DOCSLIB.ORG

Lipid Nanoformulations for Oral Delivery of Bioactives: an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lipid Nanoformulations for Oral Delivery of Bioactives: an Overview Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Current Drug Therapy, 2014, 9, 35-46 35 Lipid Nanoformulations for Oral Delivery of Bioactives: An Overview Ranjana Gupta1, Anant Agrawal1, Md. Meraj Anjum2, Harinath Dwivedi1, Koshy M. Kymonil1 2, and Shubhini A. Saraf * 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, India; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India Abstract: Oral drug delivery has always been considered the preferred route of drug administration. Nano-formulations are now constantly being researched for better absorption, higher bioavailability and greater therapeutic efficacy. Lipid based nanoformulations have found much favour with the formulation scientist due to their relatively higher safety profile and enhancement of bioavailability. These delivery systems are also able to protect the bioactives or drugs from the vagaries of the gastrointestinal tract. They also aid in the absorption of hydrophobic drugs which are entrapped in lipid matrices. Lipid excipients have been known to reduce efflux which is P-glycoprotein mediated and also to increase the bioavailability of bioactives which are given through the oral route. In the last 20 years, about a thousand articles and reviews about oral lipid carriers have been reported. Many dosage forms have been made by modifying liposome, sometimes to overcome a disadvantage and at other times to modify the dosage form in such a manner so as to suit the requirement of the drug molecules. Various other lipidic drug delivery systems also exist which are not vesicular but being made of lipids, are equally useful for delivering lipophilic drugs. Although a Lipid Formulation Classification System exists, but there is no exhaustive review which discusses the entire lipid based, oral nanoformulations. The present review envisages discussing the various types of oral, lipid, nanosized, delivery systems available, so that an insight is gained into all these carriers, and the formulation scientist can make a judicious decision regarding choice of a lipid based carrier. Keywords: Drug delivery, lipoidal, lipophilic, nanoparticles, vesicular. INTRODUCTION Lipid excipients have been known to reducePgp-mediated efflux and also to increase bioavailability of orally administered Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have bioactives. been established for the enhancement of bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs. LBDDS are composed of lipids Huge strides have been taken in the field of lipid drug (solid lipid or liquid lipid), surfactants/co-surfactants, and delivery since its inception in 1965, to deliver drugs [7], solvents. The formulation scientist makes a decision protein, peptide and even gene delivery [8]. Liposomes were regarding choice of the excipients based on the desired first discovered by A.D. Bangham in the early 1960s [9, 10]. physical, chemical and biological properties required from Any formulation can be called successfully only when it the formulation [1, 2]. Excipients used for lipid based oral gains commercial importance and is marketed. A number of formulation have been extensively reviewed [3-5]. When liposomal formulations are available in the market with certain suitable changes are made to the reaction / process many of them in the clinical trials stage [11]. As compared to conditions like changes in temperature / pressure / pH the the non-vesicular systems, lipoidal vesicular systems such as lipidic excipients self-organize in different supramolecular ethosomes and invasomes can significantly improve the arrangements. The lipid bilayer structure which encases an topical delivery of water soluble drugs [12]. The potential of aqueous environment within it is called a vesicle or sac and lipidic drug delivery has not been fully realized due to is one of the most researched about drug delivery systems several drawbacks. Some of them are, low lipophilic drug [6]. loading capacity, burst release kinetics, degradation in low pH conditions and due to the action of sodium taurocholate, When administered orally, lipid based delivery is various types of lipases and so on [13,14]. advantageous as lipophilic drugs are solubilized in a lipid which could often be physiologically easily transported and These are the shortcomings of lipoidal delivery systems, absorbed through the intestine. These delivery systems are but can be overcome and can also be used to advantage, also able to protect the bioactives or drugs from the vagaries when the above mentioned phenomena are properly of the gastrointestinal tract. They also aid in the absorption understood and are used for better absorptivity of drugs [15]. of hydrophobic drugs which are entrapped in lipid matrices. A major disadvantage of liposomes for parenteral delivery is their inherent chemical and physical instability. *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical To overcome the drawbacks of liposomes, various kinds of Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India; lipoidal carriers and modified liposomes have been Tel: +91 522 2998129; E-mail: [email protected] developed as carriers (Fig. 1). For the improvement of 2212-3903/14 $58.00+.00 ©2014 Bentham Science Publishers 36 Current Drug Therapy, 2014, Vol. 9, No. 1 Gupta et al. Fig. (1). Schematics of different types of oral lipid based carriers for drug delivery. stability, aspasomes were prepared using ascorbyl palmitate visualized as small droplets of water being protected from [16], to enhance the permeation of drug by transdermal coalescing with the neighboring similar structure due to the delivery ethosomes were prepared [17], to enhance the presence of lipid layer(s), in the form of an external sheath organoleptic appeal and presentation of a cosmetics, various covering each of these droplets [23]. Liposomes are formed type of novel drug delivery carriers such as liposomes, with the help of external energy (mechanical dispersion, phytosomes, ethosomes, pharmacosomes, microemulsions solvent dispersion and detergent removal). The main and nanocrystals have been discussed [18, 19]. component of liposome membranes are phospholipids (e.g. phosphotidylcholine, phophotidylserine and cholesterol etc.) In the last 20 years, about a thousand articles and reviews and amphiphiles [24]. A lot of work has been done to study about oral lipid carriers have been reported. Due to the the mechanics of how hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs can numerous advantages many such formulations have come to be retained within these structures, and the factors which the market. A lot of literature is available regarding the determine their particle size, stability and so on [25]. Zhang material, formulation methods and evaluation of lipid based et al. investigated flexible liposomes as a potential oral drug oral delivery systems [20-22]. delivery system. Curcumin loaded silica-coated flexible This paper envisages discussing the various types of oral liposomes were prepared to enhance the bioavailability of lipid delivery systems available, so that an insight is gained curcumin and it was found that bioavailability is 7.76 fold into all these carriers, and the formulation scientist can make higher than that of curcumin suspensionsconfirming that a judicious decision regarding choice of a lipid based carrier. improved bioavailability was possible through such delivery systems [26]. Recent studies revealed improved liposomal Liposomes encapsulation and stability in heat processed food containing These are, hollow, lipidic, single or bilayered structures peptides [27]. Liposomes with phosphatidy lethanol as a enclosed within an aqueous environment. They can be carrier for oral delivery of insulin, has also been studied. Lipid Nanoformulations for Oral Delivery of Bioactives: An Overview Current Drug Therapy, 2014, Vol. 9, No. 1 37 Many of these liposome formulations have been patented Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and have also found their way into the market. Liposomal NLCs are advanced lipid nanoparticles which are the antracyclines appeared on the market al.most a decade ago next generation of SLNs. They are able to alleviate [28]. Oral vaccine delivery through liposomes has also been limitations like limited drug payload, polymorphic utilized for better patient compliance [29]. transitions. These consist of a mixture of solid lipid and Ethosomes liquid lipid. Due to differences in structures of solid and liquid lipid these cannot form a perfect crystal lattice and The ethosomes are vesicular carriers which comprise of hence the matrix contains imperfections which allows drug hydroalcoholic or hydro/alcoholic/glycolic phospholipids to be accommodated into the spaces created due to these and can be prepared by film hydration method [30] and hot imperfections [46]. melt method using magnetic stirrer, probe sonicator as well as high pressure homogenizer [31]. They necessarily contain Increased drug loading can be made possible by mixing a high quantity of alcohol which is capable of dissolving the both solid and liquid lipid (oils). Unlike other systems, NLCs lipid contained in the skin and thereby resulting in higher show high drug loading as well as physical stability. These penetrability. The higher alcoholic content also makes them can also be scaled up or used for the formulation of a flexible and thus makes them suited for delivery through conventional dosage form which is widely accepted by skin [32, 33]. patients
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Application of Nucleic Acid–Lipid Conjugates for the Programmable Organisation of Liposomal Modules
    Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 207 (2014) 290–305 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Advances in Colloid and Interface Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cis Application of nucleic acid–lipid conjugates for the programmable organisation of liposomal modules Paul A. Beales a,⁎, T. Kyle Vanderlick b,⁎⁎ a School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK b Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA article info abstract Available online 27 December 2013 We present a critical review of recent work related to the assembly of multicompartment liposome clusters using nucleic acids as a specific recognition unit to link liposomal modules. The asymmetry in nucleic acid binding to its Keywords: non-self complementary strand allows the controlled association of different compartmental modules into com- Lipid vesicles posite systems. These biomimetic multicompartment architectures could have future applications in chemical DNA amphiphiles process control, drug delivery and synthetic biology. We assess the different methods of anchoring DNA to Directed assembly lipid membrane surfaces and discuss how lipid and DNA properties can be tuned to control the morphology Compartmentalization and properties of liposome superstructures. We consider different methods for chemical communication be- Bionanotechnology tween the contents of liposomal compartments within these clusters and assess the progress towards making this chemical mixing efficient, switchable and chemically specific. Finally, given the current state of the art, we assess the outlook for future developments towards functional modular networks of liposomes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................. 290 2. FunctionalisationofliposomeswithDNA................................................. 292 2.1. Singlehydrocarbonchains...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2013-11-15 Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Javadi, Marjan, "Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 3879. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3879 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy William G. Pitt, Chair Morris D. Argyle Brad C. Bundy Alonzo D. Cook Randy S. Lewis Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University November 2013 Copyright © 2013 Marjan Javadi All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Novel Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Plasmids Marjan Javadi Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy People receiving chemotherapy not only suffer from side effects of therapeutics but also must buy expensive drugs. Targeted drug and gene delivery directed to specific tumor-cells is one way to reduce the side effect of drugs and use less amount of therapeutics. In this research, two novel liposomal nanocarriers were developed. This nanocarrier, called an eLiposome, is basically one or more emulsion droplets inside a liposome.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipodendriplexes a Promising Nanocarrier for Enhanced Gene
    European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 135 (2019) 72–82 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejpb Research paper Lipodendriplexes: A promising nanocarrier for enhanced gene delivery with T minimal cytotoxicity Imran Tariqa,b, Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddya, Lili Dusea, Muhammad Yasir Alia,c, Sajid Alia, ⁎ Muhammad Umair Amina, Nathalie Goergena, Jarmila Jedelskáa, Jens Schäfera, Udo Bakowskya, a Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany b Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan c Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Non-viral vectors are a safe, efficient and non-toxic alternative to viral vectors for gene therapy against many Liposomes diseases ranging from genetic disorders to cancers. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM), a positively charged dendrimer PAMAM has a tendency to complex with nucleic acids (to form dendriplexes) like plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small in- Dendriplexes terfering RNA (siRNA) and can shield them from enzymatic degradation, thereby facilitating endocytosis and Transfection endosomal release. In this study, we developed an advanced variant of the dendriplexes by encapsulating them Gene therapy within liposomes to enhance their gene delivery efficiency. This liposome encapsulated dendriplex system can Biocompatible CAM further reduce unwanted cytotoxicity and enhance cellular uptake of nucleic acids. A broad range of lipid combinations were used to optimize the lipodendriplexes in terms of their physicochemical characteristics in- cluding size, shape and zeta potential. The optimized lipodendriplexes were tested for pDNA transfection, in vitro cell viability, cellular uptake, siRNA mediated knockdown, hemocompatibility, metastatic progression and in ovo in chorioallantoic membrane model (CAM).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/4/2021 4:59:49 AM
    Lab on a Chip View Article Online TUTORIAL REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Droplet microfluidics for the construction of Cite this: Lab Chip,2018,18,2488 compartmentalised model membranes T. Trantidou, †a M. S. Friddin, †a A. Salehi-Reyhani, †abc O. Ces *abc and Y. Elani *abc The design of membrane-based constructs with multiple compartments is of increasing importance given their potential applications as microreactors, as artificial cells in synthetic-biology, as simplified cell models, and as drug delivery vehicles. The emergence of droplet microfluidics as a tool for their construction has allowed rapid scale-up in generation throughput, scale-down of size, and control over gross membrane ar- chitecture. This is true on several levels: size, level of compartmentalisation and connectivity of compart- ments can all be programmed to various degrees. This tutorial review explains and explores the reasons behind this. We discuss microfluidic strategies for the generation of a family of compartmentalised systems Received 10th January 2018, that have lipid membranes as the basic structural motifs, where droplets are either the fundamental build- Accepted 20th June 2018 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. ing blocks, or are precursors to the membrane-bound compartments. We examine the key properties as- sociated with these systems (including stability, yield, encapsulation efficiency), discuss relevant device fab- DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00028j rication technologies, and outline the technical challenges. In doing so, we critically review the state-of- rsc.li/loc play in this rapidly advancing field. 1. Introduction Membranes comprised of phospholipid bilayers are essential a Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,565,889 B2 Zasadzinski Et Al
    USOO6565889B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,565,889 B2 Zasadzinski et al. 45) Date of Patent: MaV 20,9 2003 (54) BILAYER STRUCTURE WHICH (56) References Cited ENCAPSULATES MULTIPLE CONTAINMENT UNITS AND USES U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS THEREOF 4,078,052 A 3/1978 Papahadjopoulos 5,004,566 A 4/1991 Schnur et al. .............. 260/403 (75) Inventors: Joseph A. Zasadzinski, Santa Barbara, 5,492,696 A 2/1996 Price et al. ................. 424/417 CA (US); Scott A. Walker, White Bear 5,618,560 A 4/1997 Bar-Shalom et al. ....... 424/486 Lake, MN (US); Michael T. Kennedy, 5,643,574 A 7/1997 Gould-Fogerite etal. 424/184.1 Oak Park, CA (US); Edward T. Kisak, 5,723,147 A 3/1998 Kim et al. Santa it's Bret A. 5,855,911. A * 1/1999 Lopez-Berestein et al. 424/450 Coldren, Santa Barbara, CA (US) 6,045,955 A 4/2000 Vincent (73) Assignee: The Regents of the University of OTHER PUBLICATIONS California, Oakland, CA (US) Allen, T. M., Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface * ) Notice: Sub disclai h f thi Science 1, 645–651 (1996) (Exhibit 32). (*) Otice: tE. EME Lasic, D. D. et al., Current Opinion in Solid State and U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Materials Science, 1,392–400 (1996) (Exhibit 33). Whitesides,IleSideS, T.1. H.Fl. and RossKOSS J. ColloidCOttola and Interface SScience, 169, 48–59 (1995) (Exhibit 34). (21)21) Appl.ppl. No.:No 09/842,2401842, Zasadzinski, J. A., Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2, 345–349 (1997) (Exhibit 35).
    [Show full text]
  • (LDDS): Recent Advances and Applications of Lipids in Drug Delivery
    Vol. 7(48), pp. 3034-3059, 29 December, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJPPX2013.0004 African Journal of Pharmacy and ISSN 1996-0816 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP Pharmacology Review Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery Salome Amarachi Chime* and Ikechukwu V. Onyishi Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria. Accepted 3 December, 2013 Recently, advances in pharmaceutical research is focused on new delivery systems utilizing new devices to achieve modification of delivery time, targeting, as well as improve the in vivo solubility and hence bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Lipid based drug delivery systems (LDDS) consists of diverse group of formulations, each consisting of varying functional and structural properties that are amenable to modifications achieved by varying the composition of lipid excipients and other additives. LDDS has evolved, overtime, from micro- to nano-scale enhancing the efficacy and therapeutic application of these systems. LDDS are accepted, proven, commercially viable strategies for formulating challenging pharmaceutical molecules and can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements. Generally, most lipid drug delivery systems used as drug carriers have high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral, topical,
    [Show full text]
  • Clusters of Nanoscale Liposomes Modulate the Release Of
    Article Cite This: ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2019, 2, 7134−7143 www.acsanm.org Clusters of Nanoscale Liposomes Modulate the Release of Encapsulated Species and Mimic the Compartmentalization Intrinsic in Cell Structures † † † † Igor Kevin Mkam Tsengam, Marzhana Omarova, Lauren Shepherd, Nicholas Sandoval, ‡ § † Jibao He, Elizabeth Kelley, and Vijay John*, † ‡ Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Coordinated Instrumentation Facility, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States § Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: We report the ability to place a high concentration of liposomes in a confined volume as a multicompartment cluster that mimics biological cells and allows for the modulation of release of encapsulated species. The formation of these coated multicompartmental structures is achieved by first binding liposomes into clusters before encapsulating them within a two-dimensional metal−organic framework composed of tannic acid coordinated with a metal ion. The essential feature is a molecularly thin skin over a ssystem of clustered liposomes in a pouch. The structural features of these pouches are revealed by small-angle scattering and electron microscopy. Through cryogenic electron microscopy, clusters with intact liposomes are observed that appear to be encapsulated within a pouch. Small-angle X-ray scattering shows the emergence of a relatively weak Bragg peak at q = 0.125 Å−1, possibly indicating the attachment of the bilayers of adjacent liposomes. The metal−phenolic network (MPN) forms a nanosized conformal coating around liposome clusters, resulting in the reduced release rate of the encapsulated rhodamine B dye.
    [Show full text]
  • TOWARDS PERSONALIZED DRUG DELIVERY Preparation of an Encapsulated Multicompartment System
    TOWARDS PERSONALIZED DRUG DELIVERY Preparation of an Encapsulated Multicompartment System Maik Hadorn Department of Informatics, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Peter Eggenberger Hotz The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark Keywords: Personalized healthcare, Drug delivery, Encapsulation, Compartmentalization, Vesicle, Liposome. Abstract: Single liposomes and vesicles are successfully utilized as delivery vehicles of pharmaceuticals. However limitations of these unilamellar, single compartments led to the development of encapsulated multicom- partment systems that establishes the prospect of multicomponent or multifunctional drug delivery systems. So far compartmentalization is restricted to binary systems. To realize a personalized drug delivery, a pro- grammable linkage of n-entities of different content will be needed. Here we present both a programmable DNA-mediated linkage of three distinct vesicle populations and a novel encapsulation protocol. We discuss how the techniques established in this study might be used in personalized healthcare based on custom- tailored encapsulated multicompartment vesicular drug delivery systems. 1 INTRODUCTION as well as of hormones, enzymes, and nucleotides (Eckstein, 2007; Lasic, Vallner and Working, 1999; Biological as well as artificial vesicles feature an Weissig, Boddapati, Cheng and D'souza, 2006). aqueous compartment partitioned off an aqueous Generally, single unilamellar vesicles apply in surrounding
    [Show full text]
  • Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems (LDDS): Recent Advances and Applications of Lipids in Drug Delivery
    Vol. 7(48), pp. 3034-3059, 29 December, 2013 DOI 10.5897/AJPPX2013.0004 African Journal of Pharmacy and ISSN 1996-0816 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP Pharmacology Review Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery Salome Amarachi Chime* and Ikechukwu V. Onyishi Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria. Accepted 3 December, 2013 Recently, advances in pharmaceutical research is focused on new delivery systems utilizing new devices to achieve modification of delivery time, targeting, as well as improve the in vivo solubility and hence bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Lipid based drug delivery systems (LDDS) consists of diverse group of formulations, each consisting of varying functional and structural properties that are amenable to modifications achieved by varying the composition of lipid excipients and other additives. LDDS has evolved, overtime, from micro- to nano-scale enhancing the efficacy and therapeutic application of these systems. LDDS are accepted, proven, commercially viable strategies for formulating challenging pharmaceutical molecules and can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements. Generally, most lipid drug delivery systems used as drug carriers have high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral, topical,
    [Show full text]
  • Liposome–Nanoparticle Hybrids for Multimodal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
    For reprint orders, please contact: EVIEW [email protected] R Liposome–nanoparticle hybrids for multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic applications Wafa’ T Al-Jamal & Liposomes have a decade-long clinical presence as nanoscale delivery systems of Kostas Kostarelos† encapsulated anthracycline molecules. However, their use as delivery systems of †Author for correspondence nanoparticles is still in the preclinical development stages. Liposome–nanoparticle hybrid Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Drug Delivery constructs present great opportunities in terms of nanoscale delivery system engineering Research, The School of for combinatory therapeutic–imaging modalities. Moreover, many novel materials are Pharmacy, University of being developed in nanotechnology laboratories that often require methodologies to London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London enhance their compatibility with the biological milieu in vitro and in vivo. Liposomes are WC1N 1AX, UK structurally suitable to make nanoparticles biocompatible and offer a clinically proven, Tel.: +44 207 753 5861; versatile platform for the further enhancement of pharmacological efficacy. Small iron Fax: +44 207 753 5942; E-mail: kostas.kostarelos@ oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, liposomes, silica and polystyrene nanoparticles have pharmacy.ac.uk been incorporated into liposomes for a variety of different applications. In this review, all such liposome–nanoparticle hybrid systems are described, both in terms of their structural characteristics and the potential they offer as diagnostic and therapeutic multimodality agents. Liposomes are the most clinically established liposome carriers can alter a drug’s in vivo phar- nanometer-scale systems that are used to deliver macokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, cytotoxic and antifungal drugs, genes and vac- leading to an increase in the therapeutic index, cines, and are also being used as imaging agents [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Functional Nano-Environments by Controlled Self-Assembly NSF NIRT Grant 0103516 Pis: A
    NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees Conference, Dec 11-13, 2002 Grant # : 0103516 Creating Functional Nano-Environments by Controlled Self-Assembly NSF NIRT Grant 0103516 PIs: A. Butler, T. Deming, C. Safinya, M. Tirrell and J. Zasadzinski University of California, Santa Barbara D. Pochan University of Delaware Project Objectives: Defining regions of space, with delineated boundaries and controllable mechanisms for entrance and exit, will be essential to making all but the most primitive functional nanostructures. Specific examples include miniaturized systems for chemical/drug encapsulation and controlled release, sensors, separations, and nano- and micro- scale wires and switches for electronic and magnetic applications. Nanoscale components are organized into functional systems in which different functions are carried out in different locations within the overall system. An important challenge to the advancement in all areas of nanoscale technology, in general, and the construction of nanoscale apparatus, instrumentation and machinery, in particular, is the ability to construct compartments, packages and to divide space into subunits to increase or to separate functionality. Traditional ways of doing this are “top-down”, subtractive processes such as etching and lithography. For systems made of, mimicking or designed to interact with biological or other soft materials, “bottom-up” processes of self- assembly are more appropriate but, at the same time, less well-developed. This project addresses biosystems at the nanoscale. The proposal progresses from biological and bio-inspired structures to more synthetic physical systems with hybrid character. In all of the work, the focus is on spontaneous assembly to form controllable regions of space that have well-defined boundaries and functionality.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Various Types of Liposomes in Drug Delivery Systems
    Advanced Adv Pharm Bull, 2017, 7(1), 3-9 Pharmaceutical doi: 10.15171/apb.2017.002 Bulletin http://apb.tbzmed.ac.ir Editorial Application of Various Types of Liposomes in Drug Delivery Systems Mehran Alavi*, Naser Karimi*, Mohsen Safaei Department of nanobiotecnology, 67149 Baghabrisham, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Abstract Article History: Liposomes, due to their various forms, require further exploration. These structures can Received: 18 August 2016 deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs for cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, Revised: 17 February 2017 immunomodulation, diagnostics, ophtalmica, vaccines, enzymes and genetic elements. Accepted: 22 February 2017 Preparation of liposomes results in different properties for these systems. In addition, based ePublished: 13 April 2017 on preparation methods, liposomes types can be unilamellar, multilamellar and giant unilamellar; however, there are many factors and difficulties that affect the development of liposome drug delivery structure. In the present review, we discuss some problems that Keywords: impact drug delivery by liposomes. In addition, we discuss a new generation of liposomes, Liposomes which is utilized for decreasing the limitation of the conventional liposomes. Hydrophobic drugs Phospholipid Drug delivery system Introduction In the late nineteenth century, German bacteriologist Two important advantages of liposomes, in drug delivery Paul Ehrlich, used the term “magic bullet,” which means of living organisms, are biocompatibility and chemical carriers that have the property of selectivity in biodegradability, which are due to lipid characteristics.6 killing abnormal cells without any effect on the normal Different types of lipids and amphiphiles can act as ones.1 In order to improve this specificity through drug liposomes (Table 1); furthermore, polymers can be used delivery systems, there are a variety of different for the synthesis of polymerosomes as new drug/gene approaches, which are based on a number of physical carriers.
    [Show full text]