DOCSLIB.ORG

Put to the Test on Board the International Space Station ISS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Put to the Test on Board the International Space Station ISS GENERAL PURPOSE Reference Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S ® FSH3 Put to the test on board the International Space Station ISS The R&S ® FSH3 (FIG 1) from Time signal system in the test means of a Progress space transporter phase and installed by the crew (FIG 3). Rohde & Schwarz is a high-end The global transmission services (GTS) spectrum analyzer in handheld design system is a new system for the world- Needed – a featherweight wide transmission of time signals high-tech analyzer that features low weight, minimum to receivers on the ground, such as watches or clocks in vehicles. It is cur- However, when the electronics unit was power consumption and outstanding rently being tested as part of a pilot initially put into operation in February experiment on board the ISS (FIG 2). 2002, it exhibited deviations from the RF performance [*]. It is currently This is the first commercial experiment precalculated receive field strength on aboard the space station. Once the test the ground. Nevertheless, the teleme- being used on board the International phase has been completed, the GTS try performed both on board the ISS and system is to be transferred to an opera- via the ground station exhibited nomi- Space Station (ISS) for distance-to- tor company. Owing to a recently devel- nal values. One of the possible reasons oped cryptographic modulation, further for this deviation may have been two RF fault (DTF) measurements. services such as vehicle theft protec- wiring harnesses that had already been tion or the tracking of specific items (e.g. installed prior to the launch and that containers or stolen goods) can also be had been in space for two years. The implemented. harnesses with a total length of 29 m are routed via special vacuum-tight The GTS system consists of an active coaxial ducts from the interior of the ser- phased array antenna outside the ISS vice module to the outside. Thus, they FIG 1 The R&S ® FSH3 with VSWR bridge for vector reflection measurements. and an electronics unit inside the Rus- are partially outside the space station sian service module, the space cap- in the orbit vacuum, which makes them sule, where the experiments are con- rather difficult to check. ducted. The electronics unit contains a highly stable crystal oscillator, transmit- When an onboard multimeter was used, ters for the UHF and L band and a con- only short circuits or cable breaks were troller which generates the transmis- able to be eliminated as possible causes sion signals via software in realtime. of deviation. To measure the RF charac- This unit is directly controlled and mea- teristics, it was thus crucial to procure a sured from a special ground station in lightweight mobile device that offered Stuttgart; otherwise, the controller func- battery operation and could be remote- tions autonomously. It also ensures cor- controlled via a laptop – in other words, rect antenna control which compensates an instrument such as the Handheld the significant differences in free-space Spectrum Analyzer R&S ® FSH3. Since attenuation between the nadir and hori- laptops are part of the basic equipment zon direction by means of a specially on board the space station, “all” that designed directional pattern. needed to be done was to transport the 2 kg analyzer to the space station: With The antenna was installed in Moscow each kilogram costing US$ 20000, every in December 1998 before the service gram counts! module was launched. In summer 2000, the electronics unit was delivered by 28 News from Rohde & Schwarz Number 184 (2004/IV) oto: NASA Ph FIG 3 Cosmonaut Deschurow installs the electronics unit for the GTS system. FIG 2 A joint project involving several countries: The International Space Station ISS is a manned science lab in space. NASA oto: Ph 29 News from Rohde & Schwarz Number 184 (2004/IV) GENERAL PURPOSE Reference Moreover, a number of questions had to ies were removed and replaced by a spe- it was handed over to the Russian part- be clarified: Would the R&S ® FSH3 with- cial power supply for matching the ISS ner company RSC Energia, which trans- stand the extreme stress it is subjected power supply. Finally, the interior fac- ported it together with the Progress cap- to when being transported into orbit? ings of the housing were completely cov- sule to the ISS in February 2004. Would its electronics work even under ered with self-adhesive aluminum foil to the increased radiation exposure at an meet fire protection requirements. Thus In the meantime, the procedure for altitude of 400 km? Would the spectrum modified, the R&S ® FSH3 once again installing the R&S ® FSH View software analyzer meet the ISS security require- immediately functioned without any and for performing the measurements ments so that it would neither endan- problems even though the firmware had had been transmitted to the ISS crew. ger the crew nor interfere with onboard not been designed for operation without The big day finally came on 18 March: electronics? The most important and rechargeable batteries (FIG 4). The R&S ® FSH3 was installed and was pressing question, however, was: Would ready to perform its first measurements the R&S ® FSH3 be able to accurately (FIG 5). measure the cables which are almost Thoroughly tested 30 m in length and outfitted with various connectors, or is the cable loss too high? The next challenge the R&S ® FSH3 had A shooting star to face were mechanical vibration tests. To answer these questions, the entire Again, the analyzer excelled because the As expected, the R&S ® FSH3 functioned setup was simulated in Moscow with quality standards at Rohde & Schwarz smoothly despite the increase in radia- the aid of the phantom flight antenna are so demanding that no further tion exposure. The measured data was model and the ground simulator of the mechanical tests were necessary. When transferred from the spectrum analyzer service module. The R&S ® FSH3 was EMC and radiated emission were tested, to the ISS telemetry system via laptop set to distance-to-fault measurement the values measured were minimal and and transmitted to the ground station for mode, and the cables were tested. The not significant enough to jeopardize the evaluation on 22 March 2004. The dis- measurement was a complete success: electronics on board the ISS. Thus, no tance-to-fault measurement revealed Despite the considerable cable lengths, further shielding was necessary. everything: The discontinuities of the the spectrum analyzer was able to dis- cable connections were clearly visible, play even the delay differences between Finally, thermal and vacuum tests had as were two other spikes in the diagram the phase shifter elements in the active to be performed because such excep- that could not be replicated during the antenna and thus passed this first test tional stress does not occur when the ground simulation (FIG 6). These inter- for such an unusually sophisticated R&S ® FSH3 is used on earth. The spec- ferences seem to be at least part of application with flying colors. trum analyzer was subjected to a tem- the reason for the reduced signal qual- perature range of –50 °C to +50 °C ity and are currently being analyzed in a climatic chamber, simulating the in detail. Until final clarification, the Off to the “gym” extreme conditions that can occur R&S ® FSH3 will remain on board the ISS. during launch from Russia’s Baikonur Then it will be sent back on a Progress Next, the R&S ® FSH3 had to be prepared space center. Since a pressure loss transporter only to burn up as a shooting for launch and for operation on the might also occur in the Progress trans- star when reentering the earth’s atmo- space station. As is usual with commer- port capsule, the instrument had to sphere. cial off-the-shelf (COTS) products, the pass the corresponding tests. The Dr Felix Huber safety experts completely dismantled the R&S ® FSH3 easily withstood vacuums up (Steinbeis Transfer Center instrument and subjected it to a thor- to 400 mbar in a tank. for Space Travel) ough inspection. In particular, materials containing PVC and electrolytic capac- To ensure that the instrument would itors might endanger the astronauts not emit any toxic substances, it was and must therefore be replaced. How- wrapped in polyethylene foam rubber ever, since there was no viable alterna- and subjected to an outgassing test in tive for the capacitors in the switching a high-temperature-resistant bag for power supply, they were encapsulated 72 hours. The spectrum analyzer excelled in Teflon sleeves together with absor- once again and was finally granted bent material. The rechargeable batter- launch permission. In December 2003, 30 News from Rohde & Schwarz Number 184 (2004/IV) FIG 5 After strenuous tests and a long journey, the R&S ® FSH3 finally reached the ISS, where measurements then began. RSCE oto: Ph TZ Raumfahrt oto: Ph FIG 4 Ready for a trip to space: the R&S ® FSH3 after modification. Especially materials containing PVC and electrolytic capacitors could endanger the astronauts and thus had to be replaced. FIG 6 Results of the DTF measurement: cable discontinuity (marker D1); unwanted faults (marker D2 and D4); duct from space station to the antenna outside (marker D3); antenna (marker D5). More information and data sheet at www.rohde-schwarz.com (search term: FSH3) REFERENCES [*] Handheld Spectrum Analyzer R&S ® FSH3: Numerous expansions and a new model. News from Rohde & Schwarz (2004) No. 181, pp 32–35 31 News from Rohde & Schwarz Number 184 (2004/IV).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TRACKING and DATA ACQUISITION/ SPACE OPERATIONS **DB Chap 4(297-321) 1/17/02 12:29 PM Page 299
    **DB Chap 4(297-321) 1/17/02 12:29 PM Page 297 CHAPTER FOUR TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION/ SPACE OPERATIONS **DB Chap 4(297-321) 1/17/02 12:29 PM Page 299 CHAPTER FOUR TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION/ SPACE OPERATIONS Introduction NASA’s tracking and data acquisition program provided vital support for all NASA flight projects. NASA also supported, on a reimbursable basis, projects of the Department of Defense, other government agencies, commercial firms, and other countries and international organizations engaged in space research activities. The tracking and data acquisition program supported sounding rock- ets and balloons, research aircraft, Earth orbital and suborbital missions, planetary spacecraft, and deep space probes. The support included: • Tracking to determine the position and trajectory of vehicles in space • Acquisition of scientific and Earth applications data from on-board experiments and sensors • Acquisition of engineering data on the performance of spacecraft and launch vehicle systems • Transmission of commands from ground stations to spacecraft • Communication with astronauts • Communication of information among the various ground facilities and central control centers • Processing of data acquired from launch vehicles and spacecraft • Reception of television transmission from space vehicles NASA established three types of support capabilities: • The Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) supported low- Earth orbital missions. • The Deep Space Network (DSN) supported planetary and interplane- tary flight missions. It also supported geosynchronous and highly elliptical missions and those in low-Earth orbit not compatible with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). • The TDRSS provided low-Earth orbital mission support and reduced NASA’s need for an extensive network of ground stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Session III-A-History of the First NASA Contract with Russia
    1994 (31st) Space Exploration and Utilization The Space Congress® Proceedings for the Good of the World Apr 28th, 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM Paper Session III-A - History of the First NASA Contract with Russia Barbara D. Connelly-Fratzke NASA Headquarters, Office of Space Systems Development Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Connelly-Fratzke, Barbara D., "Paper Session III-A - History of the First NASA Contract with Russia" (1994). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 18. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1994-31st/april-28-1994/18 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. History of the First NASA Contract with Russia Barbara D. Connelly-Fratzke NASA Headquarters Office of Space Systems Development This story begins after the end of the cold war with the Soviet Union. after perestroika had its initial impact on the economy, at about the time the Russian space firms were beginning to lose government support and fac ing hard times ahead. As part or the FY92 Budget approval, Congress, in its wisdom, directed NASA to investigate the Russian space hardware and determine its feasibility for use in the U.S. space program. At the invitation of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and the Russian firm NPO Energia, NASA made a reconnaissance visit to NPO Energia to open discussions concerning Russian space hardware.
    [Show full text]
  • Accuracy, Precision, and Performance of Satellite Telemetry for Monitoring Wolf Movements Within Each Category
    Accuracy, Precision, and Pedormance of Satellite Telemetry for Monitoring Wolf Movements • Warren B. Ballard, Daniel J. Reed, Steven G. Fancy, and Paul R. Krausman We placed 23 satellite platform transmitter terminals (1.08-I.22 kg) on wolves in northwest Alaska during I987 through I99I. Male and female wolves aged I 0 months to eight years were monitored with no apparent adverse effects on them. We obtained 3 ,80I relocations from the 23 transmitters, an average of 29 relocations/month from each. Transmitters were programmed to operate four to six hours every two days and had a mean life span (including days before and after use on a wolf) of253 days (range= 67-482 days). Average life span while attached to wolves was I8I days (range= 50-366 days). Accuracy of I ,885 relocations at seven known sites varied among transmitters and averaged 336 and 728 mfor best and low quality relocations, respectively. The estimated locations from several transmitters were biased toward south and west directions. Costs (I992) per satellite relocation averaged about $44 U.S., in comparison to about $I66 with conventional telemetry methods using fixed-wing aircraft. Satellite telemetry has great potential for providing improved data sets for evaluation ofwolfterritory sizes and movements, but currently lacks accuracy and precision for detailed habitat or landscape use assessments. Introduction three reports provided evaluations of the systems after 1987 when Service Argos made improvements in calculating lo­ Satellite telemetry has become a widely accepted tool for cations and quality indices (Keating et al. 1991). Ofthe latter studying movements oflarge mammals and birds (Fancy et three studies, only Keating et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Telemetry and Bird Movements
    95 Chapter 7 Radio telemetry and bird movements RADIO TELEMETRY Understanding the role that wildlife play in the ecology of AI viruses requires knowledge of the detailed movements of wild birds over varying spatial scales. On the one hand, con- currence between the migratory patterns of some Palearctic breeding waterbirds and the spread of the H5N1 HPAI virus across Asia and Europe in the northern fall and winter of 2005/06 illustrates the importance of studies designed to identify specific migratory routes, stopover points and non-breeding areas that may span entire continents. On the other hand, studies documenting the local movements of wild birds between poultry farms and nearby wetlands may be invaluable to establish viable pathways of H5N1 HPAI transmission from poultry to wildlife (or vice versa). Radio telemetry is a technique for determining bird movements over areas ranging in size from the restricted breeding territories of resident bird species to the movement pat- terns of international migratory species (reviewed in Fuller et al. 2005). Radio telemetry has important applications in the investigation of infectious diseases of migratory species, including H5N1 AI virus ecology. Specific objectives for AI-related telemetry studies have already been identified during the FAO-OIE International Scientific Conference on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds in May 200610. In fact, telemetry projects tracking the local move- ments and migration routes of wild birds identified as potential virus hosts are already under way11. The basic concept of a radio telemetry study sounds simple; attach a radio transmitter to an animal and track the signal to determine the animal’s movements.
    [Show full text]
  • Demonstration of Satellite/GPS Telemetry for Monitoring Fine- Scale Movements of Lesser Prairie-Chickens
    United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service National Technology & Demonstration of Development Program Inventory and Monitoring 1219 1813—SDTDC Satellite/GPS Telemetry December 2012 for Monitoring Fine- Scale Movements of Lesser Prairie-Chickens Demonstration of Satellite/GPS Telemetry for Monitoring Fine-Scale Movements of Lesser Prairie-Chickens Rey Farve, Project Leader Forest Service San Dimas Technology & Development Center December 2012 The information contained in this publication has been developed for the guidance of employees of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, its contractors, and cooperating Federal and State agencies. The Forest Service assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this information by other than its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official evaluation, conclusion, recommendation, endorsement, or approval of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposals on Spw Evolution
    ROSCOSMOS Igor V. Orlovsky Deputy Head of Onboard Control Systems Division Alexey A. Khakhulin Team Manager, Next‐Generation Onboard Control Systems Developm th 16 SpaceWire Working Group, 21‐23 March 2011 ESA/ESTEC, Noorwijk, The Netherla Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after Sergei Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia after S.P. Korolev Rocket is the strategic enterprise of Russia and the leading company engaged in manned space systems. A great deal of attention is focused on the development of new space technologies, including dedicated unmanned space systems for various applications, rocket systems for spacecraft orbital injection. Its presence is noticeable on the international market of rocket and space services. It is the leader in introducing space high technologies for manufacture of products not related to space industry. Its structure: •Primary Design Bureau; •Baikonur branch; •ZAO Experimental Machinebuilding Plant, RSC Energia; •ZAO Volzhskoye DB; •ZAO PO Kosmos, RSC Energia; •Developed social infrastructure. •38% of the Corporation equity is owned by the state. CORE ACTIVITIES • Manned Space Systems • Unmanned Space Systems • Rocket Systems • Advanced Programs • Provision of Services CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR ONBOARD INTERFACES . providing equipment scalability . easy upgrading . supporting real-time transmission of large amounts of data and time-critical commands and data within a broad range of data rates and transmission distances . etc Up to now it has been very difficult to develop an all‐purpose interface. SPACEWIRE AS A BASE FOR NEXT‐GENERATION ONBOARD CONTROL SYSTEM Parameters of SpaceWire interface are closest to meeting the requirements of the all-purpose interface but along with significant advantages, has certain drawbacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Space-Based Telemetry and Range Safety Project Ku-Band and Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna
    NASA/TM-2005-212872 Space-Based Telemetry and Range Safety Project Ku-Band and Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna Donald E. Whiteman NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California Lisa M. Valencia NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center, Florida Richard B. Birr ASRC Aerospace Corporation NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center Kennedy Space Center, Florida July 2005 The NASA STI Program Office…in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated •CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA Scientific and Technical technical conferences, symposia, seminars, Information (STI) Program Office plays a key or other meetings sponsored or co-sponsored part in helping NASA maintain this by NASA. important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA’s scientific and technical information. often concerned with subjects having The NASA STI Program Office provides access substantial public interest. to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- world. The Program Office is also NASA’s language translations of foreign scientific institutional mechanism for disseminating the and technical material pertinent to results of its research and development activities. NASA’s mission. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the Specialized services that complement the STI following report types: Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION.
    [Show full text]
  • What Wildlife Managers Should Know When Using Radio Telemetry Data
    April 2018 Natural Resources/Wildlife/2018-02pr WHAT WILDLIFE MANAGERS SHOULD KNOW WHEN USING RADIO-TELEMETRY DATA David Dahlgren, Michel Kohl, and Terry Messmer History of Wildlife Radio-Telemetry antenna are employed for relocation and monitoring Radio-telemetry, the recording and transmitting of (Figure 2). information from an instrument, refers to attaching a radio-transmitter to an individual animal to The VHF radio-transmitters emit a signal at a monitor survival, movements, and habitat selection. predetermined rate; e.g., one pulse per second, and Since the late 1950s radio-transmitters have been when detected by a receiver the signal produces a deployed on wildlife to study their behavior and life “beep.” If a directional antenna is used, the biologist history. can triangulate the signal (i.e., using the bearings of the signal from different locations around the For the first few decades only very high frequency (VHF) radios were commonly available. Telemetry works in a manner similar to any radio system. There is a transmitter source sending out a signal at a given frequency (e.g., a radio “station”) and a receiver (e.g., a vehicle’s radio) is tuned to that frequency allowing us to hear the signal (e.g., music or talk show). Biologists attach radio-transmitters to animals, often a neck-lace style is used (Figure 1), and then a hand-held receiver and directional Figure 2. A biologist using a VHF directional antenna and receiver to detect Figure 1. Cow elk (Cervus canadensis) with a signals from radio-marked greater sage- necklace-style radio-transmitter. grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus).
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION SPOTLIGHT Wireless Telemetry System Streamlines Water Distribution System of Open Pit Mining Operation Application Story
    APPLICATION SPOTLIGHT Wireless Telemetry System Streamlines Water Distribution System of Open Pit Mining Operation Application Story Wireless Telemetry System Streamlines Water Distribution System of Open Pit Mining Operation A2 Long Range Node Gateway Stick Solar Powered Repeater Node APPLICATION: • C1D1 Solar Power System: consists of a solar panel, watertight battery and high-efficiency A mining company experienced problems when solar charger that provide power to the nodes. manually monitoring water flowing through a pipeline system that supported its open pit • Solar-Powered Repeater Node: extends the mining operations. Workers would travel along power of the SignalFire wireless mesh network the waterline that enveloped mountains at a in locations where power is unavailable. range of up to 11,000 feet to read ultrasonic flow meters that measured the mass flow rate of CHALLENGE: water several times a day. As the manual process was only as accurate as the last reading, a The mining company needed a remote water waterline break between operator visits resulted flow monitoring system that could: in undetected water running down a mountain and nearly flooding a nearby control building. • Operate wirelessly as wires represent an installation problem in the mountain terrain, To quickly identify any future waterline especially as land is reclaimed, replanted and breaks while adhering to strict environmental repurposed after mining completion. regulations on mining activities, the mining company wanted to streamline water flow • Perform reliably in snow and cold temperatures monitoring by adding capabilities for remote present in high mountain elevations. data collection as well as alarm notifications to maintain more timely status of the water • Maintain its own long-term energy source as distribution system.
    [Show full text]
  • Improve Wildlife Species Tracking—Implementing an Enhanced Global Positioning System Data Management System for California Condors
    Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 8 Improve Wildlife Species Tracking—Implementing an Enhanced Global Positioning System Data Management System for California Condors By Robert G. Waltermire, Christopher U. Emmerich, Laura C. Mendenhall, Gil Bohrer, Rolf P. Weinzierl, Andrew J. McGann, Pat K. Lineback, Tim J. Kern, and David C. Douglas Open-File Report 2016–1030 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested Citation: Waltermire, R.G., Emmerich, C.U., Mendenhall, L.C., Bohrer, Gil, Weinzierl, R.P., McGann, A.J., Lineback, P.K., Kern, T.J., and Douglas, D.C., 2016, Improve wildlife species tracking—Implementing an enhanced global positioning system data management system for California condors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1030, 46 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161030.
    [Show full text]
  • Of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia for 2013
    OF S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE PUBLIC CORPORATION ENERGIA FOR 2013 This Annual Report of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia (also hereinafter called “OAO RSC Energia”, “RSC Energia”, “the Corporation”) by the 2013 performance is drawn up in accordance with the RF Government Decree No 1214 as of December 31, 2010 “On Improvement of the Procedure for Management of Open Joint-Stock Companies Whose Stock is in Federal Ownership and Federal State Unitary Enterprises” with due regard for the requirements set forth in the Order issued by the RF Federal Financial Markets Service No 11-46/pz-n as of October 4, 2011 “On Approval of the Provision on Information Disclosure of Issuers of Registered Securities”. This Annual Report was preliminarily approved by RSC Energia’s Board of Directors on April 29, 2014. Minutes No10 as of May 6, 2014. Accuracy of the data contained in this Annual Report was confirmed by RSC Energia’s Auditing Committee Report as of April 17, 2014. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ........................................................................... 6 ON CORPORATION ACTIVITIES ................................................................................. 8 Corporation background ................................................................................................................................8 Corporation structure (its participation in subsidiary and affiliated companies) ...........................................9 Information about purchase and sale contracts for
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Tracking Telemetry and Commanding (TT&C) for Small
    SSC99-IIB-4 Optical Tracking Telemetry and Commanding (TT&C) For Small Satellites Michael Enoch [email protected] Sabrina Herrin [email protected] SM&A Systems Solutions Group 1601 Randolph Road, SE Suite 200S Albuquerque, NM 87106 505-842-8990 Lt. Col. Roberta Ewart, DE [email protected] AFRL/DEB 3550 Aberdeen Ave, SE Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5776 505-853-3692 Dennis Mansell [email protected] Logicon RDA 2600 Yale Blvd, SE Albuquerque, NM 87106 505-842-8911 Abstract This paper presents information on the current state of technology and potential subsystem and operational concepts to allow the use of low power optical communication systems to perform tracking, telemetry and commanding (TT&C) for small satellites. The mantra of 'smaller, faster, better (& cheaper)' has been realized, at least partially, for many aspects of small satellite design, construction and operations. Most small spacecraft systems have become smaller, lighter and more power efficient while offering greater performance. Unfortunately, one area that has not followed this general trend is TT&C. In many ways, this situation takes on greater significance due to the successes in other areas relating to processors, memory and sensor capability. Technology improvements in these areas have increased the capabilities of small satellites to collect, process and store data on-board the satellite to such a point that the ability of the spacecraft to generate data has outpaced its ability to communicate it to the ground. One approach to resolving this situation is to make use of optical communications technology for TT&C. the needs for communications and TT&C.
    [Show full text]