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Differences Between European and Lebanese Americans' Values About Marriage University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-2008 Differences between European and Lebanese Americans' values about marriage. Bilal M. Ghandour University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Ghandour, Bilal M., "Differences between European and Lebanese Americans' values about marriage." (2008). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 3322. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/3322 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries https://archive.org/details/differencesbetweOOghan This is an authorized facsimile, made from the microfilm master copy of the original dissertation or master thesis published by UM1. The bibliographic information for this thesis is contained in UMl's Dissertation Abstracts database, the only central source for accessing almost every doctoral dissertation accepted in North America since 1861. T TA/fT Dissertation LJlYXl Services From:Pro£vuest -oAAPANY 300 North Zeeb Road P O Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106-1346 USA 800 521 0600 734 761 4700 web www il proquest com DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND LEBANESE AMERICANS’ VALUES ABOUT MARRIAGE. A Doctoral Dissertation by BILAL MGHANDOUR Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2008 Department of Psychology UMI Number: 3336947 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3336947 Copyright2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.0 Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Bilal M. Ghandour 2008 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION To my wife and son. Geena, you are the most wonderful marital partner. Ramy, you are my joy and pride. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank Maureen Perry Jenkins for being such a wonderful advisor. I am very grateful for her sharp advice, relentless effort to improve this work, and her ability to step back and look at this piece objectively when 1 struggled with my own biases. Maureen, you are amazing! - 1 would also like to thank my committee members Sanjiv Gupta, Paula Pietromonaco, and Aline Sayer - for their very helpful feedback and suggestions. Paula, I want to thank you in particular for ‘taking a chance on me' when we first communicated in 2000. I will also be forever grateful to James Averill whose words of wisdom throughout this lengthy - and sometimes grueling - process called grad school will always remain in the back of my mind. Jim, your heart and mind are limitless! I am also thankful for the support and friendship of my colleagues and friends who have stood by me in good times and tough ones. I particularly think of Kelly Jones, Cara Segal, and Jim Tyler. I am also deeply grateful to Kara Kritis Harper, who held my hand and let it go in the most effective of ways. My thanks also go to my research assistants, Sofiya Penek, Jennifer Villemaire and Cristina deWeese, who were willing to travel long distances to odd places during a data collection stage that had numerous twists and turns. Last but not least, I would like to thank teachers and supervisors who have played a role in helping me grow and become a better student. v ABSTRACT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND LEBANESE AMERICANS’ VALUES ABOUT MARRIAGE. SEPTEMBER 2008 BILAL M. GHANDOUR, B.A., AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT M.S., AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Maureen Perry-Jenkins Drawing upon the emerging literature that examines differences in values about marriage, this study examined how broader cultural values of western societies, based in individualism, and eastern societies, based in collectivism, shape values about marriage. In comparing the marital value system of European Americans with that of Lebanese or Lebanese-Americans, a theory of cultural identity was utilized. While Americans were expected to value the self-reflective aspect of marriage, which nuclearizes marriage around the husband-wife relationship, the Lebanese were expected to value the familial aspect of marriage, which views the union as a relational entity, the value of which is closely connected to that of the family system. Using a Q sort technique - a method of rank ordering a set of statements about values of interest - two factors were extrapolated, indicating two distinct sets of values regarding marriage. The first cluster of individuals (Factor I) consisted of two thirds of the Americans sample and a quarter of the Lebanese sample. The second cluster (Factor II) consisted of a majority of the Lebanese and a single American participant. As hypothesized, the values highlighted in VI the first factor, or ‘western' -driven factor, focused on romance; the endorsement of physical and psychological intimacy; and the belief that marriage is a private enterprise that only takes account of the marital values of the couple (i.e., ‘couple' individualism). Also as hypothesized, the beliefs highlighted by the second factor, or Lebanese factor, focused on values such as psychological intimacy more than physical closeness as well as the importance of family, in particular their own parents, to marriage. Also important to this group was the endorsement of romanticism, particularly the idea of soul mate as marital partner. Demographic characteristics of the Lebanese sample indicated that education was a determining feature for distinguishing factor loadings. Specifically, we found that the Lebanese who loaded on the ‘western' -driven factor were significantly more educated than their compatriots who loaded on the ‘Lebanese’ factor. With regards to gender, both a Q sort and ANOVA analysis found no differences within nationality or between nationalities, discontinuing previous research that American women are more communal (i.e., more ‘eastern') than American men; and that women immigrants adopt the host cultures' values more readily than their male counterparts when such country provides more opportunity. Finally, we recommended that the development of a marital quality scale for Arabs in general should include items that reflect the values found in this study to be important to the majority of the Lebanese in addition to the traditionally ‘western' items that were found to also be of value to this population. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABSTRACT vi LIST OF TABLES xi CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION 1 Study Rationale 1 Literature Review 3 Marital measurement: Descriptions and Flaws 4 Marital Attitudes 8 Marital Scales and Culture 9 Cross-Cultural Study on Intimacy 12 Individualism and Collectivism 13 History of Western Marriages 16 Marriages in the United States 17 Cultural Differences in the Meaning of Marriage within the United States: Latino and African- American Families 20 Arab Marriage and the Special Case of Lebanon 23 Lebanese Identity 25 Breaking the Self/Society and Individualist/Collectivist Dichotomies 28 Acculturation 30 Gender Role Expectations and Acculturation 34 viii Gender Differences among European Americans 36 Summary 37 Questions and Hypotheses 37 2. METHOD 40 Participants 40 Procedure 41 Q Methodology 42 Measures 46 Statistical Analyses 51 3. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 53 Overview 53 Sample Description 53 Factor Extraction and Rotation 55 Factor Scores 60 Factor I: Results and Interpretation 64 Factor II: Results and Interpretation 69 The ‘Others': Response Patterns of 19 Non-pure Loaders 79 Analysis of Variance 82 4. GENERAL DISCUSSION 85 APPENDICES A. THE LOCKE-WALLACE MARITAL ADJUSTMENT TEST 91 B. THE DYADIC ADJUSTMENT SCALE 93 C. MARITAL QUALITY INDEX 95 IX D. MARITAL ATTITUDE SCALE 96 E. Q SORT STATEMENTS 98 F. AMERICAN-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SCALE 101 G. Q SORT FACTOR MATRIX (UNROTATED) 103 H. LEBANESE/ARAB DERIVED Q SORT STATEMENTS 1 06 I. US-DERIVED Q SORT STATEMENTS 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 110 x LIST OF TABLES Ta 1 Distribution structure of the 56 item Q sort 46 2 Means for Sample 54 3 Means for Acculturation (Older vs. Newer Immigrants) 55 4 Means for Acculturation (Men vs. Women) 55 5 Factor Loadings and Demographic Characteristics of all three Groups 58 6 Factor Arrays for 56 Item Q Sort 61 7 Means for Factor I Loadings 64 8 Means for Factor II Loadings 69 9 Means for Lebanese Factor Loading 76 10 American- International Relations Scale by Lebanese Factor Loading 78 11 Non-pure loadings: Factor 1 Coefficients and Demographic Characteristics 80 12 Non-pure Loadings: Factor 2 Coefficients and Demographic Characteristics.... 81 13 Table 13: ‘Eastern' scores: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics for Sample 84 XI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Study Rationale The union between two persons in the form of a marriage is one of the most significant events in life. There is evidence that marital unions have existed for at least 5000 years (Coontz, 2004), casting little doubt that the propensity to marry is one of the most enduring aspects of socialization. Despite its ubiquitous presence, it was only in the mid-twentieth century that American researchers began to take serious interest in studying marriage, both its meaning and measurement (Sabetelli, 1988).
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