A Guide to the Exhibition for Teachers SPANISH PAINTING FROM EL GRECO TO PICASSO : TIME, TRUTH, AND HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 A Note to Teachers 5 Exhibition Overview 6 Historical Overview 9 Bodegones 13 Landscape of Fire 17 Blood and Sand 21 The Domestic World 25 Weeping Women 29 Virgins and Mothers 33 Childhood 37 Knights and Ghosts 41 Ladies 45 Vocabulary 46 Chronological Listing of Artists in the Exhibition 50 Bibliography and Suggested Reading List 51 Credits and Acknowledgments A NOTE TO TEACHERS This guide for educators, which accompanies the exhibition Spanish Painting The content and design of these materials have a threefold purpose: from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History , provides a glimpse into • To assist educators in developing a classroom unit focusing on Spanish painting the important themes and changing character of Spanish painting through the centuries as well as suggestions for how to integrate this rich history of aesthetic • To provide educators with the tools to conduct a self-guided museum visit innovation into the classroom. The presentation of works thematically (rather • To help educators prepare students for, and expand upon, themes and ideas than the more typical chronological arrangement) provides the opportunity to generated during their museum visit compare and contrast how artists from the same country, in various historical epochs, have dealt with similar subject matter. This guide concentrates on the This guide will be most useful in conjunction with a trip to the museum, exhibition themes most relevant to K–12 curriculum and provides examples of but can remain a valuable resource long after the exhibition has closed. So that two works from each of these themes to encourage comparisons of styles and educators can both prepare for and follow up on the exhibition themes, this approaches. Looking at and discussing these works with students can enhance guide is also posted on the museum’s Web site, their understanding of Spanish art and history as well as provide an opportunity www.guggenheim.org/artscurricul um, with images that can be downloaded or to consider how many of these themes continue to be of importance in projected for classroom use. The images may be used for educational purposes contemporary society. only and are not licensed for commercial applications of any kind. Before bringing your class to the museum, we invite you to visit the exhibition, read Designed to provide ideas, activities, and resources that explore some of the the guide, and decide what aspects of the exhibition are most relevant to your compelling issues raised by this exhibition, this guide focuses on the varied students. For more information on scheduling a tour and workshop or an historical and cultural influences that contributed to the development afternoon gallery program, please call (212) 423-3637. of Spanish painting as a culturally rich, visually engaging, and emotionally compelling tradition. Each section contains: • an overview of the exhibition theme as it relates to Spanish painting • two reproductions of works selected from that thematic area to allow for comparisons of works of art • background information on those works of art and the artists who created them • questions to facilitate open-ended discussion • suggestions for further explorations 4 EXHIBITION OVERVIEW Spanish Painting from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History Conceived and curated by Carmen Giménez, the Guggenheim Museum’s November 17, 2006 through March 28, 2007 Curator of Twentieth-Century Art, and Francisco Calvo Serraller, Professor Chair of Art History at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Painting Spanish Painting from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History is an overview from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History is the most historically of Spanish painting focusing on the key artists of the last five centuries. comprehensive presentation of Spanish painting ever seen in the United States. Co-organized by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the State The exhibition features approximately 136 paintings dating from the sixteenth Corporation for Spanish Cultural Action Abroad (SEACEX), this exhibition is through the twentieth centuries, filling the entire Frank Lloyd Wright rotunda the first to present a comprehensive overview of Spanish painting that not only as well as several adjacent galleries. Loans from European and North American mixes examples from different centuries, but also capitalizes on themes that have museums and private collections, together with a significant number of been repeated over the course of history. The exhibition demonstrates how a important works from the Museo Nacional del Prado and Museo Nacional national spirit nurtured the development of certain characteristics, such as a stark Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid, have made this presentation possible. naturalism, an affinity for still lifes and genre painting, and particular approaches to religious, historical, and mythological subjects. Rather than emphasizing a historical chronology, this exhibition presents works from different periods in order to show their affinities and to challenge traditional readings of Spanish art, which have separated modern works from their historical precedents. Twentieth- century Spanish artists continued to cultivate local artistic traditions as features of their national identity and, despite their apparently revolutionary leaps, were nourished by traditional models. The exhibition presents works by the great Spanish masters side by side, including paintings by El Greco, José de Ribera, Francisco de Zurbarán, Diego Velázquez, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Francisco de Goya, Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris, Joan Miró, and Salvador Dalí, arranged in thematic groupings that bring together works from various centuries. These thematic groupings allow relationships between works to come into focus, inviting visitors to become familiar with distinctive Spanish treatments of subject matter from history, religion, mythology, and everyday life. 5 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The history of Spain is as rich, colorful, and diverse as that of any country in the During the sixteenth century, due to the immense wealth derived from its world, encompassing the diverse histories of the Roman, Moslem, Jewish, Greek, presence in the Americas, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe. Phoenician, and North African people who have, at one time or another, called Not only did this lead to the arrival of ever-increasing quantities of precious the Iberian Peninsula home. With access to both the Mediterranean Sea and the metals, spices, and new agricultural species that had a great influence on the Atlantic Ocean, present-day Spain (which shares the Iberian Peninsula with development of Europe, but the explorers, soldiers, sailors, traders, and Portugal) has served as a vital trading link and entry point into both North Africa missionaries also brought back with them a flood of knowledge that radically and Southern Europe. The history of Spain has been greatly influenced by this transformed the European understanding of the world. This period of political crosscurrent of ethnicities and religions. But the culture and history of Spain have dominance coincided with a flowering in the fine arts, decorative arts, and been shaped not only by those who conquered and fought for control of the literature known as the Siglo de Oro, or Golden Age, which would last well into Iberian Peninsula, but also by the artists who flourished during the sixteenth and the next century. Throughout this period, artists produced superb works, many of early seventeenth centuries—Spain’s so-called Golden Age—as well as by the them for the Church. As the Protestant Reformation threatened the preeminence more recent twentieth-century masters. of the Catholic faith, Spanish monarchs and clergy hastened to its defense. Religious reform in Spain led to a revitalized Church, which commissioned works Spain, a land of castles and churches, bullfights and flamenco, dusty landscapes that would inspire faith and teach doctrine. The powerful Habsburg dynasty that and blazing heat, is home to a rich cultural heritage. The culture of Spain ruled Spain during this period also provided artists with commissions for portraits stretches back to prehistory, to the people who populated the land twenty- and triumphant subjects. But a series of long, costly wars and revolts, capped by thousand years ago. The paintings of these early people are still visible on the the defeat of the “Invincible Armada” by the English in 1588, began a steady walls and ceilings of the Altamira caves they inhabited in northern Spain. decline of Spanish power in Europe. Controversy over succession to the throne Imperial Roman occupation lasting five hundred years was followed by nearly consumed the country during the eighteenth century, leading to an occupation by eight hundred years of Islamic domination, which would impact the country’s France during the Napoleonic era in the early 1800s. architecture, art, and language. This influence can still be seen today, particularly in southern Spain, where the Moorish kingdoms flourished. There was constant The nineteenth century saw the revolt and independence of most of Spain’s fighting between the Moors in the south and the Christian kingdoms that colonies in the Western hemisphere. The Spanish-American War of 1898 dominated the central heartland and north of Spain. The marriage of Ferdinand, marked the end of Spanish