Social Forestry Program in the Majalengka Forest District, West Java, Indonesia: Agroforestry Systems and Extension Services Mamun Iowa State University
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1998 Social forestry program in the Majalengka forest district, West Java, Indonesia: agroforestry systems and extension services Mamun Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Education Commons, and the Forest Management Commons Recommended Citation Mamun, "Social forestry program in the Majalengka forest district, West Java, Indonesia: agroforestry systems and extension services " (1998). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11632. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11632 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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Indonesia; Agroforestrv' systems and extension services by Mamim A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-majors; Agricultural Education (Agricultural Extension Education: Forestr\' (Forest Economics) Major Professors; Julia A. Gamon and Joe P. Colletti Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1998 DMI Number; 9826555 UMI Microform 9826555 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 II Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Doctoral dissertation of Mamun has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Co-major Prot Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Co-major Program Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Ill To my wife. Herien Puspitawati my lovely daughter. Cha-Cha, my parents, and all mv families iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF T.\BLES viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii ABSTRACT \i\ CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION I Background 1 Statement of the Problem 3 Need for the Study 5 Purpose and Objectives of the Study 6 Economic Considerations and Educational Significance of the Study 6 The Study Area 8 Limitations of the Study 10 Operational Definitions 11 CHAPTER:. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 Agroforestry 13 Social Forestry in Java 17 The Organization and Functioning of the Social Forestry Program 20 Resource Allocations 24 Agroforestry Extension Program 27 Evaluation of Program 33 Adoption of New Practices 43 Summary of the Review of Literature 53 CHAPTER 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 57 Research Design 57 The Conceptual Model 57 Study Hypotheses 59 Population and Sampling 60 Instrumentation 62 Design Interview Schedule 64 Expert Advice and Approval 66 Rationale for Face-to-Face Interview 66 Interview Schedule Format 67 Wording and Phrasing of Question Translation 67 Pretesting the Interview Schedule 68 V Data Collection 68 Interviewer's Training 69 Rapport with Rural respondents 69 Interviewen' Evaluation of Respondents 70 Researcher's Role in Data Collection 71 Analysis of the Data 72 Tabulation 72 Conversions/Adjustments 72 Analyzing the Data 72 CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 75 Respondent's Characteristics 75 Demographic Variables 75 Participation in the SFP and Group Activities 80 Agroforestry Systems in the SFP 82 Agroforestry System Characteristics 82 Design 85 Types of Trees and Species 85 Types of Foodcrops 89 Agroforestry System Models 96 Agroforestry System Models for the First Three-Year Period 96 Agroforestry System Models for the Whole Period 101 The Data; Major Trees 101 The Data: Other Trees and Crops 102 Cost-Benefit Analysis 103 Agroforestrv- Extension Program in the SFP 107 Organizational Structure 106 Extension Activities 110 Attitudes Toward the Social Forestry Extension Program and Personnel 115 Delivery Methods 119 Program Evaluation 126 Context Evaluation 126 Input Evaluation 128 Process Evaluation 128 Factors Influencing the Adoptability of Agroforestry Practices 129 The Influence of Attributes of Innovation 129 Adoption of New Practices 13 3 Predicting Agroforestry Adoption 13 7 Recommendations to Improve the Social Forestry Extension Program (SFEP) 149 CHAPTERS. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 151 Summary of findings 152 Conclusions 158 Recommendations General Recommendations 160 VI Recommendations to Improve the Social Forestry- Extension Program (SFEP) 160 The Target Audience 161 The Agroforestrv- System Models Being Introduced to the Fanners 161 Some Recommendations to the SFEP 162 Recommendations for Further Research 163 Economic Importance and Educational Significance of the Study 163 APPENDIX A: SURVEY INSTRUMENTS 165 APPENDIX B; ADDITIONAL TABLES 184 REFERENCES 211 VII LIST OF HGl RES Figure 1.1. The location of the study on Java. Indonesia 7 Figure 2.1. The role of agroforestry- in the recovery of ecosystem integrity 14 Figure 2.2. The organizational structure of forestry farmer group 22 Figure 2.3. The influence of agricultural research and policy and social and psychological research on an extension program and staff and farmers 28 Figure 2.4. A comparison of agroforestry extension and agricultural extension in terms of key factors 30 Figure 2.5. The flow chart of pro forma agroforestry (AF) extension organization 34 Figure 2.6. A hierarchy of evidence for program evaluation of an extension program 40 Figiire 2.7. Variables determining the rate of adoption of innovations 45 Figure 2.8. Agroforestry innovation-decision model 50 Figure 3.1. The conceptual model for the adoption of agroforestry practices as part of the social forestry program in the Majalengka forest district 58 Figure 3.2. The location of selected study sites in the Majalengka forest district 65 Figure 4.1. A typical required social forestry program design per site (adapted from a figure found in an forestry farmer group "meeting house") 86 Figure 4.2. Mechanism of implementation of the social forestry extension program in Java 108 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. The area of each forest subdistrict in the Majalengka forest district 9 Table 3.1. The population of the study areas 63 Table 3.2. Number of samples from each forest subdistrict taken in 1996-1997 in the Majalengka forest district 64 Table 3.3. The interviewers' evaluation of farmers' respondents ( n = 101) 71 Table 4.1. Demographic characteristics of respondents 76 Table 4.2. Participation in the social forestry program and group activities, leader experience, and meeting by forestrv' farmer group in the Majalengka forest district (1996-1997) 81 Table 4.3. The characteristics of agroforestry systems by study sites 83 Table 4.4. Major timber species and specialized agroforestry trees by study sites 88 Table 4.5. Top five foodcrops produced by farmers by study sites 90 Table 4.6. The main purposes that farmers planting foodcrops in the agroforestr>' system and where the farmers obtain knowledge about the production. cultivation, and marketing of the foodcrops 91 Table 4.7. Management and decision making on production, processing, and marketing 94 Table 4.8. The number of harvests, yield, use of product, price, and market outlet for foodcrops by study sites 95 Table 4.9. Value of inputs, revenues, net revenues and R/C ratios of foodcrops by study sites 98 Table 4.10. Tdeal' agroforestry systems by study sites based on R/C Ratios I (excluding labor cost) and R,C Ratios II (including labor cost) 100 Table 4.11. The proposed agroforestry- system model for selected study sites in the Majalengka forest subdistrict 104 IX Table 4.12. A comparison of pine versus agroforestrv" land management in terms of net present value and B/C ratio assuming nominal discount rates and zero rate of inflation 105 Table 4.13. A comparison of pine versus agroforestrv- land management in terms of net present value and B/C ratio assuming nominal discount rates and 25% rate of inflation 105 Table 4.14. Number of meetings and consultations m the social forestry- extension program ( n = 101) by members and leaders in 1996-1997. in the Majalengka forest district 111 Table 4.15. Time, topics, comments, and conduct of social forestry extension meetings in 1996-1997 in the Majalengka forest district 112 Table 4.16. Time, topics, comments, and participation in consultation of the social forestry extension program by farmers in 1996-1997 114 Table 4.17.