DOCSLIB.ORG

Custom-Made Zirconium Dioxide Implants for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Custom-Made Zirconium Dioxide Implants for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction materials Article Custom-Made Zirconium Dioxide Implants for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction Marcin Kozakiewicz 1,* , Tomasz Gmyrek 1 , Radosław Zajdel 2 and Bartłomiej Konieczny 3 1 Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 Zeromskiego˙ Str, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Informatics and Statistics, Medical University in Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Łód´z,Poland; [email protected] 3 University Laboratory of Materials Research, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-42-639-3422 Abstract: Reconstruction of the facial skeleton is challenging for surgeons because of difficulties in proper shape restoration and maintenance of the proper long-term effect. ZrO2 implant application can be a solution with many advantages (e.g., osseointegration, stability, and radio-opaqueness) and lacks the disadvantages of other biomaterials (e.g., metalosis, radiotransparency, and no osseointe- gration) or autologous bone (e.g., morbidity, resorption, and low accuracy). We aimed to evaluate the possibility of using ZrO2 implants as a new application of this material for craniofacial bone defect reconstruction. First, osteoblast (skeleton-related cell) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were determined in vitro by comparing ZrO2 implants and alumina particle air-abraded ZrO2 implants to the follow- ing: 1. a titanium alloy (standard material); 2. ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (a modern material used in orbital surgery); 3. a negative control (minimally cytotoxic or genotoxic agent action); 4. a positive control (maximally cytotoxic or genotoxic agent action). Next, 14 custom in vivo clinical ZrO2 implants were manufactured for post-traumatologic periorbital region reconstruction. The soft Citation: Kozakiewicz, M.; Gmyrek, tissue position improvement in photogrammetry was recorded, and clinical follow-up was conducted T.; Zajdel, R.; Konieczny, B. Custom-Made Zirconium Dioxide at least 6 years postoperatively. All the investigated materials revealed no cytotoxicity. Alumina Implants for Craniofacial Bone particle air-abraded ZrO2 implants showed genotoxicity compared to those without subjection to air Reconstruction. Materials 2021, 14, abrasion ZrO2, which were not genotoxic. The 6-month and 6- to 8-year clinical results were aesthetic 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma and stable. Skeleton reconstructions using osseointegrated, radio-opaque, personalized implants 14040840 comprising ZrO2 material are the next option for craniofacial surgery. Academic Editor: Matthias Kern Keywords: zirconium dioxide; custom implants; ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene; titanium alloy; Received: 28 December 2020 craniofacial; maxillofacial surgery; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; bone defect treatment Accepted: 7 February 2021 Published: 10 February 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in The most common consequence (40%) of maxillofacial structure injuries is orbital re- published maps and institutional affil- iations. gion trauma [1]. If there is no complete reconstruction at the time of primary surgical repair, this may influence the outcomes. Facial skeleton fractures are often associated with the risk of functional disturbances (double vision and ptosis) as well as aesthetic disturbances (face asymmetry and enophthalmos) [1,2]. To date, no single ideal material is available to repair these post-traumatic defects and restore function. However, three options exist as ways to Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. shape the reconstructive material: 1. manually/arbitrarily; 2. individually on the model Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. but only for plastic materials possible; 3. design/manufacture of individual implants using This article is an open access article computer-assisted techniques—i.e., a final implant without model or manual shaping. distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons This third technique is the subject of this study. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Recently, custom-made implants have been prepared by computer-assisted design creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) for facial skeleton region reconstructions [3–7]. The goal 4.0/). of surgical reconstruction is to restore function and facial appearance. It is obtained by Materials 2021, 14, 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040840 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Materials 2021, 14, 840 2 of 20 removing herniated tissues from the fracture gap, supporting the soft tissues and recon- structing the bone to prevent the return of the hernia. The most important issue in orbital reconstruction is obtaining the correct shape of the bone surface supporting the eye globe and skin, because an inaccurately corrected orbital volume causes unpleasant aesthetic consequences (enophthalmos). However, the type of material used, its properties, the cor- rectly designed shape of the implant, the appropriate surgical technique and the condition of the patient are all crucial for success. The material applied should be biocompatible and allow fixation to host bone by screws, wire, suture or adhesive. It should not potentiate the growth of microorganisms or promote resorption of the underlying bone or defor- mation of adjacent tissues. Furthermore, radiopaque materials should be used to allow radiographic evaluation [8]. Visibility in radiological examination allows confirmation of correct implantation. In the case of implant malposition detected in the intraoperative imaging scan, it allows for immediate correction of the position, avoiding a second surgery. The search continues for the ideal implant and reconstructive material, and particularly osseointegrated materials, such as titanium. Titanium is currently the standard material in craniofacial reconstructions; another material is zirconium dioxide. Zirconium dioxide (zirconia) is a ceramic material with physical properties that have long been appreciated in the space industry to cover shuttles and manufacture medical devices. In 1969, zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) material was first studied by orthopedics for hip head replacement [9]. Since 1985, ZrO2 has been applied to make the artificial head of the hip [10]. Its unusual break resistance (2000 N), compression resistance (2000 MPa) and biocompatibility have found their application in implantology to reconstruct missing teeth as well as hips, knees, shoulders and wrists [9]. Its mechanical properties are very similar to those of metals. MgO, CaO or Y2O3 interstitials are being added for greater molecular stability. The most studied combination is yttrium-stabilized zirconia, also known as tetrag- onal zirconia polycrystals. ZrO2 stabilized with Y2O3 has better mechanical properties than other combinations [9]. Despite a much more difficult process of sintering, this form of zirconia is considered for medical applications. Clinically, ZrO2 has several advantages over titanium. The inflammatory reaction to ZrO2 is much lower than that to other restorative materials, even titanium [10,11]. Evaluating soft tissues in contact with titanium and ZrO2 reveals a higher inflammatory reaction around titanium [12]. Additionally, in the case of titanium implanted during the treatment of trauma-related effects, changes in antioxidant defense and increased synthesis of the products of oxidative damage of proteins and lipids indicate the body’s adverse response to the introduction of titanium material [13]. Furthermore, the level of bacterial products measured using nitric oxide syntheses is higher on titanium than on zirconium dioxide [9]. The use of zirconium dioxide in craniofacial reconstruction has not been described in the literature thus far and appears very promising. The authors aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of zirconium dioxide material as well as present a new application of that material for craniofacial bone defect reconstruction. 2. Materials and Methods In vitro-tested materials were formed in 2 mm-thick disks with diameters of 10 mm. Titanium alloy grade 23 powder (ISO 5832-3:1996 for selective laser melting) [14] was used in an SLM 250 machine (SLM Solutions GmbH, Lübeck, Germany). The thickness of the added layers in the implant was 30 µm (Z-axis move), and the construction speed was 25 cm3/h. Next, the disks were subjected to annealing at 700 ◦C for 1 h in an argon atmosphere, slowly cooled down in a furnace and subjected to the tempering process. Ten disks produced in this way created a comparison group as a standard material for craniomaxillofacial surgery. The next comparison group consisted of 10 disks milled from ultra-high-molecular- weight polyethylene (UHMW PE; [15–17]) in a computer numerical control (CNC) pro- cess [3] by Speed Hawk 650 (OPS-Ingersoll Funkenerosion GmbH, Burbach, Germany). Materials 2021, 14, 840 3 of 20 Zirconium dioxide disks were milled from prefabricated blocks (the substrate block Prettau Zyrconia of dimensions 125 mm × 70 mm × 20 mm was delivered by Zyrkonzahn Worldwide, Gais, Italy, https://www.zirkonzahn.com/ (accessed on 10 January 2021)). Twenty percent enlarged substrate disks were CAD designed, and CNCs were milled using a 5-axis milling machine [3] by Speed Hawk 650 (OPS-Ingersoll Funkenerosion GmbH, Bur- bach, Germany). Subsequently, sintering of substrate disks was performed at 1450–1500 ◦C according to the manufacture of zirconium dioxide substrate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings
    applied sciences Article Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings Tentu Nageswara Rao , Imad Hussain, Ji Eun Lee, Akshay Kumar and Bon Heun Koo * School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51140, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +82-(55)-262-6486 Received: 10 July 2019; Accepted: 19 August 2019; Published: 22 August 2019 Abstract: Zirconia (ZrO2)-based flame retardant coatings were synthesized through the process of grinding, mixing, and curing. The flame retardant coatings reinforced with zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) were prepared at four different formulation levels marked by F0 (without adding ZrO2 NPs), F1 (1% w/w ZrO2 NPs), F2 (2% w/w ZrO2 NPs), and F3 (3% w/w ZrO2 NPs) in combination with epoxy resin, ammonium polyphosphate, boric acid, chitosan, and melamine. The prepared formulated coatings were characterized by flammability tests, combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, char residues were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the controlled sample filled with functionalized ZrO2 NPs was observed to decrease dramatically with increasing functionalized ZrO2 NPs loadings. There was an increase in the limit of oxygen index (LOI) value with the increase in the weight percentage of ZrO2 NPs. The UL-94V data clearly revealed a V-1 rating for the F0 sample; however, with the addition of ZrO2 NPs, the samples showed enhanced properties with a V-0 rating. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that addition of ZrO2 NPs Improved composite coating thermal stability at 800 ◦C by forming high residual char.
    [Show full text]
  • Zirconium Oxide Ceramics in Prosthodontics Phase
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Jasenka Æivko-BabiÊ Zirconium Oxide Ceramics in Andreja Carek Marko Jakovac Prosthodontics Department of Prosthodontics School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb Summary Acta Stomat Croat 2005; 25-28 Dental ceramics justifies more frequent use in prosthetic restoration of damaged dental status. Inlays, crowns and three-unit bridges have been made of all-ceramic system. Zirconia dioxide is a well- known polymorph. The addition of stabilising oxides like MgO, Y2O3 to pure zirconia, makes it completely or partially stabilized zirconia which PRELIMINARY REPORT Received: March 23, 2004 enables use in prosthodontics. Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (TZP) stabilized with 3mol % yttria, has excellent mechanical and esthetical properties. Fixed prosthetic appliances of this ceramic have been made Address for correspondence: using CAD/CAM techniques. It can be expected that zirconium oxide ceramics will replace metal-ceramics in restorations that require high Prof. Jasenka Æivko-BabiÊ Zavod za stomatoloπku strength. protetiku Key words: Zirconia, mechanical properties, Tetragonal Zirconia Stomatoloπki fakultet GunduliÊeva 5, 10000 Zagreb Polycrystals (TZP), partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), In-Ceram Zir- tel: 01 4802 135 conia. fax: 01 4802 159 Introduction Zirconia is stable in oxidizing and poor reducing atmospheres. It is inert to acids and bases at room Zircon has been known as a gem since ancient temperature (RT) with the exception of HF. It reacts times. The name of metal zirconium, comes from with carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen at temperatures the Arabic Zargon, which means golden colour. Zir- above 2200°C and does not react with the refracto- conia, the metal dioxide (ZrO2) ,was identified in ry metals up to 1400°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Zro2-Y2O3-Tio2 Ceramics Prepared by Coprecipitation
    Eighth International Latin American Conference on Powder Technology, November 06 to 09, Costão do Santinho, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Synthesis and characterization of porous ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 ceramics prepared by coprecipitation Luan M. Medeiros1,a, Fernando S. Silva1, b, Juliana Marchi2, c, Walter Kenji Yoshito1, d, Dolores R. R. Lazar1, e, Valter Ussui1, f 1-Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares – IPEN – Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. 2-Universidade Federal do ABC - Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Rua Santa Adelia, 166, Bangu, Santo Andre, SP 09210-170, Brasil [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Key-words: Y-TZP, titania, ceramics, pore formers Abstract. Zirconium dioxide (zirconia) ceramics are known by its high strength and toughness and titanium dioxide (titania) ceramics has outstanding surface properties. The ceramic composite formed between the two oxides are expected to have advantages of both ceramics, especially when its surface area is increased by pores. In this work, ceramic composites of ZrO2-Y2O3-TiO2 were synthesized by coprecipitation and rice starch was added as pore former in 10, 20 and 30 wt%. Powders were cold pressed as cylindrical pellets and sintered at 1500 °C for 01 hour and ceramics were characterized by techniques as Archimedes method for density measurements, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pores are inhomogeneously distributed through ceramic bodies. Introduction Zirconia based ceramic materials are known by their chemical and thermal shock resistance and, when appropriately doped with additives as yttrium, cerium or other rare earth oxides, show outstanding mechanical and/or electrical properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Unveiling the Coexistence of Cis and Trans Isomers in the Hydrolysis of Zro2: a Coupled DFT and High-Resolution Photoelectron Sp
    Unveiling the Coexistence of Cis and Trans Isomers in the Hydrolysis of ZrO2: A Coupled DFT and High-Resolution Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study Ali Abou Taka,1, ∗ Mark C. Babin,2, ∗ Xianghai Sheng,1 Jessalyn A. DeVine,2, † Daniel M. Neumark,2, 3, ‡ and Hrant P. Hratchian1, § 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, CA 95343 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA 3Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley (Dated: December 3, 2020) 1 Abstract – – High-resolution anion photoelectron spectroscopy of the ZrO3H2 and ZrO3D2 anions and complementary electronic structure calculations are used to investigate the reaction between zirconium 0/– – – dioxide and a single water molecule, ZrO2 + H2O. Experimental spectra of ZrO3H2 and ZrO3D2 were obtained using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging (cryo-SEVI), revealing the presence of two dissociative adduct conformers and yielding insight into the vibronic structure of the corresponding neutral species. Franck-Condon simulations for both the cis– and trans–dihydroxide structures are required to fully reproduce the experimental spectrum. Additionally, it was found that water-splitting is stabilized more by ZrO2 than TiO2, suggesting Zr-based catalysts are more reactive toward hydrolysis. I. INTRODUCTION Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) is an extensively studied material with widespread applications in medicine,[1–3] gas-cleaning technology,[4] ceramics,[5–7] corrosion-resistant materials [8– 10], and heterogeneous catalysis [11]. As in the case of titania (TiO2), photosensitization of water on a ZrO2 electrode has inspired the development of ZrO2 based technologies to exploit its photocatalytic properties for solar–powered hydrogen fuel cells [12–16].
    [Show full text]
  • A Combined Proteomic and Targeted Analysis Unravels New Toxic
    A combined proteomic and targeted analysis unravels new toxic mechanisms for zinc oxide nanoparticles in macrophages Catherine Aude-Garcia, Bastien Dalzon, Jean-Luc Ravanat, Véronique Collin-Faure, Hélène Diemer, Jean-Marc Strub, Sarah Cianférani, Alain van Dorsselaer, Marie Carrière, Alain Dorsselaer, et al. To cite this version: Catherine Aude-Garcia, Bastien Dalzon, Jean-Luc Ravanat, Véronique Collin-Faure, Hélène Diemer, et al.. A combined proteomic and targeted analysis unravels new toxic mechanisms for zinc oxide nanoparticles in macrophages. Journal of Proteomics, Elsevier, 2016, 134, pp.174 - 185. 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.013. hal-01691352 HAL Id: hal-01691352 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01691352 Submitted on 23 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. This document is an author version of a paper published in Journal of Proteomics (2016) under the doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.013 A combined proteomic and targeted analysis unravels new toxic mechanisms for zinc oxide nanoparticles in macrophages Catherine Aude-Garcia 1,2,3 , Bastien Dalzon 1,2,3, Jean-Luc Ravanat 4,5 , Véronique Collin-Faure 1,2,3 Hélène Diemer 6, Jean Marc Strub 6 , Sarah Cianferani 6, Alain Van Dorsselaer 6, Marie Carrière 4,5 , Thierry Rabilloud 1,2,3* 1: CEA Grenoble, iRTSV/CBM, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Grenoble, France 2: Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Copper-Zirconium Oxide
    metals Communication Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Copper-Zirconium Oxide Alessandro Figini Albisetti 1, Carlo Alberto Biffi 2,* and Ausonio Tuissi 2 1 EDISON S.p.A.-Research and Development Division, Via Foro Buonaparte 31, Milano 20121, Italy; alessandro.fi[email protected] 2 CNR-IENI—Institute for Energetic and Interphases, C.so Promessi Sposi 29, Lecco 23900, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: carloalberto.biffi@cnr.it; Tel.: +39-0341-499181 Academic Editor: Sherif D. El Wakil Received: 2 March 2016; Accepted: 16 August 2016; Published: 23 August 2016 Abstract: A new copper–zirconium oxide was synthesized at ambient pressure in air during a thermal treatment. Its crystal structure was analyzed using X-ray Powder Diffraction, and the atomic ratio between copper and zirconium was found performing a Rietveld analysis. An accurate analysis, also comparing this new compound with others present in the literature and which present a similar structure, enables us to characterize the new mixed oxide well. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were also performed in order to completely characterize this new material, which is interesting both from an academic point of view for its crystal structure and from an industrial one due to the formation of copper–zirconium-based shape memory alloys during thermal treatment. Keywords: X-ray Powder Diffraction; differential thermal analysis; Rietveld refinement; shape memory alloys 1. Introduction Zirconium dioxide has been extensively studied, and it is still under analysis for its very important and useful chemical and physical properties [1–4]. A large number of attempts were made mixing this oxide with other elements, especially from the transition periods: cerium [5,6], scandium [7], vanadium [8], hafnium [9], etc.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office Patented Feb
    2,924,561 United States Patent Office Patented Feb. 9, 1960 2 ethylene is important commercially as a plastic. Styrene, a liquid, can also be polymerized to form polystyrene, a 2,924,561 well known plastic. Other olefins may also undergo POLYMERIZATION OF UNSATURATED polymerization to form resins or plastics which find com ORGANC. COMPOUNDS mercial use in many ways. Unsaturated organic compounds which may be poly Louis Schmerling, Riverside, E., assignor, by mesne as merized according to the process of this invention include signments, to Universal Oil Products Company, Des alkenes and preferably 1-alkenes such as ethylene, pro Plaines, Ill., a corporation of Delaware pene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, heptene-1, etc.; No Drawing. Application October 25, 1956 O cycloalkenes such as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclo Seriai No. 618,191 heptene, etc.; aryl alkenes such as styrene, allylbenzene, etc. The polymerization of the aforesaid unsaturated 16 Claims. (C. 204-162) organic compounds is carried out by passing said com pound over a metallic oxide catalyst at a temperature in : 15 This invention relates to a method for polymerizing the range of from about 30 to about 350° C. under unsaturated organic compounds and more particularly ultraviolet light irradiation. If so desired, the olefins may to a process for polymerizing olefinic hydrocarbons. be passed over the catalyst as such or, in the presence of It is an object of this invention to provide a novel a substantially inert organic diluent such as a paraffin, method for polymerizing unsaturated organic compounds. a cycloparaffin or an aromatic hydrocarbon, examples A further object of this invention is to provide a novel 20 of said diluents including pentane, hexane, heptane, etc., method for polymerizing alkenes and cycloalkenes by cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, etc., benzene, toluene, treating said alkenes and cycloalkenes in the presence of Xylene, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Charge Properties of Zirconium Dioxide
    IJST (2012) A4: 481-486 Iranian Journal of Science & Technology http://www.shirazu.ac.ir/en Surface charge properties of zirconium dioxide S. Muhammad1, S. T. Hussain2, M. Waseem3*, A. Naeem4, J. Hussain2 and M. Tariq Jan1 1Department of Chemistry Islamia College Peshawar (Chartered University) 25120, Pakistan 2Department of Chemistry Kohat University of Science & Technology Kohat, 2600, Pakistan 3Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan 4National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Zirconium dioxide, commonly known as zirconia, is an interesting material and is receiving growing attention due to its excellent mechanical properties. The solid was characterized for surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray diffractometry (EDX) and potentiometric titrations. Surface titrations were carried out at the temperature range 303 to 323K in the presence of different concentrations (0.1, 3 0.01 and 0.001mol/dm ) of NaNO3 as a background electrolyte. Surface charge density and point of zero charge (PZC) of ZrO2 were determined from the titration data. Salt addition method was also applied to measure the PZC of the solid. The surface charge densities of ZrO2 were observed to increase with increase in temperature but decrease while increasing the concentration of electrolyte. Further, the PZC was found to decrease with the rise in temperature. However, it was found to increase with increase in concentration of the background electrolyte. The thermodynamic parameters such as ∆H and ∆S were also determined from the slope and intercept of the linear plot of (pHpzc - ½ pKw) versus reciprocal temperature (1/T).
    [Show full text]
  • [Cond-Mat.Mtrl-Sci] 10 Dec 1999
    First-Principles Study of Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Zirconia-Supported Copper Eric J. Walter Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323. Steven P. Lewis Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2451. Andrew M. Rappe Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323. (September 3, 2018) Abstract We have calculated the adsorption energy of carbon monoxide on a mono- layer of copper adsorbed on the (111) face of cubic zirconia. We investigate the structural parameters of three phases of bulk zirconia (cubic, tetragonal, and monoclinic) and find excellent agreement with experiment. We have also an- alyzed the structural relaxation of both the stoichiometric and reduced (111) arXiv:cond-mat/9912189v1 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] 10 Dec 1999 surfaces of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2). For adsorption of copper on c-ZrO2, we find that the preferred binding site is atop the terminal oxygen atom, favored by 0.3 eV over other high symmetry sites. We compare CO adsorption on zirconia-supported copper to the results of carbon monoxide on copper (100) (S. P. Lewis and A. M. Rappe, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 4619, (1999).) and show 1 that adsorption on oxide-supported copper is over 0.2 eV more stable than adsorption on the bare surface. 82.65.My, 71.15.Mb, 82.65.Jv Typeset using REVTEX 2 I. INTRODUCTION Oxide-supported transition metals have received much attention due to their utility in automotive catalysis and other catalytic processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphopeptide Enrichment Using Zirconium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide
    Phosphopeptide Enrichment using Zirconium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide Literature Review Technical Bulletin # 312 Zirconia Microtips Historically, researchers have been unable to fully realize the benefits of mass spectrometry as an analysis method for At the recent ASMS 2005 conference Kweon et al. report the phosphopeptides because isolation of the molecules from non- successful use of a zirconium dioxide microtip for the enrichment of phosphorylated peptides is frequently required before phosphopeptides (3). Phosphopeptides from proteolytic peptide examination of the complex samples can proceed (1). mixtures were selectively isolated and enriched by binding to Previously, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) zirconia microtips. For this application, the zirconia was the most widely utilized technique for phosphopeptide phosphopeptide enrichment proved superior to titanium dioxide and enrichment by mass spectroscopy. IMAC methods can vary IMAC methods. widely in effectiveness depending on the type of metal ion and loading/elution procedure. The technique also uses valuable research time for the required metal ion loading and washing steps and is difficult to incorporate into an on-line application (6). As non-specific binding of non-phosphorylated peptides further hampers the technique, researchers using mass spectroscopy needed a more specific on-line technique for isolating the phosphopeptides in order to fully realize the time saving benefits of mass spectroscopy (1, 2). Recently, several papers and posters have been published demonstrating the unique ability of titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide to selectively retain phosphopeptides contained in complex biological mixtures (1, 2). Titania Pre-Columns Figure 1. Glygen’s Lab-in-a-tip™ SPE pipette tips For example, Pinkse et al.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET Alumina Zirconia Composite Ceramic
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Alumina Zirconia Composite Ceramic SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION GHS product identifier Alumina Zirconia Composite Ceramic Chemical name Fired or Sintered Zirconia Ceramic Formed Parts Other means of identification CZ1, CZ3, CZ6, CZ8, CZ9, AZ-25, AZ-67, AZ-93, CZ-9, CZR, CZRy, ZTA, ZTA-A3, ZTA-90 Product Type Solid RELEVANT IDENTIFIED USES OF THE SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE AND USES ADVISED AGAINST Identified uses Not available Supplier’s details CoorsTek, Inc. 14143 Denver West Parkway, Suite 400 Golden, CO 80401 Phone: +1 303 271 7100 Fax: +1 303 271 7009 Email: [email protected] Website: www.coorstek.com Emergency telephone number +1 303 271 7100 (with hours of operation) 8am-5pm MDT (M-F) SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION OSHA/HCS status While this material is not considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), this SDS contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use of the product. This SDS should be retained and available for employees and other users of this product. Classification of the substance or mixture Not classified GHS LABEL ELEMENTS Signal word No signal word Hazard statements No known significant effects or critical hazards PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Prevention Not applicable Response Not applicable Storage Not applicable Disposal Not applicable Hazards not otherwise classified None known 02103 D Alumina Zirconia Composite Ceramic | ©2018 CoorsTek | +1 303 271 7100 | [email protected] Page 1 of 10 SAFETY DATA SHEET Alumina Zirconia Composite Ceramic
    [Show full text]