Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

Survey and Report undertaken by The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales

On Behalf of Bridgend County Borough Council and Laleston Community Council

Survey Date: April - July 2012

Gwarchod Natur ar gyfer ar Dyfodol | Protecting Wildlife for the Future Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

Contract: Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

Contract Ecologist: Robert Jones Parry MSc MIEEM Position: Conservation Manager

Supporting Ecologist: Vaughn Matthews MSc AIEEM Position: Conservation Officer

Supporting Ecologist: Rose Revera Position: People and Wildlife Officer

Registered Office: Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales The Nature Centre Fountain Road Tondu Bridgend CF32 0EH

Tel: 01656 724100 Fax: 01656 726980 Email: [email protected]

Charity No: 1091562 Company No: 4398959

Report written by: Robert Jones Parry, Vaughn Matthews

Date: August 2012

2 Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

Contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………….. Page 12 1.1. About the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales (WTSWW)….. Page 12 1.2. Project History……………………………………………………... Page 12 1.3. Study Area…………………………………………………………. Page 13 1.4. Survey Rationale…………………………………………………… Page 13 1.5. Designated Areas of Conservation………………………………….Page 14

2. Methodology………………………………………………………. Page 16 2.1. Site Surveys………………………………………………………... Page 16 2.2. Site Selection………………………………………………………. Page 16 2.3. Identifying Projects………………………………………………… Page 16 2.4. Species Records……………………………………………………. Page 17

3. Large-scale Biodiversity Improvements………………………… Page 18 3.1. Roadside Verges…………………………………………………… Page 18 3.2. Garden Wildlife Survey……………………………………………. Page 21

4. Laleston - Project 1...... Page 26 4.1. Site Description...……...…………………………………………… Page 26 4.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 26 4.3. Laleston – Project 1 Recommendations……………………………. Page 27

5. Laleston – Project 2…………………………………………… Page 29 5.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 29 5.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 30 5.3. Laleston – Project 2 Recommendations……………………………. Page 30

6. Laleston – Project 3…………………………………………... Page 32 6.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 32 6.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 32 6.3. Laleston – Project 3 Recommendations……………………………. Page 33

7. Laleston – Project 4…………………………………………... Page 35 7.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 35 7.2. Biodiversity Improvements……………………………………….... Page 36 7.3. Laleston – Project 4 Recommendations……………………………. Page 36

8. Laleston – Project 5…………………………………………… Page 38 8.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 38 8.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 39 8.3. Laleston – Project 5 Recommendations…………………………… Page 39

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9. Laleston – Project 6…………………………………………… Page 40 9.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 40 9.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 41 9.3. Laleston – Project 6 Recommendations…………………………… Page 41

10. Laleston – Project 7…………………………………………… Page 42 10.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 42 10.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 42 10.3. Laleston – Project 7 Recommendations……………………………. Page 42

11. Laleston – Project 8…………………………………………… Page 43 11.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 43 11.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 44 11.3. Laleston – Project 8 Recommendations……………………………. Page 44

12. Laleston – Project 9…………………………………………... Page 45 12.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 45 12.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 45 12.3. Laleston – Project 9 Recommendations……………………………. Page 46

13. Laleston – Project 10…………………………………………. Page 47 13.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 47 13.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 47 13.3. Laleston – Project 10 Recommendations…………………………... Page 47

14. Laleston – Project 11…………………………………………. Page 48 14.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 48 14.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 49 14.3. Laleston – Project 11 Recommendations…………………………... Page 49

15. Laleston – Project 12…………………………………………. Page 50 15.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 50 15.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 51 15.3. Laleston – Project 12 Recommendations…………………………... Page 51

16. Laleston – Project 13…………………………………………. Page 52 16.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 52 16.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 53 16.3. Laleston – Project 13 Recommendations…………………………... Page 53

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17. Bryntirion – Project 1……………………………………….. Page 54 17.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 54 17.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 54 17.3. Bryntirion – Project 1 Recommendations………………………….. Page 55

18. Bryntirion – Project 2 and Project 3…………………….. Page 56 18.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 56 18.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 57 18.3. Bryntirion – Project 2 and Project 3 Recommendations…………... Page 58

19. Bryntirion – Project 4………………………………………… Page 59 19.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 59 19.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 60 19.3. Bryntirion – Project 4 Recommendations………………………….. Page 60

20. Bryntirion – Project 5………………………………………... Page 61 20.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 61 20.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 61 20.3. Bryntirion – Project 5 Recommendations………………………….. Page 61

21. Bryntirion – Project 6……………………………………….. Page 63 21.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 63 21.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 64 21.3. Bryntirion – Project 6 Recommendations………………………….. Page 64

22. Bryntirion – Project 7...... Page 65 22.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 65 22.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 66 22.3. Bryntirion – Project 7 Recommendations………………………….. Page 66

23. Bryntirion – Project 8………………………………………… Page 67 23.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 67 23.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 68 23.3. Bryntirion – Project 8 Recommendations………………………….. Page 68

24. Bryntirion – Project 9………………………………………… Page 69 24.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 69 24.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 70 24.3. Bryntirion – Project 9 Recommendations………………………….. Page 70

25. Bryntirion – Project 10………………………………………. Page 71 25.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 71

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25.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 72 25.3. Bryntirion – Project 10 Recommendations………………………… Page 72

26. Cefn Glas – Project 1………………………………………… Page 74 26.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 74 26.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 74 26.3. Cefn Glas – Project 1 Recommendations………………………….. Page 74

27. Cefn Glas – Project 2………………………………………… Page 76 27.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 76 27.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 77 27.3. Cefn Glas – Project 2 Recommendations………………………….. Page 77

28. Cefn Glas – Project 3………………………………………… Page 78 28.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 78 28.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 79 28.3. Cefn Glas – Project 3 Recommendations………………………….. Page 79

29. Cefn Glas – Project 4………………………………………… Page 80 29.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 80 29.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 81 29.3. Cefn Glas – Project 4 Recommendations………………………….. Page 81

30. Cefn Glas – Project 5………………………………………… Page 82 30.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 82 30.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 83 30.3. Cefn Glas – Project 5 Recommendations………………………….. Page 83

31. Cefn Glas – Project 6………………………………………… Page 84 31.1. Site Description……………………………………………………. Page 84 31.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 85 31.3. Cefn Glas – Project 6 Recommendations………………………….. Page 86

32. Cefn Glas – Project 7 and Project 8……………………... Page 87 32.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 87 32.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 87 32.3. Cefn Glas – Project 7 Recommendations………………………….. Page 89

33. Cefn Glas – Project 9………………………………………… Page 90 33.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 90 33.2. Biodiversity Improvements……………………………………….... Page 91 33.3. Cefn Glas – Project 9 Recommendations………………………….. Page 91

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34. Cefn Glas – Project 10………………………………………. Page 92 34.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 92 34.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 93 34.3. Cefn Glas – Project 10 Recommendations………………………… Page 93

35. Cefn Glas – Project 11………………………………………. Page 94 35.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 94 35.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 95 35.3. Cefn Glas – Project 11 Recommendations………………………… Page 95

36. Cefn Glas – Project 12………………………………………. Page 96 36.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 96 36.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 97 36.3. Cefn Glas – Project 12 Recommendations………………………… Page 97

37. Cefn Glas – Project 13……………………………………….. Page 98 37.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 98 37.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 99 37.3. Cefn Glas – Project 13 Recommendations………………………… Page 99

38. Cefn Glas – Project 14………………………………………. Page 100 38.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 100 38.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 101 38.3. Cefn Glas – Project 14 Recommendations………………………… Page 101

39. Cefn Glas – Project 15……………………………………….. Page 102 39.1. Site Description…………………………………………………….. Page 102 39.2. Biodiversity Improvements………………………………………… Page 102 39.3. Cefn Glas – Project 15 Recommendations………………………… Page 102

40. Llangewydd Community Biodiversity Projects………... Page 104 40.1. Innovative Approaches…………………………………………….. Page 104 40.2. House Sparrow Project…………………………………………….. Page 104 40.3. Garden Wildlife Filming…………………………………………… Page 106

41. Conclusion………………………………………………………… Page 108

42. Recommendations………………………………………………… Page 110

Appendix I………………………………………………………………… Page 112

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Contents of Tables, Figures and Plates Table 1: Designated areas of conservation interest within a 5km radius of Laleston Community Council area…………………. Page 14 Table 2: Appropriate cutting regimes for spring and summer verge management……………………………………….. Page 19 Table 3: Native meadow plant mix for biodiversity improvements………. Page 20

Figure 1: Study area (Laleston, Bryntirion, Llangewydd and Cefn Glas)… Page 15 Figure 2: Maintained short sward through wave cutting management……. Page 21 Figure 3: Recommended garden wildlife survey design format…………... Page 23 Figure 4: Biodiversity Projects Laleston………………………………….. Page 24 Figure 5: Biodiversity Projects Bryntirion and Cefn Glas………………… Page 25 Figure 6: Laleston Project 1 area………………………………………….. Page 26 Figure 7: Primrose…………………………………………………………. Page 27 Figure 8: Laleston – Project 2 (yellow)…………………………………… Page 29 Figure 9: Laleston – Project 3 (turquoise)………………………………… Page 32 Figure 10: Laleston – Project 4 area………………………………………. Page 35 Figure 11: Laleston – Project 5 area………………………………………. Page 38 Figure 12: Laleston – Project 6 area………………………………………. Page 40 Figure 13: Laleston – Project 7 area (purple)…………………………….. Page 42 Figure 14: Laleston Project 8 area (green)………………………………… Page 43 Figure 15: Laleston - Project 9 area……………………………………….. Page 45 Figure 16: Laleston Project 9 area………………………………………… Page 48 Figure 17: Laleston – Project 12 area……………………………………... Page 50 Figure 18: Laleston – Project 13 area……………………………………... Page 52 Figure 19: Bryntirion – Project 1 area…………………………………….. Page 54 Figure 20: Bryntirion – Project 2 area (grey)……………………………... Page 56 Figure 21: Bryntirion – Project 3 area (pink)……………………………… Page 56 Figure 22: Bryntirion – Project 4 area (black)…………………………….. Page 59 Figure 23: Bryntirion – Project 5 area…………………………………….. Page 61 Figure 24: Bryntirion – Project 6 area…………………………………….. Page 63 Figure 25: Bryntirion – Project 7 area…………………………………….. Page 64

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Figure 26: Bryntirion – Project 8 area…………………………………….. Page 67 Figure 27: Bryntirion – Project 9 area…………………………………….. Page 69 Figure 28: Bryntirion – Project 10 area…………………………………… Page 71 Figure 29: Cefn Glas – Project 1 area…………………………………….. Page 74 Figure 30: Cefn Glas – Project 2 area……………………………………... Page 76 Figure 31: Cefn Glas – Project 3 area……………………………………... Page 78 Figure 32: Cefn Glas – Project 4 area……………………………………... Page 80 Figure 33: Cefn Glas – Project 5 area……………………………………... Page 82 Figure 34: Cefn Glas – Project 6 area……………………………………... Page 84 Figure 35: Cefn Glas – Project 7 area……………………………………... Page 87 Figure 36: Cefn Glas – Project 8 area……………………………………... Page 88 Figure 37: Cefn Glas – Project 9 area……………………………………... Page 90 Figure 38: Cefn Glas – Project 10 area……………………………………. Page 92 Figure 39: Cefn Glas – Project 11 area……………………………………. Page 94 Figure 40: Cefn Glas – Project 12 area……………………………………. Page 96 Figure 41: Cefn Glas – Project 13 area……………………………………. Page 98 Figure 42: Cefn Glas – Project 14 area……………………………………. Page 100 Figure 43: Cefn Glas – Project 15 area……………………………………. Page 102

Plate 1: Roadside verge (Bryntirion)………………………………………. Page 18 Plate 2: Soil erosion at roadside verge (Cefn Glas)……………………….. Page 19 Plate 3: Roadside verge nature reserve with demarcation post…………..... Page 21 Plate 4: Laleston Project 1, showing current grassland……………………. Page 28 Plate 5: Laleston – Project 2, showing mature sycamore and grassland…... Page 29 Plate 6: Typical bat roosting box…………………………………………...Page 30 Plate 7: Typical bird nesting box…………………………………………...Page 30 Plate 8: Laleston – Project 3, showing amenity grassland, dead tree and adjacent vegetation…………………………………. Page 33 Plate 9: Typical hedgehog box……………………………………………. Page 34 Plate 10: Laleston – Project 4, showing mature trees……………………... Page 35 Plate 11: Flower bed at Laleston – Project 4………………………………. Page 36

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Plate 12: Otter sculpture, Teifi Marshes Nature Reserve…………………. Page 37 Plate 13: Horseshoe bat sculpture, Sophia Gardens………………………. Page 37 Plate 14: Laleston – Project 5, showing church and mature trees…………. Page 38 Plate 15: Laleston Project 6, showing grass verge………………………… Page 40 Plate 16: Laleston project 8, showing grassland and fruit tree habitat…….. Page 43 Plate 17: Laleston Project 9, showing stone wall and narrow grassland strip……………………………… Page 46 Plate 18: Wildlife to be included in garden survey………………………... Page 47 Plate 19: Laleston – Project 9, showing concrete and tarmac roundabout…………………………………………….. Page 48 Plate 20: Laleston - Project 12, showing tarmac and brick……………….. Page 50 Plate 21: Laleston – Project 13, showing amenity grassland verge……….. Page 52 Plate 22: Bryntirion – Project 1, showing amenity grassland……………... Page 55 Plate 23: Bryntirion – Project 2, showing amenity grassland……………... Page 57 Plate 24: Bryntirion – Project 3, showing large open green space………… Page 57 Plate 25: Bryntirion – Project 4, showing steeply sloping amenity grassland……………………….. Page 59 Plate 26: Bryntirion – Project 6, showing amenity grassland and broadleaved trees………………… Page 63 Plate 27: Bryntirion – Project 7, showing amenity grassland and brick wall………………………… Page 65 Plate 28: Bryntirion – Project 8, showing amenity grassland……………... Page 67 Plate 29: Bryntirion – Project 9, showing relatively large amenity grassland……………………….. Page 69 Plate 30: Bryntirion – Project 10 areas……………………………………..Page 71 Plate 31: Cefn Glas – Project 2, showing amenity grassland and wooded corridor………………….. Page 76 Plate 32: Cefn Glas – Project 3, showing scattered mature trees…………. Page 78 Plate 33: Cefn Glas – Project 4, showing scrub margins………………….. Page 80 Plate 34: Cefn Glas – Project 5, showing amenity grassland……………… Page 82 Plate 35: Cefn Glas – Project 6, showing polluted stream and riparian corridor…………………….. Page 85 Plate 36: Cefn Glas – Project 7, showing amenity grassland……………… Page 88 Plate 37: Cefn Glas Project 8, showing amenity grassland……………….. Page 89

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Plate 38: Cefn Glas – Project 9, showing large amenity grassland………... Page 90 Plate 39: Cefn Glas – Project 10, showing riparian corridor, amenity grassland……………………… Page 92 Plate 40: Cefn Glas – Project 11, showing riparian corridor and amenity grassland………………….. Page 94 Plate 41: Cefn Glas – Project 12, showing hedge and amenity grassland… Page 96 Plate 42: Cefn Glas – Project 13, showing riparian corridor and amenity grassland………………….. Page 98 Plate 43: Cefn Glas – Project 14…………………………………………... Page 100 Plate 44: Cefn Glas – Project 15, showing desire line…………………….. Page 103 Plate 45: Male house sparrow……………………………………………... Page 104 Plate 46: Wooden house sparrow terrace………………………………….. Page 105 Plate 47: Woodcrete house sparrow terrace……………………………….. Page 105 Plate 48: Bushnell trophy camera filming at Parc Slip Nature Reserve…… Page 106 Plate 49: Hedgehog filmed at garden using trophy camera……………….. Page 107 Plate 50: Fox filmed in garden using trophy camera……………………… Page 107

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1. Introduction

1.1. About the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales (WTSWW) 1.1.1. WTSWW is one of 47 independent local charities that co-operate across the whole of the UK and are known collectively as the Wildlife Trusts. In Wales, six Wildlife Trusts work together to form Wildlife Trusts Wales, enabling us to work at both a local and national level to deliver nature conservation for people and wildlife.

1.1.2. WTSWW has a vision of an environment rich in wildlife for everyone and aims to rebuild biodiversity by engaging people with their environment. To do this WTSWW has four main objectives, which it hopes to deliver with key partners. The objectives are:

1. To stand up for wildlife and the environment 2. To create and enhance wildlife havens 3. To inspire people about the natural world 4. To foster sustainable living

1.2. Project History 1.2.1. Prior to this current study, WTSWW was originally involved in the production of the Broadlands Biodiversity and Community Improvement Scheme report, published in 2009. The report was commissioned by Laleston Community Council (LCC) and was delivered by WTSWW.

1.2.2. The report detailed several schemes to be implemented at the Broadlands Estate and went on to form the guiding basis of the newly formed Broadlands Biodiversity Partnership. This group, representing a diverse partnership of organisations, local authority and interested individuals has been brought together to seek funding and implement biodiversity and community projects.

1.2.3. The success of the initial report in 2009 has led to the commissioning (February 2012) of a similar ‘Biodiversity Improvement Scheme’ report for the housing estates of Laleston, Bryntirion, Cefn Glas and Llangewydd.

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1.3. Study Area 1.3.1. The four estates that comprise the study area include Laleston, Bryntirion, Llangewydd and Cefn Glas, all of which are found relatively close together in the community of Laleston, Bridgend. All are located on the western outskirts of Bridgend town centre, north of the A473 and west of the A4063 (Ordnance Survey: Explorer 151)

Laleston – Grid Reference - SS874800 Bryntirion – Grid Reference - SS888802 Llangewydd – Grid Reference - SS897802 Cefn Glas – Grid Reference - SS891807

1.3.1. The village of Laleston is situated further west and away from the three other estates that make up the study area and is bordered predominantly by agricultural land, primarily livestock grazing. The A473 road dissects the village, travelling east to the other study areas.

1.3.2. Bryntirion, Llangewydd and Cefn Glass are situated in close proximity to one another and together form a much larger housing estate complex. The estates are bordered by the A473 to the south and agricultural land to the north and west. During the survey it was noted that development of land for the purposes of residential housing still continues to the north of Cefn Glas. Several B roads and numerous residential streets and roads can be found throughout the estates.

1.3.3. The topography of the site varies throughout, but in general is gently sloping from the north to south at c.70m – 50m AOD, with a predominantly southerly aspect. The exception to this is the village of Laleston, which has a gentler slope c. 65m – 50m AOD.

1.3.4. As well as housing and associated land curtilage, the study areas support a number of semi-natural habitats including semi-natural broadleaved woodland, hedgerows, scrub and streams. In addition to these habitat types numerous green spaces exist, which are managed predominantly as amenity grasslands.

1.4. Survey Rationale 1.4.1. The rationale of the survey and report is to make suitable recommendations to benefit the local wildlife of the Laleston, Bryntirion, Llangewydd and Cefn Glas estates by identifying specific areas and projects that could improve their ecological value.

1.4.2. In particular this report outlines suitable recommendations for the estates, based on increasing biodiversity as the priority along with several secondary criteria: 1. Biodiversity (Priority) 2. Community 3. Environment 4. Sustainability

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1.4.3. Although no specific budget has been identified to undertake proposed recommendations, each identified project has been devised under the constraint of a ‘realistic’ budget. Identified projects have taken into consideration other factors such as health & safety and community perception. Community perception is particularly important to the project as it is essential that local people embrace and appreciate the biodiversity improvements if they are to persist in the long-term.

1.4.4. The following report is designed to offer ideas and recommendation for future improvement schemes and do not represent detailed proposals and costings. Guidelines for habitat creation and management are made but it is recommended that Phase 2 of the project seek to refine project budgets and ideas through a community consultation process.

1.5. Designated Areas of Conservation 1.5.1. None of the estates surveyed contain any statutory areas of designated conservation interest such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) or National Nature Reserves (NNRs).

1.5.2. Several statutory areas of conservation interest exist within a 5km radius (Table 1, Figure 2).

Distance from S ite N a m e Designation A re a (h a ) D ire c tio n Broadlands (km) Merthyr Mawr SSSI 4 7 8 .7 2 .4 S o u th w e s t Southerndown Coast SSSI 1 5 2 .9 4 .6 S o u th w e s t Stormy Down SSSI 6 .4 4 .3 N o rth w e s t Penycastell, Cefn Cribwr SSSI 7 .8 5 .0 N o rth w e s t W aun Fawr, Cefn Cribwr SSSI 9 .1 4 .2 N o rth w e s t Old Castle Down SSSI 7 8 .6 2 .8 S o u th w e s t Ewenny and Pant Quaries SSSI 2 8 .8 2 .6 S o u th e a s t C n a p T w t SSSI 2 .4 4 .0 S o u th e a s t K e n fig SAC 1 1 8 7 .0 2 .5 S o u th w e s t Glaswelltiroedd Cefn Cribwr SAC 5 8 .0 4 .1 N o rth w e s t Merthyr Mawr W arren NNR 3 2 3 .0 2 .5 S o u th w e s t Glamorgan Heritage Coast HC / 4 .8 S o u th w e s t Craig-y-Parciau W oodland LNR 3 .1 0 .0 E a s t P a rc S lip W T S W W N R 1 2 1 .0 4 .5 N o rth C o e d y B w l W T S W W N R 2 .4 4 .3 S o u th e a s t Table 1: Designated areas of conservation interest within a 5km radius of Laleston Community Council area

14

Figure 1: Study area (Laleston, Bryntirion, Llangewydd and Cefn Glas) 2. Methodology

2.1. Site Surveys 2.1.1. Surveys were undertaken by experienced ecologists from WTSWW, under suitable weather conditions. In addition to conservation officers and ecologists, the survey team also consisted of WTSWW’s People and Wildlife Officer (PWO). It was decided that the PWO was required, to provide more information and ideas for how people could get more involved in conservation and how projects could benefit local communities.

2.1.2. In order to assess each site and to make suitable recommendations based on priority (biodiversity) and supporting (Community, Environment and Sustainability) objectives a standard survey proforma sheet was designed. This would ensure a standard approach to data gathering at different sites and between different surveyors as well as ensure appropriate information was being gathered.

2.1.3. Although the individual site surveys assessed the potential to meet all four priorities and secondary objectives, the over-riding aim was to improve the biodiversity interest and community involvement of the study sites.

2.2. Site Selection 2.2.1. In total 38 individual sites were identified and surveyed, covering all four study areas. These ranged from relatively small sites such as roundabouts and grass verges to much larger sites, such as parks, verges and open green spaces. In addition, several individual sites can be grouped together to form much larger management areas, due to their close proximity and similar management objectives.

2.2.2. Large scale maps of the estates were produced by Bridgend County Borough Council (BCBC). These maps were used to familiarise surveyors with the study areas and as an aid to navigating from one site to another. These maps were also used to identify areas of open space, habitat land and verges, which would form the basis of proposed schemes.

2.2.3. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to accurately display the four estates electronically. Once converted, large scale maps of individual sites were produced, to be used for annotation and boundary delineation during site surveys.

2.2.4. In addition to individual site surveys, the study area as a whole was evaluated, with particular regard to biodiversity, environmental benefits and community engagement.

2.3. Identifying Projects 2.3.1. The standard survey sheet has been designed to gather existing information about an area as well as enable surveyors to make suitable recommendations. The survey sheet records factors such as: Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

1. Site Description 2. Potential Issues 3. Biodiversity Improvements 4. Community Engagement Opportunities 5. Potential Projects 6. Wildlife present

2.3.2. Once factors 1-4 were answered and the site survey indicated there was potential for biodiversity improvements and community engagement, suitable projects were devised and recommended based on the combination of the various objectives. Not all sites surveyed were identified as suitable to support specific projects due to a number of factors, particularly public perception. A site could support a specific project only if biodiversity and community objectives could be met and if there was likely to be a favourable public desire for it.

2.4. Species Records 2.4.1. An important aspect of the project was the identification of wildlife species currently present at the estates. Once identified habitat improvement schemes and projects could be tailored to benefit the species recorded.

2.4.2. Although efforts were made to increase the likelihood of identifying particular taxa (namely birds, mammals, invertebrates and flora) no standard ecological surveys were undertaken during the survey and therefore all species recorded are incidental records and do not represent a comprehensive catalogue of species present.

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3. Large-scale Biodiversity Improvements

3.1. Roadside Verges 3.1.1. As well as site specific projects and habitat improvement recommendations, the study also looked at how best to increase the biodiversity value of the estates as a whole.

3.1.2. Although much can be done in terms of creating new habitats, it is important to appropriately manage the habitats already present. In particular a great deal can be achieved for biodiversity if a less intensive cutting regime was to be introduced along the amenity grassland verges found throughout Bryntirion, Cefn Glas and Llangewydd predominantly.

3.1.3. Current management of the verges and other grassy areas consist of close cutting at regular intervals, which although more aesthetically pleasing to some has little benefit for biodiversity. Numerous flora species can be found in grassland habitats, which in turn support invertebrates such as grasshoppers, spiders, butterflies and moths. However current management of grassland ensures little benefit to fauna species.

3.1.4. An added disadvantage to biodiversity and potentially aesthetics is that many small areas of green verge space (Plate 1) are used as personal parking bays for local residents. This has created soil erosion (Plate 2) and as a consequence muddy troughs.

3.1.5. The overall potential area of these small verges throughout the four study sites is unknown, but collectively could have had an important role in increasing the biodiversity and environmental value of the area, particularly if they could be used to harvest surface water more effectively. However, given the perceived ownership of these smaller spaces no detailed recommendations for improvements are given.

Plate 1: Roadside verge (Bryntirion)

The plate shows an example of the small green spaces that make up many of the roadside verges throughout Laleston, Bryntirion, Cefn Glas and Llangewydd. Evidence gained from the surveys suggests that adjacent landowners have a sense of ownership over the green spaces and frequently use them for their own means.

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Plate 2: Soil erosion at roadside verge (Cefn Glas)

The plate shows a typical example of roadside verge erosion at Cefn Glas. This erosion of verges is found throughout Bryntirion, Cefn Glas and Llangewydd, but less so at Laleston. The main cause of such erosion is cars traveling over and parking on the verges. Erosion is often exaggerated at the smaller green spaces outside houses.

3.1.6. With regard to larger roadside verges (excluding green space bays), where biodiversity improvements can be made, it is recommended that they be managed as spring flowering or summer flowering grasslands. In general both management regimes would benefit from infrequent cutting, ensuring that the cuts are undertaken at the correct times of year.

3.1.7. The rationale for spring flowering management is to create a short sward throughout winter and early spring (Table 2) to encourage the development of spring flowering species such as Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) and Wood Anemone (Anemone nemerosa). Summer flowering management is designed to benefit typical meadow grasses and flowers and relies on no cuts throughout the spring and summer months (Table 2).

3.1.8. It is recommended that native meadow flowering plants, typical of the area (Table 3) be used when creating biodiversity improvement projects, including roadside verges.

Management Jan F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c Spring Flowering Summer Flowering

Suitable for cutting Table 2: Appropriate cutting regimes for spring and summer verge management

3.1.9. It is also recommended that all arisings as a result of cutting be removed from the grassland verges. This reduces nutrient input to the soil, which is more beneficial to less robust vegetative species.

3.1.10. To ensure the growing grass and other vegetation does not become a problem to vehicles or pedestrians using paths and cycle routes, it is recommended that the interface between verge and road/path (c.0.5m-1m) be maintained as a short

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amenity sward (Figure 2). The short sward, managed in the traditional amenity grassland cutting regime should be cut in a wavy line. This not only improves the aesthetical quality of the grassland, but also indicates to the local community that the grassland is being managed for a reason and not simply left abandoned. To fully engage with the community and to inform them of the changes, wooden or plastic interpretation stakes can be inserted into the ground, which give a brief rationale of why this particular area of roadside verge has been left uncut. This methodology has been adopted in other areas and serves as a dual purpose, informing residents as well as verge maintenance staff.

3.1.11. Once established, roadside verge nature reserves can be established (Plate 3) and promoted to the local communities, wider public and media.

Wild Flower Species 20% of Mix (%) Daucus carota Wild Carrot 1.5 Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw 1.5 Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-Eye Daisy 1 Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil 1 Medicago lupilina Black medic 2 Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin 2 Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel 2 Centaurea nigra Black Knapweed 1.5 Scabiousa columbaria Small Scabious 3 Sillam silaus Pepper saxifrage 2 Trifolium pratense Red Clover 1.5 Vicia sativa Common Vetch 1

Grass Species 80% of mix (%) Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's Tail 25 Dactylis glomerata Cock's Foot 35 Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat's Tail 5 Poa pratensis Smooth Stalked Meadow Grass 15

Table 3: Native meadow plant mix for biodiversity improvements

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Figure 2: Maintained short sward through wave cutting management

3.1.12. It is recommended that efforts be made (in time) to plant / reseed areas of the uncut verge with an appropriate flowering mix, which will differ depending on a spring or summer management programme. Planting regimes should use native species mix where possible.

Plate 3: Roadside verge nature reserve with demarcation post

3.2. Garden Wildlife Survey 3.2.1. One way to bring about combined biodiversity and community improvements at all four study sites is through increasing residents’ awareness and appreciation of wildlife. This is best achieved through a garden wildlife survey.

3.2.2. The current study has only been able to assess specific sites and green spaces in any detail and has neglected to determine the importance of individual gardens, which cumulatively amount to a large area of potential habitat land. Gardens have another advantage by being able to support ponds, a habitat that is widely missing at all estates.

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3.2.3. It is recommended that efforts be made to undertake a garden wildlife survey, which not only aims to identify key LBAP species such as Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus), but also key habitats such as log piles and ponds.

3.2.4. If residents participated in the survey, ecological information can be generated, which would better improve our understanding of the biodiversity value of the Laleston Community Council area.

3.2.5. WTSWW has organised several large scale garden wildlife surveys, including one at Broadlands estate and it is recommended that a similar format be followed. The survey relies on the production of a survey sheet, which is then posted with a self- addressed envelope to all residents in a specific target area. The survey form will be self explanatory, informative and most importantly enjoyable.

3.2.6. The recent Port Talbot Garden Wildlife Survey (Figure 3) developed and managed by WTSWW has been sponsored by partner organisations, which has kept costs low. Other surveys run by WTSWW have been sponsored by the local authority as all data gathered forms an important role in the areas Local Biodiversity Action Plan.

3.2.7. The survey sheet also contains a WTSWW membership form, allowing participants to join their local Wildlife Trust and in doing so receiving quarterly newsletters and magazines about wildlife in the local area as well as events they can attend and participate in.

3.2.8. In addition to ascertaining the presence of wildlife and habitats, the survey will be important in gathering contact details of those individuals who take part in the survey. The details will be essential in driving forward projects on the estates and those who are willing can be invited to local groups to spearhead the biodiversity improvements and to communicate the message further afield. Volunteers who participate in the survey could be asked to become a ‘Biodiversity Champion’. As such the biodiversity champions can be partly responsible for projects through finding funding, increasing awareness of wildlife in the community and establish steering groups.

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Figure 3: Recommended garden wildlife survey design format

Figure 4: Biodiversity Projects Laleston Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

Figure 5: Biodiversity Projects Bryntirion and Cefn Glas

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4. Laleston - Project 1

4.1. Site Description 4.1.1. Project 1 in Laleston is located on a roundabout, at the bottom of the ‘The Dell’, a small residential area with housing on both sides of the road (Figure 6). The area as a whole is situated in a quiet cul-de-sac and in general would lend itself to biodiversity improvements in the area.

Figure 6: Laleston Project 1 area

4.1.2. The roundabout is currently maintained as amenity grassland (Plate 4), being cut short on a regular basis and currently has little ecological value, though does act as a means of rainwater retention, albeit in a small capacity.

4.1.3. The site is in a good location for undertaking a biodiversity project, being surrounded by housing and would therefore be visible to numerous residents. Also as The Dell is a cul-de-sac, residents in the street would see the biodiversity improvements on a regular basis.

4.2. Biodiversity Improvements 4.2.1. There are few areas of grassland in Laleston that can offer themselves to biodiversity improvements such as meadow creation. Laleston Project 1 is of a suitable size where meadow creation is possible and therefore must be a major part of the project. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a spring flowering meadow 2. Creation of a summer flowering meadow 3. Increased provision for foraging birds

Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

4.3. Laleston – Project 1 Recommendations 4.3.2. It is recommended that the current grassland habitat be reseeded using a native wildflower species mix (Table 3), with spring flowering bulbs such as primrose (Primula vulgaris) planted across the area, making sure to display a natural scatter affect and not regimented planting.

Figure 7: Primrose

4.3.3. As the project is designed to cater for spring and summer flowering plants, it is important that the cutting regime is quite specific. Once established it is important to leave the grassland uncut for the first 3-4 months of the year, eventually cutting in mid-April (weather permitting). Once cut and arisings removed it is important to then allow the grassland to grow throughout the summer months, eventually cutting in late August. An amenity cut mowing regime can then be introduced from the period (September – December). This approach will allow for spring flowering and summer flowering species to flourish and persist into the long-term.

4.3.4. It is important to maintain a permanent cut edge around the perimeter of the project area, between the road and longer grass (Figure 2, Plate 3). This will prevent long grass overhanging the road and will look more aesthetically pleasing to residents.

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Plate 4: Laleston Project 1, showing current grassland

4.3.4. In addition to meadow creation, it is recommended that efforts be made to make use of the telegraph pole that is situated at the centre of the project area. If possible (permission required) long-armed hooks could be fastened onto the pole, which could in turn act as a means of erecting bird feeders and water baths so that birds in the area could eat and drink throughout the year. Bird feeding would rely on individuals in the community to make sure feeding stations are kept full and clean. Individuals in the community could be identified through the garden wildlife survey and they could be made the area’s biodiversity champions.

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5. Laleston – Project 2

5.1. Site Description 5.1.1. This project area is a relatively small parcel of land situated on the corner of The Dell and Cottage Gardens, Laleston (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Laleston – Project 2 (yellow)

5.1.2. The small parcel of land consists of a large mature sycamore (Acer pseudacorus) and amenity grassland underneath and surrounded by roadside curb and brick wall (Plate 5). Although small in size, the project area, particularly the mature sycamore is a key feature of the Laleston area.

Plate 5: Laleston – Project 2, showing mature sycamore and grassland

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5.2. Biodiversity Improvements 5.2.1. Due to the importance of the project area in terms of a community and aesthetical feature it is recommended that biodiversity improvements compliment as opposed to alter the current habitat present. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Retention of native flora 2. Increased provision for nesting birds 3. Increased provision for roosting bats 4. Creation of spring flowering meadow

5.3. Laleston – Project 2 Recommendations 5.3.1. As well grassland and a mature tree, the site also consists of a small area of bramble and nettle and it is recommended that for the benefit of biodiversity these habitats are retained. Both bramble and nettle, though not aesthetically pleasing to some, provide important foraging and shelter for many native animals, particularly butterflies and moths.

5.3.2. It is recommended that bat boxes and bird nesting boxes be erected on the mature sycamore tree. These will provide essential nesting and roosting sites for a number of protected and threatened wildlife including common pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). Numerous designs of nesting and roosting box exist (Plate 6 and Plate 7), but it is important to select boxes that will not detract from the aesthetics of the tree feature.

Plate 6: Typical bat roosting box Plate 7: Typical bird nesting box

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5.3.3. Both sets of boxes should be placed high in the tree and away from any potential vandalism and disturbance. Once established there is the potential for the boxes to be monitored by the local community in partnership with the Wildlife Trust and other local conservation groups.

5.3.4. The grassland should be planted with spring flowering bulbs such as primrose and managed for their benefit. The spring flowers will add to the existing feature and to local biodiversity by increasing early season nectar sources.

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6. Laleston – Project 3

6.1. Site Description 6.1.1. This project area consists of amenity grassland situated on the corner of The Dell and Wind Street (Figure 9). The area is a particular feature to the area as it is quite conspicuous when entering the estate.

Figure 9: Laleston – Project 3 (turquoise)

6.1.2. Currently the area is of limited ecological value, consisting predominantly of tightly mown grass. Ecological value is found on the site through an apparent dead or decaying cherry tree, situated to the north of the project area and overhanging vegetation from adjacent garden (Plate 8).

6.2. Biodiversity Improvements 6.2.1. Given the prominence of the site locally, it lends itself to the creation of a project that is both beneficial to wildlife and people. By creating a facility for the local community and biodiversity the project area could be called the ‘Laleston Community Nature Reserve’. Biodiversity and community projects would include:

1. Nectar rich resource for invertebrates 2. Improved grassland structure and habitat corridor 3. Increased provision for foraging birds 4. Increased provision for hedgehogs 5. Greater structural diversity for invertebrates

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Plate 8: Laleston – Project 3, showing amenity grassland, dead tree and adjacent vegetation.

6.3. Laleston – Project 3 Recommendations 6.3.1. To create the Laleston Community Nature Reserve, it is first recommended that a dry stone wall be created along the outer perimeter of the project area, approximately 1m – 1.5m from the road. The dry stone wall should be in keeping with the area. The rationale for the buffer between road and dry stone wall is to allow for good access when cars manoeuvre around the area and secondly so that the grassland between the dry stone wall and road can be reseeded with a native meadow grassland mix. Providing long species rich vegetation up against the wall would provide invertebrates with foraging and shelter, which in turn will provide for other animals such as breeding birds.

6.3.2. It is important that the dry stone wall avoids place name signs and services such as manhole covers and should be made from local stone. The stone wall could be constructed specifically to provide nest chambers for birds, providing increased nesting opportunities.

6.3.3. The existing wall, situated along the northwest of the project area, currently provides a good habitat structure for invertebrates and bird species. This however can be further increased by allowing a 1m – 1.5m strip of grass to grow long directly adjacent to the wall. For additional benefit to wildlife, the long grass strip could be reseeded using native meadow flowering mix.

6.3.4. It is recommended that the top corner (north) of the project area be converted into a habitat pile for hedgehogs. A hedgehog box (Plate 9) should first be positioned in the corner, and then covered in native deadwood log piles. This will provide

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additional cover and shelter for hedgehogs and invertebrates as well as increased foraging opportunities for a number of species.

Plate 9: Typical hedgehog box

6.3.5. It is important to retain the dead or decaying cherry tree on the premises. Standing deadwood is a very rare habitat and is often the first habitat to be cleared or removed during remedial or improvement works. The retention of the deadwood would undoubtedly increase the biodiversity value of the area as a whole.

6.3.6. Specifically the standing dead cherry could be used as a bird feeder, where bird tables, seed/nut dispensers and water baths could be hung from various branches. This would not only increase the biodiversity value, but would increase the project area’s standing as a community nature reserve. Bird feeding would rely on individuals in the community to make sure feeding stations are kept full and clean. Individuals in the community could be identified through the garden wildlife survey and they could be made the area’s biodiversity champions.

6.3.7. To confirm the area as a community nature reserve, it is important that benches and tables be installed, so that local residents can sit and watch the wildlife on their doorsteps.

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7. Laleston – Project 4

7.1. Site Description 7.1.1. The project area comprises the grounds of Blandy Trust Hall (Figure 10) and consists of mature broadleaved trees, areas of grassland and planters. It is clear from the survey that the grounds are a community resource and well used by members of the community.

Figure 10: Laleston – Project 4 area

7.1.2. The variety of different habitats make this project area quite an important site for wildlife in its current condition, created predominantly by shrubs and mature trees (Plate 10).

Plate 10: Laleston – Project 4, showing mature trees

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7.2. Biodiversity Improvements 7.2.1. The project area is a true community facility already and it is therefore of importance that biodiversity improvements to the area reflect this and that community benefits are also made. Biodiversity and community improvements include:

1. Provision of nectar rich resource for invertebrates 2. Improved grassland structure and habitat corridor 3. Increased provision for nesting birds 4. Increased provision for roosting bats 5. Provision of community art work

7.3. Laleston – Project 4 Recommendations 7.3.1. It is recommended that renovation work takes place on the existing planters found throughout the project area. Currently the planters appear neglected (Plate 11) and offer little in terms of flowering plants.

Plate 11: Flower bed at Laleston – Project 4

7.3.2. Planters and flower beds should be planted to increase the diversity of foraging opportunities for invertebrates and birds, ensuring that wildlife friendly plants are in place throughout the year. Appendix I provides a list of vegetation species that could be planted and how they could benefit wildlife.

7.3.3. Given the number and maturity of broadleaved trees within the project area, it is possible to erect bird nesting boxes and bat roost boxes.

7.3.4. Part of the project area overlooks the main road into Laleston (Wind Street) and it is believed that this vista could be used to promote wildlife and the community by

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the creation of a large wooden or willow sculpture that best depicts the wildlife in the area. Art could vary from large-scale willow sculptures (Plate 12), to smaller sculptures depicting part of a plant or animal (Plate 13). It is important that the local community have a say in what style of art is to be used and of what species.

Plate 12: Otter sculpture, Teifi Marshes Nature Reserve

Plate 13: Horseshoe bat sculpture, Sophia Gardens

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8. Laleston – Project 5

8.1. Site Description 8.1.1. This project area is the largest identified on the Laleston estate and covers the St David’s Church and churchyard (Figure 11), which apart from the historical building itself, also comprises several mature trees (Plate 14).

Figure 11: Laleston – Project 5 area

8.1.2. In general the project area is good for wildlife, providing the potential for numerous places of shelter for bat species in the church itself and plentiful foraging habitat in the surrounding landscape.

Plate 14: Laleston – Project 5, showing church and mature trees

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8.2. Biodiversity Improvements 8.2.1. Given the potential of both the church and churchyard for bats, biodiversity and community improvement schemes should be focused on them specifically. Biodiversity and community improvement schemes include:

1. Increased knowledge of bat species and populations in the area 2. Increased community engagement and appreciation of bats in the area 3. Provision of bat roosting boxes

8.3. Laleston – Project 5 Recommendations 8.3.1. It is recommended that the first step with regard to biodiversity improvements is to work with the Church of Wales, to undertake a full bat survey and report for the St David’s church. Evidence gained from the survey will increase our knowledge of what bat species are currently utilising the church as a roost and how many individuals are present. This will inform future conservation action in the area.

8.3.2. As well as increasing our understanding of bats in the area, the surveys will also allow the local community to become actively involved in nature conservation and wildlife surveying. The local community could be invited to participate in the bat survey so they see first-hand how important their local area is for bats. This will instil a sense of pride and appreciation for bats and for nature conservation in the local community.

8.3.3. Once the bat surveys have taken place, a decision can be made on whether bat roost boxes are required in the surrounding area of the church.

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9. Laleston – Project 6

9.1. Site Description 9.1.1. Laleston – Project 6 includes a narrow grass verge adjacent the church yard wall and Wind Street (Figure 12, Plate 15). The grassland verge is managed as amenity grassland and as a consequence has a limited value for biodiversity.

Figure 12: Laleston – Project 6 area

Plate 15: Laleston Project 6, showing grass verge

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9.1.2 The project area is relatively small in size, but is positioned adjacent to the main road in to the Laleston estate, which would mean it would receive a large audience as members of the public drive and walk in and out of the estate.

9.2. Biodiversity Improvements 9.2.1. The location of the project area means that any biodiversity project must be relatively subtle and in-keeping with the local area, providing aesthetical improvements as well as biodiversity improvements. These improvements include:

1. Creation of summer flowering meadow

9.3. Laleston – Project 6 Recommendations 9.3.1. It is recommended that the verge be sown with summer flowering meadow mix (Table 3), with an increased percentage of ox-eye daisy, which would highlight the area and the church wall, providing a greater aesthetical aspect.

9.3.1. To maintain aesthetics, it is important that the first 0.5m – 1m of the grass verge be maintained as amenity grassland and kept short. The edge of the amenity grassland should be wavy, which again indicates to the community that the longer species rich grassland is purposely managed that way. Although this would reduce the overall area available for biodiversity improvement, it is believed that the combination of increased aesthetics and some biodiversity gain is beneficial to the wider biodiversity value of the area as it shows to the local community what can be achieved for the benefit of wildlife and people.

9.3.2. The verge, once established should be managed as a summer meadow habitat, cut at the appropriate times of year and all cut arisings removed.

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10. Laleston – Project 7

10.1. Site Description 10.1.1. This project area is one of the smallest within the Laleston area, consisting of just a few square meters of amenity grassland in the form of a traffic island (Figure 13). Also present on the island is a cherry tree, which provides more interest and ecological value.

Figure 13: Laleston – Project 7 area, (purple)

10.2. Biodiversity Improvements 10.2.1. This project is a good example of what can be achieved even in the smallest of areas. Due to the small size, biodiversity improvements have to be simple and in keeping with the area as a whole. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of spring flowering grassland

10.3. Laleston – Project 7 Recommendations 10.3.1. It is recommended that the project area be planted with spring bulbs to increase species diversity and provide nectar sources for invertebrates early in the year. The planting of species such as lesser celandine and wood anemone and primrose, would also add colour to the area and the grassland in question.

10.3.2. Once established it is recommended that the small grassland area be managed, following the spring meadow cutting regime (Table 2).

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11. Laleston – Project 8

11.1. Site Description 11.1.1. The project area is situated adjacent to the A473 in Laleston, between the Wind Street junction and the local post office (Figure 14). Although relatively small in size the project area does consist of amenity grassland and planted fruit trees (Plate 16), which offer an aesthetical value to the parcel of land as well as some biodiversity interest.

Figure 14: Laleston Project 8 area (green)

Plate 16: Laleston project 8, showing grassland and fruit tree habitat

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11.2. Biodiversity Improvements 11.2.1. The location of the project area is ideal in terms of raising awareness of the biodiversity improvement work to the area, because it is adjacent the main road and local convenience / post office and therefore receives a degree of high footfall from local residents. The level of activity was also noted during the survey and several people used the project area as a short-cut to and from the local facilities. It is therefore important to develop a project that does not interfere with the way people currently utilise the land, instead enhancing its biodiversity and community appeal. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of summer flowering meadow

11.3. Laleston – Project 8 Recommendations 11.3.1. Due to the importance of the project area in terms of the way it is used by local people, it is important that not all the area is used for biodiversity improvements. Instead it is recommended that two small tear drop shaped areas within the project area be created and managed as a summer flowering meadow, using a species mix typical of the area.

11.3.2. These two smaller areas of biodiversity improvements, demonstrates to local people the commitment to biodiversity, whilst respecting and understanding how residents currently use the green spaces in the area.

11.3.3. The tear drop shaped meadows can be created on either side of a lightly worn path on the grassland that is used by members of the public.

11.3.4. In addition to the grassland habitat, it is recommended that the existing fruit trees within the project area be retained as they provide ecological value in the form of foraging for invertebrates and birds.

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12. Laleston – Project 9

12.1. Site Description 12.1.1. Project 9 refers to several narrow verges that can be found on the outskirts of the St David’s Church and the Blandy Trust Hall (Figure 15). As the narrow strips of grassland are harder to mow on a regular basis they appear more species rich than other amenity grassland habitats on the estate and for that reason should be recognised.

Figure 15: Laleston - Project 9 area

12.2. Biodiversity Improvements 12.2.1. Although the narrow strips of grassland are relatively small in area, cumulatively they are able to perform an important ecological function on the estate as they are long and therefore help link up habitats, allowing invertebrates in particular to travel and colonise new areas.

12.2.2. The grassland strips increase the value to the adjacent walls, which are themselves important refuges for wildlife as they provide niche habitats for flowering plans and their associated invertebrate fauna (Plate 17).

12.2.2. When introducing new habitat and biodiversity improvement schemes it is important not to detrimentally alter their existing biodiversity value. Therefore biodiversity improvements for the project area must be simple and to include:

1. Increasing the structural value of existing grassland 2. Creation of spring flowering grassland

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Plate 17: Laleston Project 9, showing stone wall and narrow grassland strip

12.3. Laleston – Project 9 Recommendations 12.3.1. As the grass strips cannot be allowed to grow long, due to grasses overhanging roads, it is recommended that they be managed as spring flowering grasslands and planted with a variety of spring flowering bulbs. This will add colour and more structure to the strips as well as provide important early season foraging opportunities for invertebrates.

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13. Laleston – Project 10

13.1. Site Description 13.1.1. This project includes the whole of Laleston Village as it includes the numerous residential gardens, which are perhaps the most significant biodiversity resource in the area. During the surveys, residents questioned showed an increased interest in wildlife than in other areas and many mentioned about wildlife in their gardens.

13.1.2. Although a combined garden wildlife survey has been recommended for all estates studied, a specific study for Laleston could be achieved and could greatly increase our knowledge of wildlife in the area.

13.2. Biodiversity Improvements 13.2.1. Of particular interest to discover would be the presence of ponds and pond wildlife as well as invertebrates such as butterflies and bumblebees (Plate 18). Due to the current management of the open green spaces many of these species and habitats cannot be found, but may still be present in the area, being provided for already by the local community.

13.3. Laleston – Project 10 Recommendations 13.3.1. It is important that the results from the garden wildlife surveys are fed directly back to the community and particularly those who participated as volunteers. Feedback would take the form of brief reports on the findings as well as top tips for nature conservation in the garden and in the local community. The feedback would also be the ideal opportunity to inform the local community of any wildlife events and talks occurring in the area, such as Wildlife Trust local group visits to nature reserves, bat walks, surveys and volunteer conservation work parties.

13.3.2. The results of the garden wildlife survey can be used to produce an interpretation panel for the local community. The interpretation panel would be designed to illustrate to members of the public the wildlife that is found in the Laleston area and what habitats the area supports. As the village is relatively small it is recommended that only one interpretation panel be installed and should be positioned in a fitting area that receives a high level of public footfall. This method of communicating nature conservation will demonstrate to local residents the importance of biodiversity in the area and how important the community is in safeguarding its future. One potential location for an interpretation panel would be the proposed Laleston Community Nature Reserve (Laleston – Project 3).

Plate 18: Wildlife to be included in garden survey

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14. Laleston – Project 11

14.1. Site Description 14.1.1. This project area consists of a small concrete and tarmac roundabout (Plate 19) at the end of a cul-de-sac toward the north of the estate (Figure 16). The street where the roundabout is located contains well managed gardens, hedges and trees.

Figure 16: Laleston Project 9 area

Plate 19: Laleston – Project 9, showing concrete and tarmac roundabout

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14.2. Biodiversity Improvements 14.2.1. Currently the roundabout has no biodiversity value, comprising of concrete brick curb and tarmac surface. In addition the roundabout in its current form does not allow for rainwater to soak into the soil and therefore increases the amount of surface water entering the sewerage system of Laleston, which can cause wider environmental impacts.

14.2.2. In addition to its environmental and biodiversity shortcomings, the roundabout is not aesthetically pleasing and may be considered an eyesore in the local community, due to its concrete ‘barren’ appearance.

14.2.3. It is likely that any biodiversity improvements on the project will have to be relatively small in size and ambition. However, it is important with such projects to ensure that biodiversity improvements also act as a means of increasing the aesthetics of the area. The improvements for the project area include:

1. Provision of nectar rich food sources for invertebrates 2. Creation of a community feature

14.3. Laleston – Project 11 Recommendations 14.3.1. To achieve the proposed improvements in as cost efficient way as possible it is recommended that planter containers be installed on the roundabout. The design of container (stone, wood, square, circular etc.) should be decided on by local residents. Bespoke containers should also be considered if the local community wish for a particular design. The containers must be kept away from the curb area, not to damage vehicles as they turn.

14.3.2. The containers should be planted with a variety of nectar rich plants, designed to provide nectar sources throughout the year and throughout the day and evening. This will ensure a plentiful food supply for day flying invertebrates such as butterflies and bumblebees as well as night-flying moths. A list of suitable nectar rich plants can be found in Appendix I.

14.3.3. The proposed project will increase the aesthetic and biodiversity value of the area without damaging the function of the roundabout and will keep costs to a minimum as no ground work is required.

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15. Laleston – Project 12

15.1. Site Description 15.1.1. The project area is located on the roundabout at the western end of High Street, Laleston on the A473 (Figure 17). The roundabout is the Western gateway to the village of Laleston and currently consists of a tarmac surface, with brick curb and an outer ring of brick (Plate 20).

Figure 17: Laleston – Project 12 area

Plate 20: Laleston - Project 12, showing tarmac and brick

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15.2. Biodiversity Improvements 15.2.1. Currently the roundabout has limited biodiversity value, comprising of concrete brick and tarmac, with numerous road signs

15.2.2. Despite the roundabout acting as the gateway to Laleston village it is not particularly aesthetically pleasing and may be considered an eyesore in the local community, especially given its location relative to the village.

15.2.3. It is likely that any biodiversity improvements on the project will have to be passed by Bridgend County Borough Council’s transport division, given its situation on an A road. If allowed to proceed, it is important to ensure that biodiversity improvements also act as a means of increasing the aesthetics of the area and create a more welcoming feature to Laleston Village. The improvements for the project area include:

1. Provision of nectar rich food sources for invertebrates 2. Creation of a village feature

15.3. Laleston – Project 12 Recommendations 15.3.1. To achieve the proposed improvements in as cost efficient way as possible it is recommended that planter containers be installed on the roundabout. The containers should be planted with a variety of nectar rich plants, designed to provide nectar sources throughout the year and throughout the day and evening. This will ensure a plentiful food supply for day flying invertebrates such as butterflies and bumblebees as well as night flying moths. A list of suitable nectar rich plants can be found in Appendix I.

15.3.2. It is envisaged that new road signs could be created for the roundabout, ones that are not so prominent on the roundabout but instead are used to house the plant containers around the circumference of the inner circle. This would require a reduction in height of the current road signs.

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16. Laleston – Project 13

16.1. Site Description 16.1.1. The project area consists of a relatively wide verge immediately adjacent to A473 on High street, toward the western end of the village (Figure 18), heading east from Project 12. The project area is currently managed as amenity grassland, with the grass cut short at regular intervals (Plate 21). The project area is a good location for undertaking a biodiversity project due to its very visual position in Laleston village.

Figure 18: Laleston – Project 13 area

Plate 21: Laleston – Project 13, showing amenity grassland verge

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16.2. Biodiversity Improvements 16.2.1. There are few areas of grassland in Laleston that can offer themselves to biodiversity improvements such as the creation of a wildflower meadow. The project area is of a suitable size where meadow creation is possible. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a summer flowering meadow

16.3. Laleston – Project 13 Recommendations 16.3.1. It is recommended that the current grassland habitat be reseeded using a native wildflower species mix (Table 3). As a wildflower meadow it is recommended that once the grassland has been reseeded and meadow plants established, it is maintained throughout autumn – spring through cutting short, as per current management practices. Toward the latter end of spring the grassland should be left to grow throughout the summer, allowing meadow plants to flower and to set seed. All cut arisings should be removed from the grassland.

16.3.4. It is important to maintain a permanent cut edge around the perimeter of the project area, between the road and longer grass (Figure 2, Plate 3). This will prevent long grass overhanging the road and will look more aesthetically pleasing to residents.

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17. Bryntirion – Project 1

17.1. Site Description 17.1.1. This project area in Bryntirion is situated in a well-used part of the estate, across the road from local convenience store and community facilities (Figure 19). It consists of a relatively small triangular parcel of land, which is currently managed as amenity grassland (Plate 22) and as a result has limited biodiversity value.

Figure 19: Bryntirion – Project 1 area

17.2. Biodiversity Improvements 17.2.1 Bryntirion estate as a whole has few areas of green space that could be used for biodiversity improvements. Although green spaces do exist and can be quite large in places, their use as amenity areas for the community means that small schemes are more appropriate.

17.2.2. The project area, although small, is of a suitable size where wild flowerbed creation is conceivable. In addition, the very public location of the biodiversity scheme would set a good example and demonstrate to the local community the importance of biodiversity to the estate and the part that local residents could play in supporting it. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a wildflower bed 2. Increased provision for invertebrates 3. Community feature

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Plate 22: Bryntirion – Project 1, showing amenity grassland

17.3. Bryntirion – Project 1 Recommendations 17.3.1. It is recommended that part of the triangular parcel of land be reseeded with a wildflower meadow mix, with species typical of the area. A natural meadow would predominantly consist of grass species, which provides a great deal of habitat for invertebrates along with flowering plants. However, given the project area and public location, it is recommended that fewer grass species are used for the wildflower mix, instead concentrating on flowering native plants that will have a high impact. These species would include plants such as ox-eye daisy and knapweed.

17.3.2. Once established, the wildflower area should be managed by allowing the reseeded part of the parcel of land to grow long, flower and set seed during summer months, ensuring that it is maintained short for the rest of the year.

17.3.3. Due to the very public use of the area, it is recommended that only a small part of the parcel be used to create the wildflower bed. This could be a circle or tear drop shape within the triangular parcel. The rationale for recommending a small area is so that the local community do not become overwhelmed with what might be a big aesthetical change to the area. A smaller meadow would make it easier for local residents to accept and appreciate the meadow. Once this happens, efforts can be made (through community consultation) to gradually extend the wildflower bed.

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18. Bryntirion – Project 2 and Project 3

18.1. Site Description 18.1.1. This project areas are situated at the southern (Figure 20; Plate 23) and northern (Figure 21; Plate 24) ends of a large amenity grassland (Plate 23 and Plate 24), located to the north of Bryntirion – Project 1, Broad Oak Way. Although situated on a large green space the project areas are very small in comparison.

Figure 20: Bryntirion – Project 2 area (grey)

Figure 21: Bryntirion – Project 3 area (pink)

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Plate 23: Bryntirion – Project 2, showing amenity grassland

Plate 24: Bryntirion – Project 3, showing large open green space

18.2. Biodiversity Improvements 18.2.1. The project proposals aim to create biodiversity improvements that are in-keeping with the area and makes sure that the improvements do not limit the space used as outdoor recreational areas by the local community.

18.2.2. The project areas, although small, can be used to create wildflower meadow patches, which will still have benefits for biodiversity. During the survey, swallows and house martins were observed flying over the amenity grassland,

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foraging for invertebrate prey. The increase of long grass and more flowering species would undoubtedly benefit invertebrates and in turn bird species.

18.2.3. In addition to biodiversity gain, the projects will be able to demonstrate to the local community that semi-natural habitats can exist alongside people in urban areas. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a summer flowering meadow 2. Increased provision for invertebrates 3. Increased provision for birds

18.3. Bryntirion – Project 2 and Project 3 Recommendations 18.3.1. It is recommended that a naturally curved shape toward the southern end (Bryntirion Project 2) and the northern end (Bryntirion Project 3) of the large green space be identified and reseeded as a wildflower meadow, consisting of species found local to this part of South Wales (Table 3).

18.3.2. Once established, the meadows should be managed by allowing the reseeded area of land to grow long, flower and set seed during summer months and then ensuring it is maintained short for the rest of the year, as per current management practices. This method of biodiversity improvement allows for increased provision for wildlife, whilst minimising the area taken from the green space.

18.3.3. It is important to ensure that the meadow area is away from the roadside curb. Evidence gained during the survey indicates that the edge of the grassland is often traversed by vehicles, due (presumably) to the tight turning angles. It is important that vehicles do not traverse over the meadows once created, not just because of its impact on wildlife, but also the visual impact of flattened grass may look unsightly and in turn jeopardise the success of the project.

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19. Bryntirion – Project 4

19.1. Site Description 19.1.1. The project area consists of a small triangular parcel of land, comprising of short amenity grassland located on a steep slope north of Bryntirion – Project 3 (Figure 22). Due to the location and the slope of the area, the parcel of land does not appear to be particularly well used by members of the public as an outdoor recreational area (Plate 25) and therefore lends itself to biodiversity improvements.

Figure 22: Bryntirion – Project 4 area (black)

Plate 25: Bryntirion – Project 4, showing steeply sloping amenity grassland

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19.2. Biodiversity Improvements 19.2.1. The difficulty with proposing biodiversity improvement projects within urban areas is that many of the existing open green spaces are used as outdoor recreation areas, such as children’s informal play areas, walking and dog walking. This demand on green space limits the ambition of biodiversity improvement schemes, which are often confined to small parcels of land.

19.2.2. The project area is ideal for creating a biodiversity improvement scheme within an urban setting, because it is small and receives little other demand from the community. Therefore the whole of the parcel of land, although small, can be used. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a summer flowering meadow 2. Increased provision for invertebrates 3. Increased provision for birds

19.3. Bryntirion – Project 4 Recommendations 19.3.1. It is recommended that the small triangular parcel of land be sown with summer flowering meadow mix (Table 3).

19.3.2. To maintain aesthetics, it is important that the first 0.5m – 1m of the grass verge be maintained as amenity grassland and kept short. The edge of the amenity grassland should be wavy, which again indicates to the community that the longer species rich grassland is purposely managed that way. Although this would reduce the overall area available for biodiversity improvement, it is believed that the combination of increased aesthetics and some biodiversity gain is beneficial to the wider biodiversity value of the area as it shows to the local community what can be achieved for the benefit of wildlife and people.

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20. Bryntirion – Project 5

20.1. Site Description 20.1.1. The project area is situated on the large open green space around Broad Oak Way, located to the north of Bryntirion – Project 1 and also contains Bryntirion – Projects 2 and 3. Specifically the actual project area is split in two places. To the north and to the south of the open green space (Figure 23).

Figure 23: Bryntirion – Project 5 area

20.2. Biodiversity Improvements 20.2.1. Where open green spaces are at a relative shortage, such as in urban areas, it is important that they are predominantly kept as open areas, which usually means maintaining them as grassland habitats. This allows the green space to be open, with vistas and also multifunctional and not restrictive. The majority of project proposals therefore have remained within the confines of those ideals, focusing on the creation of spring and flowering meadows. However Bryntirion – Project 5 proposes to create more structure in the grassland, which will benefit invertebrates and birds as well as create features for the community, whilst maintaining the open multifunctional space. The biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of parkland habitat 2. Increased provision for invertebrates 3. Increased provision for birds 4. Community features

20.3. Bryntirion – Project 5 Recommendations

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20.3.1. It is recommended that two native broadleaved trees be planted within the large green space, one at either end, close to, but not on, the meadow creations of Bryntirion – Projects 2 and 3. 20.3.2. It is recommended that the trees be able to provide for wildlife and the local community and could include species such as rowan and apple. Although good for wildlife it is recommended that species of thorn, such as hawthorn and blackthorn be avoided, as the thorns may cause a risk to people using the green space.

20.3.3. The trees should be planted as mature as possible, as smaller tree whips may be more vulnerable in areas that receive high public pressure.

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21. Bryntirion – Project 6

21.1. Site Description 21.1.1. This project area is split over two areas due to their close proximity and identical management prescriptions, currently and proposed. The two sites that comprise the project area are located at amenity grassland verges on the junction of Ton Glas, leading north into Park View and South into Chestnut Way (Figure 24). The sites are small and comprised of amenity grassland as well as several broadleaved trees (Plate 26).

Figure 24: Bryntirion – Project 6 area

Plate 26: Bryntirion – Project 6, showing amenity grassland and broadleaved trees

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21.2. Biodiversity Improvements 21.2.1. Given the general lack of open green spaces on the Bryntirion estate, it is important that efforts focus on small parcels of land to undertake biodiversity improvement schemes. The two sites of Bryntirion – Project 6, although small, present opportunities as they are currently not suitable for outdoor recreation areas, unlike Bryntirion Projects 2-4. As the sites are not under increased pressure from recreational users or land ownership, biodiversity improvements can be made.

21.2.2. As the sites are found within an urban setting and adjacent to residential properties, it is important not to dramatically alter the appearance of the two sites as this may have a negative reaction from those residents immediately adjacent. Instead, biodiversity improvements should focus on complimenting the habitats and ecological interest already present. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a spring flowering meadow 2. Increased provision for invertebrates 3. Community Engagement

21.3. Bryntirion – Project 6 Recommendations 21.3.1. The most appropriate biodiversity improvement for the two sites of Bryntirion Project 6 is the creation of spring flowering meadows as this will have beneficial impacts on local wildlife, predominantly invertebrates, whilst not altering the overall appearance of the area. Native spring flowers would also improve the aesthetical value of the area.

21.3.2. It is recommended that the current grassland habitat be heavily planted with spring flower bulbs, particularly native primrose. The bulbs should be planted in a scattered approach which ensures a more natural display when in flower. The spring flowers would complement the trees present at the sites and together will help achieve a woodland glade appearance.

21.3.3. As the project is designed to cater for spring flowering plants, it is important to leave the grassland uncut for the first 3-4 months of the year, eventually cutting in mid-April (weather permitting). Once cut, arisings should be removed and an amenity cut introduced for the rest of the year (as present).

21.3.4. Extra efforts can be made to work with the community and community groups when planting the native spring bulbs. Planting of bulbs is a relatively easy process and enjoyable, not only providing provision for biodiversity, but also people’s health and wellbeing. Schools and community groups can be invited to take part in the planting process. This will also increase the ownership of the sites and a greater appreciation for what has been achieved.

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22. Bryntirion – Project 7

22.1. Site Description 22.1.1. This project area is located on Ton Glas, further west than Bryntirion Project 6 (Figure 25) and encompasses a narrow but long parcel of amenity grassland, between the land curtilage (brick wall) of a residential property and a bus stop (Plate 27).

Figure 25: Bryntirion – Project 7 area

Plate 27: Bryntirion – Project 7, showing amenity grassland and brick wall

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22.2. Biodiversity Improvements 22.2.1. As with all recommended biodiversity improvement schemes, their success and delivery is driven by the local community. In that respect all schemes are dependent on public attitudes and willingness. However, given the limited green space available on the estate, local residents can play an even greater role in the delivery of biodiversity improvements.

22.2.2. With the expressed permission of the home owner and resident, the project has the potential to create a new habitat to the estate, namely the creation of an artificial hedgerow, which would extend the length of the brick wall (Plate 26). The biodiversity improvements would include:

1. Increased provision for invertebrates 2. Increased foraging provision for birds

22.3. Bryntirion – Project 7 Recommendations 22.3.1. The creation of an actual hedgerow, which consists of native trees and shrubs, is impractical at this particular project area. However a similar structure can be created, which would provide some of a hedgerows benefits.

22.3.2. It is recommended (with permission) that durable trellis be erected along the entire length of the brick wall present at the project area. Once erected, the base of the trellis, which currently comprises of amenity grassland can be planted with native climber species such as honeysuckle. Honeysuckle provides important nectar and fruits for invertebrates and birds and it is an important component in native hedgerows, particularly for species such as dormouse.

22.3.3. In addition to the planting of honeysuckle, a 0.5m – 1m grass buffer should be created at the base of the honeysuckle hedge. The grass buffer needn’t be reseeded with native species mix (though this would undoubtedly increase biodiversity), just simply left to grow long throughout the spring and summer months, eventually cut in late autumn.

22.3.4. The grass buffer, which should have a wavy edge design (Figure 2), has two major benefits, primarily increasing the biodiversity of the area by increasing structure and providing other places for invertebrates to breed and forage. Secondly the grass buffer, once established will protect the honeysuckle hedge from machine actions such as strimming and mowing.

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23. Bryntirion – Project 8

23.1. Site Description 23.1.1. The project area consists of a small amenity grassland on the corner of Ton Glas, heading north on Brynderi (Figure 26). The area is located in an urban setting and is surrounded by residential properties, pathways (Plate 28) and roads.

Figure 26: Bryntirion – Project 8 area

Plate 28: Bryntirion – Project 8, showing amenity grassland

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23.2. Biodiversity Improvements 23.2.1. Although relatively small the parcel of land offers great potential for biodiversity improvements as different habitats can be created. There appears to be less pressure on the current habitat than other open green spaces on the estate, which can result in better, more ambitious biodiversity improvement schemes.

23.2.2. The improvements will seek to create different habitats and features on the project area. This will include broadleaf trees and spring flowers, to mimic native broadleaved woodland habitat. Although woodlands can’t be created on the estate, the planting of trees and shrubs can help increase structure, compliment garden shrubs and trees and provide different niches for wildlife. The biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of woodland tree habitat 2. Creation of spring flowering meadow

23.3. Bryntirion – Project 8 Recommendations 23.3.1. It is recommended that several different native tree or shrub species be planted on the project area, which particularly provide for invertebrates and birds by the production of flowers and fruits. Such native species include, elder (Sambucus nigra), guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), holly (Ilex aquifolium) and spindle (Euonymus europaeus).

23.3.2. It is important to remember when planting that the whips or standards, will grow and increase in size, therefore trees and shrubs must be planted well apart. This will also be more appropriate for the area and more aesthetically pleasing to the local community.

23.3.3. Trees should be planted as standards and not whips as they are more mature and larger and will give an instant impact to the area.

23.3.4. It is recommended that the grassland habitat be heavily planted with spring flower bulbs. The bulbs should be planted in a scattered approach which ensures a more natural display when in flower. The spring flowers would complement the planted trees and together will help achieve a woodland glade appearance.

23.3.5. It is important to leave the grassland uncut for the first 3-4 months of the year, eventually cutting in mid-April (weather permitting). A long grass buffer (1m – 1.5m wide) should be created and designed to cover and link the bases of all planted trees. The grass buffer will increase connectivity and provide foraging and breeding sites for invertebrates and birds.

23.3.6. The grass buffer should not be cut until late autumn. Once cut the arisings should be removed and an amenity cut introduced for the rest of the year (as present).

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24. Bryntirion – Project 9

24.1. Site Description 24.1.1. The project area is relatively large triangular grassland located near to Brynderi (Figure 27). The grassland is currently managed as amenity grassland (Plate 29) and therefore cut short throughout the year.

Figure 27: Bryntirion – Project 9 area

Plate 29: Bryntirion – Project 9, showing relatively large amenity grassland

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24.2. Biodiversity Improvements 24.2.1. The project area has the potential to offer a great deal for wildlife, due to its size, which in comparison to other open green spaces is relatively large. However, the survey did suggest there are currently quite heavy pressures placed upon the grassland from the near community. The use of these areas by the public must always be considered when determining and designing biodiversity improvement schemes. Improvement schemes should seek to meld the needs of biodiversity and the local community so the both can prosper.

24.2.2. As the project area appears to be heavily used by the local community, not all the land parcel will be used for the biodiversity improvement scheme. The scheme will therefore seek to create a wildflower meadow habitat within the project area, which will allow the continued use of the land by the public. The biodiversity improvement scheme includes:

1. Creation of a wildflower summer meadow 2. Increased provision for invertebrates

24.3. Bryntirion – Project 9 Recommendations 24.3.1. It is recommended that a relatively small part of the overall project area be used to create a wildflower meadow, by reseeding with a native species mix (Table 3). Once established, the meadows should be managed by allowing the reseeded area of land to grow long, flower and set seed during summer months and then ensuring it is maintained short for the rest of the year, as per current management practices. This method of biodiversity improvement allows for increased provision for wildlife, whilst minimising the space taken from the green space.

24.3.2. It is important to ensure that the meadow area is away from the path, by ensuring that the path edges are always maintained and kept short.

24.3.3. Although it is envisaged that the actual area of meadow creation will be small in comparison to the project area as a whole, its location has still not been identified. It is recommended that prior to siting the meadow area, efforts be made to engage with the local residents immediately adjacent the grassland area to ascertain their opinions on where would be the most suitable place for the meadow’s creation.

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25. Bryntirion – Project 10

25.1. Site Description 25.1.1. The project area encompasses two individual sites located on the street corners of the junction of Heol-y-frenhines and Bryngolau (Figure 28). The sites have combined into one project area due to their close proximity and similarity in current and proposed management.

25.1.2. Both sites consist of amenity grassland, which immediately abuts the land curtilage of adjacent residential houses and includes wooden fences and brick walls (Plate 30).

Figure 28: Bryntirion – Project 10 area

Plate 30: Bryntirion – Project 10 areas

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25.2. Biodiversity Improvements 25.2.1. With the expressed permission of the home owners adjacent the two sites within the project area, the project has the potential to create a variety of habitats, which combine to represent elements of broadleaved woodland habitats, namely the planting of trees and shrubs, creation of an artificial hedgerow and spring flowers.

1. Increased provision for invertebrates 2. Increased foraging provision for birds 3. Development of woodland habitat 4. Creation of a public community feature to the estate

25.3. Bryntirion – Project 10 Recommendations 25.3.1. It is recommended that several different native tree or shrub species be planted within the two sites of the project area. These trees / shrubs should be selected for their benefit to invertebrates and birds by the production of flowers and fruits. Such native species include, elder (Sambucus nigra), guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), holly (Ilex aquifolium) and spindle (Euonymus europaeus).

25.3.2. Trees and shrubs must be planted well apart to avoid shading and other difficulties when maturing. This will also be more appropriate for the area and more aesthetically pleasing to the local community.

25.3.3. Trees should be planted as standards and not whips as they are more mature and larger and will give an instant impact to the area.

25.3.4. It is recommended that the grasslands within the two sites be planted with spring flowering bulbs. The bulbs should be planted in a scattered approach which ensures a more natural display when in flower. The spring flowers would complement the planted trees and together will help achieve a woodland glade appearance and when the two sites are combined will create a feature for the area.

25.3.5. It is important to leave the grassland uncut for the first 3-4 months of the year, eventually cutting in mid-April (weather permitting). A long grass buffer (1m – 1.5m wide) should be created and designed to cover and link the bases of all planted trees, within each of the two sites. The grass buffer will increase connectivity and provide foraging and breeding sites for invertebrates and birds.

25.3.6. The grass buffer should not be cut until late autumn. Once cut the arisings should be removed and an amenity cut introduced for the rest of the year (as present).

25.3.7. In addition to the trees/shrubs and spring flowers, it is also recommended (with permission) that an artificial hedgerow be created. Durable trellis should be erected along sections of the adjacent brick walls of. Once erected the base of the trellis, which currently comprises of amenity grassland can be planted with native climber species such as honeysuckle, to provide nectar and fruits for wildlife.

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25.3.8 In addition to the planting of honeysuckle, a 0.5m – 1m grass buffer should be created at the base of the honeysuckle hedge and left to grow long throughout the spring and summer months, eventually cut in late autumn.

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26. Cefn Glas – Project 1

26.1. Site Description 26.1.1. This project area is in a well-used part of the northern extent of Cefn Glas and is located between Llangewydd Road and Bright Hill, consisting predominantly of amenity grassland (Figure 29), though a small electricity sub-station is present toward the east of the project area. The triangular parcel of land is used as an area of outdoor recreation, which was evident during the survey. Many people of all ages were using the area, predominantly as a short cut and for play.

Figure 29: Cefn Glas – Project 1 area

26.2. Biodiversity Improvements 26.2.1. The project area is a complex one as several smaller improvements can be made whilst still being able to provide an outdoor recreational space. These improvements combine to create much wider benefits to biodiversity and the community. The overall scheme will seek to provide a mosaic of different habitats including summer flowering meadow, trees and hedgerows as well as increase the capacity for community enjoyment of the area. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a hedgerow 2. Creation of a wildflower meadow 3. Increased provision for community enjoyment 4. Increased provision for invertebrates, birds and bats

26.3. Cefn Glas – Project 1 Recommendations 26.3.1. Currently the electricity sub-station is in full view to the public and potentially detracts aesthetically from the area as a whole. One way to combat this, whilst increasing biodiversity is to surround the perimeter of the sub-station with a

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native hedgerow. It is recommended that the hedgerow be planted with native shrub and tree species typical of hedgerows in South Wales. This would include the two thorn species (hawthorn and blackthorn), which may not be acceptable to local residents. During initial discussions with the community, efforts should be made to ascertain whether species of thorn are acceptable on the parcel of land. If not, it is recommended that other native species be considered, including hazel (Corylus avellana) and holly.

26.3.2. The hedgerow shrubs should be planted as whips in two parallel rows at a high density of c.1m apart (alternating). The shrubs should be protected in their early years by tree guards or preferably fencing. After a period of several years, as much as 10 years, the shrubs should be ready for laying.

26.3.3. The hedgerow would be of great importance to wildlife, including birds and invertebrates. If the hedgerow could be fenced then additional benefits will derive from the long grass that will grow between the hedge and the fence.

26.3.4. As well as the hedgerow it is recommended that a solitary tree be planted in the centre of the project area. The tree should be native and one that is fast growing and can offer aesthetical benefits as well such as silver birch (Betula pendula). The tree should be planted as a standard, which is already well grown, this will have an instant impact for the area and if protected through tree guards or fencing, the tree would have a better chance of survival.

26.3.5. It is recommended that once the tree establishes itself a long grass buffer can be established at the base of the tree, measuring approximately 2m in diameter. The long grasses would add increased biodiversity value to the project area.

26.3.6. It is recommended that a relatively small part of the project area (western extent) be used to create a wildflower meadow, by reseeding with a native species mix (Table 3). Once established the meadows should be managed by allowing the reseeded area of land to grow long, flower and set seed during summer months and then ensuring it is maintained short for the rest of the year, as per current management practices. This method of biodiversity improvement allows for increased provision for wildlife, whilst minimising the area taken from the green space.

26.3.7. It is important to ensure that the meadow area is away from the path, by ensuring that the path edges are always maintained and kept short (Figure 2).

26.3.8. As there are several biodiversity improvements for the area, it is important that the community also benefit and be able to appreciate the new habitats. Therefore it is recommended that two benches are situated within the project area and faced to overlook the lone tree, meadow and hedgerow habitats.

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27. Cefn Glas – Project 2

27.1. Site Description 27.1.1. This large project area (Figure 30) west of Barnes Avenue and consisting of amenity grassland and wooded corridors (Plate 31) is predominantly used by the community as an outdoor recreation area. This was evident on the day of the survey by the presence of numerous people of all ages.

Figure 30: Cefn Glas – Project 2 area

Plate 31: Cefn Glas – Project 2, showing amenity grassland and wooded corridor

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27.2. Biodiversity Improvements 27.2.1. Although large, the biodiversity improvements for the area are small in comparison, which is necessary to maintain the area as an outdoor recreational facility.

27.2. The project area differs from most sites surveyed due to the presence of mature broadleaved trees, which are quite rare on housing estates. Any biodiversity scheme should look to compliment this already valuable woodland strip. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Increased provision of roosting and nesting bats and birds 2. Increased provision for invertebrates and small mammals

27.3. Cefn Glas – Project 2 Recommendations 27.3.1. It is recommended that the woodland strip be used to erect bird nest boxes and bat roosting boxes. These specially designed boxes can help the successful breeding of both taxa and also act as an important educational tool.

27.3.2. Boxes should be erected high up in the trees, away from disturbance and if possible should be monitored for occupation. With regard to bat boxes, it is recommended that several boxes be erected on a single tree – facing different directions. This is because bats can often move roosts, plus it increases the potential of bat species locating the boxes. Bird boxes should be erected to face in an eastern or western direction.

27.3.3. To increase the habitat for invertebrates and in turn birds and bats, it is recommended that a 1m buffer of long grass be created on both sides of the project area, particularly adjacent the woodland strip. The grass buffer, which can be created simply by allowing the grass to grow and not mowing it, will increase structure and provide more habitats.

27.3.4. In addition to creating habitats such as the long grass margins, it is also recommended that efforts be made to work with the local community to pick litter that has accumulated in the woodland strip. By working with the local community a greater educational lesson can be passed on and a greater appreciation of the woodland will follow.

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28. Cefn Glas – Project 3

28.1. Site Description 28.1.1. This large project area is situated adjacent to Cefn Glas – Project 2, east of Barnes Avenue (Figure 31) and encompasses an area of scattered trees, scrub and amenity grassland (Plate 32). The area as a whole is aesthetically pleasing to the local community and is used by local people. The area is another example of how biodiversity improvements should complement existing areas of conservation interest.

Figure 31: Cefn Glas – Project 3 area

Plate 32: Cefn Glas – Project 3, showing scattered mature trees

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28.2. Biodiversity Improvements 28.2.1. The project area in its current form provides an important wildlife refuge and is of ecological importance as it consists of scrub and mature trees, which are increasingly rare in urban areas. However the area’s biodiversity value can be increased even further through linking up trees and scrub and increasing connectivity for wildlife such as invertebrates and hedgehogs. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of long grass margins 2. Increased provision for invertebrates, birds, bats and hedgehog

28.3. Cefn Glas – Project 3 Recommendations 28.3.1. Sometimes the most beneficial improvements for biodiversity can be the most simple. This is certainly true of Cefn Glas – Project 3, as all that is required is the retention of existing bramble scrub on the eastern boundary and allowing the grass to grow long in and around the existing trees.

28.3.2. Allowing the grass to grow between trees would create a large area of grassland able to provide for a number of different wildlife species, through increased foraging, shelter and connectivity. The long grass should be extended approximately 2m out from the scattered trees into the amenity grassland. It is important for aesthetical and ecological purposes that the margin between long grass and short cut amenity grassland be wavy, with natural curved lines. Straight cuts will decrease the aesthetical value of the project area.

28.3.3. As the existing open habitat is well used by people, it is important that pathways be mown and maintained in the woodland throughout the year. Curved paths, that follow existing desire lines would be the most appropriate and will reduce trampling of the vegetation.

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29. Cefn Glas – Project 4

29.1. Site Description 29.1.1. The project area is split into two sites and situated north of Cefn Glas – Project 3 (Figure 32) and is again an area of existing conservation value. The area as a whole consists of amenity grassland with wide scrub margins, leading to woodland and more scrub (Plate 33).

Figure 32: Cefn Glas – Project 4 area

Plate 33: Cefn Glas – Project 4, showing scrub margins

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29.2. Biodiversity Improvements 29.2.1. The habitats present which include trees and dense scrub are ideal for a host of different species, including mammals such as hedgehog. In addition, the scrub margins are ideal commuting and foraging grounds for bats.

29.2.2. Bramble scrub is a particularly rare habitat in urban residential areas as it is often removed due to its unsightliness. Even during many habitat enhancement schemes, bramble scrub is removed to make way for other habitats.

29.2.2. The project area is another example of how biodiversity improvement schemes should be used to complement existing biodiversity interest. Therefore little management needs to be exerted to make this area even more productive for wildlife. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a long-grass margin 2. Increased provision for invertebrates, birds and bats

29.3. Cefn Glas – Project 4 Recommendations 29.3.1. It is recommended that the project area receives little intervention due to the importance of the site in its current context.

29.3.2. Existing areas of scrub and rough grassland should be retained. It is recommended that increased grass margins be adjacent to the bramble scrub. These margins could vary from 1m – 3m. The long grass will benefit wildlife already present and may encourage other wildlife to the area.

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30. Cefn Glas – Project 5

30.1. Site Description 30.1.1. Cefn Glas – Project 5 consists of an island of amenity grassland (Plate 34) northwest and west of Cefn Glas – Projects 3 and 4 respectively, along Barnes Avenue (Figure 33). The area is immediately bordered by roads and therefore does not receive a great deal of public pressure, especially given that there are larger, flatter green spaces in the near vicinity.

Figure 33: Cefn Glas – Project 5 area

Plate 34: Cefn Glas – Project 5, showing amenity grassland

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30.2. Biodiversity Improvements 30.2.1. As the project area does not receive a great deal of public pressure as an outdoor recreational facility, it is possible to use the majority of the land parcel for biodiversity improvements. The area is in an open place and lots of local residents will see it as they walk or drive to and from the estate. Therefore it is important to provide a biodiversity improvement scheme that is suitable for wildlife, people and has a visual impact. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Creation of a wildflower meadow

30.3. Cefn Glas – Project 5 Recommendations 30.3.1. It is recommended that all bar the outer margins of the project area be reseeded with a wildflower meadow mix, with species typical of the area. A natural meadow would predominantly consist of grass species, which provides a great deal of habitat for invertebrates along with flowering plants. However, given the public location of the project area, it is recommended that fewer grass species are used for the wildflower mix, instead concentrating on flowering native plants that will have a high impact. It is recommended that the area be planted predominantly with ox-eye daisy.

30.3.2. Once established the wildflower area should be managed by allowing the reseeded part of the parcel of land to grow long, flower and set seed during summer months, ensuring that it is maintained short for the rest of the year.

30.3.3 It is important to maintain a permanent cut edge around the perimeter of the project area, between the road and longer grass (Plate 3). This will prevent long grass overhanging the road and will look more aesthetically pleasing to residents. The cut edge should be maintained as a wavy curved line, which is more natural and indicates to local residents that the area is being managed.

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31. Cefn Glas – Project 6

31.1. Site Description 31.1.1. The project area is situated south of the large central green open space in Cefn Glas. Specifically the project area is located on the right bank of the unnamed stream between Llangewydd Road and Milton Drive (Figure 34). The project area currently consists of a small stream, which is bordered by dense scrub and ruderal herbs such as willowherb and nettle (Plate 35). A wide stretch of amenity grassland is found between the scrub and a well-used path. This area in general is heavily used by the community and appears to be a hub of activity for the Cefn Glas area.

Figure 34: Cefn Glas – Project 6 area

31.2. Biodiversity Improvements 31.2.1. The site is clearly used as an outdoor recreational resource and therefore biodiversity improvements must reflect this. However given the ecological potential of the project area, with habitats such as running water, ruderal herb, scrub and woodland, it is important that efforts be made to undertake projects that complement these habitats and seek to rectify existing issues.

31.2.2. It was noted during the survey that the unnamed stream that flows through Cefn Glas and the project area appears to be suffering from organic pollution. The pollution may be a result of a miss-connected sewage system, which results in raw effluent being directed straight into the stream. Organic pollution has a detrimental impact on freshwater invertebrates as it increases the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the river and therefore reduces oxygen levels for the invertebrates that require it.

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31.2.3. In addition to ascertaining the cause of the pollution, other biodiversity improvements must seek to further buffer the stream and riparian corridor, which is a very important habitat on the estate. Biodiversity improvements include:

1 Retention of dense scrub 2. Increased provision for breeding birds 3. Creation of long-grass margins 4. Increased habitat for invertebrates, amphibians and birds 5. Investigation and amelioration of water pollution incidents 6. Community engagement

Plate 35: Cefn Glas – Project 6, showing polluted stream and riparian corridor

31.3. Cefn Glas – Project 6 Recommendations 31.3.1. It is strongly recommended that the Environment Agency Wales (EAW) be contacted to investigate the stream and the potential sources of pollution that appear to be evident. The stream adds a new habitat to the estate and one that has the potential to support many freshwater invertebrates such as stoneflies and mayflies, which in turn support other wildlife. Reducing the pollution will benefit the stream habitat as a whole.

31.3.2. In addition to ameliorating the pollution incidents it is also recommended that efforts be made to work with the local community to undertake a litter clean up on the river. The survey identified that litter was gathering in the stream, which apart

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from being an eyesore and potentially damaging to wildlife, can also attract brown rats. A community clean up with local residents taking part may further enforce the message of how important the local environment is and may promote greater appreciation.

31.3.3. With regard to directly increasing biodiversity, it is recommended that a long- grass margin be created adjacent to the riparian corridor. The long-grass area should be created by allowing the grassland to grow long throughout spring and summer, cutting back in late autumn. The width of the margin should vary between 0.5m – 2m in a curved line.

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32. Cefn Glas – Project 7 and Project 8

32.1. Site Description 32.1.1. The project areas are situated adjacent to Cefn Glas – Projects 6, with Cefn Glas – Project 7 forming the corner of Llangewydd Road and Shakespeare Avenue (Figure 35). Cefn Gas – Project 6 is bordered by pathways to the east and west and Milton Drive to the north. The habitat of both project areas currently consists of amenity grassland (Plate 36 and Plate 37), which is frequently mown. The parcel of land is bordered by a well-used path to the west and roads to the south and east. Another pathway dissects the two project areas, keeping them separate. Cefn Glas – Projects 7 and 8 have been combined due to their proximity to one another, current management and same project proposal.

Figure 35: Cefn Glas – Project 7 area

32.2. Biodiversity Improvements 32.2.1. The parcels of land are situated in a relatively busy area of the Cefn Glas estate, so although being well-used by the public do not appear to be used for recreation, due to its close proximity to the road and the fact that there are other areas of interest nearby. The project area is therefore available to undertake biodiversity improvement schemes. Biodiversity improvements include:

1 Creation of open woodland habitat 2 Community feature and educational tool

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Figure 36: Cefn Glas – Project 8 area

Plate 36: Cefn Glas – Project 7, showing amenity grassland

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Plate 37: Cefn Glas Project 8, showing amenity grassland

32.3. Cefn Glas – Project 7 Recommendations 32.3.1. It is recommended that the project areas be planted with native shrub and tree species designed to provide biodiversity and community interest throughout the year.

32.3.2. The tree and shrub species should consist of fruits such as apple and cherry, which provide flowers in spring and fruits in autumn. In addition evergreen trees should also be considered, such as yew and holly, which also provide fruits. These trees should be planted with other native species such as silver birch and aspen, which will add structure and interest, without taking up space.

32.3.3. Although the parcels of land are under less pressure from the public as outdoor recreational areas, it is still important to respect the open space that has been created. Therefore it is recommended that efforts be made to plant the trees far apart from each other, to create more of an open feel, as opposed to closed canopy woodland. If lots of trees are planted in the area the project areas will feel more restrictive, secluded and unwelcoming, which would be damaging to the community. By ensuring that trees are planted far apart from one another the open feel of the areas will not be lost.

32.3.4. Once planted and maturing, small plaques or signs can be erected by each tree or shrub to inform readers what species it is and why it is important to wildlife. This will add an additional community interest to the area.

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33. Cefn Glas – Project 9

33.1. Site Description 33.1.1. This large amenity grassland area is located on the corner of Milton Drive and Byron Avenue and covers a relatively large triangular parcel of land (Figure 37). The western edge is bordered by a well-used concrete path, which also supports benches and litter bins (Plate 38). The parcel of land gently slopes from northeast to southwest and evidence suggests it is used by members of the public, predominantly for access and shortcuts.

Figure 37: Cefn Glas – Project 9 area

Plate 38: Cefn Glas – Project 9, showing large amenity grassland

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33.2. Biodiversity Improvements 33.2.1. Currently the triangular parcel of land has limited ecological value; though still has considerable appeal within the local community. The large open space is relatively rare in housing estates and for that reason must be well regarded within the community. A biodiversity improvement scheme on the project area must seek to increase biodiversity and increase community appreciation of the area whilst not detracting from the current open space.

33.2.2. Due to the balance that needs to be met, it is important that no large features be introduced, such as trees and shrubs. These may detract from particular vistas and decrease the open space feel about the area. Instead, biodiversity improvements must focus on the grassland and include:

1. Creation of wildflower meadow 2. Increased provision for invertebrates and birds 3. Increased provision for community enjoyment

33.3. Cefn Glas – Project 9 Recommendations 33.3.1. It is recommended that the large triangular parcel of land be sown with summer flowering meadow mix, with species found local to the area (Table 3). To do this, the current grassland species mix may have to be renovated and completely reseeded. The visual impact of a wildflower meadow will be considerable, especially at this scale and would add colour and wildlife to the area. Once established the meadow should be managed appropriately (Table 2).

33.3.3. To maintain aesthetics for the local community, it is recommended that the first 2m – 3m of the grass verge be maintained as amenity grassland and kept short. The edge of the amenity grassland should be wavy, which again indicates to the community that the longer species rich grassland is purposely managed that way. Although this would reduce the overall area available for biodiversity improvement, it is believed that the combination of increased aesthetics and some biodiversity gain is beneficial to the wider biodiversity value of the area as it shows to the local community what can be achieved for the benefit of wildlife and people. The wider margin of 2m-3m can be accommodated with such a large area of grassland and will also help prevent people trampling the meadow by providing ample space to pass by for short-cuts and access.

33.3.4. As it is important to ensure the meadow remains an outdoor facility it is imperative that many informal wavy paths be created and maintained though the meadow area. These should be numerous and designed to link and crisscross each other, allowing the community to walk through the meadow whenever they please. Although this network of paths will create smaller isolated patches of meadow, it is more important that local residents feel that they can still use the outdoor space. This will increase acceptance and appreciation of the meadow. This can be increased further by the positioning of more benches on the upper slopes overlooking the meadow area.

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34. Cefn Glas – Project 10

34.1. Site Description 34.1.1. The project area is located on the large parcel of land that borders the left bank of the unnamed stream adjacent to Cefn Glas – Project 9 and upstream of Cefn Glas – Projects 6, 7 and 8 (Figure 38). Currently the area consists of a woodland and dense scrub riparian corridor, which is bordered by amenity grassland (Plate 39).

Figure 38: Cefn Glas – Project 10 area

Plate 39: Cefn Glas – Project 10, showing riparian corridor, amenity grassland and isolated scrub

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34.2. Biodiversity Improvements 34.2.1. Some of the most affective biodiversity improvements are those where simple adjustments in current management bring about the greatest change. The project area already consists of numerous habitats for wildlife, including woodland and scrub. These habitats benefit a wide variety of wildlife from invertebrates and birds to bats and hedgehogs and any biodiversity improvement must therefore seek to enhance this existing biodiversity. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Retention of dense scrub 2. Increased provision for breeding birds 3. Creation of long-grass margins 4. Increased habitat for invertebrates, amphibians and birds

34.3. Cefn Glas – Project 10 Recommendations 34.3.1. It is recommended that a 1m-3m long-grass margin be created to border the existing scrub, which forms part of the riparian corridor. The grass margin can be created by not mowing the area during spring and summer, allowing the grass to grow. Long grass is often overlooked as a habitat, but provides for numerous invertebrate species and once established helps protect wildlife already present in the woodland and scrub.

34.3.2. The long-grass margin should extend to cover the isolated patch of scrub that can be found within the project area. This will further increase connectivity and benefit local wildlife.

34.3.3. The long grass should be maintained by cutting the adjacent amenity grassland in a wavy curve, which will increase the aesthetics of the area and demonstrate to local residents that the management of the long grass is for a purpose.

34.3.4. In addition to creating a long-grass margin it is also recommended that a bridge over the stream be created. Approximately halfway through the project area the riparian corridor narrows to the stream on both banks and evidence clearly shows that this specific site is used as an informal crossing of the stream. It is recommended that a suitable bridge be installed across the stream, allowing safer access and reducing bank erosion.

34.3.5. To accommodate local residents further it is recommended that a path on either side of the new bridge be maintained by regular cutting, which will need to cut through the long-grass margin.

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35. Cefn Glas – Project 11

35.1. Site Description 35.1.1. This small project area is situated to the north of Byron Avenue and south of Merlin Crescent and consists of a small parcel of land leading down a steep slope to the left bank of the unnamed stream (Figure 39). The riparian corridor adjacent the stream narrows at this section and consists of scrub, which is bordered by amenity grassland (Plate 40) up to the road edge.

Figure 39: Cefn Glas – Project 11 area

Plate 40: Cefn Glas – Project 11, showing riparian corridor and amenity grassland

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35.2. Biodiversity Improvements 35.2.1. The project area is small and biodiversity improvements will seek to alter current management practices to benefit the wildlife already present in the area. Biodiversity improvements include:

1. Retention of dense scrub 2. Increased provision for breeding birds 3. Creation of long-grass margins

35.3. Cefn Glas – Project 11 Recommendations 35.3.1. It is recommended that efforts be made to change the current management practice, which involves mowing down to the water’s edge. Instead, it is recommended that the mowing of amenity grassland be focused to the top of the river bank, allowing the bank itself to vegetate.

35.3.2. The process of allowing habitat succession from short grass to long grass and eventually scrub and woodland is an important ecological process and benefits a wide variety of wildlife. It is recommended that once created no management be undertaken on the stream bank.

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36. Cefn Glas – Project 12

36.1. Site Description 36.1.1. This relatively small project area is located opposite Cefn Glas – Project area 13 and forms part of the northern extent of the large Cefn Glas open green space (Figure 40). The project area consists of a thick hedge and amenity grassland, found between residential houses and a concrete path (Plate 41), which is well used by the community.

Figure 40: Cefn Glas – Project 12 area

Plate 41: Cefn Glas – Project 12, showing hedge and amenity grassland

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36.2. Biodiversity Improvements 36.2.1. Biodiversity improvements for the project area must focus attention on the thick hedge that has been created. The hedge currently offers important refuge for birds and invertebrates on the estate, but more work can be done to increase its ecological value.

36.2.2. Currently the area does not have a suitable structure, consisting of thick hedge immediately adjacentto amenity grassland, which is maintained short. The management of the adjacent grassland close up to the hedge habitat severely reduces its biodiversity potential. Biodiversity improvement schemes will look at how more can be done to maximise the hedge’s potential for wildlife and will include:

1. Creation of a long-grass margin 2. Increased provision for invertebrates and breeding birds

36.3. Cefn Glas – Project 12 Recommendations 36.3.1. It is recommended that a 1m-2m long-grass margin be created to border the existing hedge. The grass margin can be created by not mowing the area during spring and summer, allowing the grass to grow long. Long grass margins act as a buffer to protect wildlife already present in the hedge as well as increasing the number of invertebrates the area can support.

34.3.3. The long-grass should be maintained by cutting the adjacent amenity grassland in a wavy curve, which will increase the aesthetics of the area and demonstrate to local residents who regularly use the path that the area is still being managed.

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37. Cefn Glas – Project 13

37.1. Site Description 37.1.1. The project area is situated on the right bank of the unnamed stream, between Merlin Crescent small road bridge over the stream (Figure 41), encompassing the woodland and scrub riparian corridor and amenity grassland (Plate 42). The amenity grassland provides an area of outdoor recreation for the local community and appears to be frequently used.

Figure 41: Cefn Glas – Project 13 area

Plate 42: Cefn Glas – Project 13, showing riparian corridor and amenity grassland

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37.2. Biodiversity Improvements 37.2.1. The project area already consists of numerous habitats for wildlife, including woodland and scrub as well as the stream itself. These habitats benefit a wide variety of wildlife from invertebrates and birds to bats and hedgehogs and any biodiversity improvement must therefore seek to enhance this existing biodiversity. Biodiversity improvements include:

1 Retention of dense scrub 2 Increased provision for breeding birds 3 Creation of long-grass margins 4 Increased habitat for invertebrates, amphibians and birds

37.3. Cefn Glas – Project 13 Recommendations 37.3.1 It is recommended that a 1m-3m long-grass margin be created to border the existing scrub, which forms part of the riparian corridor. The grass margin can be created by not mowing the area during spring and summer, allowing the grass to grow.

37.3.2. The long grass should be maintained by cutting the adjacent amenity grassland in a wavy curve, which will increase the aesthetics of the area and demonstrate to local residents that the management of the long grass is for a purpose.

37.3.3. When establishing the long grass line, it is important to consider the community and ensure that areas of amenity grassland are still able to provide for their needs. If, through community consultation, the grass margin is deemed too wide, then efforts should be made to reduce the width, which will still have benefits to wildlife.

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38. Cefn Glas – Project 14

38.1. Site Description 38.1.1. The project area consists of amenity grassland, stream and wooded riparian corridor, which is bordered to the west by a well-used concrete path (Plate 43). The project area is directly opposite Cefn Glas – Project 10, which is situated on the stream’s left bank, within the much larger open green space of Cefn Glas (Figure 42).

Figure 42: Cefn Glas – Project 14 area

Plate 43: Cefn Glas – Project 14

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38.2. Biodiversity Improvements 38.2.1. The project area gently slopes and is also closely situated to other much larger open spaces, where no biodiversity projects are proposed. Therefore more ambitious proposals can be made, which will not impact greatly on the need for outdoor recreational areas. As well as enhancing existing habitats the project will seek at creating new complimentary habitat. Biodiversity improvements include:

1 Retention of dense scrub 2 Increased provision for breeding birds 3 Increased provision for roosting bats 4 Creation of long-grass margins 5 Creation of wildflower meadow 6 Increased habitat for invertebrates, amphibians and birds

38.3. Cefn Glas – Project 14 Recommendations 38.3.1. It is recommended that important scrub and ruderal herb communities between the stream and amenity grassland be retained as part of any biodiversity improvement scheme.

38.3.2. With regard to the wooded riparian corridor it is recommended to install a number of bat roost boxes and breeding bird boxes, to create places of shelter for these taxa. Boxes should be erected high up in the trees, away from disturbance and if possible should be monitored for occupation. With regard to bat boxes, it is recommended that several boxes be erected on a single tree – facing different directions. This is because bats can often move roosts, plus it increases the potential of bat species locating the boxes. Bird boxes should be erected to face in an eastern or western direction.

38.3.3. The riparian corridor and the project area as a whole would benefit greatly from the presence of a wider grass buffer. Where normally this would involve allowing the grass already present to grow long, it is recommended that the long-grass buffer be achieved through the creation of a wildflower meadow. It is recommended that and area varying from 1m-3m from the riparian corridor be sown with summer flowering meadow mix, with species found local to the area (Table 3). Once established the meadow should be managed appropriately (Table 2).

33.3.3. To maintain aesthetics for the local community, it is recommended that the remainder of the current amenity grassland up to the concrete path continue to be managed as amenity grassland. The edge of the amenity grassland should be wavy, which again indicates to the community that the longer species rich grassland is purposely managed that way.

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39. Cefn Glas – Project 15

39.1. Site Description 39.1.1. This is a very small project area in comparison with other project areas within the large open green space of Cefn Glas. The area is situated north of Milton Drive, above Cefn Glas – Project 6 (Figure 43). Specifically the project area refers to a worn path or desire line between the existing concrete path and Milton Drive (Plate 44).

Figure 43: Cefn Glas – Project 15 area

39.2. Biodiversity Improvements 39.2.1. The improvement at this particular project area concerns ameliorating the erosion of soil, which has been created by the community using the grassland as a shortcut between two areas of the larger open green space. These ‘desire lines’ are relatively common and once they occur can lead to soil erosion, which can look unsightly. The improvement scheme includes:

1 Increasing the aesthetical value of the area 2 Decreasing the risk of soil erosion

39.3. Cefn Glas – Project 15 Recommendations 39.3.1. It is recommended that the desire line, which has been created by the community, be converted into a stable formal path. This will reduce erosion issues that will be created in time and will also demonstrate to the community that efforts are being made to benefit them on the estate.

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Plate 44: Cefn Glas – Project 15, showing desire line

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40. Llangewydd Community Biodiversity Projects

40.1. Innovative Approaches 40.1.1. Llangewydd has few areas of green space suitable for biodiversity improvement schemes, those areas that do exist are already important biodiversity areas, such as broadleaved woodland. Therefore a different approach was taken for Llangewydd; one which seeks to work more closely with the community to undertake biodiversity improvements and community participation in nature conservation.

40.2. House Sparrow Project 40.2.1. This project relies on the initial Garden Wildlife Survey, which has been recommended for all estates within the study. The survey will not only provide a wealth of wildlife information on species and habitats, but it will also provide a list of contacts within each of the estates that are interested in wildlife and who may want to pursue their interest further and start undertaking important nature conservation work in their garden, their community or in the wider countryside.

40.2.2. Those volunteer participants who take part in the survey and return their completed form can be contacted to see whether they wish to be involved in the House Sparrow Project.

40.2.3. House sparrows (Plate 45), were once a common sight in our countryside, towns and villages, but have been under threat and becoming rarer over recent years. The full reason for their decline in the United Kingdom is still unknown, but it is thought to be partly caused by the lack of safe nesting sites, which are no longer available as a result of modern house building techniques.

Plate 45: Male house sparrow

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40.2.4. The project is simple and affective, aiming to work with members of the community to create the first ‘House Sparrow Village’ in Wales. Specialised nest boxes have been created to benefit house sparrows and are known as terraces. As house sparrows nest communally, these terraces are several individual nest boxes side by side and can be made from wood (Plate 46) or woodcrete (Plate 47). These boxes can be erected on the sides of houses, under eaves and provide house sparrows with ideal nesting habitat.

40.2.5. Contacts who participated in the Garden Wildlife Survey can be contacted about the project and asked whether they wish to participate in the project and have a house sparrow nest terrace erected on their house. The terrace will come with a monitoring sheet so that residents can report when the terrace was first occupied and by how many birds. This innovative approach could involve more people directly with nature conservation and can be publicised further afield within Bridgend and the conservation sector as the first house sparrow village in Wales.

40.2.6. A specific budget must be found for the project prior to its initiation as from it we can ascertain how many terraces can be purchased and therefore how many people can take part. Second cycles of funding can then allow more terraces to be installed in future.

Plate 46: Wooden house sparrow terrace

Plate 47: Woodcrete house sparrow terrace

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40.3. Garden Wildlife Filming 40.3.1. This project also relies on gaining support from interested residents who participated in the Garden Wildlife Survey. The project will work by showing people just how important their gardens are for wildlife and directly showing them some of the wildlife that gardens support.

40.3.2. New technology has allowed conservationists to film wildlife completely free from human interference and disturbance. These cameras (Plate 48) can be set up in people’s gardens and set to record any moving animals (day or night) that pass through the sensor. The camera then starts filming videos of the wildlife, often species that you would not expect (Plate 49 and Plate 50).

40.3.3. The project is a great way of showing households how important their garden is for wildlife and also it allows videos to be shared and displayed so that others can see the importance of gardens and wildlife habitats.

40.3.4. It is recommended that those residents that wish to take part first have a brief wildlife survey to establish where to place the camera. Once positioned the cameras can be set and checked on a daily or weekly basis.

Plate 48: Bushnell trophy camera filming at Parc Slip Nature Reserve

40.3.5. Once there is sufficient footage of wildlife on the cameras, which may vary from foxes and hedgehogs to mice and birds, the films can be promoted throughout Llangewydd and Bridgend. Through working with schools and community groups in the area, the garden wildlife footage can be shown to a wider audience, eventually being uploaded to social media websites such as Facebook and YouTube. The more people in the local community that see the footage, the more people will be willing to take part in the project.

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40.3.6. As well as making wildlife fun, inclusive and enjoyable, the project will also encourage local people to view their gardens and community green spaces in new ways – as miniature nature reserves. This change of attitude would be accompanied by information on how to encourage more wildlife to gardens and how residents can get involved in other conservation projects locally.

Plate 49: Hedgehog filmed in garden using trophy camera

Plate 50: Fox filmed in garden using trophy camera

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41. Conclusion

41.1. The results of the various surveys reveal that the estates of Laleston, Bryntirion, Cefn Glas and Llangewydd have a range of semi-natural habitats that support a varying degree of wildlife.

41.1.1. All estates surveyed had opportunities for biodiversity improvements, with some schemes being generic across project areas, whereas others were specific to the particular estate i.e. Laleston – Project 3 and those projects for Llangewydd. In total, 41 biodiversity projects have been identified, including 13 (Laleston), 10 (Bryntirion), 15 (Cefn Glas), 2 (Llangewydd) and the garden wildlife survey that covers all four estates.

41.1.2. Of all the estates surveyed, Cefn Glas and Laleston appeared to offer the greatest potential for biodiversity improvements, both in terms of green space availability and public attitude, though the latter can only be truly ascertained through community consultation processes.

41.1.3. The predominant habitat found throughout the estates is improved neutral grassland managed as amenity grassland. Currently, the grassland habitat provides little in terms of habitat for wildlife, due to its short sward, poor species composition and constant management. Substantial biodiversity improvements could be made simply be altering current management techniques to create areas of long grass for wildlife. This will encourage native flora and increase structural diversity for the benefit of invertebrates and the numerous other species that depend on them.

41.1.4. Other habitats include semi-natural broadleaved woodland, mature trees, dense scrub and running water, not to mention gardens. The variety of habitats in the area as a whole suggests that wildlife is partly catered for, but needs more help to truly thrive on the estates. That can be achieved by working with the communities and undertaking biodiversity improvements and by changing attitudes toward wildlife.

41.1.5. Apart from the unnamed stream running through Cefn Glas, the survey identified a general lack of water and wetland habitats, which will have consequences for wildlife such as amphibians, dragonflies and damselflies in the area. It is probable that water habitats do persist on the estates, but are likely to be present in gardens as opposed to open green spaces. Given the general lack of water and wetland habitats, the unnamed stream at Cefn Glas is all the more important, particularly as it appears to be suffering from organic pollution.

41.1.6. As well as wildlife, the results of the project also show that there are a number of opportunities throughout the estates to provide benefits for the local community.

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These include increasing the aesthetical value of the estates, along with creating nature reserves, sculptures and new ways to get involved in outdoor recreation and nature conservation. Although some biodiversity improvement schemes could be undertaken in isolation of the local community, the vast majority and the project as a whole depends on the community to accept and adopt the schemes.

41.1.7. The projects and habitat enhancements involve large scale proposals such as the creation of allotments to small changes in current management practices, such as cutting regimes.

41.1.8. Previous studies undertaken by WTSWW, with regard to biodiversity improvements to residential housing estates suggest that the community and in particular leading figures within the community are key to driving projects forward and delivering biodiversity and community gain. Without a steering group, key individuals or support from the community it is unlikely that biodiversity improvement projects will succeed, in terms of design, implementation and long-term maintenance.

109 42. Recommendations

42.1. It is strongly recommended that if the Community Council wishes to undertake some or all of the proposed biodiversity improvement projects, then it should seek to appoint a steering group comprising of council members, individuals from the community, local groups and local council. A strong steering group is essential for delivering projects. This is because prior to any improvements, work needs to be undertaken on community consultations, fundraising, raising awareness and seeking permissions.

42.1.1 It is also recommended that efforts be made to undertake a widespread garden wildlife survey of all the estates, which can also be used to gauge resident’s attitudes towards wildlife. Gardens remain the largest collective habitat across the estates and their cumulative importance for biodiversity could not be ascertained through this current study. An assessment of gardens would better inform any future habitat improvements. In addition the survey will provide a list of contacts of households already interested in wildlife. These contacts can then be approached to help with the steering group, raise awareness and promote the further afield.

42.1.2 As the survey was only designed to offer suitable recommendations and ideas for biodiversity improvements and increased community participation, no costings were appointed to individual sites or projects. It is therefore recommended that Phase 2 of the project look at those sites and projects of particular interest to the community and for them to be given more detail, fully costed, with a management plan highlighting land ownership and responsibility.

42.1.3 No project or site improvement scheme should go ahead without consultation with local residents and the community. The greater the community input the greater the long-term benefits.

42.1.4 In order to undertake particular projects it is recommended that additional expert advice be sought. Expert advice would not necessarily be confined to ecological knowledge, as advice on community engagement, publicity, land management and legal aspects, may all be required.

42.1.5 As 41 projects have been identified, it is recommended that only a small number of the projects be focused on in the initial stages. This would make implementation a lot less daunting. Preferably, the small number of projects should be spread over the four estates and range from small verge management to more ambitious meadow creations and nature reserve designation. This would allow the steering group to understand and appreciate the work needed to implement such schemes.

42.1.6 It is recommended that the steering group engage with BCBC, who have a great deal of expertise in-house. As well as general advice BCBC would be able to Laleston Community Council Biodiversity Improvement Scheme

provide land ownership details and detailed maps of the area. This is a valuable tool in refining project boundaries and will help when engaging with the community.

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Appendix I

Early season nectar plants  Aubretia (Aubretia)  English bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)  Flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum)  Grape hyacinth (Muscari botryoides)  Lungwort (Pulmonaria spp)  Primrose (Primula vulgaris)  Sweet violet (Viola odorata)  Winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis)  Wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa)  Yellow alyssum (Alyssum saxitile

Mid season nectar plants  Buddleia (Buddleja davidii)  Heather (Calluna vulgaris)  Lady's bedstraw (Galium verum)  Lavender (Lavendula spp)  Mallow (Lavatera spp)  Purple toadflax (Linaria purpurea)  Rock cress (Arabis caucasica)  Sea holly (Eryngium maritimum)  Verbena (Verbena bonariensis)  Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri)

Late season nectar plants  Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)  French marigold (Tagetes spp)  Golden rod (Solidago candensis)  Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp)  Ice plant (Sedum spectabile)  Ivy (Hedera helix)  Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale)  Michaelmas daisies (Aster novi-belgii)  Perennial sunflower (Helianthus spp)  Red valerian (Centranthus rubra)

Evening nectar plants  Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)  Greater stitchwort (Stellaria holostea)  Night scented stock (Matthiola longipetala)  Tobacco plant (Nicotiana spp)  White campion (Silene latifolia)

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Herbs  Angelica (Angelica spp)  Borage (Borago officinalis)  Catmint (Nepeta spp)  Chives (Allium shoenoprasam)  Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)  Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)  Mint (Mentha spp)  Rosemary (Rosmarimus officinalis)  Thyme (Thymus spp)  Wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare)

Butterfly larval food plants  Birds foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)  Cinquefoil (Potentilla spp)  Common nettle (Urtica dioica)  Cuckoo flower (Cardamine pratensis)  Dog violet (Viola riviniana)  Horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa)  Meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis)  Rock rose (Helianthemum mummularium)  Sorrel (Rumex spp)  Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)

Plants for seeds  Angelica (Angelica sylvestris)  Clematis (Clematis spp)  Globe thistle (Echinops ritro)  Golden rod (Solidago canadensis)  Greater knapweed (Centaura scabiosa)  Honesty (Lunaria annua)  Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)  Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)  Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)  Yarrow (Achillea spp)

Plants for fruits  Barberry (Berberis spp)  Bramble (Rubus spp)  Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)  Guelder rose (Viburnum opulus)  Holly (Ilex aquifolium)  Japanese quince (Chaenomeles spp)

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 Oregon grape (Mahonia spp)  Pyracantha (Pyracantha spp)  Spindle (Euonymus europaeus)  Yew (Taxus baccata)

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