DOCSLIB.ORG

Genomic Data Provides New Insights on the Demographic History and the Extent of Recent Material Transfers in Norway Spruce

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genomic Data Provides New Insights on the Demographic History and the Extent of Recent Material Transfers in Norway Spruce bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/402016; this version posted August 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Genomic data provides new insights on the demographic history and the extent of recent material transfers in Norway spruce Jun Chen1‡, Lili Li1‡, Pascal Milesi1‡,, Gunnar Jansson2, Mats Berlin2, Bo Karlsson3, Jelena Aleksic4, Giovanni G. Vendramin5, and Martin Lascoux1* 1Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), Uppsala, Sweden 3Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk), Ekebo, Sweden 4Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia 5Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (IBBR-CNR), Division of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy ‡These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Primeval forests are today exceedingly rare in Europe and transfer of forest reproductive material for afforestation and improvement have been very common, especially over the last two centuries. This can be a serious impediment when inferring past population movements in response to past climate changes such as the last glacial maximum (LGM), some 18,000 years ago. In the present study, we genotyped 1,672 individuals from three Picea species (P. abies, P. obovata, and P. omorika) at 1M SNPs using exome capture to infer the past demographic history of Norway spruce and estimate the amount of recent introduction used to establish the Norway spruce breeding program in Southern Sweden. Most of these trees belong to P. abies and originate from the base population of the Swedish breeding program. Others originate from populations across the natural ranges of the three species. Of the 1,499 individuals stemming from the breeding program, a large proportion corresponds to recent introductions. The split of P. omorika occurred 23 million years ago (mya), while the divergence between P. obovata and P. abies began 17.6 mya. Demographic inferences retrieved the same main clusters within P. abies than previous studies, i.e. a vast northern domain ranging from Norway to central Russia, where the species is progressively replaced by Siberian spruce (P. obovata) and two smaller domains, an Alpine domain, and a Carpathian one, but also revealed further subdivision and gene flow among clusters. The three main domains divergence was ancient (15 mya) and all three went through a bottleneck corresponding to the LGM. Approximately 17% of P. abies Nordic domain migrated from P. obovata ~103K years ago, when both species had much larger effective population sizes. Our analysis of genome-wide polymorphism data thus revealed the complex demographic history of Picea genus in Western Europe and highlighted the importance of material transfer in Swedish breeding program. Keywords: Picea abies, demographic inferences, population transfer, forest management bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/402016; this version posted August 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 2 | Chen et al. preprint 1 Introduction 50 introgression from Siberian spruce (P. obovata) into 2 Plant and animal species in Western Europe were 51 Norway spruce could be detected as far as Central 3 exposed repeatedly to ice ages and therefore went 52 Russia, especially in the north, resulting in a large 4 through cycles of contraction and expansion from 53 hybrid zone centered on the Urals. 5 one or multiple refugia (PETIT et al. 2003; DEPRAZ 54 Furthermore, there is an apparent conflict in the 6 et al. 2008; SCHMITT AND HAUBRICH 2008; PILOT et 55 relationship between northern populations of 7 al. 2014). The dominant paradigm of early 56 Norway spruce, southern ones and Siberian spruce 8 phylogeographic studies postulated that species 57 at nuclear (SSR) and mitochondrial markers. SSR 9 survived the last glacial maximum (LGM) in small 58 markers define two well-differentiated groups: 10 refugia in Southern Europe (TABERLET et al. 1998; 59 southern and northern Norway spruce, on the one 11 HEWITT 2000; TZEDAKIS et al. 2002; TZEDAKIS et 60 hand, and Siberian spruce, on the other hand 12 al. 2003) and then recolonized Europe through 61 (TSUDA et al. 2016). Mitochondrial DNA, in 13 different routes. However, while this still seems to 62 contrast, singles out southern populations of 14 be true for temperate species such as oaks (PETIT et 63 Norway spruce and grouped northern and Siberian 15 al. 2003), paleo-ecological data (pollen fossils maps, 64 spruce populations together (LOCKWOOD et al. 16 macrofossils) as well as genetic studies indicated 65 2013; TSUDA et al. 2016). The latter led 17 that boreal species were able to survive at much 66 LOCKWOOD et al. (2013) to propose that southern 18 higher latitudes than initially foreseen. This 67 populations of Norway spruce be regarded as a 19 generally led to a more diffuse and complex 68 different species or, at least, as a subspecies. Based 20 population genetic structure than in species with 69 on the joint pattern at nuclear and mtDNA, TSUDA 21 southern refugia (WILLIS et al. 2000; LASCOUX et 70 et al. (2016) suggested that the difference in pattern 22 al. 2004; TZEDAKIS et al. 2013a). In the case of 71 could be explained by asymmetric migration of 23 genetic studies, care was generally taken to sample 72 pollen and seed. Their study also confirmed the 24 in natural forests, though in some cases this turned 73 extent of introgression from P. obovata into 25 out to be difficult. For instance, in larch (Larix 74 northern P. abies populations and linked it to the 26 decidua) populations in central Europe, some of the 75 post-glacial recolonization process. Two migration 27 discordant phylogeographic patterns corresponded 76 barriers were revealed: one in the Western Urals 28 to recent translocations by German immigrants of 77 between the northern domain of P. abies and P. 29 seeds from stands belonging to a different refugium 78 obovata and a second one between the Alps and 30 (Wagner et al. 2015). 79 Carpathian Mountains (TSUDA et al. 2016). The 31 Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a dominant conifer 80 presence of three P. abies domains has been 32 tree species in Western Europe whose current 81 confirmed by studies using variation in cone 33 distribution is divided into three main areas: a vast 82 morphology (BORGHETTI et al. 1988), organelle 34 northern domain ranging from Norway to central 83 DNA markers (ACHERE et al. 2005; TOLLEFSRUD et 35 Russia, where the species is introgressed and 84 al. 2008), AFLP (ACHERE et al. 2005), sequence 36 progressively replaced by Siberian spruce (P. 85 data (Heuertz et al. 2006) and genome-wide 37 obovata) and two smaller domains, an Alpine 86 restriction site DNA markers (FAGERNÄS 2017). 38 domain, and a Carpathian one (Fig. 1; 87 Although based on a limited number of nuclear 39 (EUFORGEN 2009)). Earlier population genetic 88 DNA markers, previous studies also indicated 40 and phylogeographic studies based on isozymes and 89 extensive shared ancestral polymorphisms, 41 cytoplasmic markers, respectively, suggested that 90 suggesting a relatively recent divergence time 42 this current distribution originated from two main 91 measured on an effective population size timescale, 43 LGM refugia: one centered in Russia, and another 92 as well as weak but significant effect of migration 44 in the Alps (TOLLEFSRUD et al. 2008; TOLLEFSRUD 93 (HEUERTZ et al. 2006; CHEN et al. 2010; LI et al. 45 et al. 2009). However, more recent studies based on 94 2010a; CHEN et al. 2016; TSUDA et al. 2016). CHEN 46 nuclear sequence data suggested that northern 95 et al. (2016) concluded that the Fennoscandian 47 populations were extensively admixed, unlike the 96 domain split from the two southern domains of P. 48 southern ones that were rather homogeneous (CHEN 97 abies around 5 million years ago (mya), i.e. before 49 et al. 2012a; TSUDA et al. 2016). In particular, bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/402016; this version posted August 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Ancient and recent demography in Norway spruce | 3 1 the Pliocene-Quaternary glaciation, which is 27 us with the opportunity to investigate genome-wide 2 consistent with estimates of dating based on the 28 pattern of diversity in hundreds or even thousands 3 molecular clock (~6 mya, (LOCKWOOD et al. 2013)). 29 of individuals. Using whole genome polymorphism 4 However, previous studies were limited to fairly 30 data, model-based and non-parametric clustering 5 simple demographic scenarios, such as “Isolation- 31 methods, allow detecting and quantifying subtle 6 with-Migration” models and, in particular, could 32 genetic admixture and migration (see (ALEXANDER 7 not distinguish post-speciation contact from 33 et al. 2009; PICKRELL AND PRITCHARD 2012; 8 migration. None also considered translocations, and 34 GALINSKY et al. 2016), for examples in humans) 9 samples were generally assumed to be of local 35 while coalescent or diffusion-based methods that use 10 origin. Based on historical records on seed used in 36 the joint site frequency spectrum (SFS) across 11 reforestation, the problem of transfer of 37 multiple populations allow testing different 12 reproductive material should be particularly acute 38 demographic scenarios (GUTENKUNST et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Picea Obovata
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-1116, 2017 EGU General Assembly 2017 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Assessment of spruce (Picea obovata) abundance by spectral unmixing algorithm for sustainable forest management in highland Natural Reserve (case study of Zigalga Range, South-Ural State Natural Reserve, Russia). Anna Mikheeva (1) and Pavel Moiseev (2) (1) Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, (2) Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural branch) In mountain territories climate change affects forest productivity and growth, which results in the tree line advanc- ing and increasing of the forest density. These changes pose new challenges for forest managers whose respon- sibilities include forest resources inventory, monitoring and protection of ecosystems, and assessment of forest vulnerability. These activities require a range of sources of information, including exact squares of forested areas, forest densities and species abundances. Picea obovata, dominant tree species in South-Ural State Natural Reserve, Russia has regenerated, propagated and increased its relative cover during the recent 70 years. A remarkable shift of the upper limit of Picea obovata up to 60–80 m upslope was registered by repeating photography, especially on gentle slopes. The stands of Picea obovata are monitored by Reserve inspectors on the test plots to ensure that forests maintain or improve their productivity, these studies also include projective cover measurements. However, it is impossible to cover the entire territory of the Reserve by detailed field observations. Remote sensing data from Terra ASTER imagery provides valuable information for large territories (scene covers an area of 60 x 60 km) and can be used for quantitative mapping of forest and non-forest vegetation at regional scale (spatial resolution is 15-30 m for visible and infrared bands).
    [Show full text]
  • European Glacial Relict Snails and Plants: Environmental Context of Their Modern Refugial Occurrence in Southern Siberia
    bs_bs_banner European glacial relict snails and plants: environmental context of their modern refugial occurrence in southern Siberia MICHAL HORSAK, MILAN CHYTRY, PETRA HAJKOV A, MICHAL HAJEK, JIRI DANIHELKA, VERONIKA HORSAKOV A, NIKOLAI ERMAKOV, DMITRY A. GERMAN, MARTIN KOCI, PAVEL LUSTYK, JEFFREY C. NEKOLA, ZDENKA PREISLEROVA AND MILAN VALACHOVIC Horsak, M., Chytry, M., Hajkov a, P., Hajek, M., Danihelka, J., Horsakov a,V.,Ermakov,N.,German,D.A.,Ko cı, M., Lustyk, P., Nekola, J. C., Preislerova, Z. & Valachovic, M. 2015 (October): European glacial relict snails and plants: environmental context of their modern refugial occurrence in southern Siberia. Boreas, Vol. 44, pp. 638–657. 10.1111/bor.12133. ISSN 0300-9483. Knowledge of present-day communities and ecosystems resembling those reconstructed from the fossil record can help improve our understanding of historical distribution patterns and species composition of past communities. Here, we use a unique data set of 570 plots explored for vascular plant and 315 for land-snail assemblages located along a 650-km-long transect running across a steep climatic gradient in the Russian Altai Mountains and their foothills in southern Siberia. We analysed climatic and habitat requirements of modern populations for eight land-snail and 16 vascular plant species that are considered characteristic of the full-glacial environment of central Europe based on (i) fossil evidence from loess deposits (snails) or (ii) refugial patterns of their modern distribu- tions (plants). The analysis yielded consistent predictions of the full-glacial central European climate derived from both snail and plant populations. We found that the distribution of these 24 species was limited to the areas with mean annual temperature varying from À6.7 to 3.4 °C (median À2.5 °C) and with total annual precipitation vary- ing from 137 to 593 mm (median 283 mm).
    [Show full text]
  • Introgressive Hybridization and Phylogenetic Relationships Between Norway, Picea Abies (L.) Karst., and Siberian, P
    Heredity 74 (1995) 464—480 Received 10 December 1993 Genetical Society of Great Britain Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway, Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Siberian, P. obovata Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci KONSTANTIN V. KRUTOVSKII*t & FRITZ BERGMANNt 1-Laboratory of Population Genetics, N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP- 1 Moscow 1178098-333, Russia and 1-Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of GOttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Gottingen, Germany Weanalysed patterns of genetic variation at 26 isozyme loci across the area of two main forest- forming spruce species in Eurasia, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Siberian spruce (P. obovata Ledeb.). Ten seed samples from distant parts of the P. abies—P. obovata area and from a supposedly wide zone of introgressive hybridization between them were investigated. A very high level of allozyme variation was found in populations of both species. As parameters of gene diversity, the mean number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci (95 per cent criterion) and expected heterozygosity averaged 2.8, 61.5 and 0.252 for P. abies and 2.4, 61.5 and 0.213 for P. obovata, respectively. Norway and Siberian spruces turned out to be extremely similar genetically. We did not find any fixed allele differences between them, i.e. there were no diagnostic loci and only a few alleles could be characteristic of some populations. Cluster and multivariate analyses have shown that these two species should be considered as two closely related subspecies or two geographical races of one spruce species undergoing considerable gene exchange.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Developmental Aspects of Multi-Stemmed Clusters of Siberian Spruce (Picea Obovata Ledeb.) in the Southern Urals Nadezhda Devi*
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] The Open Forest Science Journal, 2013, 6, (Suppl 1: M2) 38-42 38 Open Access Ecological and Developmental Aspects of Multi-Stemmed Clusters of Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in the Southern Urals Nadezhda Devi* Vos'mogo Marta Str., 202, Ekaterinburg, 620144 Russia / Department of Dendrochronology, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Abstract: The tree-line ecotone in the Southern Urals is mostly formed by monospecific stands of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.). Spruce is an ecologically plastic, cold-tolerant species that presents various growth forms. Moreover, its growth is further affected by stressful environment factors, including low temperatures, snowless winters, and strong winds. Thus, the morphological variability of individual trees can be due to climate-driven transformations, and represents a manifestation of biological plasticity. It was found that multi-stemmed clusters were formed by the rooting of ground- level branches of formerly single-stemmed trees. Age analysis performed for 771 samples taken from 70 tree clusters demonstrated that mass rooting of branches started in the beginning of the 20th century and is ongoing. Dendroclimatic analysis did not demonstrate any significant links between the dynamics of stem formation and climatic data. The average biological age of mass rooting coincides with the period at which soil nutrition would have declined severely and the main root system would have become non-functional. This research shows that dendrochronological research can be used to help understand the ecophysiology of plants. Keywords: Multi-stemmed clusters, Siberian spruce, Southern Urals. INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken to fill these gaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric Parameters of the Generative Organs of Picea Obovata
    Rastitelnye Resursy. 51 (1): 3–12, 2015 MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF PICEA OBOVATA (PINACEAE) IN NORTHERN WEST SIBERIA © P. P. Popov,1 S. P. Arefiev, N. A. Gasheva, M. N. Kazantseva Institute of problems of development of the North of the RAS, Tyumen 1 E-mail: [email protected] REFERENCES 1. Natural conditions of Western Siberia. Moscow. 1971. 239 p. (In Russian) 2. Komarov V. L. 1922. Short essay of Siberian vegetation. Materialy dlya izucheniya estestvennykh proizvoditelnykh sil Rossii. Petrograd. 99 p. (In Russian) 3. Iljina I. S., Lapshina N. N., Lavrenko N. N., Meltser L. I., Romanova E. A., Bogoyavlenskiy B. A., Makhno V. D. 1985. Vegetation cover of Western Siberia Plain. Novosibirsk. 250 p. (In Russian) 4. Andreev V. N. 1954. Advance of forest vegetation to the tundra zone in connection with protective properties of man-made forests in the North. Botanicheskiy zhurnal. 39 (1): 28—47. (In Russian) 5. Kareev G. I. 1956. Brief ecological and biological characteristic of tree species of forest-tundra zone in the East of the European part of the USSR. Rastitelnost Kraynego Severa i eye osvoeniye. Moscow; Leningrad. P. 61—69. (In Russian) 6. Norin B. N. 1958. To the knowledge of seed and vegetative regeneration of tree species in forest- tundra zone. Rastitelnost Kraynego Severa i eye osvoeniye. Moscow; Leningrad. P. 154—244. (In Russian) 7. Fokel. 1766. Description of the natural state of forests that grow in the northern regions of Russia with different remarks and instructions on their reproduction. St. Petersburg. 372 p. (In Russian) 8.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014. Russia's Forests in a Global Economy: How Consumption
    This article was downloaded by: [141.211.152.185] On: 30 June 2014, At: 10:47 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Eurasian Geography and Economics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rege20 Russia’s forests in a global economy: how consumption drives environmental change Joshua Peter Newella & John Simeoneb a School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA b School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA Published online: 30 Jun 2014. To cite this article: Joshua Peter Newell & John Simeone (2014): Russia’s forests in a global economy: how consumption drives environmental change, Eurasian Geography and Economics To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2014.926254 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information.
    [Show full text]
  • PICEA ABIES (L.) KARST (NORWAY SPRUCE) English Text Only English Text
    Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(99)14 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques OLIS : 01-Jun-1999 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dist. : 02-Jun-1999 __________________________________________________________________________________________ English text only ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(99)14 JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS Series on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 12 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON THE BIOLOGY OF PICEA ABIES (L.) KARST (NORWAY SPRUCE) English text only 78651 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(99)14 Also published in the Series on Harmonization of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology: No. 1, Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology: Survey Results (1995) No. 2, Analysis of Information Elements Used in the Assessment of Certain Products of Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 3, Report of the OECD Workshop on the Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 4, Industrial Products of Modern Biotechnology Intended for Release to the Environment: The Proceedings of the Fribourg Workshop (1996) No. 5, Consensus Document on General Information concerning the Biosafety of Crop Plants Made Virus Resistant through Coat Protein Gene-Mediated Protection (1996) No. 6, Consensus Document on Information Used in the Assessment of Environmental Applications Involving Pseudomonas (1997) No. 7, Consensus Document on the Biology of Brassica Napus L. (Oilseed Rape) (1997) No. 8, Consensus Document on the Biology of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum (Potato) (1997) No. 9, Consensus Document on the Biology of Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat) (1999) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Evolution and Divergence Among Populations of a Rare Mexican Endemic, Chihuahua Spruce, Following Holocene Climatic Warming
    Evolution, 51(6), 1997, pp. 1815-1827 RECENT EVOLUTION AND DIVERGENCE AMONG POPULATIONS OF A RARE MEXICAN ENDEMIC, CHIHUAHUA SPRUCE, FOLLOWING HOLOCENE CLIMATIC WARMING E THOMASLEDIG,~.~ VIRGINIA JACOB-CERVANTES,~ PAUL D. HODGSKISS,~ AND TEOBALDOEGUILUZ-PIEDRA~ 'Institute of Forest Genetics, PaciJic Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 2480 Carson Road, Placerville, California 95667 2E-mail: fswds =t. ledig/ou =rO5jU3d57a@rnh~.attmail.com 3Centro de Genetica Forestal, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Apartado Postal No. 37, Chapingo, Mixico C.P. 56230. Mtfxico Abstract.-Fragmentation and reduction in population size are expected to reduce genetic diversity. However, examples from natural populations of forest trees are scarce. The range of Chihuahua spruce retreated northward and fragmented coincident with the warming climate that marked the early Holocene. The isolated populations vary from 15 to 2441 trees, which provided an opportunity to test whether census number is a good predictor of genetic diversity. Mean expected heterozygosity, He, based on 24 loci in 16 enzyme systems, was 0.093 for 10 sampled populations, which is within the range reported for conifers. However, estimates varied more than twofold among populations and He was closely related to the logarithm of the number of mature trees in the population (rHe,N= 0.93). Diversity among populations, FST, was 24.8% of the total diversity, which is higher than that observed in almost all conifer species studied. Nei's genetic distance, D, was not related to geographic distance between populations, and was 0.033, which is higher than estimates for most wide-ranging species. Most populations had excess homozygosity and the fixation index, Frs, was higher than that reported for all but one species of conifer.
    [Show full text]
  • Conifer Quarterly
    COVER_Spring11_final.qxp:CQ 3/31/11 5:27 PM Page cov1 Conifer Quarterly Vol. 28 No. 2 Spring 2011 Picea omorika 'Bruns' Photo by Don Wild COVER_Spring11_final.qxp:CQ 3/31/11 5:27 PM Page cov2 Abies veitchii Spring Cones Photo by Don Wild CQ_Spring2011_final:CQ 3/31/11 5:21 PM Page 1 The Conifer Quarterly is the publication of the American Conifer Society Contents 6 Expedition into the Altai Mountains by Jörg Kohout, translated by Ron Elardo 15 Conifers Outside Their Zone in Oregon by Don Durkee 20 For the Love of Conifers at Picadilly Farms by Flo Chaffin 26 Reference Gardens 101 by Flo Chaffin 30 The Johnson Sculpture Garden by Jack Ayers 34 Conifer Road Less Traveled – Part 1 by Tom Cox 38 Using Hypertufa to Contain Dwarf Conifers by Michael Larkin American Conifer Society Voices 2 President’s Message 4 Editor’s Memo 13 J. R. P. van Hoey Smith 17 Editor’s Corner 43 ACS Central Region Meeting The purposes of the American Conifer Society are the development, conservation, and propagation of conifers, with an emphasis on those that are dwarf or unusual, standardization of nomenclature, and education of the public. Vol. 28 No. 2 CONIFER QUARTERLY 1 CQ_Spring2011_final:CQ 3/31/11 5:21 PM Page 2 Conifer hank you for your participation in this marvelous society. At the ACS Board TMeeting this past February a hot topic for Quarterly discussion was Reference Gardens. The Spring 2011 Southeast Region in particular has been ac- Volume 28, No 2 tive in recruiting Reference Gardens with 12 to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Legend for Vegetation Map of the Altai-Sayanian Mountain System (1:7500000) (19 Units) L0 Biom Boreal
    Legend for Vegetation Map of the Altai-Sayanian mountain system (1:7500000) (19 units) L0 Biom Boreal L1 Formation type Combination (Complex) of herbaceous, shrublands and sparsely vegetated L2 Formation group Alpine and subnival vegetation within the boreal zone L4 Geographic variants Southern Siberian high mountains and bioclimatic variants of dominant species L5 Plant community Combination of high mountain plant communities (ultra-humide bioclimatic sector): Fruticosae lichen 1.1.1. tundra (Cladonia stellaris, C. arbuscula, C. rangiferina и т.д.). Tussock tundra (Festuca sphagnicola, Hierochloe alpina, Juncus triglumis). Dwarf-shrub-grass tundra (Dryas oxyodonta, Festuca kryloviana, Lloydia serotina, Hierochloe alpina, Gentiana algida, Minuartia arctica). Alpine meadows: (Aquilegia glandulosa, Schultsia crinite Viola altaica, Gentiana grandiflora, Dracocephalum grandiflorum). Tall forb subalpine meadows (Stemmacantha carthamoides, Saussurea latifolia, Athyrium distentifolium, Veratrum lobelianum, Aconitum septentrionale). Tall-forb-shrub subalpine communities (Betula rotundifolia, Salix glauca Dushecia fruticosa). Open woodlands (Pinus sibirica, Abies sibirica, Betula tortuosa, Betula rotundifolia, Salix glauca, Saussurea latifolia, Aconitum sajanense, Heracleum dissectum, Veratrum lobelianum, Stemmacantha carthamoides). Combination of high mountain plant communities (humid bioclimatic sector): Prostrate dwarf-shrub - 1.2.1. grass tundra разнотравно-дриадовые (Dryas oxyodonta, Carex ledebouriana, Hierochloe alpina, Festuca sphagnicola,
    [Show full text]
  • 75 Section 3 Norway Spruce (Picea Abies (L.) Karst)
    SECTION 3 NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES (L.) KARST) 1. General Description and Use in Forestry A. Taxonomy Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) belongs to the genus Picea, which includes at least 36 different species that all have their distribution in the northern hemisphere (Schmidt-Vogt 1977). The species P. abies has been designated by a large number of synonyms, partly caused by classification to different species or subspecies due to its great number of varieties and forms. The best known of these is the classification of the Siberian spruce in a separate species, P. obovata, based on the shape of its cone scales. These variations, however, should be considered as normal patterns of variation within a widespread species and should at most be used to designate different climatic varieties (Schmidt-Vogt 1977, 1978). B. Use of Norway spruce Norway spruce is the economically most important conifer tree species in Europe. It has a long history of cultivation in central Europe, and has been seeded and planted very intensely since the middle of the 19th century. This has changed natural forests into artificial ones and has led to the species’ introduction far outside its natural range, both in countries where it occurs naturally (e.g. Germany and Norway) and in new countries such as Denmark, Belgium and Ireland. To some extent, Norway spruce has also been planted in North America. Norway spruce has shown good yield and quality performance under very different site conditions, and this favoured the species over a long period. In some areas, where maladapted provenances were used, damage and reduced yield have occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyological Analysis of European and Siberian Spruce and Their Hybrids in the USSR
    Karyological analysis of European and Siberian spruce and their hybrids in the USSR By L. F. PRAVDIN, G. A. ABATUROVA and 0. P. SHERSHUKOVA Laboratory of Fozestry, Academy of Science USSR, Moscolw. (Received November 1975 / October 1976) The European spruce (Picea abieslL.lK~~s~.)and Siberian 1 - Siberian spruce; 4 - European spruce; 5 - European spruce) (Picea obovata LEDEB.) OCCUPY a vast territory in spruce f. acuminata BECK. 2 and 3 are spontaneous hybrids the USSR from the Baltic sea in the West to the sea of between group 1 and groups 4 and 5 (the 2nd group is the Okhotsk in the East, and from the southern border 02 the hybrid with Siberian spruce features dominating, while tundra to the southern state frontier. The natural distribu- the 3rd group is the hybrid with European features domi- tion of the two species was separated in the glacial period, nating). According to the classification,proposed by MEZERA but formed a broad belt of spontaneous hybrids during (1939) the initial species are attributed to the varieties and post-glacial adaptation. Picea abies (L.) KARST. and Picea within the limits of each variety the following forms are obovata LEDEB. possess uniform distinguishing m~rpho~logic- distinguished: al features however, their transitional hybrids possess great A - var. obovata with forms: 1 - f. transversa; 2 - f. variability. This morphological variation in spruce from typica; 3 - f. f ennica; the USSR and &her western countries has been studied B - var. europea with foms: 4 - f. cunneata; 5 - f. ty- extensively for 150 years: (LEDEBOUR, 1833; NYLANDER, 1863; pica; 6 - biloba; 7 - f.
    [Show full text]