CATHOLIC WORKER
:Vol. V. No. 5. SEPTEMBER, 1937 Price One Cent
EASY ESSAYS Lesson In CON·SClENTtous Bitler In Farm Colony by Ethiopian OBJECTOR Open Sla1n Larger,Need,s PETER MAURIN The picture rePfoduced here 11 o Ch h S d f ar Plans that of Ben Salmon, one of the n ure 8C0n arm W unsung heroes of the World War. Unpopular In the August issue of "Harpers" A devout Roman Catholic, and (N.O.W.O. News Service) 50 Children and Many there is an article, or rather a one committed to the belief that AMSTERDAM - It is perhaps I condensation of a book, "Planning modern war canno• be justified, aymptoinatic that Adol! Hitler Visitors Overflow Housel the Ethiopian Conquest,'' by Mar himself, who was born a Catholic I Front shall Emilio DeBono that should h1' suffered for his conviction• by and practiced his Faith up to 10 and Barns , cause fall, who call tbemsel'l'ee years ago, on the eve ot the annu I. Four in One Christian, to think, to re11ect, and al meeting or the German Hier· The Unpopl.llar Front to act now. ' archy, has given a written recom· DAY AFTER DAY. is a front composed or: Planned Raid mendation to the author of a "l'io 1. Huma11ists With the candor of a chihl Mar· lently anti-Catholic pamphlet by a "You be the father a.wt yoor who try to be human shall De Bono tells openly how former Catholic whose name 11 aam.e :la Patrlo'k •ni I'm tn. to ma11. be and n Duce planned months be· Prothmann, on "The Right of mother." 2. Theists lore to create wa-r in Ethiopia. He Faith." "And we ha'l'e so many ohfl· who believe 11uotes a letter from the. Duce to The booklet has been published dren!" that G<>d wants ua him "In case the Negus should by the notorlona Ludendortr agency "Yes, si~ haTe t• ~ !a tllk to be otir brother'• keeper. have no Intention or attacking ua in Municll, the; headquarters ol bed, and we'll let two come llltG ll. Ch1"istians we ourselves must take th• lnl· th• most coneplcuously anti· bed wUh us. Then lt won't be 110 who beltne tlative ..• .''. dated Februacy !6th Cbristlan. orgattlzatlGR in the crowded." in the Sermon on th• Mount before hostilities commencecl-. This, country. "Come on children, you ea.'it ol the a1 well u course, waa ·secret at time Taxed Heavily pla,. anr more, tt'a ltl•• lM b..._ and we -ask all to reca:ll 'tff pro And don't take ao 1006 a at un· .the Ten Comma.ndments. paganda, excuse.a. and allbls, that lnstr1tct1oa11 II.an now been. l• 4. Catholiea ''I .. e.- au•ll whereby Catholic parishes In dressing. Father, are you rohtg te who believe were advanced 1>T the Fasclsta at bed?" that time. .A.a in the cue· e>l "The Germany wlll be taxed more heaT1· ''NB, l l>een ..1eepi•g all .tay. .. La the Thomiatlo Doctrine being imprisoned durinq tf ; J>age Two THE CATHOLIC WORKER ~ti:P_TEMBER , 1937 • VOL;. 6, No. 5 -THE CATHOLIC WORKER II Day After Day II Collect for The Feast of SS. Isaac (Member of Catholio Press Assooiation) DOROTHY DAY, Editor and Publisher (Continued from Page 1) Jogues, John de Brebeuf and 115 Mott St., New York Oity tie office, the kitchen, and the two WILLIAM M. CALLAHAN, .Managing Editor bedrooms were . always filled. All Companions PETER MAURIN, EDWARD K. PRIEST, Editorial Staff summer we had two invalids with DANIEL IRWIN, Bursar MARTIN F. O'DONNELL, Ci rculation us (and the vjtality oC- the children ADE BETHUNE, Art olAMES F. MONTACUE, Farm Manager seemed to bring health to them 0 God, who hast consecrated the first fruits of the faith too.) in the vast regions of North America by the preaching and Easton Office Fa rm We can do without beds ana blood of thy blessed martyrs Isaac, John and their Companio'ns, 142 So. 4th St., E~ sto n , Pa. R.F.D . .No. 4, Easton, Pa. sleep on the floor, _we can sleep in flt. Joseph's House and Propaganda Headqua rters. 115 Mott St., New York Ci ty wet beds ; we can do with · most mercilully grant throug.h their intercession that a plentiful har Telephqnc: CAnal 6-9795 - primitive washin and toilet facili vest of Christians may increase everywhere from day to day. - Subscr iption, United 'States, 25c Yearly. Ca nada a nd Foreign, 30c Yearly. ties ; but with space there is a Subscription ra.te or one cent per copy plus p ostage applies to bundles of one sense Of luxury. hundred or more copies each -month for on e year to be directed to one address. Farm- Needed We are all pqying to St. J oseph Notify of change of address g1v1ng both the OLD and the NEW. Requests for Pittsburgh .CW's Visit,- 11ew subsoriptions, renewals, change of address,- and discontinuance should be to get this farm for us in some way. .... eent to this office (115 Mott S·fr-eet) at least two weeks before they are to go It costs four thousand dollars, a into effect. 1 I· huge sum, but it js certainty worth Alliance Jn Encourage :Entered as Second Cl ass Matter, December 5, 1934, at the Post Office it. And what to us is an unbeliev of New York, N. Y., Under the Act of March 3, 1879 ably large sum, s"hould seem like nothing to our patrQn. Surely, you Two Rallies Boston CW , ...,.200 can see, St. Joseph, that we need Sunday, .August l, Rev. Charles July and August are the slow this place, so can't you 1:emind Rice and Rev. Carl P. Hensler with months, usually, in Boston, and somebody who bas an abundance fo about 18 members of the Catholic this year was no exception as tar The editorial, for which this space is usually reserved, will be buy it for us? · Radical Alliance staged a counter as selling the Catholic Worker is During these two months, Mary demonsti'ation with the League concerned; but the vacation period found on the first page: We have been forced, because of finances, Johnson has made 1,500 beds, let Against War and Fascism. .About which takes the Boston Worker ' . us figure, and served 4,500 meals. 1,000 copies of the Catholic Worker away for relaxation or change o! t() confine ourselves t~ four .pages for the last two issues. We hope She gives this service to us,-the and 500 copies of a timely leaflet scene, acts In the same manner family she has adopted out of the composed by Father Rice were di· •on Workers from other centers. that the ot~~ber nu~be~ will si~al our return to normal. loving kindness of her heart. Don vided among us to pass out. .Ar We are constantly meeting our co ~ I ald has washed dishes after 4,500 large sign reading "We are op- workers who because of the com servings.; Stephen Johnson, 'work posed to War, Facism and Com- mon ideal, do not seem as strangers ing in town during the summer munlsm" was painted in red and though we may meet for the firsc has contributed four-fifths of his black letters. (Note: Fascism is time and immediately thereafter CONDITIONS FOR A_" JUST ,'#AR salary; a deaf girl, working at spellell ~rong but that isn't the ~01:1g distances separate us again. bouseworlC for five dollars a week, leaves us a dollar every week to only thing wrong with it.) Kept Busy I. The. war must btt undertaken in defense of • strict ri9ht. Some young Communists were yelling "Buy Fight and read the Boston bas been fortunate this II. The vlilue or importance. of this right must be in proportion truth about Spain." Only a few in week to have had Dorothy Day to ;+he magnitude of the damages to be inflicted during the crowd bought. Many questions visit us for four days; a day at the war. were asked about our organization Lowell and Lawrence as well as and the reason for demonstrating. the various demands which a·re Ill. War musf'be absolutely t~e last resort. Two young girls beloqglng to the made on her unstinting generosity ·1v. There, -must be ,a· reasonable hope of victory. Young Communist League told us of time kept her busy all during that when they first heard ·of the her visit. We arranged a meeting v. The i:ight intention must exist at the declarati~n of war, Catholic Radi.cal .Alliance they of interested friends for Wednes and must continue for the duration· of the war. , were more than shocked. Commun day evening, and planned to iiold ists have always listed Catholics in It at 328 Tremont Street. A half - VI. The war must be rightly conducted'. the conservative group and could b.our before the time set it be· hardly imagine their being progres came apparent that our hall wo.uJd. help out; seamen from the seven sive, that is supporting the laborer be entirely too small, so we called PAX does not believe that any modern wa·r ca·n seas whom we fed last winter, have -the forgotten man. In other on our good friend, Father Hen contributed from twelve ships to words they admit they don't un nessey, who placed his parish Hall r:neasure up to these requirements. Con help ·out; one seaman turned over derstand Holy Mother Church. at our disposal. sequently, its membprs refuse to take part $150 on bis return from a voyage; League for War This Hall is about ten minutes one young fellow supporting a fam- The attending crowd were most- walk from the CW and those_ who in. ·any modern war. ily contributed his lunch money for Jy .members of the Young Commun- had already arrived were ushered over there and all new comers a good part of the summer. ist League, National Youth Con- were met and directed how to get All these workers giving abun- gress or were just communistically there; several who bad cars took dantly of the talents, energies and inclined. .A few of those we talked others with them, and a general earnings, and giving at such a sac- with expressed a desire to attend Catholic Worker Spirit prevailed. War ,.. Hitler . rifice, surely will bring the graces our lectures in the fall. One inter I do not think we lost any on of God do"'.n on . the :work. We are es ting young man has come to our the way over. About two hundred , (Continued from :Page 1) _ (Continued from Page 1 ) sure that 1f lt. 1s H1s goo~ pleas- meetings since, also taking extra attended the lecture; many who what interestii we are serving by U\.'e, we are gomg to get this farm. copies of the Catholic Worker to stance of· the systematic attempt we cer_talnly need it, and He has j disb:ibute. had not heard Miss Day before and encouraging and taking part in any of the Nazi authorities to inter were greatly impressed. Miss Day modern war when what is told us fere with all freedom · of religious not failed us . yet. .The~e were .A Communist gave us an invita and Mr. Hughes left for New York -' before varies so widely with what plenty of rosanes said with ~hat lion to a Pro-Spanish "Loyali11t" thought. Despite the fact that al intention and the prayers of little meeting to be held August 4. The Immediately after the meeting_ we learn after. most 1,000,009 pilgrims gathered in Lust for Power children a1' e most potent of all. invitation promised a "thrilling Visited the city for ttie great procession, Priest Visitors moving picture of our boys in the Let us put the Church's defini the press of Germany was not per Thursday of Jast week the Corn tion of what constitutes a just .All during the summer there trenches of Spain." Also a request mqnist Party g~ve a reception to mitted to make any/ · reference were priest vi_sitors sleeping at the was made for "cigarettes for the war fi r mly Jn our minds when whatever to the event. No public three Flaherty brothers who have .Qress .and radio begin to whip rip farm. Father Joseph Woods from boys over there." Just such re recently returned from the wa r building in the city was allowed Portsmouth Priory was with us marks prove the League Against "patriotic" hysteria and remember to be decorated with flags. The area in Spain; several of the CW that now is the time to decide un- for two weeks, and Father Palmer War and Fascism is a league for group went to Symphony Hall and tourist office refuse.d , all assistance from Long Island -was-with us still war against Fascism. One of the 1 der just what conditions we shall distributed the paper. to the pilgrims and· the railroads another two weeks. (He took lots sad things about this organization I seem to be going backward ; be willing to shed blood. In this withdrew their original o:tfer to ar. naiv·e admission of De Bono and of moving pictures.) We certainly is that· the league is camouflaged, week before last Mrs. Polcyn and Mussolini to Italy's raid upon range for special trains, obviously wouldn't be without priests ti:> offer .and well • meaning progressive her daughter, Miss Nina Polcyn ot Abyssinia we see how the military because of orders given to them up Mass if we ]lad a chapel. We groups are apt to side with it in Milwau){ee, spent a short half bour from higher places.· had to spend tile money we had supporting unions and the like with us before taking the train for mind works .to create "incid.ents" set aside for a chapel this year, thereby promoting the popular and prepares to f~ ce war upon the Heinrich Imb11sch, former head her home. of the Catholic trade unions 'of realizing that Temples of the Holy front and helping Communism take Previously we had had the pleas .cooples of the nations involved. Ghost were moFe Important than one step towards vi.ctoFy. We see the secret hurry to pro Germany, "'.ho left the country ure of a visit from Bob Smith ot after the Hitler regime came to temples made with hands. So this .A Catholic Radical Alliance mem the Relief Workers Union in Ne1v duce a "defensive-counter-offensive'' ls another thing we need. .And ber stoed before the meeting haJI -and hOW "the matter would have power, has .now been formally de York, Miss Coombs of St. Louis prived of his German· citizenship. while we are about it, there is and handed out Catholic Workers also came In one evening. Unfor to be settled" not from ideals of money for. b!p.lding. Two married and a leaflet stating that the justice and equity, but from sheer The .Ausfrian Catholic weekly, tunately we did not get her address Schte11e1·e · Zukunft, whose editor, couples on the farm now and .lit· Church is behind the working man here and could not notify her of lust for conquest, both military tle houses (two rooms would be in his fight for subs-istence. The and eccnomic. What bunk all these Joseph Eberle, of Vienna, has con Miss Day's ' visit. sistently maintained an astounding sufficient) needed for them by air was tense and many slams were .As the !-all season approaches we high-sounding slogans and alibis spring. Fr. Lallemant says we thrown at him about the Catholics are when compared with the frank reserve with regard to Nazi ac hope to regain any ground we may compliment God by expecting and the Church but no excitement have lost; our courage and flnan c~ s ly stated truth that only appears tivities· has now met with sheer great things fi:om Him, so we're' occurred. afterwards. ingratitude on the part o.f the Hit were very low when Miss Da:v s listing these wants. .And there's 'Ehe .Alliance held a demonstra talk raised both and placed •1 s Plain Suckers ler regime. German . newspapers the printing bill, by now over a tion in behalf of the strikers at the We see the tactics of the battle have been instructed not to accept once more on the right path ; real thousapd dollars; and the grocery Heppenstall Strip Mill, a small izing the wonderful Faith til.a t is field used before "there ls any g~ advertisements seeking subscribers bills, about Jive hundred. steel mill right in the city of Pitts- eral expectation of a war. "Sur by that weekly and not to refer to the motive power of the CW Move· Importunate burgh. Father Hensler, Father ment we should never be discour· -J>riae" movements are planned to the magazine's contents in their .At the present moment we feel Rice and two Capuchin priests, l!tart a war as well as to carry it columns. , aged. We are grateful to all th o~ e like the Israelites, crying out to Father Francis de Sales Donoghue who so generously came to 9ur r s on. The strategie:i of diplomats and In Goeppingen, Wuerttember,g, the Lord in the wilderness. And and Father Clarence Tschippert, slstance and hope they wlll be in· generals blend into each ·other so Fathe~ Gregor. Waeschl .~ b_aii been .we are sure that Re will hear us. 'were present with about a dozen terested' to come to our meetinzs, • well that there is no line of de fined 150 Marks, corresponding to We've been reading the old Tes- Jay members of the .Alllance. to take part in our discussions, or marcation. How sure are we even about $60, because. he objected to tament a gr.eat. deal this summer. Coples of · the Worker were dis at Mass Meetings or labor demcn· now that the wounding of the Brit the falsehoods spread by a local .And when we pray importunately tributed. strattons. Let us all unite for the iah official and the bombing of the Nazi newspaper about the Church, for these material needs, because The union organizer and the man spiritual revolution which, as Peter U. S. steamer were not definitely in the course of a private conver we have a very large and hm1gry who has kept up spirit in the strik Maurin says is necessary before a part of the military plans in the sation. The priest's remarks were family of about a hundred, we are ers, BiiiJ ,Hart, turned the meet there can be any Social Revolution. present China-Japan war? Is it not construed by the court as "libel reminded of the words of Moses. Ing over to Father Rice when the JANE A. MARR,A, Chairman. time for even the most militaristic against a newspaper." When Pharoah tired of the disas- parade stopped. Standing on milk m.inded Christians to thsink, re ters which w~re overtaking him, cases Father Rice appealed for flect, and to act now so that we appeal to ' fovestigate and analyze and yet greedy, told Moses to fake peace, for the council table rather "Mission work has suffered in and to be courageous before the his people and get out, only leav· than b1·jcks and clubs. Fa~her Hen- 11hall rhave a little frankness before conceivably by the war. Native ,rushing into carnage. ing the herds behind him. Moses sler and Father F r_anms spoke guns begin to make mincemeat of r.efused. "There shall not a hoof briefiy. Two of the Jay members Christians · are living without the In view of all that has been de us is not based upon humanitarian remain ol' them," he said, "for they of the Alliance spoke, one was .a Sacraments, and dying without bunked about the World War,. Mar grounds, but only upon the ordi- are necessary fo r the service of young woman, the other was Regis llhall De Bonb's candor, and mili nary man's hatred of being a suck- the Lord our God." Walsh. The meet>n g ended as priest. The Kingdom of God suf tary and e-conomlc history of the er. Those who say they admire And I do indeed ·feel that all these arops of rain began to fall, 01~e of fers and is unconsidered whilst last centuries are not most of us valor and courage will fin d plenty things I have been mentioning "are the priests led the crowd 111 a the boundaries are being se t~ just plain suckers, not to mention of it in the annals of our Con- necessary fo r the service or the cheer for a local newspaperman anti-Cb rl.stian, ln our easy accept scientious Objectors during the . Lord our God," so we shall con- who had given the strilters an es- tied." - " Church and War" by p,nce of what we fight about? This World War. iinue to pray for them. pecially fair deal In bls stories. Fathe r Stratr:nann, O.P. I rI'HE CATHOLIC WORKER Page Tii~ Duty ol Joining Union Priests Show Racial Prejudice Is A Stupid Sin? (Continued from Page 1) them decentfy and provide them with clothing and education. I met a woman in Lowell the other day I nter.est I n whose father had gone to work in the mills when he was nine years old. CHICAGO LETTER The first organizing and protest was done by women in New England, who were trying to better ACTU Action No sin, we think, is grounded on their condition. Over and over again in the last hundred years, the workers have been trying to or a. more stu11!d basis th~ that ol ganize. Sometimes they have succee.ded. Sometimes· organizations have sprung up, arid when they Frnm. " Itnp1·essions of Mott Street" racial prejudice. But wftn Catho could not get the employer to accede to their de-mands for better conditions, they have been forced by Fathers ·Charles Owen Rice and lic!! wbo have the glorious all4 to go on strike. Many times strikes have been lost, or have seemed to be lost in the history of Carl P. Hensler in "The Pittsburg"A challenging doctrine of the Mystl• Catholic," we clipped t1"6 foZlow cal Body to splrltualize their out• labor. Yet almo t every strike has brought about better conditions, better wages. They may seem to ing: look on the matter a.re guilty Qf have lost, but nearly always there have been gains conceded by the employer, if only to keep the racial discrimination, what is only workers contented, to keep them from striking again; if only to _keep them from organizing into "We went to a meeting or the As stupid in others becomes pa.rticu· sociation of Catholic Trade Union Iarly reprehe11-sible. Racial- preju· unions. • ists. It was well attended. We dice is certainly not traditionally The employers know the strength there is in unions, and they will even increase wages and gave short talks, and the bulk of Catholic. A gfance at the countries give bonuses at the very threat of forming a union. the time was devoted to questions where there are no inter-racial and discussion from the ftoor. problems will sh9y; that alinoet Without exception · they are c9qli; Solidarity Needed "The discussion was, !or t}le tries predominately Catholic. Tra most part, worthwhile. There were ditionally, Catholic Christianity And now once more there is a chance of building up a strong union of the workers, who can quite a. few intelligent, Catholic has been no more than scientt11- act as a body and bargain collectively. Here there is an opportunity to join a national organization, trade unionists in evidence. Two ca.lly uiterested in chromosomes. which can bring strength and a sen e of solidarity to workers in Lawrence, New Orleans, Chicago, Jesuits from India. were there. Racial prejudice on the pa.rt of and_ other cities. A national organization, in that it can take care of its very poorest members, is an "A staff member from one of Catholics arises not from their America's foremost Catholic maga Catholicism but rather In spite ,1 c. sential. For instance, if you have a strong union and good conditions in one town, you would zines and a professor from Ford it. So when we Catholics are gull· have to help another town achieve those same conditions, by both moral and physical support. And ham joined in the discussion. The tY of and a.re charged with racial. only a national organization can do this. meeting was held in the base dlitcrimination, tis no relle::rion, a1....,, • As Catholics you certainly ought to realize the necessity to work as a body. You are all membefs ment of a.n Italian Franciscan ma.ny would have It, on the Cath: - olicism WQ profess; rather it parish church." 1 • rt of the Mystical Body of Christ and St. Paul'Ji saying was that when one member suffers, the health ftects on us ourselves ·for not ll't· . ~ of the whole body is lowered. If some of yoe: in other words, are satisfied with your wages and Clergy Interested ing Christianity and making tbe h.oun; you have no right to sit b~ck and be comfortable while great masses of workers are suffering This was a mee.tlng ·specially Catholicism we profess the domll· under deplorable conditions,-poor wages that are not sufficient to maintain a family and keep them called to hear Fathers Rice and ant thing in our lives. Hensler, militant, enga.glng found Open the Doora in decent health, let alone afford them education and other needs. As long as the great mass of work ers of the Catholic Radical Alliance ers haYe to 11ve in unsanitary, unheated tenements, no one has a right to his comfort while his brother Father Gillard in an article «>n of Pittsburgh. In a.11, seven priests Colored Students in our CaUio'Ac is i~ misery. · · · attended. Colleges in a recent America mtn. . Chri t was a worker Himself, and He set an example to us all. He was a worker and He loved The active interest ,of the clergy tions a.long with an emba.rrasi.rigir the workers. The last words He said to His disciples, the last commandment He gave, which com Is one of the most heartening few others· one · Catholic college fu ' Chicago that accepts colored ~rte ; prc ed all the rest, was that we were to love-one• another. We cannot, in other words, love God things about the brief history of 1 ... the AOTU. If It can be the means t<>r extension work. That would unle s we love our neighbor. And if we love out neighbor, we have to show our love by trying to of bringing a few more priests seem to put our city on a question-· • help him. closer to the workingman and his able honor roll--wlth resena-· Of our elves we can do nothing. We must b and together, and with God's help, fight for better problems, then it will ha.ve served tions. But there Is stfll much to a. nqble purpose. be a.eked for. conditions for the workers throughout the country, not only in one town. Whenever this question of open The regu1ar August meeting was ing the doors of our schools to •II Brotherhood of Man honored by the presence of another Catholics arises, there is always promin.ent labor priest, Rev. John somebQdy who lets the old black If we are not working together, we are denying Christ in His poor. And He said, "Inasmuch P. Boland, chairman of the New ca.t of intermarriage out of the baJ a. you have not done it unto the least of these my brethren, you have not done it unto me..'' He York State Labor Relations Board, in the hope tha.t it will glare us who spoke on the history and pres Into a respectable, If not respect w.u· talking then of ministering to others, and seeing to it that they have food and drink, and visitors ent condition of the American la ful, silence. But as one priest who when they were in prison or sick in the hospital. bor movement. works among the colored here An association of workers can do these thing~ for each other. In the Old Testament it says that Waterfront Plana says,· there . Is no law, civil, ec· two are better than one, for if one falls, the ot?er can hold him up. clesiastical or divine, forbidding A special meeting !or waterfront marriages between the races. The Even when it comes to prayer, the Church is collective. We pray together, for each other. We workers, to include teamsters, long matter must. always be the private don't pray for ourselves alone. We don't say, "My Father who art in Heaven," J>ut "Our Father shoremen, checkers, a.rid seamen, concerns of the persons involved, "'ho art in Heaven." We don't address the Blessed Virgin and say, "Pray for me a sinner," but "Pray has been ca.lled for Friday night, and does not a:lfect the lives of the for us sinners." September 10, at 8: 30 o'<:lock in rest of us. But there is nothing to the auditorium of Corpus Christi the bugaboo anyway. We ha.ve If we don't consider all men as our brothers, and work as though they were, we are denying, Church, 529 West 121st Street. good reason to.believe tha.t making in effect, this idea of brotherheod, and we are at the same time denying the Fatherhood of God. Plans will be laid for the ap our schools 0atholic in fact as well This speech is a plea for organization now when there are elections to find out if you wish to proaching opening of an ACTU as in name will not bring on any band together in a union. headquarters on the waterfront two-tone rush to the rectories. and the publication of a waterfront Marriages between colored and And of cour e every effort is being brought to bear on you, to . per uade you not to join this pape.-, carrying ne-ws and comment white are still of sufficient rarity union. The employer, thinking in term of his own interest, is going to fight to keep you from being for all maritime w'orkers. to receive newspaper attention, de member of a union. He is doing this for a simple reason. If the workers have more, necessarily spite the fact that for years the Word comes from Edward A." two races have been sitting side by he and the other stockholders are going to have less. Marciniak of the Chicago Catholic sjde In American secular schools. Wo1i I