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Entscheidende Behörde Entscheidungsdatum Geschäftszahl 28.07.2003 Entscheidende Behörde Unabhängiger Bundesasylsenat Entscheidungsdatum 28.07.2003 Geschäftszahl 219.763/0-X/30/02 Spruch BESCHEID SPRUCH Der unabhängige Bundesasylsenat hat durch das Mitglied Mag. BRAUCHART gemäß § 66 Abs. 4 AVG iVm § 38 Abs. 1 des Asylgesetzes 1997, BGBI. I Nr. 76/1997, idF. BGBI. I Nr. 126/2002, entschieden: Der Berufung von A. A. vom 9.11.2000 gegen den Bescheid des Bundesasylamtes vom 25.10.2000, Zahl: 00 13.344-BAE, wird stattgegeben und A. A. gemäß § 7 AsylG Asyl gewährt. Gemäß § 12 leg.cit. wird festgestellt, dass A. A. damit kraft Gesetzes die Flüchtlingseigenschaft zukommt. Text BEGRÜNDUNG I.1. Der nunmehrige Berufungswerber, ein afghanischer Staatsangehöriger, stellte am 26.9.2000 einen Asylantrag, zu welchem er vom Bundesasylamt am 12.10.2000 einvernommen wurde. Mit Bescheid vom 25.10.2000, Zahl: 00 13.344-BAE, wies das Bundesasylamt den Asylantrag gemäß § 7 AsylG ab (Spruchpunkt I) und stellte in Spruchpunkt II fest, dass die Zurückweisung, Zurückschiebung oder Abschiebung des Berufungswerbers nach Afghanistan zulässig sei (§ 8 AsylG). Dieser Bescheid wurde dem Berufungswerber nachweislich am 30.10.2000 zugestellt. Gegen diesen Bescheid wendet sich die fristgerecht eingebrachte Berufung vom 9.11.2000. 2. Der unabhängige Bundesasylsenat führte in der Sache des Berufungswerbers am 14.7.2003 eine Berufungsverhandlung gemäß § 67d AVG durch, an welcher der Berufungswerber, nicht jedoch das Bundesasylamt teilnahm. II. Der unabhängige Bundesasylsenat hat erwogen: 1. Folgender Sachverhalt steht fest: 1.1. Zur Person des Berufungswerbers: Der Berufungswerber ist afghanischer Staatsangehöriger und Angehöriger der Volksgruppe der Tadschiken. Er wurde in Kabul geboren und wuchs in P. auf. Nach seiner Jugendzeit ging er zurück nach Kabul, wo er bis zu seiner Ausreise aus Afghanistan im 00. 2000 lebte. Mehrere Angehörige seiner Familie waren Mitglieder der kommunistischen Partei "SAZA" bzw. "Setam-e Milli". Da der Berufungswerber keine höhere Berufsausbildung hatte, war er selbst nicht formelles Mitglied dieser Partei, er war aber Sympathisant der Partei und nahm regelmäßig an Sitzungen und Diskussionen der Partei teil. Der Onkel des Berufungswerbers, A. M. A., war ein hochrangiges Mitglied der Partei "SAZA" bzw. "Setam-e Milli" und war ein Vertreter der Partei. Er hatte sowohl unter Babrak als auch unter Najibullah eine hohe Funktion im Ministerium inne. 1992, nach der Machtübernahme durch Rabbani, verließ der Onkel des Berufungswerbers Afghanistan und ging nach Russland. Wegen des Onkels des Berufungswerbers wurde dessen Sohn, der Cousin des Berufungswerbers, der ebenfalls www.ris.bka.gv.at Seite 1 von 7 Unabhängiger Bundesasylsenat 28.07.2003 Mitglied bei "SAZA" bzw. "Setam-e Milli" war, 1981 von den Mujaheddin, konkret von der Jamiat-e Islami, festgenommen und umgebracht. Drei Tage nach der Festnahme seines Cousins wurde auch der Berufungswerber im Zuge einer Durchsuchung des Hauses seines Onkels, in welchem er sich gerade aufhielt, von den Mujaheddin, konkret von der Jamiat-e Islami, festgenommen und in weiterer Folge ins Gefangenenhaus gebracht, wo er zur "SAZA" bzw. "Setam-e Milli" befragt wurde. Es wurde ihm unterstellt, ebenfalls der Partei "SAZA" bzw. "Setam-e Milli" anzugehören und man bezeichneten ihn als "Gottlosen". Bei den Personen, die ihn befragten, handelte es sich um Untersuchungsrichter, um Angehörige des Militärgerichtes, namens M., K. und M. N. Die Untersuchungsrichter teilten dem Berufungswerber mit, dass er nun "formell" festgenommen werde, da er zu den Intellektuellen und den Gottlosen gehören würde. Sie sagten, dass ihrer Religion genüge getan werde, wenn man Angehörige der Parteien SAZA, Parcham oder Khalgh umbringe. In diesem Gefangenenhaus wurde der Berufungswerber ca. 10 Tage angehalten, dann wurde er in ein anderes Gefängnis, in welchem sich Angehörige der Parteien SAZA, Parcham oder Khalgh befanden, verlegt. Dort war der Berufungswerber mit 700 anderen Personen eingesperrt. Insgesamt war der Berufungswerber ca. 40 Tage lang inhaftiert. Die Fraktion um Babrak sowie Mitglieder der Parcham-Partei versuchten schließlich mit der Unterstützung sowjetischer Truppen die Gefangenen aus diesem Gefängnis befreien, die Gefängnisaufseher reagierten darauf mit der Hinrichtung einiger Gefangener durch Erschießen. Im Zuge dieser Hinrichtungsaktion wurde auch der Cousin des Berufungswerbers ermordet. Schließlich kam es zu Kämpfen zwischen den Gefängniswärtern und den Befreiern, die der Berufungswerber zur Flucht aus dem Gefängnis nützen konnte. Die Jamiat-e Islami hat im gegenwärtigen Machtgefüge Afghanistans wieder eine Schlüsselfunktion inne. Die Untersuchungsrichter, die den Berufungswerber befragt haben, leben gegenwärtig wieder in Kabul, wo sie nach wieder als Richter tätig sind. 1.2. Zur Situation in Afghanistan 1.2.1. Allgemeine politische Lage: Das Eingreifen der Anti-Terrorallianz und der Sturz des Taliban-Regimes bietet Afghanistan nach 22 Jahren Bürgerkrieg und kriegerischer Auseinandersetzung die Chance auf einen Neubeginn. Allerdings ist derzeit weder der Kampf gegen die Al-Kaida- und Talibankämpfer abgeschlossen noch ein Ausgleich zwischen den innerafghanischen Fraktionen erreicht, die Wirtschaftlage ist weiterhin desolat, die humanitäre Situation weiterhin schwierig (Auswärtiges Amt, Ad hoc-Bericht über die asyl- und abschiebungsrelevante Lage in Afghanistan, Stand Ende Mai 2002). Die Sicherheitslage ist im Allgemeinen und hinsichtlich bestimmter Bevölkerungsgruppen in bestimmten Regionen Afghanistans immer noch sehr schlecht (Auswärtiges Amt, Ad hoc-Bericht über die asyl- und abschiebungsrelevante Lage in Afghanistan, Stand Ende Mai 2002; Dr. B. G., Stellungnahme vom 26.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig-Holstein). Auf der Großen Ratsversammlung (Loya Jirga) im Juni 2002 wurde eine Übergangsregierung unter dem Präsidenten Hamid Karzai gebildet, unter der eine Verfassung geschaffen und allgemeine demokratische Wahlen vorbereitet werden sollen, damit in etwa zwei Jahren eine reguläre, demokratisch legitimierte Regierung etabliert werden kann. De facto reicht die derzeitige Staatsmacht unter Präsident Karzai nicht über die Stadtgrenzen von Kabul hinaus (Dr. B. G., Stellungnahme vom 26.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig- Holstein). Zwar ist in Kabul mit der Anwesenheit einer internationalen Friedentruppe (ISAF) von über 4000 Mann eine Regierung entstanden, die in der Lage ist, eine übergreifende Ordnung in der Hauptstadt umzusetzen, so dass dort extreme Formen von Auseinandersetzungen unterbunden werden und der Einzelne im Großen und Ganzen nicht um seine Existenz zu fürchten braucht. Selbst in der Hauptstadt mit ihren großen Ausläufern, in denen inzwischen wieder fast zwei Millionen Menschen leben, kann die Regierung nicht überall - insbesondere nicht in den Vororten - die staatliche Ordnung durchsetzen (Dr. M. D., Stellungnahme vom 05.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig-Holstein). Außerhalb Kabuls herrscht politisches Chaos (Dr. B. G., Stellungnahme vom 26.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig-Holstein) bzw. Uneinheitlichkeit (Dr. M. D., Stellungnahme vom 05.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig-Holstein). Einzelne Stammesfürsten bzw. ehemalige Mujaheddin- Kommandanten sind Träger der lokalen Macht und herrschen mehr oder weniger unabhängig von den Vorgaben der Zentralregierung in Kabul (Dr. M. D., Stellungnahme vom 05.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig-Holstein; Dr. B. G., Stellungnahme vom 26.08.2002, erstattet an das Verwaltungsgericht Schleswig- Holstein). Die Macht von Karzai bzw. der Zentralregierung reicht nicht aus, alle Teile Afghanistans zu kontrollieren. Jede Zone - Afghanistan ist in Zonen geteilt - wird von den jeweiligen Kommandanten, die diese Region von den Taliban befreit hat, kontrolliert (Ausführungen Dr. R. als Sachverständiger für die aktuelle politische Lage in Afghanistan zur Situation der Frauen in Afghanistan, in der mündlichen Verhandlung des UBAS am 16.12.2002 zum Verfahren mit der Geschäftszahl 217.268). www.ris.bka.gv.at Seite 2 von 7 Unabhängiger Bundesasylsenat 28.07.2003 Eine funktionierende Polizei existiert derzeit in Afghanistan nicht. Der Aufbau einer afghanischen Polizei, in der alle Ethnien gleichberechtigt vertreten sind, spielt eine Schlüsselrolle für die Wiederherstellung der inneren Sicherheit in Afghanistan (Auswärtiges Amt, Ad hoc-Bericht über die asyl- und abschiebungsrelevante Lage in Afghanistan, Stand Ende Mai 2002). Das afghanische Recht war (bereits) vor dem Taliban-Regime unter den Mujaheddin durch die islamische Scharia bestimmt. Unter Berufung auf die Scharia werden Frauen in einer Reihe von Bereichen benachteiligt: im Familienrecht (Sorgerecht stets beim Vater), im Erb-, Zivilverfahrens und Strafrecht (insbes. Ehebruch). Ebenso wie es an Verwaltungsstrukturen fehlt, kann bislang auch nicht von einer nur ansatzweise funktionierenden Justiz gesprochen werden. Es besteht keine Einigkeit über die Gültigkeit und damit Anwendbarkeit von Rechtssätzen. Zudem fehlt es an einer Ausstattung mit Sachmitteln und geeignetem Personal. Eine Strafverfolgung von Übergriffen lokaler Machthaber außerhalb Kabuls ist praktisch nicht möglich. Auf dem Land wird die Richterfunktion von lokalen Räten (Shuras) übernommen. Eine zuverlässige Aussage darüber, wann nach der Taliban-Willkürherrschaft wieder ein funktionierendes Verwaltungs- und Gerichtssystem etabliert sein wird, ist nicht möglich (Auswärtiges Amt, Ad hoc-Bericht über
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