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Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Pleistocene centennial-scale vegetational, environmental and climatic change in the Colombian Andes: based on biotic and abiotic proxy analyses from Lake Fúquene sediments Bogotá-Angel, R.G. Publication date 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bogotá-Angel, R. G. (2011). Pleistocene centennial-scale vegetational, environmental and climatic change in the Colombian Andes: based on biotic and abiotic proxy analyses from Lake Fúquene sediments. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:09 Oct 2021 Chapter 5 Bogotá-A, R.G., Gaviria, S., Rincón-Martínez, D., Sarmiento, G., Hooghiemstra, H., Berrio J. C., Groot M. H. M., Verstraten, J. M., Jansen, B. Submitted to Journal of Quaternary Science 105 Chapter 5 Abstract ime series of a suite of geochemical elements ted and accumulated in a lacustrine environment. Ca measured in a 60-m long sediment core from and Sr are associated with calcareous and carbona- T the Lake Fúquene, Northern Andes (5°N, ceous mudstones. Fe, Zn and S are associated with 73°W; 2540 m altitude) were analyzed and relation- pyritic levels of the San Rafael-Conejo Formation. ships with histories of past environmental change Oxygen rich mud deposits led to oxidation of Fe2+ 2- 3+ 2- were explored. Data were produced by XRF analy- and S to Fe and SO4 yielding an acidic chemical sis at 1-cm increments along the composite record. environment resulting in dissolution of carbonates. 2 2+ 2- 2+ Time series of Fe and Zr were used to support in- Subsequently, dissolved Ca +, (Sr ), SO4 and (Zn ) tercore correlation. The age model (Groot et al., species were transported in solution and Fe3+ in sus- 2011) showed the sediments reflect the period from pension as hydrolyzed colloidal particles (Fe(OH)3) 284 to 27 ka and temporal resolution of the record In contrast, reductive anoxic environments as well is ~60 a. Geochemical inferences were embedded as neutral to alkaline environments in swamps re- in available reconstructions based on fossil pollen, sulted in reprecipitation of carbonates and sulfides, organic carbon content, and grain size distributions. thereby inhibiting the fluvial transport in solution A water body was continuously present in the lake of the before mentioned ions. Given its relatively basin and rates of sediment input varied little. We high solubility gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O(s)) as well as assess the potential of XRF-measured elements to associated Cl- concentrated in the lake sediments better understand relationships between abiotic and only during periods of high evaporation. Vegetatio- biotic changes and processes in the drainage basin. nal and climatic reconstructions are mostly inferred Geochemical fractions could be attributed to distinct from biotic proxies (e.g. pollen, diatoms) extracted source areas. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from the sediment archive in lake basins. However, on the basis of log (element/Ti) ratios suggests con- geochemical analysis of the same sediments show trasting weathering intensities. PCA indicated that the lake basin itself also experienced a dynamic coarse sediments associated with Si, Ti, Zr origi- history in which geological source areas, chemical nated from proximal and distant quartz sandstone weathering, sediment transport and pH changes of sources from the nearby Churuvita and Guadalupe depositional environments interact. Formations and were transported with substantial mechanical energy. Fine silts and clays associated Key words: XRF geochemical analysis, Fúquene with clay minerals and other phyllosilicates (Si, Al Basin, lacustrine environments, Pleistocene, sedi- and K) originated from mudstones from all sedimen- ment source areas tary series exposed on the slopes, and were transpor- 106 Chapter 5 1. Introduction re geochemical analysis of sediments (Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Na, P) together with calcium carbonate, organic eochemical analysis of lacustrine sediments matter content, and stable isotope analyses allowed has become a promising source of information reconstructing paleoclimate in the basin and lake to better understand the complex relationships level fluctuations during the last 12.6k cal a BP. The G correlated high concentration of K and Fe, organic between the abiotic and biotic processes in a lake basin. Information from time series of elements is matter and carbonate characterized increased rain- informative for changes of the water body as well as fall and high lake levels from 8.2 to 3k cal a BP. for changes at the scale of a full drainage basin (i.e. During the last 3k cal a BP high Na concentrations Mackereth, 1965, 1966; Engstrom and Wright, 1984; indicate desiccation and a higher salinity. Studies Engstrom and Swain, 1986; Robinson et al., 1993). performed at Lake Puyehue covering the last 8k cal Down-core variation in the elemental geochemistry a BP reconstructed changes in temperature and pre- from lacustrine sediments allowed an assessment of cipitation. Al and Ti variations indicated changes in changing salinity levels (Dominik and Stanley, 1993; the terrigenous fraction of the sediment transported Li et al., 2000; Fedotov et al., 2004), redox conditions by rivers to the lake, which were linked to past pre- in the water column and the sediments (Brown et al., cipitation regimes (Bertrand et al., 2008). 2000), variation in weathering, soil development and erosion (Ewing and Nater, 2002; Ng and King, For a comprehensive environmental reconstruction 2004; Jin et al., 2006; Felton et al., 2007). Elemental that explicitly includes the interactions between bio- geochemistry of lake sediments have also allowed tic and abiotic changes in a lake basin, geochemical for inference of past and recent human influence on analyses should be applied in tandem with other en- basins (Koinig et al., 2003; Boyle et al., 2004; Julià vironmental proxies. The objectives of the present and Luque, 2006; Brncic et al., 2009). study were to apply such a multi-proxy approach to identify contrasting palaeoenvironmental conditions Analogous to marine sediment records, time series in the Colombian Fúquene Basin. Specifically, we from lacustrine sediments also show correlations focus on the Fúquene-9C record (Fq-9C) elaborated between element concentration, and/or their ratios, by Groot et al. (2011) reflecting the period from 284 as well as global climate cycles including episodes to 27 ka BP within the 58 to 2 m core interval. To of abrupt climatic change. Such correlations have this end X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) based time se- mostly been reported from temperate and high la- ries of geochemical elements of record Fq-9C were titudes lakes. For instance the studies from Lake combined with the results from previous studies of Baikal and Lake Teletskoye (Rusia; Phedorin et al., fossil pollen and changes in organic matter content 1998; Goldberg et al., 2000, 2001), Lake Khubsugul (OMC) (Bogotá-A et al., in review; Groot et al., in (Mongolia; Fedotov et al., 2004), Lago Grande di review b) and downcore changes in grain size distri- Monticchio (Italy; Robinson, 1994; Robinson et al., butions (GSD) (Vriend et al., in review). This paper 1993; Brauer et al., 2007), and Lake Owens (USA; is considered as an initial study and the conserved Li et al., 2000). Geochemical studies from tropical core sediments allow for additional analysis. lake basins are scarce; we mention Lake Tanganyka (Tanzania: Felton et al., 2007), paleo-lake Pachapa- dra (India; Roy et al., 2008 b), and Lynch’s Crater 2. Geological and climatic setting (Australia; Turney et al., 2006). Many of these stu- dies related abundance/ratios of elements to weathe- 2.1 Geography ring and associated changing redox environments and placed these geological processes in the time Lake Fúquene (5˚27'N, 73˚46'W) is located at 2540 frame of a glacial-interglacial cycle where possible. m altitude in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Figs. 1a, 1b). The drainage basin covers 1750 km2 In Central and South America geochemical studies and extends between 5°35' N and 5°19' N, and bet- were carried out in a.o. Lake Tecocomulco in Mexi- ween 73°54' W 73°35' W (IGAC, 2003). At present- co (Roy et al., 2008a), Lake Valencia in Venezuela day Lake Fúquene has a surface area of ~25 km2 (Curtis et al., 1999), Lake Tapakos in Brazil (Irion and its current water depth varies between 2 and et al., 2006), Lakes Puyehue and Chungurá in Chi- 6 m. The present lake covers only the floor of the le (Bertrand et al., 2008; Moreno et al., 2007), and central part of the Fúquene Basin (CAR, 2000; San- Lake Potrok Aike in Argentina (Haberzettl et al., tos-Molano and Guerra-C, 2000; Sarmiento et al., 2005). We select Lake Valencia as an example whe- 2008). Field observations at several locations in the 107 Chapter 5 basin evidenced that lacustrine sediments have been lake levels were low during warm interglacial pe- deposited up to ~20 m above the present-day lake riods (see also Van ‘t Veer and Hooghiemstra, 2000; level. In absence of evidence of tectonic activity Torres et al., 2005).
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