DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fundamental Group of a Group Acting on a Topological Space

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Fundamental Group of a Group Acting on a Topological Space UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier´ıa THE FUNDAMENTAL GROUP OF A GROUP ACTING ON A TOPOLOGICAL SPACE Bryan Patricio Maldonado Puente Director de Tesis: John R. Skukalek Ph.D Tesis de grado presentada como requisito para la obtenci´ondel t´ıtulode: Licenciado en Matem´aticas Quito, Diciembre 2013 UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier´ıa HOJA DE APROBACION´ DE TESIS The Fundamental Group of a Group Acting on a Topological Space Bryan Patricio Maldonado Puente John R. Skukalek Ph.D Director de Tesis Andrea Moreira Ph.D Miembro del Comit´ede Tesis Carlos Jimenez Ph.D Miembro del Comit´ede Tesis Eduardo Alba Ph.D Director Departamento de Matem´atica Cesar Zambrano Ph.D Decano Escuela de Ciencias Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenier´ıa Quito, Diciembre 2013 c DERECHOS DE AUTOR Por medio del presente documento certifico que he le´ıdola Pol´ıticade Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito y estoy de acuerdo con su contenido, por lo que los derechos de propiedad intelectual del presente trabajo de investigacin quedan sujetos a lo dispuesto en la Pol´ıtica. Asimismo, autorizo a la USFQ para que realice la digitalizaci´ony publicaci´onde este trabajo de investigaci´onen el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Org´anicade Educaci´onSuperior. Firma: Nombre: Bryan Patricio Maldonado Puente C.I.: 1720579075 Fecha: 13 de diciembre de 2013 Exotic or ordinary, glamorous or plain, exciting or boring - it's all in our point-of-view. - Jonathan Lockwood Huie 5 Acknowledgements First of all, I want to thank my thesis advisor John R. Skukalek Ph.D in Mathematics for giving me the support and guidance I needed to continue with my work during this learning process of writing an academic article; since I started with this project I have discovered a new field in mathematics thanks to him. I also would like to mention James Montaldi Ph.D in Mathematics from University of Manchester, without whose scholarly correspondence I would not have been able to analyze so well the topics explained in Chapters 4 and 5 of this paper. Despite the distance, Professor Montaldi helped me selflessly with my doubts in algebraic topology. Finally, to Emily Sabo who reviewed this paper for grammatical correctness. 6 Abstract In 1966, F. Rhodes introduced the idea of the fundamental group of a group G of homeomor- phisms of a topological space X. His article contains summarized proofs of important results and has been studied since then primarily because the category of transformation group is more general than the category of topological spaces. In this thesis, a thorough study for Rhodes's work is presented providing examples to enrich the theory. Dr. James Montaldi from University of Manchester has recently contributed to this theory with a more general and applicable way of Rhodes's main theorem. His results are also analyzed here. 7 Resumen En 1966, F. Rhodes introdujo la idea del grupo fundamental de un grupo G de homeomorfis- mos de un espacio topol´ogico X. Su art´ıculocontiene demostraciones que resumen los resulta- dos importantes y ha sido estudiado desde entonces, principalmente debido a que la categor´ıa de grupo de transformacin es m´asgeneral que la categor´ıade los espacios topol´ogicos.En esta tesis, un estudio a fondo del trabajo de Rhodes se presenta con ejemplos para enriquecer la teora. El Dr. James Montaldi de la Universidad de Manchester ha contribuido recientemente a esta teor´ıacon una forma m´asgeneral y aplicable del teorema principal de Rhodes. Sus resultados tambi´ense analizan aqu´ı. Contents Declaration of Authorship 3 Acknowledgements 5 Abstract 6 List of Figures 10 Symbols 11 1 Introduction 13 2 Background 16 2.1 Topological Spaces and Continuous Functions . 16 2.2 The Fundamental Group . 21 2.2.1 The Euclidean Space . 22 2.2.2 The Sphere . 23 2.3 Isometries of Topological Spaces . 26 2.3.1 Dihedral Group . 27 2.3.2 The Orthogonal Group . 28 3 Groups acting on Topological Spaces 30 3.1 The Transformation Group . 30 3.2 The Fundamental Group of a Transformation Group . 31 8 9 3.3 Trivial Groups and Simple Connected Spaces . 39 4 Relationship between σ(X; x0;G) and π1(X; x0) 41 4.1 Exact Sequences . 41 4.2 Connection between π1(X; x0) and the group G ................. 42 4.3 Group of Automorphisms of π1(X; x0) induced by k .............. 44 4.4 Connection between σ(X; x0;G) and the group G ................ 47 4.5 Subgroups of σ(X; x0;G).............................. 51 4.6 Rhodes's Theorem . 52 4.7 Finite Groups . 55 5 Morphisms between Transformation Groups 58 5.1 The Category . 58 5.2 Homotopy type . 59 5.3 Actions on S1 .................................... 61 5.4 S1 acting on Topological Spaces . 65 5.5 Product Spaces . 66 6 Conclusions and Future Work 70 List of Figures 2.1 Path described by a continuous function . 18 2.2 Homotopic loops on a simply-connected region . 20 2.3 Homotopy over S2 ................................. 25 2.4 Dihedral group of an equilateral triangle . 27 2.5 Orthogonal Group on E2 ............................. 29 3.1 Path composition for a transformation group . 32 3.2 Associativity law described over I × I ...................... 37 3.3 Equivalence classes for paths of order g ..................... 39 4.1 Automorphism induced by a preferred path at x0 ................ 43 4.2 Continuous action of a group on a topological space . 48 4.3 Homotopy between λ and its automorphism K(λ)............... 50 4.4 Figure eight . 56 4.5 Homotopies of the topological set P~n ....................... 56 1 5.1 Additive representation of the generator element of σ(S ; Zn)......... 63 1 5.2 Subtractive representation of the generator element of σ(S ; Zn)....... 64 5.3 The 3D figure eight as a cartesian product E × S1 ............... 69 5.4 The torus T2 as a cartesian product S1 × S1 .................. 69 10 Symbols N Natural Numbers Z Integers R Real Numbers C Complex Numbers ; Empty Set Ω(X; x0) Set of all loops in X with base-point x0 fλg Representative of the equivalent class of λ π1(X; x0) Fundamental Group of the Topological Space X with base-point x0 En Euclidean Space of dimension n Sn Sphere of dimension n T2 Torus Pn Regular Polygon with n sides Dn Dihedral Group of order 2n On Orthogonal Group of dimension n (X; G) Transformation Group of the group G acting on X [f; g] Equivalent class of paths of order g σ(X; x0;G) Fundamental Group of (X; G) with base-point x0 fπ1(X; x0); Kg Set of equivalent classes fλ; gg =∼ Isomorphic to ∼x0 Homotopic modulo x0 (g;x0) Paths of order g modulo x0 ≤ Subgroup of (when using groups) E Normal Subgroup of hai Group Generated by a o Semidirect Product 11 To my parents, without whose love and support I would not be able to accomplish my dreams Chapter 1 Introduction The fundamental group of a transformation group (X; G) of a group G acting on a topological space X encompasses information of the fundamental group π1(X; x0) and the action of G on X. We will prove in detail some of the results presented by F. Rhodes [10] in his article \On the Fundamental Group of a Transformation Group," providing examples involving well- know topological spaces as Euclidean space, n−sided polygons, n−spheres and the torus in which groups such as the integers, the orthogonal matrices, and cyclic groups will be acting. The objective is to take care of the detail in the proofs and to nail down this theory to a less abstract sense with visual examples of transformation groups. The last part of Chapter 4 and most of Chapter 5 talks about relatively recent studies on homology theory and planar n−body choreographies made by Dr. James Montaldi [11, 12] that provides a simpler way to state Rhodes's main results. Chapter 2 gives a small introduction to topics in topology that play an important rule in what we are trying to do. Concepts such as continuous functions, paths, and fundamental groups are introduced in order to provide a start basis for what we will build later on. Once it is clear what a topological space and its fundamental group are, we are ready to introduce 13 14 the concept of a group action. The last part of this chapter introduces to the reader some interesting groups that act as isometries of topological spaces defined previously. Chapter 3 defines what a group action is. We then define the concept of the fundamental group of a transformation group as done by Rhodes in his article. We are going to use the idea of paths to define the elements in this fundamental group. A graphic representation for the group operation is presented and it is proved that in fact this set of paths with a binary operation is a group. Finally, based on this definition, we are going to prove interesting facts about a transformation group when G is trivial, and when π1(X; x0) is trivial. Chapter 4 is the core of this undergraduate thesis. The general objective here is to generate an explicit relationship between both fundamental groups (π1(X; x0) and σ(X; x0;G)) and the group G acting over X. First we introduce a relation between these three groups (π1; σ and G) in terms of exact sequences. At this point we start thinking how these three groups should be related and how these sets can be compared.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fundamental Group
    The Fundamental Group Tyrone Cutler July 9, 2020 Contents 1 Where do Homotopy Groups Come From? 1 2 The Fundamental Group 3 3 Methods of Computation 8 3.1 Covering Spaces . 8 3.2 The Seifert-van Kampen Theorem . 10 1 Where do Homotopy Groups Come From? 0 Working in the based category T op∗, a `point' of a space X is a map S ! X. Unfortunately, 0 the set T op∗(S ;X) of points of X determines no topological information about the space. The same is true in the homotopy category. The set of `points' of X in this case is the set 0 π0X = [S ;X] = [∗;X]0 (1.1) of its path components. As expected, this pointed set is a very coarse invariant of the pointed homotopy type of X. How might we squeeze out some more useful information from it? 0 One approach is to back up a step and return to the set T op∗(S ;X) before quotienting out the homotopy relation. As we saw in the first lecture, there is extra information in this set in the form of track homotopies which is discarded upon passage to [S0;X]. Recall our slogan: it matters not only that a map is null homotopic, but also the manner in which it becomes so. So, taking a cue from algebraic geometry, let us try to understand the automorphism group of the zero map S0 ! ∗ ! X with regards to this extra structure. If we vary the basepoint of X across all its points, maybe it could be possible to detect information not visible on the level of π0.
    [Show full text]
  • A TEXTBOOK of TOPOLOGY Lltld
    SEIFERT AND THRELFALL: A TEXTBOOK OF TOPOLOGY lltld SEI FER T: 7'0PO 1.OG 1' 0 I.' 3- Dl M E N SI 0 N A I. FIRERED SPACES This is a volume in PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS A Series of Monographs and Textbooks Editors: SAMUELEILENBERG AND HYMANBASS A list of recent titles in this series appears at the end of this volunie. SEIFERT AND THRELFALL: A TEXTBOOK OF TOPOLOGY H. SEIFERT and W. THRELFALL Translated by Michael A. Goldman und S E I FE R T: TOPOLOGY OF 3-DIMENSIONAL FIBERED SPACES H. SEIFERT Translated by Wolfgang Heil Edited by Joan S. Birman and Julian Eisner @ 1980 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourr Brace Jovanovich, Publishers NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO SYDNEY SAN FRANCISCO COPYRIGHT@ 1980, BY ACADEMICPRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 11 1 Fifth Avenue, New York. New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX Mit Genehmigung des Verlager B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart, veranstaltete, akin autorisierte englische Ubersetzung, der deutschen Originalausgdbe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Seifert, Herbert, 1897- Seifert and Threlfall: A textbook of topology. Seifert: Topology of 3-dimensional fibered spaces. (Pure and applied mathematics, a series of mono- graphs and textbooks ; ) Translation of Lehrbuch der Topologic. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-Manifold Groups
    3-Manifold Groups Matthias Aschenbrenner Stefan Friedl Henry Wilton University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA E-mail address: [email protected] Fakultat¨ fur¨ Mathematik, Universitat¨ Regensburg, Germany E-mail address: [email protected] Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Cam- bridge University, United Kingdom E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract. We summarize properties of 3-manifold groups, with a particular focus on the consequences of the recent results of Ian Agol, Jeremy Kahn, Vladimir Markovic and Dani Wise. Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Decomposition Theorems 7 1.1. Topological and smooth 3-manifolds 7 1.2. The Prime Decomposition Theorem 8 1.3. The Loop Theorem and the Sphere Theorem 9 1.4. Preliminary observations about 3-manifold groups 10 1.5. Seifert fibered manifolds 11 1.6. The JSJ-Decomposition Theorem 14 1.7. The Geometrization Theorem 16 1.8. Geometric 3-manifolds 20 1.9. The Geometric Decomposition Theorem 21 1.10. The Geometrization Theorem for fibered 3-manifolds 24 1.11. 3-manifolds with (virtually) solvable fundamental group 26 Chapter 2. The Classification of 3-Manifolds by their Fundamental Groups 29 2.1. Closed 3-manifolds and fundamental groups 29 2.2. Peripheral structures and 3-manifolds with boundary 31 2.3. Submanifolds and subgroups 32 2.4. Properties of 3-manifolds and their fundamental groups 32 2.5. Centralizers 35 Chapter 3. 3-manifold groups after Geometrization 41 3.1. Definitions and conventions 42 3.2. Justifications 45 3.3. Additional results and implications 59 Chapter 4. The Work of Agol, Kahn{Markovic, and Wise 63 4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks on the Cohomology of Finite Fundamental Groups of 3–Manifolds
    Geometry & Topology Monographs 14 (2008) 519–556 519 arXiv version: fonts, pagination and layout may vary from GTM published version Remarks on the cohomology of finite fundamental groups of 3–manifolds SATOSHI TOMODA PETER ZVENGROWSKI Computations based on explicit 4–periodic resolutions are given for the cohomology of the finite groups G known to act freely on S3 , as well as the cohomology rings of the associated 3–manifolds (spherical space forms) M = S3=G. Chain approximations to the diagonal are constructed, and explicit contracting homotopies also constructed for the cases G is a generalized quaternion group, the binary tetrahedral group, or the binary octahedral group. Some applications are briefly discussed. 57M05, 57M60; 20J06 1 Introduction The structure of the cohomology rings of 3–manifolds is an area to which Heiner Zieschang devoted much work and energy, especially from 1993 onwards. This could be considered as part of a larger area of his interest, the degrees of maps between oriented 3– manifolds, especially the existence of degree one maps, which in turn have applications in unexpected areas such as relativity theory (cf Shastri, Williams and Zvengrowski [41] and Shastri and Zvengrowski [42]). References [1,6,7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] in this paper, all involving work of Zieschang, his students Aaslepp, Drawe, Sczesny, and various colleagues, attest to his enthusiasm for these topics and the remarkable energy he expended studying them. Much of this work involved Seifert manifolds, in particular, references [1, 6, 7, 18, 20, 23]. Of these, [6, 7, 23] (together with [8, 9]) successfully completed the programme of computing the ring structure H∗(M) for any orientable Seifert manifold M with 1 2 3 3 G := π1(M) infinite.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction (Lecture 1)
    Introduction (Lecture 1) February 3, 2009 One of the basic problems of manifold topology is to give a classification for manifolds (of some fixed dimension n) up to diffeomorphism. In the best of all possible worlds, a solution to this problem would provide the following: (i) A list of n-manifolds fMαg, containing one representative from each diffeomorphism class. (ii) A procedure which determines, for each n-manifold M, the unique index α such that M ' Mα. In the case n = 2, it is possible to address these problems completely: a connected oriented surface Σ is classified up to homeomorphism by a single integer g, called the genus of Σ. For each g ≥ 0, there is precisely one connected surface Σg of genus g up to diffeomorphism, which provides a solution to (i). Given an arbitrary connected oriented surface Σ, we can determine its genus simply by computing its Euler characteristic χ(Σ), which is given by the formula χ(Σ) = 2 − 2g: this provides the procedure required by (ii). Given a solution to the classification problem satisfying the demands of (i) and (ii), we can extract an algorithm for determining whether two n-manifolds M and N are diffeomorphic. Namely, we apply the procedure (ii) to extract indices α and β such that M ' Mα and N ' Mβ: then M ' N if and only if α = β. For example, suppose that n = 2 and that M and N are connected oriented surfaces with the same Euler characteristic. Then the classification of surfaces tells us that there is a diffeomorphism φ from M to N.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fundamental Group of SO(N) Via Quotients of Braid Groups Arxiv
    The Fundamental Group of SO(n) Via Quotients of Braid Groups Ina Hajdini∗ and Orlin Stoytchevy July 21, 2016 Abstract ∼ We describe an algebraic proof of the well-known topological fact that π1(SO(n)) = Z=2Z. The fundamental group of SO(n) appears in our approach as the center of a certain finite group defined by generators and relations. The latter is a factor group of the braid group Bn, obtained by imposing one additional relation and turns out to be a nontrivial central extension by Z=2Z of the corresponding group of rotational symmetries of the hyperoctahedron in dimension n. 1 Introduction. n The set of all rotations in R forms a group denoted by SO(n). We may think of it as the group of n × n orthogonal matrices with unit determinant. As a topological space it has the structure of a n2 smooth (n(n − 1)=2)-dimensional submanifold of R . The group structure is compatible with the smooth one in the sense that the group operations are smooth maps, so it is a Lie group. The space SO(n) when n ≥ 3 has a fascinating topological property—there exist closed paths in it (starting and ending at the identity) that cannot be continuously deformed to the trivial (constant) path, but going twice along such a path gives another path, which is deformable to the trivial one. For example, if 3 you rotate an object in R by 2π along some axis, you get a motion that is not deformable to the trivial motion (i.e., no motion at all), but a rotation by 4π is deformable to the trivial motion.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Homotopy Groups of Algebraic Groups
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector JOURNAL OF ALGEBRA 81, 180-201 (1983) On the Homotopy Groups of Algebraic Groups J. F. JARDINE Mathematics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S IA 1. Canada Communicated by R. G. Swan Received November 13, 198 I INTRODUCTION Let k be an algebraically closed field, and let M, be the category of algebras over k. The homotopy groups xi(G) of an algebraic group G over k are defined (see [ 14, 151) to be the homotopy groups ri(G(k*)) of the geometric realization of a simplicial group G(k,) which comes from iden- tifying G with a covariant group-valued functor on M,, and then evaluating on a particular simplicial k-algebra k, . The k-algebra k, of n-simplices of k:!: is defined by k,, = k[x, ,..., x,] /(sodyiF ‘)- and k, has faces di and degeneraciessi which are induced. respectively. by the assignments di(Xj) = xi, jci = 0, j=i =-yj-,, j>i and Si(ey,j)= X,j* jci =-Yj+Xi+lr j=i =xj+,. j > i. These groups are special cases of the homotopy groups of inductive affine k- schemes,as defined in [ 151. All of the homotopy groups n,(G) will be based at the identity e of the group G(k) of k-rational points of G. 180 0021-8693/83 $3.00 Copyright ID 1983 by Academic Press. Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. HOMOTOPY GROUPS OF ALGEBRAIC GROUPS 181 The purpose of this paper is to display calculations of some of these homotopy groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Topological Groups and Lie Groups
    Appendix A Topological Groups and Lie Groups This appendix studies topological groups, and also Lie groups which are special topological groups as well as manifolds with some compatibility conditions. The concept of a topological group arose through the work of Felix Klein (1849–1925) and Marius Sophus Lie (1842–1899). One of the concrete concepts of the the- ory of topological groups is the concept of Lie groups named after Sophus Lie. The concept of Lie groups arose in mathematics through the study of continuous transformations, which constitute in a natural way topological manifolds. Topo- logical groups occupy a vast territory in topology and geometry. The theory of topological groups first arose in the theory of Lie groups which carry differential structures and they form the most important class of topological groups. For exam- ple, GL (n, R), GL (n, C), GL (n, H), SL (n, R), SL (n, C), O(n, R), U(n, C), SL (n, H) are some important classical Lie Groups. Sophus Lie first systematically investigated groups of transformations and developed his theory of transformation groups to solve his integration problems. David Hilbert (1862–1943) presented to the International Congress of Mathe- maticians, 1900 (ICM 1900) in Paris a series of 23 research projects. He stated in this lecture that his Fifth Problem is linked to Sophus Lie theory of transformation groups, i.e., Lie groups act as groups of transformations on manifolds. A translation of Hilbert’s fifth problem says “It is well-known that Lie with the aid of the concept of continuous groups of transformations, had set up a system of geometrical axioms and, from the standpoint of his theory of groups has proved that this system of axioms suffices for geometry”.
    [Show full text]
  • Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve
    Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve Theorem Ronald Brown University of Wales, Bangor∗ February 2, 2008 Abstract We publicise a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem which relates it to the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and whose proof uses the van Kampen theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points. 1 Introduction This article extracts from [Bro88] a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem based on the use of groupoids, the van Kampen Theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points, and the use of the Phragmen-Brouwer Property. In the process, we give short proofs of two results on the Phragmen- Brouwer Property (Propositions 4.1, 4.3). There is a renewed interest in such classical results1, as shown in the article [Sie] which revisits proofs of the Schoenflies Theorem. There are many books containing a further discussion of this area. For more on the Phragmen- Brouwer property, see [Why42] and [Wil49]. Wilder lists five other properties which he shows for a connected and locally connected metric space are each equivalent to the PBP. The proof we give of the Jordan Curve Theorem is adapted from [Mun75]. Because he does not have our van Kampen theorem for non-connected spaces, he is forced into rather special covering space arguments to prove his replacements for Corollary 3.5 (which is originally due to Eilenberg [Eil37]), and for Proposition arXiv:math/0607229v1 [math.AT] 9 Jul 2006 4.1. The intention is to make these methods more widely available, since the 1988 edition of the book [Bro88] has been out of print for at least ten years, and the new edition is only just now available.
    [Show full text]
  • Brauer Groups of Linear Algebraic Groups
    Volume 71, Number 2, September 1978 BRAUERGROUPS OF LINEARALGEBRAIC GROUPS WITH CHARACTERS ANDY R. MAGID Abstract. Let G be a connected linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Then the Brauer group of G is shown to be C X (Q/Z)<n) where C is finite and n = d(d - l)/2, with d the Z-Ta.nk of the character group of G. In particular, a linear torus of dimension d has Brauer group (Q/Z)(n) with n as above. In [6], B. Iversen calculated the Brauer group of a connected, characterless, linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero: the Brauer group is finite-in fact, it is the Schur multiplier of the fundamental group of the algebraic group [6, Theorem 4.1, p. 299]. In this note, we extend these calculations to an arbitrary connected linear group in characteristic zero. The main result is the determination of the Brauer group of a ¿/-dimen- sional affine algebraic torus, which is shown to be (Q/Z)(n) where n = d(d — l)/2. (This result is noted in [6, 4.8, p. 301] when d = 2.) We then show that if G is a connected linear algebraic group whose character group has Z-rank d, then the Brauer group of G is C X (Q/Z)<n) where n is as above and C is finite. We adopt the following notational conventions: 7ms an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and T = (F*)id) is a ^-dimensional affine torus over F.
    [Show full text]
  • Math 131: Introduction to Topology 1
    Math 131: Introduction to Topology 1 Professor Denis Auroux Fall, 2019 Contents 9/4/2019 - Introduction, Metric Spaces, Basic Notions3 9/9/2019 - Topological Spaces, Bases9 9/11/2019 - Subspaces, Products, Continuity 15 9/16/2019 - Continuity, Homeomorphisms, Limit Points 21 9/18/2019 - Sequences, Limits, Products 26 9/23/2019 - More Product Topologies, Connectedness 32 9/25/2019 - Connectedness, Path Connectedness 37 9/30/2019 - Compactness 42 10/2/2019 - Compactness, Uncountability, Metric Spaces 45 10/7/2019 - Compactness, Limit Points, Sequences 49 10/9/2019 - Compactifications and Local Compactness 53 10/16/2019 - Countability, Separability, and Normal Spaces 57 10/21/2019 - Urysohn's Lemma and the Metrization Theorem 61 1 Please email Beckham Myers at [email protected] with any corrections, questions, or comments. Any mistakes or errors are mine. 10/23/2019 - Category Theory, Paths, Homotopy 64 10/28/2019 - The Fundamental Group(oid) 70 10/30/2019 - Covering Spaces, Path Lifting 75 11/4/2019 - Fundamental Group of the Circle, Quotients and Gluing 80 11/6/2019 - The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem 85 11/11/2019 - Antipodes and the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem 88 11/13/2019 - Deformation Retracts and Homotopy Equivalence 91 11/18/2019 - Computing the Fundamental Group 95 11/20/2019 - Equivalence of Covering Spaces and the Universal Cover 99 11/25/2019 - Universal Covering Spaces, Free Groups 104 12/2/2019 - Seifert-Van Kampen Theorem, Final Examples 109 2 9/4/2019 - Introduction, Metric Spaces, Basic Notions The instructor for this course is Professor Denis Auroux. His email is [email protected] and his office is SC539.
    [Show full text]
  • Homotopy and the Fundamental Group
    CHAPTER 2 Homotopy and the Fundamental Group 1. Homotopy Denote I = [0; 1]. Let f; g : X ! Y be maps of topological spaces. A homotopy from f to g is a map H : X×I ! Y such that for all x 2 X, H(x; 0) = f(x) and H(x; 1) = g(x). Thus, on the `bottom' edge, H agrees with f and on the `top' edge it agrees with g. The intermediate maps H(−; t) for 0 < t < 1 may be thought of a 1-parameter family of maps through which f is continuously deformed into g. We say f is homotopic to g (f ∼ g) if there is a homotopy from f to g. Example 2.1. Let X = S1 and Y = S1 × I (a cylinder of radius 1 and height 1). Define H(x; t) = (x; t). (What are f and g?) Example 2.2. Let X = S1 and Y = D2. Let f be the inclusion of S1 in D2 and let g map S1 to the center of D2. Then H(x; t) = (1−t)x defines a homotopy of f to g. Example 2.3. Let X = Y = Rn. Let f be the identity map, and let g be defined by g(x) = 0 for all x. Define H(x; t) = (1 − t)x. Note that the same argument would work for any point with a slightly different H. If the identity map of a space is homotopic to a constant map (as in Example 2.3), we say the space is contractible. It is also useful to have a relative version of this definition.
    [Show full text]