AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight

Fatima Salehbhai Third Year U G Student Mechanical Engg. Deptt. IIT Bombay

Types of Propulsion Systems AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 What is propulsion?

• Moving or Pushing an object forward Propulsion = pro (forward) + pellere (drive)

Why is propulsion needed in aircraft? • Getting aloft - thrust + lift • produces thrust to push an object • used to accelerate, gain altitude, and to maneuver

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Revising Thrust

• Drives an airplane forward • To sustain lift and counteract drag http://howthingsfly.si.edu/media/thrust

• Energy required • Heat by the combustion

• Propulsion system • A machine that accelerates air backwards

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories /nasa-knows/what-is-aerodynamics-k4.html

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Propulsion Systems Mechanisms to produce thrust for flight

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Types of Propulsion Systems We'll discuss the following :

• Pistonpropeller • Pulsejet • Turbojet • Ramjet • Afterburning Turbojet • Scramjet • Turbofan • Electric Propulsion • Turboprop • Ionic Propulsion • Turboshaft

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Powerplant Selection based on mission

Source: D. P. Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Education Series, 4th edition, 2006 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Reciprocating Engines Primary powerplant for general aviation

image source: https://www.comsol.com/blogs/improving-the-operational-lifetime-of-a-reciprocating-engine/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Reciprocating Engines Converting chemical energy (fuel/electric/hybrid) to mechanical (propeller)

Four-Stroke Two-Stroke

image source: http://infouse.com/planemath/activities/pmenterprises/propulsion/propulsion3.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Piston engine-propeller combination

Reciprocrating engines Airfoil shaped Blades

Difference in air pressure gives forward reaction http://lyle.smu.edu/propulsion/Pages/propeller.htm

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Top piston powered aircraft

Rare Bear - Speed Record of 528.33 mph Hawker Sea Fury: Read more: http://www.lewisairlegends.com/aircraft/rare-bear The Ultimate piston powered fighter Took on MiG-15s !

Read more: https://hushkit.net/2012/10/06/hush-kit-exclusive-the-ultimate- piston-engined-fighter-flying-the-sea-fury-by-test-pilot-dave-eagles/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Applications: • Designed for Military Aircraft, now also used in boats and cars • Medium range cruise missiles • High exhaust speed, small frontal area, relative simplicity

Failures: • Poor efficiency at low speeds • Low Range and Endurance • Slow response to Throttle

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbj.html Heinkel He 178, world's first turbojet power aircraft

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Sound barrier Afterburners Fitted high thrust required downstream

fuel directly in hot exhaust (cd) Wingcoeff drag exhaust velocity thrust Mach no. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0206b.shtml

• High fuel consumption rate • Twice the Thrust - Four times fuel burn

http://www.aiirsource.com/f-16-night-afterburner-takeoffs/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 http://jalopnik.com/why-were-old-jet-engines-so-much-more-smokey-than-newer-1720531271 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Only afterburning turbojet to power a commercial aircraft (Concorde)

Source : wikipedia-concorde

Concorde (one of the only two Source : wikipedia-GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri supersonic passenger airliner) GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

Afterburning turbofan by GTRE, DRDO for HAL http://www.turbokart.com/about_olympus.htm Tejas fighter Rolls-Royce Olympus 593

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Turboprop Gas turbine engine + a propeller

• Higher Fuel Efficency than Turbojet • Greater Power and Reliability • High initial cost / fuel consumption compared to pistonprops

Useful for flight speeds between 400 and 650 kmph) Source : wikipedia-Turboprop engine

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Propfans AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Turbofan combines best features of the turbojet and the turboprop

Source : wikipedia-Turbofan engine

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Bypass duct

Core

Bypass duct

http://okigihan.blogspot.in/p/turbofan-engines-theturbofan-gas.html

Vol. of air from bypass duct Bypass ratio: Vol. of air from core

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 High Bypass • Higher fuel efficiency • Lower noise levels • Large diameter

Low bypass • Compact • High power-weight ratio • Poor fuel efficiency

Image source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/turbofan_engine.html AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Turboshaft Gas turbine engine with a large shaft similar to Turboprop

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/kaman-k-225 K225 with Boeing 502 (YT50) Source : wikipedia-turboshaft turboshaft engine Widely used as auxiliary power units on large aircraft and in helicopters world's first gas turbine-powered helicopter AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Turboshaft

• higher power-to-weight ratio than piston • smaller than piston engines • Sustained high power output • High reliability • Light weight

http://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/4-types-of-turbine-engines/

Turboprop Turboshaft

Engine supports the propellor Engine not directly connected to the rotor

Only support loads of Propellor Supports load on vehicle through transmission

No sustained output required Sustained high power output required

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Pulsejet Combustion occurs in pulses

Source : wikipedia-Pulsejet engine

V-1 flying bomb with pulse jet on top

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 - Compressed air forced - Opens flapper valves

- Spark plug - Flapper valves shut

- Burned gas out of tail - Pressure inside < Patm

- Air through tailpipe + valves http://designfutureworld.blogspot.in/2012/06/pulse-jet-engine.html

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 PULSE JET

Advantages Disadvantages • Easy to build, light • Requires additional means of • Thrust available even when at rest acceleration ( Flight speed↑, Thrust ↑) • Low compression ratio (more fuel) • High levels of vibrations and sound • Needs heat-resistant materials • Limited altitude range and operating speed Not popular for aircraft. Why? AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Junkers Ju EF126 Elli

• Rapidly producible inexpensive small fighter a/c • Pulsejet powered, with propeller driven startup • RATO, using detachable solid fuel rocket motors • Droppable Take-off dolly, retractable landing skid

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Ramjet

X-15 Ramjet

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Scramjet

Pegasus booster accelerating NASA's X- 43A shortly after ignition during test flight

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Electric Propulsion The acceleration of gases for producing thrust by electric heating, electric body forces, and/or electric and magnetic body forces

https://www.slideshare.net/srikanthlaxmanvinjam/electric-propulsion-42744912?qid=d406d639-e62c-4001-ba64-6661dce201bb&v=&b=&from_search=6 AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Electric Powered Aircraft

• Electric motors to propellers or rotors. • Mechanisms for storing

Source : wikipedia-Gaston Tissandier First electric powered aircraft Gaston Tissandier in his electrically powered dirigible', 8 October 1883 http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=2712

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Solar Impulse

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36598140

- Four brushless motors - reduction gear - propeller http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure/technical-challenge-2 - 94% efficient system Around the world journey

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 All-electric airplane Magnus eFusion

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Extra 330LE and NASA LEAPTech

https://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2015/corporate/2015-03-electromotor.php Extra 330LE aerobatic plane - took off with one fourth of a megawatt of output- speed records http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/electric-aviation/ Continuous output of ~ 260 kW, engine weighs ~ 50 kg Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP)

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 All Electric Airliners ?

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Hybrid propulsion system E-Thrust

http://www.aero.jaxa.jp/eng/research/frontier/feather/ AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Ion Propulsion Electrostatic propulsion

Use: keeping satellites in proper position to propelling spacecraft

https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/138684974869/ion-propulsionwhat-is-it

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Propellant line-inert gas Process (xenon)

Ion source

Accelerating electrode

Neutralizer: Electron emitter Battery

Ions Electrons AE-705 Introduction to Flight https://www.slideshare.net/decobisu/ionLecture No 11 -thruster-4706532 Capsule-06 Process

AE-705 Introduction to Flight https://www.slideshare.net/decobisu/ionLecture No 11 -thruster-4706532 Capsule-06 https://www.slideshare.net/shyamforever/electric-propulsionNASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT)

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 Steady Level Fight + Altitude effects Next Class on Friday 22nd September

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06