AN AUDIENCE STUDY of WAZOBIA FM, LAGOS a Thesis in Partial Fu
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS) THE RISING POPULARITY OF PIDGIN ENGLISH RADIO STATIONS IN NIGERIA: AN AUDIENCE STUDY OF WAZOBIA FM, LAGOS A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In Journalism and Media Studies At RHODES UNIVERSITY, GRAHAMSTOWN By Funke –Treasure Durodola December, 2013 Supervisors: Professor Larry Strelitz Danika Marquis i Acknowledgement I acknowledge God for his faithfulness throughout the duration of this Master of Arts course and for restoring my health to complete it. I am grateful to my parents, Major and Mrs. Isaac Akintoye (Rtd), for their moral and spiritual support. I acknowledge my husband, Ayodele Durodola, for allowing me to be away for so long and playing the role of my research assistant in Nigeria. I thank the management of Radio Nigeria (FRCN), for granting me the study leave needed to obtain this degree. I am grateful to my Everything Journalism group members on LinkedIn for the enthusiastic, insightful and robust discussion of this topic. I thank Eugenia Abu, Nigeria’s screen diva for assuring me I was taking the right leap to obtain this degree; and Dr. Kole Odutola of the University of Florida for the Skype sessions in my first year. To my friends in Rhodes University too numerous to mention, it’s been an education meeting you all. Many thanks to Professor Monica Hendricks, Corrine Knowles and my younger friend Siphokazi Magadla, who helped me master how to write academic essays. Special thanks to Professor Lynette Steenveld for encouraging me when it mattered most. I remain indebted to my supervisors, Prof Larry Strelitz and Danika Marquis for their time, patience and support. My gratitude also goes to Professor and Mrs. Rosemary Juma from Kenya, my adopted family in Grahamstown, who gave me a home away from home. Thank you, Brahmi Padayachi, Godfrey Nkwerra and Dayo Fasina for the gift of friendship. I will treasure you for a lifetime. I also appreciate Mike Ekunno, my editor who weeded out the ‘little foxes’ that could ruin my vine. Special thanks to my entire family and friends who celebrated the completion of the thesis ahead of time and cheered me on to a successful completion. ii Abstract This research is located within media studies and draws on the Cultural Studies approach. It is an audience study, which uses the mixed methods of focus group discussions and an online survey to examine the importance of the use of Nigerian Pidgin as a broadcast language in investigating the rising popularity of Pidgin English radio in a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Nigeria. The study focuses on Wazobia FM, a radio station in Lagos, and the first pidgin station in Nigeria. It seeks to determine whether the station’s audience engaged with the station’s programming based on its prioritisation of NigP and the linguistic identity it offers them. The study foregrounds the marginalised status of NigP within the politics of language in Nigeria. It traces the language’s evolution through popular and oppositional expressions in broadcasting and in music. It also seeks to establish the place of Pidgin English within the role that language plays in the formation of the Nigerian identity. This study thus adopts the ‘emic’ perspective, which underpins qualitative methodology, and views social life in terms of processes as opposed to static terms. The theoretical framework of this research revolves around culture, language and identity. Pertinent concepts in post-colonial studies, together with conceptual frameworks in Cultural Studies, such as popular culture, representation, hegemony and counter-culture have been used to make sense of the popularity of NigP radio stations. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. III CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: SOCIAL CONTEXT OF STUDY ........................................................................................ 4 2.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 HISTORY OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN NIGERIA ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 NIGERIAN PIDGIN (NIGP) – OUTLOOK AND FEATURES .............................................................................. 9 2.3 SCOPE OF NIGP USAGE ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 NIGP IN LAGOS CITY - INFLUENCES AND DEVELOPMENTS ....................................................................... 18 2.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FELA ANIKULAPO KUTI IN THE EVOLUTION OF NIGP IN LAGOS ............................. 19 2.6 INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION .............................................................................................................. 21 2.7 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER THREE: CONTEXT OF NIGP USAGE IN RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA ................. 23 3.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA ..................................................................................... 23 3.2 THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE IN NIGERIAN RADIO BROADCASTING ......................................................... 26 3.3 THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF NIGP IN RADIO BROADCASTING ........................................................... 28 3.4 RADIO NIGERIA AND USE OF NIGP IN EASTERN NIGERIA ........................................................................ 31 3.5 THE BRITISH BROADCASTING SERVICE WORLD SERVICE TRUST (BBC WST) & USE OF NIGP ................. 32 3.6. COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA - BACKGROUND ................................................................... 33 3.7 NIGERIAN PIDGIN RADIO STATIONS - WAZOBIA FM ............................................................................... 34 3.8 WAZOBIA FM - A PROFILE .................................................................................................................... 35 3.9 INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION .............................................................................................................. 39 3.10 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER FOUR: LITERATURE REVIEW – CULTURAL STUDIES........................................................ 41 4.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 41 4.1. CULTURAL STUDIES.............................................................................................................................. 41 4.2. CIRCUIT OF CULTURE ........................................................................................................................... 42 4.3. CULTURE AND LANGUAGE .................................................................................................................... 42 4.4. LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY .................................................................................................................... 43 4.6. CULTURE AND IDENTITY ....................................................................................................................... 44 4.7. CULTURE AND POPULAR CULTURE ........................................................................................................ 46 4.8. CULTURE AND HEGEMONY ................................................................................................................... 48 4.9. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 50 CHAPTER 5: LITERATURE REVIEW - AUDIENCE ................................................................................... 51 5.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 51 5.1. INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................................... 51 5.2 CULTURAL STUDIES APPROACH TO AUDIENCE STUDIES .......................................................................... 52 5.3 ACTIVE AUDIENCE ................................................................................................................................ 53 5.4 AUDIENCE POWER IN BROADCASTING CONTEXT .................................................................................... 54 5.5 AUDIENCES AND PLEASURE ................................................................................................................... 54 5.6 INTERPELLATION ..................................................................................................................................