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Multidisciplinary Research ISSN (Online) : 2455 - 3662 SJIF Impact Factor :5.148 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Monthly Peer Reviewed & Indexed International Online Journal Volume: 5 Issue: 1 January 2019 Published By :EPRA Publishing CC License Volume: 5 | Issue: 1 | January 2019 || SJIF Impact Factor: 5.148 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) Peer Reviewed Journal GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR STABILIZATION OF SOIL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES Ravina Lahari1 Samresh Singh2 1 Asst. Professor, 2Asst. Professor, Aryabhatta college of Engineering & Aryabhatta College of Engineering & Research Centre, Research Centre, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India Ajmer, Rajasthan, India ABSRACT In the early times before the advancement in the geotechnical engineering, the only chance for the foundation engineers was to design the foundation matching to the sub soil conditions at the provided site. But now a day due to the improvements in geotechnical techniques and with the help of latest technology it is possible for us to modify the weak foundation soil to the strength and compressibility characteristics to suit the foundation of our choice. Thus these geotechnical processes of improving the quality of the foundation soil to our desired quality are called as ground improving techniques. The changes made through the process are permanent and are not effected with the passage of time or due to change in the weathering condition. The main objective of these processes is to increase the density and shear strength parameters and to decrease the compressibility, permeability and the settlement, which makes the soil more water resistant, durable and stable. This paper gives the overview and concept of recent major ground improvement techniques and discusses their practical applications. KEYWORDS- Ground improvement, soil nailing, vibrofloatation, jet grouting, pre-compression 1. INTRODUCTION earth structures create a reinforced soil mass. The Ground improvement may be defined as geo methods like Geosynthetics, Geogrid etc. are “The process in which in-situ soils are improved for discussed. Soil nailing increases the shear strength of the support of the foundations in known as ground the in-situ soil and restrains its displacement. Micro improvement”. pile gives the structural support and used for The ground can be improved by adapting certain repair/replacement of existing foundations. Grouting ground improvement techniques. Vibro-compaction is injection of pumpable materials to increase its increases the density of the soil by using powerful rigidity. The jet grouting is quite advanced in speed depth vibrators. Vacuum consolidation is used for as well as techniques when compared with the improving soft soils by using a vacuum pump. general grouting. Rapid urban and industrial growth Preloading method is used to remove pore water over demands more land for further development. In order time. Heating is used to form a crystalline or glass to meet this demand land reclamation and utilization product by electric current. Ground freezing converts of unsuitable and environmentally affected lands pore water to ice to increase their combined strength have been taken up. These, hitherto useless lands for and make them impervious. Vibro-replacement stone construction have been converted to be useful ones columns improve the bearing capacity of soil by adopting one or more ground improvement whereas Vibro displacement method displaces the techniques. The field of ground improvement soil. Electro osmosis makes water flow through fine techniques has been recognized as an important and grained soils .Electro kinetic stabilization is the rapidly expanding one. application of electro osmosis. Reinforced soil steel is used for retaining structures, sloping walls, dams etc. seismic loading is suited for construction in seismically active regions. Mechanically stabilized www.eprajournals.com Volume: 5| Issue: 1 | January 2019 27 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 5.148 2. LATEST GROUND Reduction of risk of liquefaction due to IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES seismic activity. Following are the recent methods of ground Permit construction on granular fills. improvement Techniques used for stabilization of 4. VACUUM CONSOLIDATION OF soil: SOIL FOR GROUND Vibro Compaction IMPROVEMENT Vacuum Consolidation Vacuum Consolidation is an effective means Preloading of soil for improvement of saturated soft soils. The soil site Soil stabilization by heating or vitrification is covered with an airtight membrane and vacuum is Ground freezing created underneath it by using dual venture and Vibro-replacement stone columns vacuum pump. The technology can provide an Mechanically stabilized earth structures equivalent pre-loading of about 4.5m high conventional surcharge fill. Vacuum-assisted Soil nailing consolidation preloads the soil by reducing the pore Micro-piles pressure while maintaining a constant total stress. Grouting Applications of Vacuum Consolidation of 3. VIBRO-COMPACTION METHOD Soil: OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT Replace standard preloading techniques Vibro-compaction, sometimes referred to as eliminating the risk of failure. Vibroflotation, is the rearrangement of soil particles Combine with a water preloading in scare fill into a denser configuration by the use of powerful area. The method is used to build large depth vibration. Vibro Compaction is a ground developments on thick compressible soil. improvement process for densifying loose sands to Combine with embankment pre-load using create stable foundation soils. The principle behind the increased stability vibro compaction is simple. The combined action of 5. PRELOADING OR PRE- vibration and water saturation by jetting rearranges loose sand grains into a more compact state. Vibro COMPRESSION OF SOIL FOR Compaction is performed with specially-designed GROUND IMPROVEMENT vibrating probes. Both horizontal and vertical modes Preloading has been used for many years of vibration have been used in the past. The vibrators without change in the method or application to used by Terra Systems consist of torpedo-shaped improve soil properties. Preloading or pre- probes 12 to 16 inches in diameter which vibrates at compression is the process of placing additional frequencies typically in the range of 30 to 50 Hz. The vertical stress on a compressible soil to remove pore probe is first inserted into the ground by both jetting water over time. The pore water dissipation reduces and vibration. After the probe reaches the required the total volume causing settlement. Surcharging is depth of compaction, granular material, usually sand, an economical method for ground improvement. is added from the ground surface to fill the void However, the consolidation of the soils is time space created by the vibrator. A compacted radial dependent, delaying construction projects making it a zone of granular material is created. non-feasible alternative. Advantages of Vibro Compaction Method: Reduction of foundation settlements. The soils treated are Organic silt, Varved silts and Applications of Preloading of Soil clays, soft clay, Dredged material The design Reduce post-construction considerations which should be made are bearing Settlement capacity, Slope stability, Degree of consolidation. Reduce secondary compression. www.eprajournals.com Volume: 5| Issue: 1 | January 2019 28 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor: 5.148 Densification electrical current to heat the soil and modify the Improve bearing capacity physical characteristics of the soil. Heating soils 6. THERMAL STABILIZATION OF permanently alters the properties of the soil. SOIL FOR GROUND Depending on the soil, temperatures can range between 300 and 1000 degree Celsius. The impact on IMPROVEMENT adjacent structures and utilities should be considered Heating or vitrification breaks the soil particle when heating is used. down to form a crystalline or glass product. It uses Applications of Vitrification of Soil: a cement or glue, bonding together adjacent particles Immobilization of radioactive or of soil or blocks of rock to increase their combined contaminated soil strength and make them impervious. The ground Densification and stabilization freezing considerations are Thermal 7. GROUND FREEZING TECHNIQUE analysis, Refrigeration system geometry, Thermal FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT properties of soil and rock, freezing rates, Energy Ground freezing is the use of refrigeration to requirements, Coolant/ refrigerant distribution convert in-situ pore water to ice. The ice then acts as system analysis. 8. VIBRO-REPLACEMENT STONE Applications of Ground Freezing COLUMNS FOR GROUND Technique IMPROVEMENT Temporary underpinning Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be improved by vibratory techniques to Temporary support for an excavation include cohesive soils. Reinforcement of the soil Prevention of groundwater flow into with compacted granular columns or “stone excavated area columns” is accomplished by the top-feed method. Temporary slope stabilization The important Vibro-replacement stone columns are Temporary containment of Ground conditions, Relative density, Degree of toxic/hazardous waste contamination saturation, Permeation. www.eprajournals.com Volume: 5| Issue: 1 | January 2019 29 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online):
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