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Huron-Manistee National Forest: Ginseng Restoration Project

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Huron-Manistee National Forest: Ginseng Restoration Project Huron-Manistee National Forest: Ginseng Restoration Project Prepared By: Rachel A. Hackett, Helen D. Enander, Phyllis J. Higman Michigan Natural Features Inventory Michigan State University Extension P.O. Box 13036 Lansing, MI 48901 Prepared For: United States Forest Service Huron-Manistee National Forest 12/31/2020 MNFI Report No. 2020-29 Suggested Citation: Hackett, R.A., H.D. Enander, P.J. Higman. 2020. Huron-Manistee National Forest: Ginseng Restoration Project. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Report No. 2020-29, Lansing, MI. Copyright 2020 Michigan State University Board of Trustees. MSU Extension programs and ma- terials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status or family status. Cover: Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) with unripe fruits in Manistee National Forest, Wexford County, Michigan (EO ID 18994) on August 6, 2020. Photograph by Rachel Hackett. Table of Contents Abstract....................................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Study area ................................................................................................................................. 1 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Element occurrence records of ginseng in Michigan ............................................................... 2 Status of ginseng populations on federal land in Northern Lower Peninsula ........................... 2 Digital occurrence data search ............................................................................................... 3 Ginseng species distribution model ........................................................................................ 3 Presence/Pseudo-absence points ....................................................................................... 5 Environmental Predictor Variables ...................................................................................... 5 Model evaluation ................................................................................................................. 5 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Ginseng Element Occurrences ............................................................................................... 7 Huron National Forest ......................................................................................................... 7 Manistee National Forest .................................................................................................... 8 Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore ..........................................................................15 Data mining Michigan occurrences ........................................................................................18 Ginseng Species DIstribution Modeling .................................................................................19 Presence/Pseudo-absence points ......................................................................................19 Model evaluation ................................................................................................................19 Maxent Model ....................................................................................................................19 Discussion ................................................................................................................................27 Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................29 Literature Cited .........................................................................................................................29 Appendix A: Element Occurrences and Rankings .....................................................................31 Appendix B: Maps of visited ginseng locations ..........................................................................35 i List of Tables Table 1. List of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Element Occurrence (EO) records in Michigan’s Natural Heritage Database that intersect with Huron-Manistee National Forest Property (Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2020). EO ID is a unique identifier for each EO record. Rank is a qualitative assessment of estimated viability of species. Site indicated with *was visited by US Forest Service, not MNFI. ............................................................................. 2 Table 2. List of environmental predictor variables evaluated to include in ginseng species distribution model. “BIO#” refers to the set of 19 bioclimatic variables from WorldClim: (https://www.worldclim.org/data/bioclim.html) ............................................................................. 6 Table 3. Element occurrence counts of each rank. Comparison of counts before and after data mining effort. Descriptions of ranks can be found in Appendix Table B- 1 .................................18 Table 4. Relative contributions of the environmental variables to the Maxent model. Permutation importance is determined by the values of that variable on training presence and background data are randomly permuted for each variable. The model is reevaluated on the permuted data, and the resulting drop in training AUC is shown in the table, normalized to percentages. .........25 ii List of Figures Figure 1. Generalized digital occurrence record cleaning data flow. Records were removed [grey box] or filed into one of the red categories. ................................................................................. 4 Figure 2 Habitat of Element Occurrence ID 11029, Alcona County, Huron National Forest on August 11, 2020, appeared suitable for ginseng, but no plants were found. Photograph by Rachel Hackett. .......................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Habitat of Element Occurrence ID 23709, Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 5, 2020, was no longer suitable for ginseng. Left – ginseng is not found in forest with large canopy gaps. Upper-right – dense shrubs, mostly blackberry bushes (mostly Rubus allegheniensis) carpeted the forest floor. Lower-right – several layers of fallen trees made the terrain difficult. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. ........................................................ 8 Figure 4. Habitat of Element Occurrence ID 23710, , Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 5, 2020, appeared suitable for ginseng, but no plants were found. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. .................................................................. 9 Figure 5. Habitat of Element Occurrence ID 23710, , Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 5, 2020, appeared suitable, but no plants were found. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. ....................................................................................10 Figure 6. Habitat and one ginseng plant found at Element Occurrence ID 19849, Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 6, 2020. Left – habitat where ginseng was found. Plant is in the lower center of photo. Right – ginseng found was sterile with two leaves. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. ...................................................................................11 Figure 7. Occupied habitat found at Element Occurrence ID 18994, Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 6, 2020. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. ......................12 Figure 8. Ginseng plants found at Element Occurrence ID 18994, Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 6, 2020. Left – ginseng with a few flowers remaining. Right – ginseng fruit. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. ..............................................................13 Figure 9. Habitat of Element Occurrence ID 23708, Wexford County, Manistee National Forest, Michigan, on August 7, 2020, appeared suitable, but no ginseng was found. Left – eastern location in NWSE quarter. Right – western location in SWSW quarter. Photographs by Rachel Hackett......................................................................................................................................14 Figure 10. Occupied habitat found at of Element Occurrence ID 5687, Leelanau County, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, on August 14, 2020. Photograph by Rachel Hackett. .................................................................................................15 Figure 11. Habitat and ginseng plants found at of Element Occurrence ID 5687, Leelanau County, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, on August 14, 2020. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. .....................................................................................16 Figure 12. There was heavy browsing pressure on ginseng populations in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (EOID 5687) as illustrated in photos. Both leaves and reproductive bodies were browsed. Photographs by Rachel Hackett. .......................................................................16 Figure 13. Habitat and ginseng plants found at
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