǂb C major, op. 56 for piano, violin, cello and orchestra ; Piano concerto no. 4 G major, op. 58 / ǂc Beethoven. 650 #0 Concertos (Piano trio) 650 #0 Concertos (Piano)

382 01 $b piano $n 1 $b violin $n 1 $b cello $n 1 $a orchestra $2 lcmpt 382 01 $b piano $n 1 $a orchestra $2 lcmpt 655 #7 Concertos. $2 lcgft Example 2: Score w/multiple works 100 1# Haydn, Joseph, $d 1732-1809, $e composer. 245 10 Eleven late string quartets : $b opp. 74, 76, and 77 complete / $c Joseph Haydn; edited by Wilhelm Altmann 650 #0 String quartets $v Scores.

382 01 $a violin $n 2 $a viola $n 1 $a cello $n 1 $s 4 $2 lcmpt

655 #7 Chamber music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Scores. $2 lcgft Example 3: Score w/unusual instrumentation

100 1# Roumain, Daniel Bernard. 245 10 Call them all : ǂb fantasy projections for film, laptop & chamber orchestra / ǂc Daniel Bernard Roumain (DBR). 650 #0 Chamber orchestra music ǂv Scores. 650 #0 Mixed media (Music)

382 01 $a mixed media $n 1 $a computer $n 1 $a chamber orchestra $2 lcmpt 655 #7 Art music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Scores. $2 lcgft Example 4

245 14 songbook : ǂb complete original for 37 songs / ǂc selected, and with an introd., by Richard Crawford.

382 11 $a singer $n 1 $a piano $n 1 $2 lcmpt Some selections include additional voices and instruments

655 #7 Popular songs. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Military music. $2 lcgft 655 #7 Scores. $2 lcgft Final Considerations for LCMPT

• How to display in library systems? • Where to find them? • Facets • Resource description • Both? • Order of MoP terms? • Punctuation?

How to Proceed?

• Use LCGFT and LCMPT terms together • Continue to use LCSH also • Eventually the , form, and medium of performance elements in LCSH will be retired, but not yet • Try things out! • Propose new terms you see a need • LCMPT  new proposals go through SACO Music Funnel • LCGFT  not accepting proposals ; hopefully within the year How to Get Help?

• MLA’s Provisional Best Practices for Using LCMPT available at http://bcc.musiclibraryassoc.org • Provisional Best Practices for Using LCGFT is coming soon! • Music OCLC Users Group (MOUG) email listserv, MOUG-L • MLA’s Cataloging & Metadata Committee Vocabularies Subcommittee • Updates from Library of Congress posted at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/genremusic.html Questions?

Ann Shaffer University of Oregon [email protected]