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計画系 674 号 【カテゴリーⅡ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第77巻 第674号，951-957，2012年 4 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 77 No. 674, 951-957, Apr., 2012 A STUDY ON THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF A STUDY ON THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF HARAR JUGOL, ETHIOPIA �����������������������HARAR JUGOL, ETHIOPIA エチオピア・古都ハラールの居住環境に関する研究 * ** RumiRumi OKAZAKI OKAZAKI＊ and Riichi Riichi MIYAKE MIYAKE ＊＊ ��� �� � ��� �� 岡 崎 瑠 美 ， 三 宅 理 一 Harar, situated in the eastern highland of Ethiopia, has flourished by dominating the caravan route from Red Sea to the inland Ethiopia. Registered in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006, the old town of Harar Jugol still maintains its traditional character as Muslim city. This paper aims at the status quo of its architectural heritage by analyzing its building typology as well as the housing conditions for those who reside within the old residences, some of which date back even to the 17th century. According to the full research on both the buildings and the inhabitants in a selected case study area, central Harar was proved to be a unique city with the characteristic of woman-headed society with strong tie among them. Unlike other historical cities in Ethiopia, Harar still keeps the nature of comparatively wealthy residents supported by a dense network of Harari who dispersed all over Ethiopia. Keywords: Harar Jugol, Kebele, Ge Gar, Historical Heritage ���������, ���, ����, ���� 1. Objective and Research Method co-habitation of different ethnic and religious groups. Actually native (1) Objective Harari people represent only 11.8% of the total municipal population after Harar is one of the most impressive cities in Ethiopia as it still Amhara (40.5%) and Oromo (28.1%), but they still keep their own maintains the historical core surrounded by city walls, called Harar Jugol. territory within the city walls2). Today, approximately 24,000 people live In 2006 this fortified city was registered in the UNESCO World Heritage within the 60ha walled area and half of this population is Harari3). List, as “Harar Jugol, said to be the fourth holiest city of Islam, numbers Lifestyle is different according to ethnic and religious groups although the 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines, city looks apparently typical multi-ethnic society. The conservation of its but the townhouses with their exceptional interior design constitute the historical environment has become one of the most urgent issues for both most spectacular part of Harar's cultural heritage1)”. The location of the the municipality and the federal government, but the social structure city in the eastern highland on the way to Somalia gave this city high which supports the real life of the historical districts has not yet been opportunity to dominate the main routes from the Red Sea towards the profoundly studied so far. inland of Ethiopian highlands and, thus, to become a prosperous trading The authors have been examining the housing problems of Ethiopian center [Fig.1]. historical cities such as Gondar and Mekelle, focusing on the way how the local inhabitants occupy the historical districts and adapt their own life to the existing environment. Harar has often been cited as an exceptionally successful case in terms of the sustainability of the local life within historical compounds in comparison with other cities which are suffering from the deterioration of the old living environment. The objective of this research is to examine the relation between the physical aspects of the urbanity and the social inclination of the inhabitants so as to find out the Fig.1 Map of Ethiopia key for sustainable urban life in historical complex. (2) Previous Researches Unlike other parts of Ethiopia, this area is characterized by unique Thanks to its specific cultural value, not a few researchers, both townscape and lifestyle generated by local people in the course of long Ethiopians and foreigners, have visited this city and undertook a series of history. Muslim culture has played a decisive role among the natives researches on the subject of urban formation and conservation strategy. called Harari, who once established an independent caliphate in the Following the Italian scholars who undertook the survey of occupied medieval period and kept it until the end of the 19th century. However, Ethiopian cities, Harar has constantly attracted architectural historians and since the coalition with Ethiopian Empire under Emperor Menelik II in cultural anthropologists4). The House of Arthur Rimbaud in the heart of 1887, the immigration from the inlands has been accelerated, resulting in * Assistant＊ Assistant Professor, Prof., Graduate Graduate School School of Mediaof Media and and Governance, Governance, Keio Keio University University 慶應義塾大学大学院政策��������������������・メディア研究科 助教 �� ＊＊ Prof., Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University 藤女子大学人間生活学部 教授 **Professor, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Fuji Women’s University ������������ �� － 951 － the historical core, where this famous French poet used to reside after he � Another interview with the local authority of both municipality and abandoned his literature career and became a trader in the second half of kebele was also carried out so as to clarify the housing and the the 19th century, raised an international attention for preservation and even infrastructure policy. touristic promotion. This may be one of the reasons why French � All the collected data were to be processed integrally, referring to the researchers have contributed a lot for the appraisal of its historical value. existing materials made by other research teams, so as to extract the Among them the mixed research team of IPRAUS, CFEE and l’Ecole building typology as well as the characteristics of inhabitants. nationale d’architecture de Paris-Belleville, led by Philippe Revault and Serge Santelli, has undergone a full scale survey of Harar Jugol from the view point of architectural heritage and urban spaces since 2001. Their report, published in 2004, is very accurate and useful to understand the urban fabrics and the spatial composition of Harar Jugol5). They dared to investigate several important houses which represent unique design of Harari traditional houses. Japanese research teams have started their own contribution during the last decade. The authors’ team, based at Keio University, has published a Fig.2 Harar Jugol and the case study area few papers on the urban formation of Harar as well as its modern urban policy in the course of the 20th century6),7). (3) Research Method to be Applied To achieve the goal for the analysis of the housing aspects within the historical core, the authors’ team undertook a field survey in August 2007. Traditionally the walled city, Harar Jugol, has been divided into 5 districts corresponding to 5 city gates, but during the Derg Government period new administration system by way of kebele (neighborhood scale administration unit) was introduced so that actually the walled city is administrated by 7 kebeles8). The case study area was designated near Argob Bari (Gate) in kebele 2 within this walled city, comprising 3 blocks, Fig.3 Housing unit plan which shows 3 blocks and 49 parcels which are divided into 49 parcels [Fig.2]. Its surface is 1.02ha (gross). The number of building units within these blocks reaches 89, including 2 2. Housing Typology of Harar Jugol mosques in which guardians keep their living spaces, 9 shops and Harar Jugol is a very old urban complex originating from the medieval restaurants without dwelling function, and 8 warehouse or vacant shops. period. Some religious buildings are identified as works of the 10th century, Accordingly, the housing units here are counted 72, excluding single worth for describing as Muslim counterparts of medieval Christian commercial facilities. The number of the households is thus 72, monasteries in Ethiopia. corresponding to these housing units, while the population is counted 302. The houses of the target area seem to be exceptionally old comparing to The area is considered less populated than the average of 350 persons/ha other Ethiopian historical cities. The interview with the owners of such in whole Harar Jugol. houses proved that some of them date back to the 16th to 17th century The survey consists of two different approaches: one for understanding although some do not know exactly when and how their houses came to be the physical aspects of the living environment, another for analyzing the constructed. Most houses are properly used with adequate maintenance. social characters of the inhabitants. Accordingly, the following steps were The previous researches done by French teams have shown detailed to be taken to accomplish the research program. analysis of the housing typology9). Three building types were identified: � Measurement of all the buildings was carried out within the target Harari type, Indian type, mixed type, according to the evolution of houses area on the basis of cadaster map given by the municipality in order to from a native style to a “modernized” building. The authors use this grasp the condition of the houses, housing unit plans, number and terminology to explain the typology inside the walled city. type of rooms, building age and so on [Fig. 3]. Blocks are divided by organically formed parcels so that the serpentine � Interview with the inhabitants was programmed to clarify their narrow streets give the impression of typically Muslim townscape of attributes (age, gender, ethnic group, religion of the head of the northern Africa which does not exist in Ethiopia except Harar. All the household) as well as their social factors (size of the household, parcels are surrounded by high stonewalls and separated distinctly from income, period of residence, tenure, building age, rent, condition of the streets. The access from the street into the house is done by one single water and electricity). The authors’ team visited all the households gate except a few cases in which the in-block parcel without touching with questionnaires on hand, but several of them were absent.

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