BALLISTICS AND SPACE (published in the "Engineer" magazine # 4, 2009)

- Oh, ballistics, ballistics! Jules Verne "From Earth to the Moon"

Thanks to Jules Verne, space has long been associated with ballistics - the science of the movement of bullets and projectiles [1]. This connection can be traced even in the names: ballistic missiles, "Star Wars", Big Bang. But the ballistic theory suddenly turns out to be applicable even to such mysteries of space as explosive supernovae, pulsars, Cepheids and the redshift of galaxies, which is believed to be caused by the Doppler effect.

Everyone knows the Doppler effect. It is he who underlies the work of the "radar", familiar to any car enthusiast. But few people know about another curious effect akin to Doppler. We are talking about the Ritz effect, discovered a century ago, but never recognized by science. The Doppler effect is illustrated by the following example (Fig. 1). Imagine a car going towards an observer. Due to the movement, the headlights of the car will seem a little blue to him than in reality. If the car is carried away, the light of its taillights, on the contrary, will seem a little redder than real: the movement changes the frequency of the light. This is due to the fact that when driving, the distance between the car and the observer changes. Therefore, two successive signals, say two shots from a car, fired at an interval of a second, will travel this distance at different times. So, when firing from a car going to the observer at a speed of 30 m/s, the second bullet will have to fly 30 meters less. Therefore, with a bullet speed of 300 m/s, the second bullet will win a tenth of a second at this distance. This difference in travel times will shorten the period between signals for the observer: the bullets will follow with an interval of 0.9 seconds instead of 1 s. Similarly, for light, which is a flying sequence of wave fronts, the movement transforms the period and repetition rate of pulses, wave crests, that is, changes the color of the light.

Fig. 1. Doppler effect - the change in the frequency of light from movement.

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The Ritz effect is similar to the Doppler effect, but its nature is somewhat different. According to Ritz, the movement of the source also creates the illusion of color change in the observer (not even color blind). But if in the Doppler effect the speed of the source affected the frequency of light, then in the Ritz effect acceleration affects. In other words, according to Ritz, the color of the headlights will change even in a car that has not picked up speed, but has just “pulled away” from its place. The effect is explained by the same two signals given by the car. Since the speed of the car that started accelerating is not high, the signals will have to travel almost the same distance. However, due to the acceleration, the speed of the second signal will be slightly higher than that of the first. This means that here, too, the signals will take different time to cover the distance. For the observer, the period between the signals will change again, the frequency of their repetition and the color of light will be transformed (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The Ritz effect - the change in the frequency of light from acceleration. Moving away, the car, having gained speed V after a time T, reports it to bullet No. 2. It gradually catches up with No. 1. As a result, the bullets come with a gap T'

Let, for example, these signals again be two pistol shots at the pole. The first shot is fired from a vehicle that has barely started accelerating and therefore has zero speed. Then the first bullet will move towards the pillar with a standard shot speed C = 300 m/s, having traveled the distance L = 900 m to the pillar in L/C = 3 seconds. When, after the first shot, after a time T = 1 s, the second is fired, the machine, having an acceleration a = 10 m/s2, will pick up the speed V = aT = 10 m/s. The car will additionally report this movement to the second bullet, so that its speed will already be C+V = 310 m/s, and the travel time will become L/(C+V) = 2.9 s, which is approximately by the value of LV/C2= 0.1 second less than the flight duration of the first bullet. Consequently, the bullets will come to the column with a gap T'=T- LV/C2=T(1–La/C2)= 0.9 s, less than the initial T = 1 s. Conversely, if the acceleration a of the car is directed away from the pillar, then reducing the speed of the second

2 bullet by 10 m/s (C-V= 290 m/s) will increase the time gap T' between the arrival of bullets by 0.1 seconds: T'=T(1+La/C2)= 1.1 s.

It was this formula that was derived for the world by the Swiss physicist Walter Ritz (1878-1909) back in 1908. In his formula, C is the speed of light, T is the period of light oscillations, an increase in which means reddening of the light, and a decrease in it - blue. Immediately striking is the difference between the Ritz effect and the Doppler effect: in addition to the fact that the frequency of light depends on acceleration, it is also affected by the distance L of the source. This dependence of the color shift of an object on its distance is quite remarkable. For a sophisticated reader, it will immediately suggest Hubble's law, according to which the reddening (increase in the period T and wavelength λ) of the light of distant galaxies is also proportional to the distance L to them: T'=T(1+LH/C), where the coefficient H = 55 (km/s)/Mpc is called the Hubble constant [2].

It is believed that the reddening is caused by the Doppler effect: the color of galaxies changes due to their movement, "running away" from us. Previously, scientists disliked the artificiality of such an explanation, because, firstly, it was not clear why galaxies would fly apart, since gravitational forces act between them, and secondly, it came out from Hubble's law that the speed of expansion of galaxies grows with their distance from us, which there was no reason either. Today's scientists have come to terms with such a far-fetched explanation and even fitted a theoretical basis for it. But the former took it with hostility and believed that the reason was in a different effect - in the gradual reddening, aging of light as it moved. This idea was first expressed by our astrophysicist A.A. Belopolsky (1854-1934), who did a lot to substantiate the Doppler effect.

And Belopolsky would be right if the Ritz effect is real. Indeed, according to Ritz, this is how it turns out: the further the light goes from the source, the more blue or red it will become. So, if in the example with bullets the second has a lower speed, then as it moves it will lag more and more behind the first, increasing the distance. The length of the light wave also increases, which leads to a gradual reddening of the light of galaxies. For this, the galaxy needs only to have acceleration. And it is present because all galaxies rotate. Rotational centripetal acceleration in the brightest part of galaxies, in their spherical core, is directed in the same direction as the gravitational force - to the center of the galactic nucleus. Therefore, no matter how the galaxy is turned, in the visible and brightest part of the nucleus closest to us, the acceleration is always directed away from us. (The reverse side of the nuclei, where the acceleration is directed towards us, cannot be seen from their opacity.) That is, the Ritz effect leads precisely to an increase in the period and reddening of the light (Fig. 3). And the degree of redness exactly coincides with that found from the Hubble law.

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Fig. 3. Redshift in the spectra of the nuclei of distant galaxies as a consequence of the Ritz effect caused by their rotation.

Indeed, if galaxies “turn red” due to the Ritz effect, then the Hubble constant is H=a/С, that is, it is equal to the ratio of acceleration to the speed of light (C= 300000 km/s). Since the accelerations (a=V2/R) in our and other galaxies are approximately the same, we get: H=V2/RС. Here V is the circumferential velocity of stars in the core of the Galaxy, equal to 183 km/s, R is the radius of their orbit, or the radius of the core, which is about 2000 parsecs for our and other galaxies, or 0.002 Mpc. Substituting these values, we find the value H= 56 (km/s)/Mpc, which is very close to the measured value of the Hubble constant of 55 (km/s)/Mpc, drawn, like other data, from the reference book "Alpha and Omega" [2, from. 34]. So, the redshift may turn out to be a simple consequence of the Ritz effect, and not the illusory scattering of galaxies from the Big Bang.

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Fig. 4. Ballistic principle: speed gain from a ray of light C to the value of the speed V of the source. The analogy of firing a machine gun and a ray gun with armored car on the move or from a flying fighter.

Why hasn't science recognized the Ritz effect? The thing is that, according to current views, the speed of light should not add up to the speed of its source. No matter how quickly the source or receiver of light moves, the observer, according to the theory of relativity, will always fix the same speed of the light C. And Ritz admitted that the source additionally imparts its speed to the light, like a moving weapon to a projectile (remember the example of shooting from the car). In other words, according to Ritz, light obeys the classical law of addition of velocities (Fig. 4). It was for this analogy that his concept was dubbed the Ritz Ballistic Theory (BTR). It would be quite natural for light to accept such a law. In fact, it was also confirmed by the sensational Michelson-Morley experiment, in which it turned out that the speed of light is added with the speed of the Earth, which is why light always has the same speed relative to the Earth. He confirmed the ballistic theory and the stellar aberration effect: due to the addition of the relative speed of the star and the Earth with the speed of light, the star is seen to be displaced from its real position (Fig. 5). Few people know about Ritz's ballistic theory, because soon after the publication in 1908 of this alternative to the theory of relativity, Walter Ritz died at the age of 31. In 2009, it will be exactly one hundred years since his tragic death for earthly science.

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Fig. 5. Due to the movement of the Earth the star is not visible in its true position S, but in position S’.

Ritz in his work "Critical Analysis of General Electrodynamics" (the originals and translations of Ritz's works are collected on the site www.ritz-btr.narod.ru) also proposed a specific mechanism for the propagation of light. He admitted that an electron, like a sparkler, throwing out sheaves of sparks from itself, exudes special particles (rheons) at the speed of light, which carry an electrical effect from charge to charge and, upon impact, cause a Coulomb repulsion (Fig. 6). Thus, Ritz was the first to introduce into physics the quanta of the electric field, which were adopted only decades later in quantum electrodynamics without mention of Ritz. The vibrations of an electron create an alternating electrical effect (light), just as the waves of a Bengal fire periodically change the strength and direction of the flow of sparks. According to the laws of mechanics, the light speed of the particles emitted by the electron should add up with its speed. And since light is the oscillation of an electric field carried by rheons, then its speed will also be formed by a sparkler analogy with the speed of electrons and a light source. In general, it should have been checked long ago whether the speed of light adds up to the speed of the source. But until this is reliably clarified, the Ritz effect and the BTR will remain hypotheses.

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Fig. 6. According to Ritz, electrical impact is transferred by particles ejected at the speed of light by charges, like sparks - with Bengal fire, and hitting other charges.

It's a pity. After all, the Ritz effect explains a lot besides the redshift. Even with a negligible acceleration, this effect, due to the enormity of cosmic distances, may turn out to be large. In the language of a ballistic analogy, an observer who is far enough from an accelerating approaching vehicle may seem so high that the bullet repetition rate may decide that they are shooting not from a pistol, but from a machine gun. The rate of fire of the machine gun (10 rounds per second T'= 0.1 s) will be reached if the distance L is increased to 8 km. The effect can subjectively increase the rate of fire of the weapon so much that all the bullets will arrive at the observer at the same time. That is, T'= 0 s, which, under the given conditions, will occur at a distance of L = 9 km. In the case of light, this would lead not only to a strong frequency shift, but also to the fact that all the light emitted during the time T would be perceived at once in the form of a super-bright flash. Is this not how powerful supernova explosions occur? Then the visible explosion of these stars is an illusion, like an audible explosion from a supersonic fighter, where all the energy of sound is accumulated in a short moment. A shock light wave occurs, such as shock sound waves in air and plasma.

Such expansion and contraction of time T', caused by the accelerated motion of the star in its orbit, can create pulsation of its light with an orbital period, which is probably the reason for the blinking of Cepheid stars [3, 4]. If the displacements in the spectra of some stars are mainly caused by the Ritz effect, and not by the Doppler effect, then their velocities have been found incorrectly. This forces us to reconsider the result of observations of binary stars, allegedly speaking against the addition of their speeds with the speed of light. Also, the Ritz effect leads to the conclusion that just as there is no need to invent exotic and specific objects such as quasars, supernovae, pulsars and Cepheids [4], there is no need for superdense stars - white

7 dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. The density of these hypothetical stars is billions of times greater than the density of water [5]. Thus, neutron stars have the density of an atomic nucleus. All of these stars were predicted as consequences of false theories - quantum physics and the theory of relativity. Astronomers were so eager to find confirmation of the reality of these fictional objects that, of course, they "found". However, their detection is the result of incorrect interpretation of observational data and disregard for the Ritz effect.

Take, for example, dwarf stars [5]. Their small size and huge densities were obtained indirectly - on the basis of spectral observations of binary systems, which included white dwarfs. From the velocity curve obtained from the Doppler shift of the spectral lines, the radius of the orbit and the period of revolution of the star were found, from which its mass was obtained (Fig. 7). And the size of the star was found by the known distance to the star and its apparent brightness. Indeed, at a given temperature of the star, its brightness is proportional to the area of the visible disk of the star and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to it. By dividing the mass of a star by the cube of its radius, a gigantic density was obtained. But here, in both points, a mistake is possible. First, the periodic shift of spectral lines, along which the orbital velocity and radius were sought, may be caused not by the Doppler effect, but by the Ritz effect, which is ignored. But the Ritz effect at large distances can lead to much larger frequency shifts. Therefore, if we use the Doppler formula, it would seem that the companion star is moving at a much higher speed and in a wider orbit, which will lead to a strong exaggeration of the mass of the central star (the mass is proportional to the cube of the orbital radius). The second error can occur if the star is surrounded by a dense cloud of gas and dust. Then its visible radiation will be greatly weakened by absorption, which will lead to a greatly underestimated star. It is these two errors that lead to incorrect values of the star's density. That is why white dwarfs, like all other stars, do not fit into the main sequence in the Hertzsprung- Russell diagram (spectrum-luminosity) [5]: the reason is the incorrect determination of their masses and luminosities.

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Fig. 7. Star movement along orbit changes its ray speed and positions of dark lines in the spectrum.

One mistake leads to another. A very strong shift of spectral lines towards the red end of the spectrum was found in the spectra of these stars. And this, according to the general theory of relativity, proves their huge mass. After all, the stronger the gravitational field, the more the frequency of the processes is changed. In fact, the large frequency shift can be caused by the same Ritz effect from the rotation of the star. In the part of the star visible to us, the acceleration is directed towards the center of the star (that is, away from us) and, according to the Ritz effect, can, as in the case of the redshift in galaxies, lead to a shift of lines in the red direction, only much more powerful due to large accelerations. In addition, a red shift of spectral lines is possible under the influence of high pressure in dense atmospheres surrounding such stars. This is a classic effect, described for example by Belopolsky. So, there are no superdense stars - white dwarfs. And what we take for them are ordinary stars with normal density. Astrophysicist theorists invent various mythical supernatural objects in space, taking advantage of the fact that you cannot fly there and check everything on the spot. They ignore Occam's principle that entities should not be multiplied beyond necessary. Indeed, to explain all the phenomena of space, ordinary double stars and the ballistic principle, with the resulting Ritz effect, are sufficient.

The same is true for neutron stars and black holes. Confirmation of the existence of neutron stars is believed to be pulsars, which supposedly only can be neutron stars with a small radius. Otherwise, with their huge rotation frequency, they would be torn apart by centrifugal forces. But the huge rotation frequency of pulsars and their other strange properties are also an optical illusion caused by the addition of the speed of light with the speed of the binary stars that emitted it [4, 6]. Similarly, the masses of neutron stars and black holes found from spectroscopic velocity curves are

9 erroneous. So, lately there has been a lot of talk about dark matter and supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies. Only by assuming their existence, astronomers manage to explain the huge rotation speeds of matter and stars in the nuclei of galaxies. But if the spectral shift, according to which such velocities are found, is mainly caused by the Ritz effect, and not by the Doppler effect, then these velocities are greatly exaggerated. Therefore, there is no need to introduce mythical superheavy black holes. Superfast motions of stars near hypothetical black holes do not speak of great gravity: the real speed of stars is much less if it is more correct to search for it using the Ritz formula, rather than Doppler. Black holes are not needed to explain the effects of gravitational lensing. All these effects do not require the presence of superdense bodies that distort the direct path of light rays. The visible multiplication of the number of images and the blurring of images of objects in a ring is the result of the arrival of light to the observer simultaneously from different points of the object's orbit, due to the difference in the speed of light [4, 6, 7]. Because of this, the rays of light emitted by the source at different times from different points of the orbit come to the observer at the same time, creating different illusions.

Black holes are also not needed to explain the X-ray and radio sources of radiation found in space, say Cygnus X-1. After all, the Ritz effect, as was said, is capable of creating huge shifts in the frequency of light f΄/f = T/T΄, which is why a simple optical source can be perceived as an X-ray or, on the contrary, as a radio source. Therefore, X-ray and radio sources are not black holes or neutron stars, as is commonly believed, but the most ordinary ordinary stars, which are perceived by us in an unusual light due to cosmic illusions and mirages. So do not believe in the existence of all this mysterious dark matter, black holes and neutron stars, invisible like the dress of a naked king. Quasars, Cepheids, pulsars, black holes, gravitational lenses - all this from the point of view of Ritz's ballistic theory may, like the scattering of galaxies, turn out to be just an illusion, an optical illusion, so great that it makes the entire Universe “blush”. The dogmas of modern cosmology and physics have become a barrier to space exploration. Throughout the 20th century, science, as before the Copernican revolution, was in the grip of medieval mysticism. Is the sacrifice of the burned out Bruno in vain, since centuries later scientists, like their medieval theologian colleagues, rejected his concept of the infinity of worlds and the infinity of the Universe? Instead, they, as in the Middle Ages, began again to consider the Universe to be limited, closed in a "celestial sphere", inflating like a soap bubble. So, isn't the time for a new revolution in science, where, as hundreds of years ago, dogmas, stagnation, obscurantism and belief in the absurd have reigned? Only rejection of the vague theoretical concepts of XX - the theory of the Big Bang, the expanding Universe and the theory of relativity - can lead to a breakthrough into the distant space, to its adequate perception and exposure of cosmic illusions. It is ballistics that can save them and reopen this truly cosmic path from them.

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Sergey Semikov

Sources:

1. Avdeev Yu.F. Space, ballistics, people. M. 1978.

2. Alpha and Omega. Quick Reference, 1987. [Альфа и Омега. Краткий справочник, 1987.]

3. Sekerin V.I. The theory of relativity is a mystification of the century. Novosibirsk, 1991. [Секерин В.И. Теория относительности – мистификация века. Новосибирск, 1991.]

4. Semikov S. Key to the mysteries of space // Engineer №3, 2006. [Семиков С. Ключ к загадкам космоса // Инженер №3, 2006.]

5. Levitt I. Outside the known world: from white dwarfs to quasars. M., Mir, 1978.

6. Semikov S. How are the beacons of the universe arranged? // Engineer # 9, 2006. [Семиков С. Как устроены маяки вселенной? // Инженер №9, 2006.]

7. Semikov S. About rotations of celestial spheres // Engineer №9, 2006. [Семиков С. О вращениях небесных сфер // Инженер №9, 2006.]

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