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Le Patrimoine Paléontologique Le patrimoine paléontologique Des trésors du fond des temps Le patrimoine paléontologique Des trésors du fond des temps Coordinateurs Jean-Paul Saint Martin Simona Saint Martin Gheorghe Oaie Antoneta Seghedi Dan Grigorescu INSTITUT NATIONAL DE GÉOLOGIE ET GÉOÉCOLOGIE MARINE (GeoEcoMar) - ROUMANIE 23-25 Rue Dimitrie Onciul 024053 Bucarest, Tel./Fax: +40-021-252 25 94 contact: [email protected] Projet cofinancé par l’Ambassade de France en Roumanie Publication assistée par ordinateur: Carmen BIRiş ISBN 978-973-0-09533-3 © 2010 GeoEcoMar Tous droits réservés www.smartprint.ro TABLE DES MATIÈRES Michel FARINE Préface ............................................................................................................................................................................................5 Jean-Paul SAINT MARTIN, Simona SAINT MARTIN, Antoneta SEGHEDI, Gheorghe OAIE, Dan GRIGORESCU Avant-propos. Le patrimoine paléontologique. Des trésors du fond des temps ............................7 Theodor NEAGU La paléontologie aux sources de la connaissance dans les Sciences de la Terre .........................21 Bruno CAZE, Jean-Paul SAINT MARTIN, Didier MERLE, Simona SAINT MARTIN Intérêt des motifs colorés résiduels des coquilles de mollusques pour la valorisation des sites paléontologiques et des collections : l’exemple du Badénien de Roumanie .....................27 Gheorghe OAIE Le patrimoine paléoichnologique de la vie primitive en Dobrogea (Roumanie) ........................39 Stănilă IAMANDEI, Puica Eugenia IAMANDEI Trésors du fond des bois d’autrefois (Bois pétrifiés du Musée National de Géologie de Bucarest) .....................................................................................................................................................................................47 Dan GRIGORESCU La naissance des collections de Paléontologie à l’Université de Bucarest .......................................59 Marie-Thérèse VÉNEC-PEYRÉ, Annachiara BARTOLINI Histoire de la Collection de Micropaléontologie du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle ....73 Sylvain CHARBONNIER Les gisements à conservation exceptionnelle dans les collections : l’exemple de La Voulte et de Montceau-les-Mines (France) ..........................................................................................................95 Jean-Michel PACAUD La typothèque dans les collections d’invertébrés fossiles du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris ............................................................................................................................................................... 113 Florent GOUSSARD, Didier GEFFARD-KURIYAMA, Gaël CLEMENT Investigations non destructives et conservation préventive : techniques et apports de l’imagerie 3D en sciences naturelles ..................................................................................................................... 125 Didier MERLE, Patrick DE WEVER Stratotype Lutétien: un livre pour faire connaître le patrimoine géologique .............................. 139 295 Table des matières Antoneta SEGHEDI, Mădălina NAILIA Pour un musée vivant, le Musée National de Géologie de l’Institut Géologique de Roumanie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 153 Brigitte SENUT L’éducation par les musées : vers le développement durable ? ........................................................... 173 Jean-Paul SAINT MARTIN, Simona SAINT MARTIN, Antoneta SEGHEDI, Madalina NAILIA Le rôle des associations de médiation scientifique et de valorisation du patrimoine géo- logique et paléontologique, intérêt et limites ................................................................................................ 197 Simona SAINT MARTIN, Jean-Paul SAINT MARTIN, Vincent GIRARD, Didier NÉRAUDEAU L’ambre, la résine d’arbre qui cache la forêt ?................................................................................................... 209 Martin PICKFORD Marketing Palaeoanthropology: The Rise of Yellow Science .................................................................. 215 Alexandru ANDRĂŞANU Paléontologie, vulgarisation et géoparcs ........................................................................................................... 271 Dan GRIGORESCU Les prémisses géologiques et paléontologiques de la théorie darwiniste ................................... 285 296 PRÉFACE La coopération franco-roumaine dans le domaine de la connaissance de l’histoire de la Terre plonge ses racines dans une étroite communauté d’esprit et de sensibilité qui s’est exprimée dès le 19ème siècle. Au cours du 20ème siècle, les liens étroits entre géologues et paléontologues des deux pays se sont maintenus, notamment par la formation de scientifiques roumains dans des universités fran- çaises et par l’usage de la langue française dans les publications en Roumanie. Les ateliers scientifiques franco-roumains consacrés au patrimoine paléontologique, soutenus par l’Ambassade de France en Roumanie, ont pu ainsi perpétuer ces rap- prochements naturels. De 2007 à 2009, les partenaires de diverses institutions rou- maines et françaises se sont réunis pour discuter sur le thème de la valorisation du patrimoine paléontologique à travers les problèmes de préservation de sites, de conservation des collections et de diffusion des connaissances. Ce présent volume constitue donc le témoignage de fructueuses discussions et échanges d’expé- riences, en prise directe avec les préoccupations du monde culturel et plus géné- ralement de la société. Une des conséquences est qu’il apparaît aujourd’hui plus que nécessaire d’affirmer que l’histoire de la vie sur Terre, qui nourrit implicitement l’idée d’évolution, peut se lire sans ambiguïté dans les témoignages qui nous sont laissés dans les sédiments anciens. Il appartient alors de bien prendre conscience de l’importance des fossiles dont la connaissance n’appartient pas seulement aux sphères scientifiques compétentes, mais également à tout citoyen à qui ce patri- moine apporte un message à intégrer dans notre culture commune. Michel FARINE Attaché Scientifique auprès de l’Ambassade de France en Roumanie 5 AVANT-pROPOS LE PATRIMOINE PALÉONTOLOGIQUE. DES TRÉSORS DU FOND DES TEMPS Jean-Paul SAINT MARTIN1, Simona SAINT MARTIN1, Antoneta SEGHEDI2, Gheorghe OAIE2, Dan GRIGORESCU3 1 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département Histoire de la Terre, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P) UMR 7207 du CNRS, 8, rue Buffon, CP 38. [email protected] 2 GeoEcoMar, Institut National de Géologie et Géoécologie Marine, 23-25 rue Dimitrie Onciul, Bucarest, Roumanie 3 Université de Bucarest, Faculté de Géologie et Géophysique, Laboratoire de Géologie et Paléontologie, Bd. Nicolae Bălcescu 1, Bucarest, Roumanie. 1.O LA BI DIVERSITÉ, UN ENJEU SCIENTIFIQUE ET SOCIÉTAL La biodiversité occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans les préoccu- pations des scientifiques, de l’opinion publique et du monde politique. Protéger la biodiversité est devenu un impératif dont la prise de conscience est relativement récente. Chacun d’entre nous est concerné car la diversité biologique constitue une condition essentielle de l’environnement humain. Un des objectifs premiers des scientifiques est de comprendre la complexité des processus qui déterminent l’actuelle biodiversité sur Terre. Dans cette optique, les scientifiques attirent l’atten- tion sur le fait que le monde actuel se lit pour une très grande part à la lumière de son passé. Les formes de vie qui existent aujourd’hui sur la planète sont celles d’un instant; leur évolution, leur disparition, ne sont intelligibles que si on les replace dans leur très longue histoire. Pour retracer l’histoire de la biodiversité et pour l’ana- lyser il faut faire appel aux fossiles qui sont ainsi les clés de la compréhension de l’évolution de la biodiversité (Neagu, 2010). 2. LA COOPÉRATION FRANCO-ROUMAINE Dans le droit fil des liens tissés anciennement entre les scientifiques roumains et français, et dans le cadre des liens institutionnels et scientifiques réunissant depuis plusieurs années divers partenaires roumains et français, des actions communes vi- sant à valoriser le patrimoine de la mémoire de la Terre en général et de Roumanie en particulier ont été entreprises. Cette coopération a été structurée en plusieurs 7 Jean-Paul Saint Martin, Simona Saint Martin, Antoneta Seghedi, Gheorghe Oaie, Dan Grigorescu étapes. La première phase a permis la constitution d’un réseau de compétences et l’organisation à Bucarest en 2007 d’un «Atelier Scientifique franco-roumain» (Fig. 1) pour la valorisation des sites roumains remarquables et de réunions in situ (Roşcani, judeţul Hunedoara) avec des partenaires locaux. Ces actions ont réuni des collè- gues de l’Institut Géologique de Roumanie, du Musée National de Géologie, de l’Université de Bucarest, de l’Université de Cluj et du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. La deuxième phase comprenait des manifestations culturelles et scientifiques dédiées aux grandes collections paléontologiques roumaines. L’objectif était de mieux faire connaître au public et aux autorités, mais aussi de faire vivre, ces inestimables trésors du patrimoine roumain. Plusieurs expositions et réunions ont concrétisé cette phase au cours de l’année 2008, avec comme point d’orgue une grande manifestation à Bucarest réunissant plusieurs
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