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Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124. -
Cancer-Milestones December 2020
www.nature.com/collections/cancer-milestones December 2020 Cancer Produced by: With support from: Nature Genetics and Nature Medicine Cancer MILESTONES S2 Foreword S3 Timeline S4 Routes to resistance S5 Tracking cancer in liquid biopsies S6 When cancer prevention went viral S7 A licence to kill S8 Sitting on the fence S9 Not a simple switch S10 Sequencing the secrets of the cancer genome S11 Unleashing the immune system against cancer S12 Engineering armed T cells for the fight S13 Oncohistones: epigenetic drivers of cancer S14 Tumour evolution: from linear paths to branched trees S15 Undruggable? Inconceivable S16 Good bacteria make for good cancer therapy S17 The AI revolution in cancer Credit: S.Fenwick/Springer Nature Limited CITING THE MILESTONES VISIT THE SUPPLEMENT ONLINE SUBSCRIPTIONS AND CUSTOMER SERVICES Nature Milestones in Cancer includes Milestone articles written The Nature Milestones in Cancer supplement can be found at Springer Nature, Subscriptions, by our editors and an online Collection of previously published www.nature.com/collections/cancer-milestones Cromwell Place, Hampshire International Business Park, material. To cite the full project, please use Nature Milestones: Lime Tree Way, Basingstoke, Cancer https://www.nature.com/collections/cancer-milestones CONTRIBUTING JOURNALS Hampshire RG24 8YJ, UK (2020). Should you wish to cite any of the individual Milestones, BMC Cancer, Nature, Nature Cancer, Nature Communications, Tel: +44 (0) 1256 329242 please list Author, A. Title. Nature Milestones: Cancer <Article URL> Nature Genetics, Nature Medicine, Nature Reviews Cancer, [email protected] (2020). For example, Milestone 1 is Valtierra, I. Routes to resistance. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Customer serviCes: www.nature.com/help Nature Milestones: Cancer https://www.nature.com/articles/ Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, d42859-020-00069-6 (2020). -
Understanding Biological Design from Synthetic Circuits
REVIEWS MODELLING Synthetic biology: understanding biological design from synthetic circuits Shankar Mukherji* and Alexander van Oudenaarden‡ Abstract | An important aim of synthetic biology is to uncover the design principles of natural biological systems through the rational design of gene and protein circuits. Here, we highlight how the process of engineering biological systems — from synthetic promoters to the control of cell–cell interactions — has contributed to our understanding of how endogenous systems are put together and function. Synthetic biological devices allow us to grasp intuitively the ranges of behaviour generated by simple biological circuits, such as linear cascades and interlocking feedback loops, as well as to exert control over natural processes, such as gene expression and population dynamics. 10–12 Modularity One of the most astounding findings of the Human potential clinical applications . In this Review, however, A property of a system such Genome Project was that our genome contains as many we focus on how synthetic circuits help us to under- that it can be broken down into genes as that of Drosophila melanogaster. This finding stand how natural biological systems are genetically discrete subparts that perform begged the question: how do you get one organism to assembled and how they operate in organisms from specific tasks independently of look like a fly and another like a human with the same microbes to mammalian cells. In this light, synthetic the other subparts. number of genes? One possibility is that the rich rep- circuits have been crucial as simplified test beds in Bioremediation ertoire of non-protein-coding sequences found in the which to refine our ideas of how similarly structured The treatment of pollution with genomes of complex organisms adds many new parts natural networks function, and they have served as microorganisms. -
Technoprogressive Biopolitics and Human Enhancement
TechnoProgressive Biopolitics and Human Enhancement James Hughes Ph.D. Trinity College Williams 229B, 300 Summit St., Hartford, CT 06279-2106 [email protected] “TechnoProgressive Biopolitics and Human Enhancement “ in Progress in Bioethics, ed. Jonathan Moreno and Sam Berger. 2009. MIT Press. pp. 163-188. Abstract A principal challenge facing the progressive bioethics project is the crafting a consistent message on biopolitical issues that divide progressives. The regulation of enhancement technologies is one of the issues central to this emerging biopolitics, pitting progressive defenders of enhancement, "technoprogressives," against progressive critics. This essay will argue that technoprogressive biopolitics express the consistent application of the core progressive values of the Enlightenment: the right of individuals to control their own bodies, brains and reproduction according to their own conscience, under democratic states that work for the public good. Insofar as left bioconservatives want to ensure the safety of therapies and their equitable distribution, these concerns can be addressed by thorough and independent regulation and a universal health care system, and a progressive bioethics of enhancement can unite both enthusiasts and skeptics. Insofar as bioconservative concerns are motivated by deeper hostility to the Enlightenment project however, by assertion of pre-modern reverence for human uniqueness for instance, then a common program is unlikely. After briefly reviewing the political history and contemporary landscape of biopolitical debates about enhancement, the essay outlines three meta-policy contexts that will impact future biopolicy: the pressure to establish a universal, cost-effective health insurance system, the aging of industrial societies, and globalization. Technoprogressive appeals are outlined that will can appeal to key constituencies, and build a majority coalition in support of progressive change. -
Michael Lynch
1 Michael Lynch Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 Phone: 480-965-0868 Email: [email protected] Birth: 6 December 1951, Auburn, New York Undergraduate education: St. Bonaventure University, Biology - B.S., 1973. Graduate education: University of Minnesota, Ecology and Behavioral Biology - Ph.D., 1977 (advisor: J. Shapiro). Areas of Interest and Research: The integration of molecular and cellular biology, genetics, and evolution; population and quantitative genetics; molecular, genomic, and phenotypic evolution. Select Professional Activities and Service: Director, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, 2017 – present. Professor, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 2017 – present. Class of 1954 Professor, 2011 – 2017. Distinguished Professor, Indiana University, 2005 – 2017. Professor; Biology, Indiana University, 2001 – 2004. Adjunct Professor, Computer Science, Indiana University, 2014 – 2017. Adjunct Professor, Physics, Indiana University, 2015 – 2017. Professor; Biology, University of Oregon, 1989 – 2001. Director, Ecology and Evolution Program, Univ. of Oregon, 1989 – 1993, 1996 – 2000. Asst., Assoc., Full Professor; Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution; University of Illinois, 1977 – 1989. Co-director, NSF IGERT Training Grant in Evolution, Development, and Genomics, 1999 – 2004. Director, NSF Genetic Mechanisms of Evolution Training Grant, 1990 – 2000. President, Genetics Society of America, 2013. President, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2009. President, American Genetic Association, 2007. President, Society for the Study of Evolution, 2000. Chair-elect, Section on Biological Sciences American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2017-2020. Vice-president, Genetics Society of America, 2012. Vice-president, Society for the Study of Evolution, 1994. Council Member, Society for the Study of Evolution, 1991 – 1993. -
Towards Population-Scale Long-Read Sequencing
REVIEWS Towards population-scale long-read sequencing Wouter De Coster 1,2,5, Matthias H. Weissensteiner3,5 and Fritz J. Sedlazeck 4 ✉ Abstract | Long-read sequencing technologies have now reached a level of accuracy and yield that allows their application to variant detection at a scale of tens to thousands of samples. Concomitant with the development of new computational tools, the first population-scale studies involving long-read sequencing have emerged over the past 2 years and, given the continuous advancement of the field, many more are likely to follow. In this Review, we survey recent developments in population-scale long-read sequencing, highlight potential challenges of a scaled-up approach and provide guidance regarding experimental design. We provide an overview of current long-read sequencing platforms, variant calling methodologies and approaches for de novo assemblies and reference-based mapping approaches. Furthermore, we summarize strategies for variant validation, genotyping and predicting functional impact and emphasize challenges remaining in achieving long-read sequencing at a population scale. Genome-wide association Sequencing the DNA or mRNA of multiple individuals These studies highlighted that a substantial proportion studies of one or more species (that is, population-scale sequenc- of hidden variation can be discovered with long-read (GWAS). Studies involving a ing) aims to identify genetic variation at a population sequencing. Indeed, recent long-read sequencing stud- statistical approach in genetics level to address questions in the fields of evolutionary, ies of Icelandic and Chinese populations have already to identify variants that correlate with a certain agricultural and medical research. Previous popula- identified previously undetected variants associated with 11,12 phenotype (for example, a tion studies, including genome-wide association studies height, cholesterol level and anaemia . -
How We Are Evolving New Analyses Suggest That Recent Human Evolution Has Followed a Di!Erent Course Than Biologists Would Have Expected
XXXXXXXX 40 Scientific American, October 2010 Photograph/Illustration by Artist Name © 2010 Scientific American Jonathan K. Pritchard is professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. He studies genetic variation within and between human populations and the processes that led to this variation. E VO LU T I O N How We Are Evolving New analyses suggest that recent human evolution has followed a di!erent course than biologists would have expected By Jonathan K. Pritchard IN BRIEF As early Homo sapiens spread out from Many scientists thus expected that sur- ural selection—that is, because those nome contains some examples of very Africa starting around 60,000 years ago, veys of our genomes would reveal con- who carry the mutations have greater strong, rapid natural selection, most of they encountered environmental chal- siderable evidence of novel genetic mu- numbers of healthy babies than those the detectable natural selection appears lenges that they could not overcome tations that have recently spread quickly who do not. to have occurred at a far slower pace with prehistoric technology. ïà¹ù¹ùïmyày´ïȹÈù¨Dï¹´åUĂ´Dï- But it turns out that although the ge- than researchers had envisioned. Illustrations by Owen Gildersleeve October 2010, ScientificAmerican.com 41 © 2010 Scientific American !"#$%&'$ "( )*%+$ %," !#-%&$ -".*' ("+ /!* in technologies for studying genetic variation, we were able to first time into the Tibetan plateau, a vast ex- begin to address these questions. panse of steppelands that towers some 14,000 The work is still under way, but the preliminary findings have feet above sea level. -
Measuring the Societal Impact of Open Science – Presentation of a Research Project
InformaatiotutkimusKATSAUS 34(4), 2015 Holmberg et al: Measuring... 1 Holmberg, K.*,1, Didegah, F. 1, Bowman, S. 1, Bowman, T.D. 1, & Kortelainen, T.2 Measuring the societal impact of open science – Presentation of a research project Address: 1Research Unit for the Sociology of Education, University of Turku 2Information Studies, University of Oulu Email: *[email protected] Introduction data, and 2) investigate novel quantitative indica- tors of research impact to incentivize researchers Research assessment has become increasingly in adopting the open science movement. important—especially in these economically challenging times—as funders of research try to Assessing impact of research identify researchers, research groups, and uni- versities that are most deserving of the limited Two approaches have traditionally been used to funds. The goal of any research assessment is to assess research impact: (1) assessments based on discover research that is of the highest quality and citations and (2) assessments based on publica- therefore more deserving of funding. As quality is tion venues. Both approaches have issues that are very difficult and time-consuming to assess and well-documented (e.g., Vanclay, 2012). Citations can be highly subjective, other approaches have have been found to not always reflect quality or been preferred for assessment purposes (especially intellectual debt as they can be created for many when assessing big data). Research assessments different reasons, some of which do not reflect usually focus on evaluating the level of impact a the scientific value of the cited article (Borgman research product has made; impact is therefore & Furner, 2002). In addition citations can take a used as a proxy for quality. -
Denkanstöße 5/2021
Denkanstöße 5 aus der Akademie Juli/2021 Eine Schriftenreihe der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Andreas Radbruch und Konrad Reinhart (Hrsg.) NACHHALTIGE MEDIZIN Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (BBAW) NACHHALTIGE MEDIZIN NACHHALTIGE MEDIZIN Andreas Radbruch und Konrad Reinhart (Hrsg.) Denkanstöße 5/Juli 2021 Herausgeber: Der Präsident der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Redaktion: Elke Luger, Roman Marek und Ute Tintemann Grafik: angenehme gestaltung/Thorsten Probst Druck: PIEREG Druckcenter Berlin GmbH © Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021 Jägerstraße 22–23, 10117 Berlin, www.bbaw.de Lizenz: CC-BY-NC-SA ISBN: 978-3-949455-00-1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort ....................................................................... 7 Christoph Markschies Einführung in das Thema ...................................................... 9 Britta Siegmund, Max Löhning, Detlev Ganten und Roman M. Marek Einleitung – Wie kann Medizin „nachhaltig“ sein? ............................15 Andreas Radbruch und Konrad Reinhart NACHHALTIGE BIOMEDIZINISCHE FORSCHUNG Nachhaltigkeit in der Medizin: Einzelzellanalysen in Diagnostik und Therapie ................................20 Nikolaus Rajewsky Regenerative Therapien ......................................................26 Hans-Dieter Volk und Petra Reinke ‚genomDE’ – Eine Chance für die deutsche Genommedizin und -forschung ...............................................32 Karl Sperling und Hans-Hilger Ropers Gesundheit neu denken: -
Integrating Inclusive Inheritance Into an Extended Theory of Evolution
REVIEWS Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution Étienne Danchin*‡, Anne Charmantier§, Frances A. Champagne||, Alex Mesoudi¶, Benoit Pujol*‡ and Simon Blanchet*# Abstract | Many biologists are calling for an ‘extended evolutionary synthesis’ that would ‘modernize the modern synthesis’ of evolution. Biological information is typically considered as being transmitted across generations by the DNA sequence alone, but accumulating evidence indicates that both genetic and non-genetic inheritance, and the interactions between them, have important effects on evolutionary outcomes. We review the evidence for such effects of epigenetic, ecological and cultural inheritance and parental effects, and outline methods that quantify the relative contributions of genetic and non-genetic heritability to the transmission of phenotypic variation across generations. These issues have implications for diverse areas, from the question of missing heritability in human complex-trait genetics to the basis of major evolutionary transitions. Modern synthesis When Charles Darwin was born in 1809, the idea causes, one of which is that heritability estimates are 10 The merging of Darwinism with that species change over time — that is, evolve — had incorrect , or at least misinterpreted, mainly because genetics that occurred from already emerged1. However, it was only half a century non-genetic heritability is often confounded with the 1930s to the 1950s. later, when Darwin published On the Origin of Species2, purely genetic effects. There is increasing awareness that the theory of evolution profoundly transformed that non-genetic information can also be inherited our understanding of life. Darwin understood that across generations (reviewed in REFS 8,11–13). The natural selection can only affect traits in which there is concepts of ‘general heritability’ (REF. -
Transhumanism
T ranshumanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T ranshum... Transhumanism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also: Outline of transhumanism Transhumanism is an international Part of Ideology series on intellectual and cultural movement supporting Transhumanism the use of science and technology to improve human mental and physical characteristics Ideologies and capacities. The movement regards aspects Abolitionism of the human condition, such as disability, Democratic transhumanism suffering, disease, aging, and involuntary Extropianism death as unnecessary and undesirable. Immortalism Transhumanists look to biotechnologies and Libertarian transhumanism other emerging technologies for these Postgenderism purposes. Dangers, as well as benefits, are Singularitarianism also of concern to the transhumanist Technogaianism [1] movement. Related articles The term "transhumanism" is symbolized by Transhumanism in fiction H+ or h+ and is often used as a synonym for Transhumanist art "human enhancement".[2] Although the first known use of the term dates from 1957, the Organizations contemporary meaning is a product of the 1980s when futurists in the United States Applied Foresight Network Alcor Life Extension Foundation began to organize what has since grown into American Cryonics Society the transhumanist movement. Transhumanist Cryonics Institute thinkers predict that human beings may Foresight Institute eventually be able to transform themselves Humanity+ into beings with such greatly expanded Immortality Institute abilities as to merit the label "posthuman".[1] Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence Transhumanism is therefore sometimes Transhumanism Portal · referred to as "posthumanism" or a form of transformational activism influenced by posthumanist ideals.[3] The transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has attracted many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives. -
Posthumans and Democracy in Popular Culture
Posthumans and Democracy in Popular Culture James J. Hughes PhD A version of this paper is forthcoming in Handbook of Posthumanism in Film and Television . Eds. Michael Hauskeller, Thomas D. Philbeck, Curtis Carbonell. Palgrave MacMillan. INTRODUCTION Harry Potter is an anti-racist freedom fighter both in fiction and in the real world. Throughout the Potter novels we are drawn to sympathize with oppressed racial minorities – elves, centaurs, werewolves, half-giants, mud-bloods – and to fear and despise fascist Deatheaters intent on exterminating all non-pure- bloods. (Barratt, 2012). The Potter narrative has had demonstrable social impact, reinforcing tolerance and democratic values in its readers. In Harry Potter and the Millennials (Gierzynski , 2013) Anthony Gierzynski pulls together multiple lines of evidence to argue that the generation of American youth that grew up identifying with Harry Potter’s struggles against racism and fascism have become more anti- racist and Democratic as a consequence. In an analysis of three studies of the effect of reading Harry Potter on political attitudes in the UK and Italy (Vezzali, et al., 2014) researchers concluded that the degree to which the readers identified with Potter was a predictor of the influence of the Potter narratives on readers’ empathy with immigrants, refugees and homosexuals. Popular culture both reflects and shapes political culture. The depiction of the posthuman in popular culture is therefore not only a running commentary on the political concerns of the time, with posthumans as stand-ins for everything from Communists to immigrants, but also a potent shaper of attitudes towards extant and future varieties of humanity.