B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f Page 1 “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Background Information for

A DIFFERENT DRUMBEAT

The extraordinary life of GEORGE FINDLAY ANDREW

RAY MOORE

“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.”

Henry David Thoreau

2013

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Creator: Moore, Ray, 1935- author.

Title: A different drumbeat : the extraordinary life of George Findlay Andrew. Book 2, Background information / Ray Moore.

ISBN: 9780987182791 (ebook)

Subjects: Andrew, George Findlay, 1887-1971. Missionaries--China--Biography. World War, 1939-1945--Secret service--Great Britain--Biography. World War, 1914-1918--Secret service--Great Britain--Biography. Disaster relief--China--History.

Dewey Number: 266.0092

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 3 Contents CONTENTS ...... 4 MAP OF CHINA ...... 6 ALFRED ANDREW’S WW1 SERVICE RECORD ...... 7 EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF THE DEC. 1920 QUAKE ...... 13 WHERE THE MOUNTAINS WALKED” ARTICLE ...... 15

A MOSLEM FANATIC AND HIS FOLLOWERS SEALED IN A CAVE ...... 16 SEVEN GREAT SLIDES CRASH THROUGH THE VALLEY OF THE DEAD ...... 18 THE CHINESE DRAGON WAGGLES HIS TAIL EVERY THIRD CENTURY ...... 21 "THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE GODS" ...... 23 IN THE DISTRICT WHERE "THE MOUNTAINS WALKED"...... 30 THE CLIMAX OF DESOLATION ...... 30 THE FIRST SHOCK CAME AT 9:30 IN THE EVENING ...... 31 THREE LAKES ARE FORMED ...... 32 WHY THE CHINESE CONSIDER THE CALAMITY A BLESSING...... 34 ALL CAVE DWELLINGS COLLAPSED ...... 34 SOME PAGES SOME PAGES FROM GFA’S 1921 DIARY ...... 36 GFA’S 1921 ARTICLE AND NEWSLETTER...... 47 ABBOT LOW MOFFAT’S 1962 LETTER TO GFA ...... 53 1932 INTERVIEW WITH MR. FINDLAY ANDREW...... 58 REPORTS & APPRECIATION FOR CAPTAIN BAKER’S RELEASE ...... 61 OTHER INTERESTING LETTERS ...... 61 MEYRICK HOWLETT. BRITISH CONSUL GENERAL ...... 61 PEARL BUCK ...... 62 GENERAL WAVELL ...... 63 C J HAMES. BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE ...... 64 FRANK DOODHA. GFA'S SECRETARY 1932 ...... 65 Dawson Kwauk, on hearing of GFA's death ...... 67 REV. ROY SEAMAN WHO WORKED WITH GFA ON EARTHQUAKE RELIEF...... 68 T.V.SOONG ...... 70 GFA’S ASSOCIATION WITH THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE ...... 72 CHAPTER ABOUT TORNVALL IN “A MARTYR’S GRACE” ...... 75 EARLY CHILDHOOD ...... 76 THE NOVICE MISSIONARY ...... 76 IN THE STATES ...... 77 WORK OF COMPASSION ...... 77 VANISHED!...... 78 THE FUNDAMENTALIST-MODERNIST CLASH IN THE 20S &30S ...... 81 Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973)...... 82 1911 REVOLUTION ...... 84 CHINA BETWEEN 1911 AND 1920 ...... 85 YUAN SHIKAI ...... 85 FREDERICK BALLER ...... 87 MAYBETH JUDD ...... 87 BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE ...... 88 1816 JohnSwire ...... 88

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 4 1872 TheChinaNavigationCompany ...... 89 1881 ...... 90 1941–1945 WorldWarII ...... 90 PostWar...... 91 1946 ...... 91 Today ...... 91 CUTTINGS FROM THE SINGAPORE PRESS ETC...... 93

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 5 MAP OF CHINA

MAP OF CHINA

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ALFRED ANDREW’S WW1 SERVICE RECORD

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 11 Just over 28 kilometres northeast of Amiens is the small town of Albert. Alfred was buried in the Albert Extension Community Cemetery, in a section set aside for WW1 casualties. The Communal Cemetery is on the south-east side of Albert and at the junction of the roads to Péronne and Bray sur Somme.

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EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF THE DEC. 1920 QUAKE

The Gansu Earthquake

16th December 1920

Continued next page . .

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WHERE THE MOUNTAINS WALKED” ARTICLE

MOUNTAINS that moved in the night; landslides that eddied like waterfalls, crevasses that swallowed houses and camel trains, and villages that were swept away under a rising sea of loose earth, were a few of the subsidiary occurrences that made the earthquake in Kansu one of the most appalling catastrophes in history.

Though the tremendous shaking-up occurred in December, 1920, the story is only now beginning to spread beyond the narrow defiles which guard the entrance to Kansu Province. It is, perhaps, the most poorly advertised calamity that has occurred in modern times.

Though Kansu is within telegraphic reach of the rest of the world, the details of the disaster have never come over the wires. The native population was too stunned and the few foreign residents were too busy in relief work to give any description of the dancing mountains and vanishing valleys.

Mr. Josef W. Hall (Upton Close) , who visited the earthquake area under the auspices of the International Famine Relief Committee, has brought back one of the first accounts of the devastated country and the strange things that happen when the earth turns itself into a contortionist.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 15 The area of destruction, 100 by 300 miles in extent, contains ten large cities, besides numerous villages. In it is the heart of the so-called loess country, where the soil is a mixture of clay and powdered quartz. A narrower region was comprised in the landslide district, where the loose earth cascaded down the valleys and buried every object in its path.

A Moslem Fanatic And His Followers Sealed In A Cave

Tales as strange as any that Roman historians have told of Pompeii are recounted by visitors to the devastated country. As three-fifths of the dead are Mohammedan, the non-Moslem Chinese claim that the earthquake was a visitation from Heaven against the disciples of the Prophet. Somehow, the Mohammedans have failed to deny this accusation with their usual vigor and have suddenly become surprisingly humble.

One of the most dramatic episodes of the disaster was the burial of Ma the Benevolent, a famous Moslem fanatic, and 300 of his followers, just as they had met in conclave to proclaim a holy war. The cave in which they had gathered was sealed by a terrific avalanche, while the group knelt on their prayer-mats.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 16 By some miracle, the watchman at the entrance to the cave escaped with his life, but the others were buried so deeply that, despite months of digging over an area of a mile, the Moslems have failed to recover the bodies of their leaders.

A Highway Rides On The Crest Of The Quake

In another district Mr. Hall and his party found that a whole mountain topped by a temple had slid into a valley. A little beyond they found that a road bordered by poplar trees had ridden the crest of a slide for three-quarters of a mile, without apparent damage to the trees or even to the birds' nests in their branches. One astonished peasant looked out of his window in the morning to find that a high hill had moved onto the homestead, stopping its line of march within a few feet of his hut.

In another village the only people left alive were a couple over seventy years old. They were saved from death only by the fact that their children, displaying a strange lack of filial piety, had sent them to live in a house on the outskirts of the clan village which was buried by an avalanche. The death of their descend- ants was taken as evidence, by survivors in the neighborhood, that Heaven had punished the family for its lack of filial respect.

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Seven Great Slides Crash Through The Valley Of The Dead

In the city of Tsingning the chief magistrate was found living in a canvas tent over his demolished yamen. In the same city two American women missionaries were dwelling in a hovel with earthen floor and a mat-shed roof that would be scorned by well-bred live stock. Though they had been offered better quarters, the mission workers had refused to accept them, preferring to share the hardships of their people.

The most appalling sight of all was the Valley of the Dead, where seven great slides crashed into a gap in the hills three miles long, killing every living thing in the area except three men and two dogs.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 18 The survivors were carried across the valley on the crest of the avalanche, caught in the cross- current of two other slides, whirled in a gigantic vortex, and catapulted to the slope of another hill. With them went house, orchard, and threshing-floor, and the farmer has since placidly begun to till the new location to which he was so unceremoniously transported.

In a small town on the highway two strangers had put up at the inn on the evening of the disaster. In the terror and confusion that followed the earthquake, the landlord completely forgot his two guests. It was not until several days later that he remembered them, and when, after considerable digging, their room was brought to light, both men were found alive. Stupefied by the shock, they knew nothing of what happened and imagined that they had slept through an ordinary night. The landlord, however, in spite of remonstrances, did not neglect to collect room rent for the full period of their stay.

One of the districts that has suffered most is the tableland to the north known as the bunch-grass country, which supplies the camel crop for practically all of Asia. The soil is an unyielding alkali, which cracked appallingly, since there was no loess

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 19 cushion to mitigate the force of the shock. In one town with a normal population of several hundred the investigators found only twenty or thirty survivors.

The loss of nearly two hundred thousand lives and the total destruction of hundreds of towns and cities calls for reconstruction work on a staggering scale. Seven thousand men have been employed by the United International Famine Relief Society in releasing dammed streams and thus preventing disastrous overflows. Their work and that of their brave foreign superintendents, now nearing successful completion, is a romance of adventure in itself.

Fortunately, there is no orphan problem, as children in the devastated districts were so much in demand that they were promptly adopted by the survivors. In Kansu, as in most pioneer countries, men are so much in the majority that women are highly valued. The usual price for a wife ranges from 100 to 300 taels, and, as a result, girl babies are adopted as eagerly as boys.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 20 The Chinese Dragon Waggles His Tail

Of that most remarkableEvery seriesThird ofCentury seismic disturbances which occurred throughout the world in November and December, 1920, the most phenomenal was undoubtedly the great Kansu earthquake of the late evening of December 16. Owing to the unusual character of the loess, under the immense deposits of which the rockslip occurred, fantastic effects were produced upon the surface of the earth which give the observer the weird feeling that he is on some planet still in the formative stage.

The subterranean dragon of Chinese cosmology who, according to the north-west China tradition, waggles his tail every three hundred years, this time played havoc, such as was never before recorded with the face of the earth and the habitations of men. Likely no other earthquake in scientific annals ever changed the physical geography of the affected region to the extent of the Kansu cataclysm.

The region is one of seismic disturbance, but local archives, purporting to register the events of the past four thousand years, record only two earthquakes approximating the recent calamity in destructiveness. One was in the Tang dynasty, 1,200 years ago, affecting most severely an area in the north of Shensi Province, 200 miles to the east of that now in ruins ; and the other under the Mings, three hundred years ago, which struck southeast, from the Kansu border to Sianfu. Ancient monuments and works of sculpture still bear mute evidence to these two disturbances.

The area most heavily affected by the recent disaster - what one might call the area of supreme destruction, where no brick-and-mud building was left in a habitable condition - is, as shown by the map (page 4), an oblong lying between the Wei and Yellow rivers, 170 miles long and 150 miles wide. It comprises two distinct types of geological formation, at least on the surface, which fact adds great variety and interest to the occurrence.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 22 "The Footsteps Of The Gods"

The southern half of the oval, stretching from the northern bank of the Wei River to Kuyuan, is, with the exception of the precipitous mountain range cutting it from north to south not far from its eastern edge, a part of the great loess region which stretches from central Honan almost to Tibet.

It is in the loess area that the immense slides out of the terraced hills occurred, burying or carrying away villages, covering level, farmed valley floors with adebris of unvegetated dust, damming stream-beds and turning valleys into lakes, and accomplishing those hardly believable freaks which the natives name the "footsteps of the gods."

Here the Chinese, since their vernacular is devoid of a technical or other term corresponding to ''landslide," have coined the expression - the only phrase they have for describing what has happened - "The mountains walked" (Shan tso-liao).

The northern half of the oval, from Kuyuan to the Yellow River, is a rolling alkali plateau of clay and gravel formation, a part of the steppes stretching north to Siberia and west to Turkestan. In this district the soil, being of brittle but firmer texture than the loess, did not slide, but cracked into intricate fissures.

The summits of the high Six-Plate (Liu Pan) range, consisting of rock of volcanic origin protruding several thousand feet above the loess deposits on either side, although in the heart of the earthquake belt, were not shaken seriously. The slip apparently occurred in the rock-bed underlying the hard plateau and the loess, and sent vibrations to the surface in varying degrees of intensity, according to the nature of the soil and the thickness of the loess blanket, which acted as a cushion. The vibration was only slightly transmitted to the volcanic strata of the mountains.

News Of The Disaster Long Delayed

The remoteness of the district in which the earthquake occurred cannot but intrigue interest. Although the concurrent quakes in Chile and Salvador, the tidal wave of Yap and the eruption of Mt. Asama, Japan, are all history, the Kansu disaster is still news. What actually happened in this frontier province of China is only now, through the reports of the relief investigation expedition of which Mr. Hall was a member, being made known in any comprehensive way, even in China's capital and port cities. Kansu, in ancient times the buffer state between the glorious seats of the old Shensi dynasties and the Tatar and Tibetan barbarians, lies to the west of Shensi and northwest of Szechwan, pinched between the Ordos and southern Outer

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 23 Mongolia on the north and east and the Kokonor region of Tibet and Sinkiang province of Chinese Turkestan on the south and west. It is a country of extreme ethnographical and religious interest, being the meeting and mixing place of Buddhist Tibetans and Mongolians, Mohammedan Chinese containing a Caucasian strain, and the ordinary Chinese of the ''big-church.''

Had the quake disaster struck several hundred miles to the north, west, or south, the loss of life would have been negligible. As it happened, it selected for destruction, in the asrriculturallv rich, terraced loess country of the southern half of the affected area, the most populous portion of the province; and to the north, although this part is principally uninhabited grazing land, several of the largest Mohammedan Chinese cities, which were leveled.

Although the density of population is not more than one-tenth that of Shantung or the East China plain, the loss of life from landslides, collapsed cave homes, and falling buildings, together with death from exposure of the unsheltered in midwinter in this high altitude, was, according to official figures, 200,000, and according to the estimate of the foreign investigators more than half this number.

The reverend John D. Hayes, of the United International Famine Relief Committee, Peking, and Air. Hall, leaving the Kwanyintang, Honan, railhead on March 6, 1921, took the ancient royal highway through Shensi to Kansu. crossing the Kansu border near Kingchow and proceeding directly to Pingliang, the great trade mart of the western half of the province.

The first damage done by earthquake was found to be among the ancient tablets of Hwa Yin Temple, lying under the shadow of sacred Hwa Mountain, not far beyond the Honan border.

In Sianfu, the capital of Shensi, some damage was done to houses, but there was no loss of life. Lesser destruction was wrought in spots between Sianfu and Pingliang.

In the vicinity of Tsingning and Pingliang, five to six thousand feet above sea-level, cave-dwellings in the loess cliffs collapsed, causing great loss of life among the peasants, who principally inhabit this style of home. Cattle, horses, and herds, stabled and folded in caves, were buried alive.

Passing Pingliang, the investigators found themselves in the belt of complete destruction, where cities as well as peasant villages suffered heavy loss of life and all buildings were leveled.

At Wating, where the highway forks, one road going north to Kuyuan and the Mohammedan region along the Yellow River and the other west to Lanchowfu and Turkestan, we obtained our first photographs of a ruined city. Taking the road to

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 24 the provincial capital (Lanchowfu), we soon ascended Six Plate Mountain. With the elevation, evidence of seismic disturbance grew less, to become again abundant when the loess foothills of the west descent were reached.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 29 In The District Where "The Mountains

Two of the hardest-Walked"hit cities, Lungteh and Tsingning (which, being interpreted, mean, respectively, Virtuous Dragon and - paradoxically - Quiet Peace) were passed, and then we visited the district where "the mountains walked."

Following the Sianfu - Lanchowfu - Turkestan highway, we ascended a small valley of steep grade directly west of Tsingning. Suddenly the highroad for a length of a quarter of a mile dropped out of sight. It had been cut as if chopped off with an axe, leaving the fifty-year old poplars and cottonwoods with which it is lined partly uprooted, like sentinels stricken at their post, upon the edge of the sixty-foot gully which occupied the position of the road.

The roadside water-supply of a near-by village had disappeared down this same gully. The natives were carrying their water from a new lake a mile to the south, in the center of the valley.

Making his way over the rent terraces to this lake, which had been formed by the damming up of the valley stream by a two-mouthed slide from the hills on the opposite bank,

The Climax Of Desolation

The short valleys in this section join one another like links in a chain. Riding to the summit of the divide which separated this from the next link, we were amazed by the panorama of a valley filled with the loess dust and clouds of seven tremendous landslips which had come out of the hills on either side. This little nook in the hills, some five miles long, known as the "Teng Clan Draw," had become in verity the climax of desolation.

Hardly enough valley-floor land remained uncovered for one good kitchen garden. Several peasant settlements lay buried beneath the debris. One "village of the dead," containing not a single survivor, lay in ruins.

A lone mound of fresh earth - the grave of one of the few victims who have been excavated - stood between the ruins and a thirty-foot precipice cut by the slide which had just missed the village. From a reed stuck in the earth hung a paper strip bearing the inscription : "The Eastern Lord of the Church, if you seek and call, may save your bitterness." The dead was Mohammedan.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 30 The First Shock Came At 9:30 In The Evening

The only survivors of this valley were saved as if by miracle - a husbandman and his two young sons, whose farmstead, instead of being buried, was caught upon the back of one of the slides, carried half a mile down the valley to where it was diverted by two streams of earth coming from other directions and, as the resultant of the two forces, was pushed another quarter of a mile up a small draw. These persons, like all others in the slide zone, were unaware of the nature of the disaster which had overtaken them until the following morning. The earthquake, registered by the fine seismograph of the French fathers of the Sikawei Observatory at Shanghai at 8:09 p.m.,December 16, occurred in Kansu between 9:30 and 10 o'clock, sun time, when all persons and animals were housed. A bitter cold wind and dust storm, raging at the time, added to the blackness of the night. The survivors say that they heard a tremendous underground roar and felt the shock, which seemed to them to consist of a sickening swing to the northeast and a violent jerk back to the southwest, lasting half a minute. They made all ordinary efforts to save themselves, and between successive tremors following the main shock huddled back into the ruins of their homes to await the morning. Not until day dawned and they crawled out to find neighboring villages obliterated, farm lands carried away or buried, streams blocked, and hills of earth towering above their compounds did they apprehend that the "hills had walked."' It was in this Valley of the Dead that the most arresting freak of the cataclysm occurred. Two sections of the ancient, well-packed highway, accompanied by the tall trees which bordered it, were cut

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 31 from the line of road following the side hill, swept hundreds of yards over the stream-bed, and set, intact, upon an angle on top of the heap of loose loess. (Page 18) It took weeks to re-establish communications over these breakages - to rebuild telegraph lines and pack down trails on which horses would not sink to their bellies and carts to their hubs.

Three Lakes Are Formed

The valley of desolation opened at its western end into a wider, more gradual valley of horseshoe shape, through which we semicircled to the south upon our return to Tsingning. At the junction of the valleys stands Swen Family Gap, a town of several thousand souls, in which one-tenth were killed by collapse of buildings and cave dwellings ; and the other nine- tenths were saved by the miraculous stoppage of two bodies of earth shaken loose from another hill and left hanging above the village, lacking only another half - second's tremor to send them down. A third avalanche, having flowed from the hills on the opposite side of the valley across the valley floor and the stream-bed, is piled up in a young mountain near enough to the village to overshadow the wall.

Our route through this larger valley led us past three lakes formed through the blocking of the stream by five enormous slides. Some of the scooped-out places left by these slides were half a mile in width at the mouth, extended back into the hills for a mile, and furnished enough dirt to cover several square miles of valley floor. Some were as regular as if they had been made with a gigantic trowel, while others were as ragged as if they had been ripped out of the hills by the teeth of some monster.

In each case the earth which came down bore the appearance of having shaken loose clod from clod and grain from grain, and then cascaded like water, forming vortices, swirls, and all the convolutions into which a torrent might shape itself.

One of these slides pouring down upon a village had buried every building except one inhabited by the old progenitors of the clan. This lone patriarchal home stood on the outskirts and was half covered. Hay and grain were mingled and mixed with the earth over a distance of half a mile, showing how the dirt had "worked" in its descent. On the opposite side of this slide a threshing- floor carrying several stacks, and an apricot orchard, had come down intact.

The cattle had been so caught in the slide that their limbs or heads protruded, and these had been cleaned by the packs of dogs which roamed the country. Ridge- poles of dwellings turned to sepulchers showed above the ground.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 32 Two slides causing the lowest of these blockades, coming from the sides of the valley, buried a village of several hundred persons, converted a shapely, high loess butte into a ragged mound, and created several miles of lake out of rich valley farms.

The local authorities, realizing the danger of destructive washouts if these blockades were not opened before the late summer torrents, had, before the arrival of outside relief, made such pitiably in-sufficient efforts as were at their command

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 33 toward the release of the dammed-up waters. Their efforts, upon recommendation of the expedition, were incorporated in the work of the relief societies.

Why The Chinese Consider The Calamity A Blessing

Conditions in a score of small valleys in the Tsingning and Hweining neighborhoods arc similar to those in the three here described. There is probably no other area, however, where within a half- circle of twenty miles' diameter one may count seventeen immense landslides.

A hundred miles farther west, near Hweining, a bad slide district exists, and some sixty miles north of Tsingning three bad slides occurred, one of which is responsible for the dramatic incident of the burial of Ma the Benevolent, radical Mohammedan leader, while in a cave-mosque with his retainers for the purpose of consecrating his proposed Jihad against the non-Mohammedan Chinese

It is this incident which gives the Chinese cause to rate tke earthquake as a blessing, for their experience of fifty years ago taught them that while ''Heaven slays its hundreds, the Moslems massacre their ten thousands." The damage done to the Mohammedan settlements is in general more severe than that suffered by the Chinese farther south.

All Cave Dwellings Collapsed

Leaving the Tsingning area, we traveled many miles north to Kuyuan, the largest of the ruined cities and one-time seat of the imperial resident, beyond which we trekked through the hardest shaken section of all. Here the friable loess gives way to the brittle clay-gravel-alkali bunch-grass country, which was too solid to slide, but which cracked like a porcelain dish hit with an immense weight. Cave- dwellings without exception gave way, not one mud brick remained upon another. Even city walls collapsed, as in Heh Cheng-tze (Black City) and Hai- cheng.

Nine-tenths of the people of this district were in mourning when we arrived, and there were many new Moslem graveyards. In one cave-village of eighty inhabitants, sixty were entombed, but half were dug out alive by the remaining twenty. In another town, Yang Loh-chwang, 80 per cent of the residents perished. The remaining townsmen lacked even the heart to bury the dead animals pulled out of the debris, and at the time of our visit three months later, carcasses of human and animal victims still lay rotting together in the streets.

Such were the scenes of desolation which met our eyes until we emerged suddenly upon the bank of the Yellow River, irrigated and made attractively fecund by the enterprising Mohammedans.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 34 Here evidences of the disaster vanished as abruptly as they had appeared at the Kansu border.

Note: Although this article is out of copyright, we still sought and obtained the permission of the National Geographic Society to use it. For this we thank them. Return to Table of Contents

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 35 SOME PAGES SOME PAGES FROM GFA’S 1921 DIARY

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 36

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 37

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 38

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 39

Some samples of GFA’s 1921 diary

Note: At the end of many of GFA’s diary entries, he notes how far he has travelled in that day e.g. “60 li”. One Chinese li = 500 metres (half a kilometer or about 1/3 of a mile)

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 40

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 41

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 42

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 43

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 44

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 45

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 46 GFA’S 1921 ARTICLE AND NEWSLETTER

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 48

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 49

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 50

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 51 7 THE SWEDISH CROWN PRINCE’S LETTER

Return to Table of Contents The Palace, Stockholm

March 21st 1924

Dear Mr. Andrew,

Through Professor J. G. Andersson I have heard that you have been kind enough to help him in his archaeological research work. As President of the Committee who here in Sweden have the matter in hand and who support Prof. Andersson’s work I should like to express my very deep gratitude to you for all your very valuable assistance. It is indeed most kind of you and we are indebted to you for your help.

Will you accept my photograph, which I am enclosing, as a very small memento of your kind collaboration with us?

With warmest thanks

Believe me

Yours very truly

(signed)

Crown Prince of Sweden

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 52

ABBOT LOW MOFFAT’S 1962 LETTER TO GFA

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 53

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 54

Copyright © The New York Times

By RAYMOND HERNANDEZ Published: April 23, 1996

Abbot Low Moffat, a powerful New York State legislator during the Depression who in a second career as a diplomat warned against American involvement in Vietnam, died on Wednesday at a retirement home in Hightstown, N.J. He was 94.

The cause was cancer, his family said.

In a career that spanned much of the century, Mr. Abbot was chairman of the State Assembly's powerful Ways and Means Committee during the 1930's, helped run the Marshall Plan in Europe during the 1940's and served as chief of the Southeast Asian affairs division in the United States Department of State during the 1940's.

As a legislator from the 15th Assembly District in Manhattan, he controlled every piece of legislation that affected New York City. He was the first to propose building a multilane highway from Manhattan to Buffalo that later became the New York State Thruway. He also wrote a report that served as the basis for major revisions in the New York City Charter in the 1940's.

Mr. Moffat's influence was felt well beyond Albany. As a diplomat, he helped mold United States policy toward newly independent nations in Southeast Asia after World War II. He warned repeatedly about a surge of nationalism in regions like Indochina. And he strongly disapproved of the United States' growing involvement in Vietnam.

Abbot Low Moffat was born on the Upper East Side on May 12, 1901. He graduated from the Groton school in Manhattan, and received a bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1923 and then a law degree from Columbia University.

As a young man, he traveled the world with a sense of adventure. He rode for 25 days in a cart through Indochina, accompanied by a Chinese boy and a Russian refugee. From Australia, he stowed away on a freighter bound for the Panama Canal.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 55 And he studied at the School of Surveying of the American Geographical Society with a view to doing exploration work for museums.

He entered politics in 1929, winning election to the Assembly at age 27. He was among a small group of insurgent Republicans who took control of the Assembly from the leadership of their own party, ushering in an era when the Legislature played a far greater role in state politics than it had in earlier decades.

"It was a period of great legislative ascendancy," said Frank Mauro, executive director of the Fiscal Policy Institute in Albany. "They were very assertive in establishing their own priorities and not just accept the Governor's priorities."

Mr. Moffat helped shape the current system of state budgeting and proposed fiscal changes that only came into fruition decades later. He fought his greatest battle with Gov. Herbert H. Lehman. He led what historians call the 1939 budget revolt, when the Legislature rewrote the Governor's budget and cut it. The case wound up in court, with the Legislature losing, in a decision Mr. Moffat long felt was wrong but which everyone agrees profoundly strengthened the hand of the Governor in budget making.

Mr. Moffat, a liberal Republican, was the only New York City legislator in a triumvirate that ran the Assembly. In the 1950's, he switched to the Democratic Party, after years of prodding by his wife, Marion.

His tenure in Albany, from 1929 to 1943, was under three Governors, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mr. Lehman and Thomas E. Dewey. While Dewey gets much of the credit in history books for the highway that runs from the New York City line to Albany and then west, to Buffalo, it was Mr. Moffat who, while riding to Albany on Route 9, decided that something better was needed. He called the public works commissioner and asked him to draw up plans for the highway so he could enact a bill.

"They told me, 'You'll never get that bill through,' " Mr. Moffat recalled years later. "I said, 'If the chairman of Ways and Means says he'll get the bill, he'll get the bill.' "

He got the bill through. But much of the road was not built until Governor Dewey organized an authority to issue bonds to pay for it, an act that won the Governor the honor of having the highway ultimately renamed for him. "I still begrudge naming it after him," Mr. Moffat once said. "I thought that was a little extreme just because he got the financing going. But that's all right, except I just call it the New York State Thruway and let it go at that."

When he left Albany in 1943, Mr. Moffat set out on a career in the Foreign Service. He made a name for himself yet again, particularly representing the United States in Asia. He visited the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh in 1946, and the cables he sent back are now widely regarded as prescient warnings about the course of American policy in Vietnam.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 56 As head of the State Department's Division of South-East Asia Affairs from 1944 to 1947, he expressed great concern about the hard line the United States had taken in confronting nationalist movements like the one Ho Chi Minh was leading in Vietnam.

"I was bitterly disappointed," he said years later. "But the die was cast. We were going to follow a hard line on Communism wherever it put up its ugly head. I thought we were right back in the wars of religion."

He retired from foreign service in 1962 and moved to Princeton, where he remained active in local political and civic affairs. He also went on to write "Mongkut, the King of Siam" -- a project suggested to him by the king's great-nephews, who had been upset with the portrayal of the ruler as a capricious despot in the popular musical "The King and I," and wanted to set the record straight.

Mr. Moffat is survived by a son, Burnham Moffat of Danville, Calif.,; two daughters, Nancy Lifland of Princeton, and Jane-Kerin Moffat of Cos Cob, Conn.; eight grandchildren, and 17 great-grandchildren.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 57 1932 INTERVIEW WITH MR. FINDLAY ANDREW. China’s Millions January 1932

Friends who have not had the privilege of hearing Mr. G. Findlay Andrew, O.B.E. F.R.G.S., during his brief stay in Great Britain will be glad to read the following report of an interview which he accorded to the Editor of China’s Millions.

When were you last home on furlough, Mr. Andrew? We arrived in March, 1920, and left January 19th, 1921.

I understand that your furlough was considerably curtailed then. It was not actually curtailed through any outside influence, but we went back as a matter of choice when we heard of the earthquake disaster and with the intent really to finish our furlough in Chefoo with the children if there was no need to go.

The outside world never seems to have realized the magnitude of that catastrophe. Can you give me a few details of the earthquake and of your relief work? The earthquake occurred on the night of December 16th, 1920, while we were still at home. I have seen it stated in scientific magazines that it was the severest shock that has ever been seismologically recorded, and that statement has been confirmed in conversation with an eminent meteorologist from his own observatory records. Putting on one side the official returns, which give the total number of casualties as several millions, I personally have no hesitation in stating that a very conservative estimate of the death roll would be a million. You have to remember that this was in a very sparsely populated area. The two main contributing factors bringing about such a death toll were the following. First, owing to the very loosely packed loess soil, of which most of the hills and mountains in that section of Kansu are formed, the shocks brought down these mountains in veritable torrents of earth which buried villages and farmsteads that lay in the path of their torrent Secondly, owing to the attenuation of the forest the people are of necessity largely cave dwellers. These people were caught like rats in traps, and the roofs of their caves collapsed, crushing them to death, or else the entrances were blocked entombing them alive. I was sent up at the special request of all classes of society in Kansu by the China International Famine Relief Commission as Field Director to supervise the relief efforts in the affected area. I worked under a provincial committee in

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 58 Kansu, of which the Rev. E. J. Mann, of our Mission, was one of the chairmen. I had the assistance of three other missionaries, and a very valuable band of Chinese helpers. We organized some 14,000 refugees into labour gangs and set about the work of restoring communications by building roads and bridges, and also cutting through the tremendous slides of débris which blocked the valleys, damming up streams and constituting a very serious menace to other parts of China, in that if the waters of these dammed up streams, augmented by the summer and autumn rains, gained sufficient force to sweep through the débris, it would have resulted in an extraordinary large amount of siltage being carried down the Yellow River to be deposited on the bed along its lower reaches in Honan and Shantung , thus giving grave cause of anxiety through the possibility of flood. Our work lasted from March till October, during which time we released twenty odd lakes, built several bridges, long stretches of road, and embankments to preserve villages and towns from further inundation. The wages paid to the labourers were of a sufficient sum to enable them to return home and build up some of their devastated homes, and thus, to make a fresh start in life.

I believe it was in 1929 that you were asked to undertake relief work in connection with the famine? Yes, in 1929 I was released from teaching duties at Chefoo by the Executive in Shanghai to respond to a request from the China International Famine Relief Commission to undertake a tour of sections of Kansu to determine the cause of the acute food shortage, the extent of famine conditions, and to devise, if possible, some relief methods.

Did you find that reports had been exaggerated? No, the reports which were received at the coast did not give me anything at all approaching the actuality.

What were the conditions, then, as you found them? The conditions were that people were dying by thousands from absolute starvation, and at a later period in the year pestilence, in the form of typhus and famine fever, added its horrors, and together with these two visitations there was the scourge of banditry, some of which could be traced to the pressure of circumstances driving refugees to these acts of violence.

So your first journey was in the nature of an investigation? Yes, in 1929, and some relief was made possible then through funds remitted from the China Inland Mission, and also from the International Famine Relief Commission.

And then I understand you made another trip in 1930? I came down in 1929, leaving the existing provincial Committee and the Kansu Committee of the International Famine Relief Commission functioning in the relief work already inaugurated. We got down to the coast, where I presented my reports to the International Famine Relief Commission at Peiping and also to the Shanghai Advisory Committee of the China Famine Relief U.S.A. (Incorporated), and also undertook a series of lectures in Chinese and English at centres between Peiping, Shanghai and Hankow. The presentation of Kansu conditions at these lectures created considerable interest. In 1930 I was approached by the Shanghai Advisory Committee, through Mr. Hoste, asking me to return to Kansu and there to distribute what relief was possible through a special allocation of half a million Mexican dollars which, at the exchange then current, equaled a quarter of a million dollars in U.S. currency. This special gift was in the nature of a demonstration of Christian sympathy to the destitute people in Kansu, with the appreciation that a comprehensive relief effort to meet the full need was beyond the scope of any private organization or even of Government effort.

How did you make this trip? Owing to published reports in foreign newspapers stating that all transportation was lacking on the road from Sian to Lanchow, and also that this section of the country was overrun with bands of brigands, our chief difficulty was to devise a satisfactory mode of travel. Eventually, with my companions, Mr. Ruhl, of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, and Dr. J. Hillington Kao, I purchased a one and a half ton Ford truck, and the three of us drove out from Tientsin on March 6th, 1930. At Taiyuan we had to obtain sufficient supplies of petrol, oil and spares to negotiate the journey to Lanchow via Sian, and also for the return trip. These stores we had to carry with us, thus making our load considerably more than the one and a half tons. At Taiyuan we were joined by Dr. Rees, who was going up to Lanchow to take over the hospital work laid down by Dr. Rand, who was called Home through typhus contracted in relief work in 1929.

The story of our journey on this truck to Lanchow would fill a volume; suffice it to say that, after innumerable incidents, we got safely through to our destination with sufficient supplies in hand to bring the truck back to Tientsin.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 59 Did you meet other motor traffic en route? No, very little; hardly any after leaving Sian, except at Tsingningchow, where we met some of the last of the Kuominchun troops being drawn off from Kansu to meet the military situation in the east, and they had something like a dozen cars of all sorts with them. This was the only motor traffic we met on the road between Sian and Lanchow.

What is the distance roughly? Five hundred English miles.

What methods of supplying relief did you finally adopt? We got supplies of peas and barley from the Sining district right up on the Tibetan border, and this grain was floated down the river to the nearest point to the centre from which it was to be distributed. There it was first roasted, then ground into flour which was mixed in equal quantities; giving a flour which, when mixed with a little water, made a nutritious and sustaining food.

Palatable? The peas gave it a taste, barley alone was very insipid. This supply was introduced to the areas in which we had established relief depots mainly by means of porter transport, the porters being organized from the stronger refugees, and they were paid for their labour with some of the flour which they carried. Later in 1930 we were able to obtain some supplies of a poor quality of wheat, and in one instance, as part of a rehabilitation scheme, we distributed some cloth and some money. With these exceptions the relief was entirely in the form of food, for during the earlier months of our work distribution of money was useless, in that such money was unable to purchase food in the districts in which we worked.

[In reply to a question as to how far evangelistic work was possible in connection with the distribution of relief Mr. Andrew told of several missionaries and Chinese evangelists who availed themselves of the opportunity thus provided. As an illustration he gave the following incident.] In one district which Dr. Kao visited for the last time at the end of August he was greeted by the village elders of a certain village with the news that the whole of that district had definitely accepted the Gospel which had been preached to them during the weeks of active relief operations. On further enquiry as to what they meant by this statement Dr. Kao was taken to the ancestral hall of the clan of that village, and there over the main tablet in the centre of the road was a large yellow envelope, and on it was written ‘To the glory of the true God through Jesus Christ the Son.’ In this hall the members of the clan were gathering at stated periods and prostrating themselves before this tablet in the firm conviction that they were doing what they had been exhorted to, namely, to forsake idols and turn to the True and Living God through the Living Way, Jesus Christ, and they stated that this experience was being repeated in several such ancestral halls throughout that district.

It has been stated that the Chinese themselves have contributed very little to relieve the sufferings of their own people. From my personal experience that is entirely wrong. The activities of General Chu Ching-lan, who has raised and distributed large sums of relief money, would seem to point to this being a mis-statement.

Now you are returning again to China, Mr. Andrew. Can you give me any idea of the nature of the work which you are likely to undertake on your return? I am going back as a Field Secretary to the China International Famine Relief Commission, and also a field representative of the China Famine Relief U.S.A. (Incorporated). It is possible that I shall be engaged in relief work in the flooded area along the Yangtse Valley, or I may even be sent up to the North-West where at the present time certain irrigation and road-building schemes are being put through as famine preventive methods. Although I am unable to make any definite statement concerning the immediate future, it would seem as though I shall be called upon to travel and work in the present very sorely afflicted districts for some time to come. If at any time in the future there is some relief from the stress of immediate suffering and famine, it is quite possible that I shall be asked to assist in devising famine preventive schemes with the hope that some day, through wise schemes of this nature, famine may be written off as a thing of the past in China, as has been so largely done in India.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 60

REPORTS & APPRECIATION FOR CAPTAIN BAKER’S RELEASE

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 61 continued next page

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 62

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 60 OTHER INTERESTING LETTERS

MEYRICK HOWLETT. BRITISH CONSUL GENERAL

12th August 1932

Sir,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you at the request of His Majesty’s Charge d’Affaires, the substance of a Note presented by the American Ambassador in London to His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in which after expressing the sincere appreciation of the Government of the United States of the invaluable assistance rendered by you on effecting the release of Captain Charles Baker. Mr. Mellon, on behalf of his Government, particularly commends the skilful and effective manner in which you conducted your negotiations with the Chinese bandits as well as the excellent judgment, resourcefulness and untiring efforts which you at all times displayed during the prosecution of this difficult case.

I am also requested at the same time to convey to you the personal congratulations of Sir John Simpson.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

Meyrick Howlett,

Consul General

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 61 PEARL BUCK

3 Ping Tsang Hsiang,

Nanking, China

Jan 18, 1934

Mr. G.Findlay Andrew,

Messrs Butterfield & Swire,

French Bund,

Shanghai.

Dear Mr. Andrew,

Thank you so much for the very interesting story of Mr. Chen-Lin. I have made some notes of it in a book of old stories which I keep.

I still hope that you will write something out yourself. I don’t know whether the English magazines such as Blackwoods, which publish more objective material than the American magazines, would be interested in this type of writing.

I wonder if you are really interested in writing, if you would like to have a literary agent who would look at your material, criticize it, make suggestions and place it for you. If so, I should be glad to give you the name of my agent, Mr. David Lloyd, Paget Literary Agency, Inc., 415 Lexington Avenue, New York City. I have always found Mr. Lloyd honest and reliable.

I am looking forward to February 8th for tiffin. I shall be at the Hotel Metropole on that day, reaching there in the morning. You might leave a message for me there, letting me know the time and the place.

Sincerely yours,

Pearl S. Buck (Signed)

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 62 GENERAL WAVELL

12th July 1946

Dear Findlay Andrew,

I have been trying for some considerable time to pay somebody for a Tang horse which I asked Grimsdale to procure for me some time ago. It was duly delivered to me, I think a year ago, by General Carten de Wiart, he said that Grimsdale had paid for it. Grimsdale denied this and said he had no idea who had. I tried the Embassy in Chungking, but the Ambassador could give me no information, but on trying Grimsdale again, he said that he thought you might possibly have procured the horse. I should be grateful if you would let me know anything about it that you can.

Yours sincerely,

Wavell.

Findlay Andrew Esq.,

C/o Jardine Matheson & Co., China: The Long War by R S Maunsell, Redoubt Publishing 2003 Chapter 8: A year of mutual misfortune (Page 237)

For the Chinese Government, the start of October 1941 brought not only a relief borne from the knowledge that the Japanese had once again suffered a clear-cut defeat at the hands of the 9th Area Army, but also the sudden appearance of a possible ally in their war against the invading Japanese. It became known, amongst those individuals privileged enough to be in the higher circles of the KMT government, that the British government had at last concluded that a state of war between the British Empire and the Empire of Japan was now inevitable, and that a number of divisions were to be dispatched to Malaya to prevent the loss of the crucial colony.

Chiang Kai-shek in particular sought to acquire some assurances from his newfound allies: The most important being a joint-agreement that the security of the Burma Road would be maintained at all costs, and that any available military aid would be provided to help train and equip KMT forces. Prime Minister Attlee was unwilling to say or indeed do anything that might be seen as provocation on the part of the Japanese government, at least until the designated reinforcements for Burma, Malaya and Singapore were on the ground. He did however agree to dispatch a military attaché and a small team of advisors to Chongqing led by Lieutenant General Adrian de Wiart and Major General Gordon Grimsdale, ostensibly to act as observers but in actuality to investigate the needs and requirements of the KMT government and to report them directly to General Wavell, the newly promoted British commander-in-Chief in the Far East.

Lieutenant General de Wiart was a fiercely determined man, who if less than intellectual compensated for this with great personal bravery. Major General Grimsdale on the other hand was Attlee’s choice for the position, having served for three years as a staff officer in Hong Kong and being far more knowledgeable upon the military situation in China.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 63 C J HAMES. BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE

Foreign Office S.W.1.

In any further communication on this Subject please quote:

No. HG 1101/56 and address not to any person by name but to

‘The Undersecretary of State’

Foreign Office,

London SW1.

August 13, 1954.

Sir,

I am directed by Sir Winston Churchill to state that a claim against the Japanese Government in respect of the kidnapping and ill-treatment of the late Mr. H.F.Dyott in China in 1939 has been revived in accordance with the provisions of Article 18(a) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan. This matter has since been taken up with the Japanese Ministry for Foreign Affairs who have stated that their investigations show no evidence that the Japanese Military authorities were privy to the kidnapping.

I am also to state that the contemporary official records of this incident indicate that you took part in the negotiations for the release of Mr. Dyott, and I am to enquire therefore if you can furnish any information to which you can testify of your own knowledge, which might support this claim. In particular it is thought that you may be able to corroborate a report containing a statement made by a Yamen runner who had brought a message from the Chinese Captain of the local self preservation corps at Peitangkou where Mr. Dyott and his kidnappers were detained by Japanese troops. A later report stated that you had talked with this runner.

I am to add that any other information which you can furnish that would tend to confirm that the Japanese were privy to the kidnapping or, at the least, that they did not show diligence in preventing it, might, if you can subsequently testify to it, give valuable support to the claim.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

C.H. Hames (signed)

G. Findlay Andrew Esq.,

Dept. Of Education,

P.O. Box 746,

Singapore.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 64 FRANK DOODHA. GFA'S SECRETARY 1932

645 Euclid Avenue,

San Francisco Ca 94118

September 11th, 1971

My dear Gladys & Leslie & Family,

Thank you so very much for your letters dated August 24th and September 9th and the newspaper notice covering your late beloved father.

At times like this, words seem to be such futile empty things, so powerless to express thoughts a message like this brings. However the whole Doodha family wish to say:

We do not lose the ones we love

They only go before

Where there is everlasting life

Where sorrow is no more.

And there the Soul will always live

And Peace is everywhere

We do not lose the ones we love,

God takes them in His care. Amen.

I am enclosing a small check in remembrance of your dear Dad which please use for anything you think best to express our love for a great man.

Yes, I do remember your Dad used to admonish me by telling me to throw all unnecessary papers away. I have an album full of all the experiences Findlay and I and our co-workers did for the League of Nations (under Sir John Hope-Simpson). I am surprised that he did not mention about our efforts in effecting the release of Capt. Baker with the assistance of the USS Panay (and very much against the action by the British Consul at Hankow) for two British subjects to rescue a Yankee! Did you know that prior to the rescue of Captain Baker we also negotiated for the release of an R.C. priest by the name of Father Sands from the Commies under General Ho Lung? That was quite an eventful adventure because your Dad and I were under constant watch by Ho Lung = s men in Hankow and we received threats and demands for ransom money (a la cloak and dagger style!). I took a very nice picture of the USS  Panay  which I sold to Life Magazine after the ship was sunk by the Japs. We had loads of help from the U.S. Consul, General Adam, and also Consul Edmund Chibb, etc., when we were negotiating for the release of Captain Baker. Edmund was forced to resign from our Foreign Service at a time when the late Senator McCarthy was probing into the red infiltration into the Government. You probably know Jack Service who was also fired, but later reinstated. I saw Jack in Washington DC in 1950 when I was posted there for a year, during the time when Jack was being tried. He was reinstated and cleared later and I believe was Consul at Calcutta. He has retired and is residing somewhere in this area but I have not been able to obtain his address. During our recent vacation up near Oregan, I learned that Jack gave a lecture on his experiences with Mao and Chow-En-Lai during the was years in Chungking and Yunnan.

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continued

It was your Dad who introduced me to T.V.Soong and the Generalissimo. Then Percy (your cousin?) Came to Hankow and your Dad was in Shanghai on a special mission, so Percy and I had a grand time. I had to sign execution papers for the culprits who were caught stealing or disposing of U.S.A. donated wheat and flour for the relief of the flood refugees during your Dad’s numerous trips to Nanking etc. to consult with the late T.V.

Our trip to Lanchow was the most exciting of all. At Pingliang (Kansu) in the month of February the cold was very severe (22F below) and your Dad still insisted on wearing his cotton pyjamas and slept in his canvas camp cot (which was far too short for him) and I slept in my heavy clothes with two pairs of pants and woollen sox etc., and I was still cold!

If we do meet one of these fine days, Les, I can tell you many other exciting and dangerous missions your Dad and I had in N.W.China. Nearly everybody knew him and loved him. We slept mostly within CIM confines and R.C. compounds. I believe when we were still in Hankow that your Dad arranged with T.V. to employ you.

There was an incident which I thought most interesting. That was when GFA went down to fetch Sir John and they left Shanghai aboard a Chinese gunboat. I went down river to meet them. Since the Captain and his crew were all Chinese they served only Chinese food. On board was the Editor of the North China Daily News who was sceptical about the work performed by us and he wanted to see for himself. I discovered that the Captain of the ship and many of his officers were from Foochow and since I was born there I was able to speak that dialect much to the surprise and admiration of the officers. I was given a cabin all to myself and I had ham and eggs for breakfast. The others were served Chinese dishes and the Editor nearly threw his food when I playfully poured a generous dose of soya sauce into his porridge.

Another exciting period was the visit of Col. Lindbergh and his wife (former Anne Morrow) when they were sent by the State Department to assist us in taking pictures over the flooded areas which we were unable to reach. They arrived in Hankow when a flood was in progress. The Colonels sea plane was shipped up from Shanghai and it was anchored in the Yangtze on the first night in Hankow. The flood waters reached 27 feet and the next morning there was no sea plane. It went to the bottom and was swept downstream. The Lindberghs were recalled home and sent to South America on another mission covering a disaster area.

Well Les, I really must conclude this letter - we have a visitor from H.K. coming for dinner tonight.

As ever,

Frank (Doodha) Kay and family.

(Frank Doodha was GFA’s secretary)

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 66 Dawson Kwauk, on hearing of GFA's death

Butterfield & Swire Member of Swire Group,

Taipei Branch 88 Chung Hsiao West Road Section 1 (P.O.Box No. 111)

Taipei 100, Taiwan.

Cables ‘Swire’ Telex TP 622 Answer Back ‘Swire’ Telephone 373211

30th November 1971

Mr. G.Leslie Andrew

223 Sixth Street East,

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

Canada.

Dear Leslie,

Thankyou for your letter of 11th November, from which I am grieved to learn that Uncle Findlay, your beloved father and my beloved mentor, passed away on the 24th August. It is most kind of you in telling me about his last days in detail. In a way I am consoled to learn that he had received the best possible care and I also feel that it was a release for him when the inevitable end came.

Uncle Findlay, as you probably know, knew my late father very well and first saw me when I was a schoolboy. He guided me and tamed me as a wild young man after I joined B. & S. He taught and matured me during the war years. On many occasions he presented me, as a Sergeant-Major in the Chinese Infantry, without the slightest hesitation to the many British Brass Hats. In fact I was the only NCO permitted to enter his private office - almost a sanctum sanctorum into which admission only a handful of selected ranking officers were permitted. Uncle Findlay and I spent a lot of time together, travelling extensively. The past is but memories which I will cherish dearly, and my regret is that I could not do a thing in Uncle Findlay’s last years.

With profound sorrow I am writing this letter on behalf of my colleagues and myself, to you and the family as condolences, though it can only express very little of what I really feel.

Your letter reached me on the morning of the 23rd November and on the same day we lowered the Taikoo House flag to half mast. On 24th November I inserted the sad news in the English newspaper, the China Post, which I am enclosing herewith. I hope I remembered the names of the children correctly. Incidentally the newspaper is owned by Mr. James Wei who is also Uncle Findlay = s friend.

If opportunity arises I will visit you and Uncle Findlay’s tomb in 1972. When I come home I hope you will allow me to collect his briefcase which he told me years ago that he would like me to have after he left. The briefcase is well over 30 years old, made with leather of a light brown or tan shade. It had one compartment for a small typewriter and another with the shape and size suitable for a bottle. In fact he also kept a corkscrew in it for many years.

With my best wishes to you and Gladys and the children.

Yours cordially,

Dawson (D.Kwauk)

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 67 REV. ROY SEAMAN WHO WORKED WITH GFA ON EARTHQUAKE RELIEF.

Article written by Rev. Roy Seaman who worked with GFA on earthquake relief.

G. F. ANDREW

G. F. Andrew was a man of all-round abilities: administrator, linguist, diplomat. He made his mark chiefly as Supervisor of Earthquake Relief Work in Kansu during 1921.

The earthquake, which took place on December 16, 1920 was of immense magnitude, devastating a vast area and causing an estimated 200,000 casualties. Hills were moved over a large area going through districts like flowing water; leaving an awesome extent of debris.

About December 9, 1920, when a group of us were travelling towards Lanchow, the capital of the province, we had passed by a small stream, about eighteen inches to two feet across, and quite shallow. When next we saw it, it was a huge lake extending for miles, having been damned up by falling hills.

The disaster cut off news from Kansu to the outside world for several weeks. But news leaked out gradually and became known to a group known as,  The International Relief Committee in Peking, who realized that it was necessary to make a way for the water to recede, or there would be floods more devastating than the earthquake. Funds were provided, and G.F.A. was appointed to supervise the work of digging channels for water to escape. According to my recollection, there were about five diggings, employing altogether about 2,000 men. G.F.A. had his headquarters at the main digging, which was at the stream which had become a lake. I was his companion there for some months.

The debris above the water was an estimated height of 200 feet. About half way down, a complete farmhouse was excavated, with its victims. Eventually the digging was completed, and the danger of flooding thus averted.

I do not remember a great deal about the events of that period. In those days strings of cash, grouped together in groups of about 1,000, were used as currency. It took several large carts to move a day=s wages to the main digging.

I remember an occasion when G.F.A. was talking to a couple of Chinese helpers, one remarked to the other, He speaks Chinese. This established him as a linguist.

Once, when returning from a visit to another digging, I learned that, during the night, a thief had stolen a revolver from under G.F.A.=s pillow while he was asleep. Naturally he was deeply annoyed by this, as there had been a lack of police supervision. In general, however, G.F.A. had friendly relationships with all classes of people.

In Lanchow, G.F.A. was on good terms with leading officials. As a result of this, the small community of foreigners were frequently invited to official feasts, including those of the Governor of the province.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 68 continued

G.F.A. was a great lover of animals, chiefly horses and mules. At one time he owned a magnificent mule, stately and tall, a very valuable animal. On one occasion he asked me to take the animal for a jaunt into the country, which I did, accompanied by a servant. It was supposed to be for the good of the animal, but it was very pleasant for the rider!

In Lanchow he was very friendly with a poor street vendor called Ikey, to whom we sometimes gave discarded articles to sell at a street market. Ikey had the proverbial rich uncle, who died and left him a fortune. Ikey was full of plans to build hospitals and other good works, but what G.F.A. was a great lover of animals, chiefly horses and mules. At one time he owned a happened in those uncertain times I do not know.

In other parts of China, G.F.A. had remarkable experiences, but I was not connected with them.

All in all, I remember G.F.A. as a man of outstanding ability.

(Signed) Roy A. Seaman

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 69 T.V.SOONG

Soong Tse-ven or Soong Tzu-wen (December 4, 1891 – April 26, 1971), was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republ i c of Chi na . As brother to the three Soong si st er s , Soong's brothers-in-law were Dr. Sun Yat - sen , Generalissimo Chi ang Kai - shek , and financier H. H. Kung .

Born in Shanghai , T. V. Soong received his education at St . John' s Uni ver si t y in Shanghai before going on to Har var d Uni ver si t y . After graduating in 1915 with a degree in economics, he worked briefly in New York at the International Banking Corporation and took courses at Col umbi a Uni ver si t y .

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 70

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 71 GFA’S ASSOCIATION WITH THE WELLCOME INSTITUTE

The following three page are excerpts from this book:

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 73

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 74

CHAPTER ABOUT TORNVALL IN “A MARTYR’S GRACE”

Gustaf David Nathaniel Tornvall “Made in China, died in China

Born: April 3, 1899, Shanghai, China

Nationality: Swedish

Attended Moody: 1928

Country of Service: China

Mission: Scandinavian Alliance Mission

Ministry: Church planter, relief director

Martyrdom: 1932, age 33, near Xi’an, Shaanxi province

Gustaf saw a ride in the car of Henry Ekvall, an American international salesman for Ford Motor Company, as a rare treat. Hardly ever in all his years in China had he had the opportunity to ride in an automobile, especially in the interior of the far northwest. But time was beginning to change the way of life for even the common people of Kansu (now Gansu) province. Gravel roads were being carved into the countryside where, for centuries, people confined their travel to narrow footpaths and bumpy cart trails.

A perceptive missionary who sensed the economic value of such transportation progress for his fellow people, Gustaf had volunteered his services as a relief director to manage funds paid to the Chinese laborers who were building the roads. In addition, he viewed the money made by the people he supervised as a means of providing income for themselves at a time when a great famine had crippled the economy.

Henry Ekvall, on the other hand, was in China for the sole purpose of making a profit. As a salesman for Ford, he wanted to grab exclusive rights to the fresh market in this remote part of the country. He had known Gustaf from earlier years and saw the experienced missionary as just the ticket he needed to further his travels as he made contact with prospective buyers in the northwest. Having just finished business in the Kansu region, he now needed to travel back to his base in Sian, the ancient capital of China, two hundred miles to the southeast. Gustaf also needed to get to Sian to purchase equipment and supplies for the work crews he was supervising. With up to forty thousand daily workers carving out new roads, he was looking for a

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 75 safe way to transport the large amount of funds he was carrying to purchase supplies required to keep such a mammoth labor force working. Henry was happy to discover that Gustaf, who knew the culture and language like a native was going his direction. What better companion to have along, as he too carried a substantial amount of money and even some gold. As they set out on that fateful trip on July 22, 1932, neither man knew the danger that awaited them farther down the road. Nor did they realize this would be their last ride. EARLY CHILDHOOD

Gustaf Tornvall was born to missionary parents in Shanghai on April 3, 1899. His parents, David and Therese Tornvall, were among the first missionaries to enter China under the China Alliance Mission (later Scandinavian Alliance Mission and now TEAM). Inspired by the passionate plea of missionary statesman Fredrick Franson, the young couple had arrived in 1891 in the first wave of missionaries of this new society. Following language study on the coast, they turned their eyes to the interior, pioneering the work in Pingliang, Kansu province, in 1895. It was in this environment of new beginnings that Gustaf was born.

Gustaf was “made in China” - conceived, born, raised, and immersed in that environment to such an extent that he was more Chinese than Western. In 1902, at the age of three, he had a special benediction placed upon him when the much-revered Hudson Taylor visited the Tornvall home. Laying his hand on Gustaf’s head, he prayed, “Lord, I claim this little child of Thee for China.”

Growing up, Gustaf’s closest friends were his Chinese playmates. He spoke Chinese better than English or even Swedish (his parents’ language). But even with all the godly influences of home, parents, and mission exerting themselves, Gustaf had little desire to follow the beliefs of his parents. That commitment/decision would not happen until later when he was a student at the China Inland Mission School in Chefoo. As a teenager Gustaf was sent there for his high school training. While there, at the age of sixteen, he gave his heart to Christ and consecrated his all to the Lord. THE NOVICE MISSIONARY

Following graduation, Gustaf went home to his parents’ work at Pingliang. Although only seventeen, he thrust himself into the work at his father’s side, helping to lighten the burden his father was carrying in the multifaceted work of the station. To provide education, there was a mission school; to promote spiritual life, a church; and to offer medical care, a hospital. All these ministries demanded the undivided time and efforts of the Tornvalls. One day as his

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 76 father was baptizing a large group of converts, Gustaf also entered the waters to receive the rite. His father, moved to tears, baptized his one and only son who had taken so long to receive for himself the gospel message that the senior Tornvall had been propagating to the Chinese for over two decades.

Not long afterward, Gustaf was also designated a missionary with the Scandinavian Alliance Mission (now TEAM) and worked hard to further the gospel among the people he had grown to love and call his own. The church, hospital, and school had all developed and were tending to the welfare of the poor and disadvantaged people of the area. Gustaf proved himself so dependable that in 1923 when he was just twenty-five, his father left him in charge of the work while he took the rest of the family back to Sweden and the States for a break from the work. IN THE STATES

It was at that time that sorrow and trouble struck Gustaf in a way he could never have foreseen. While in the midst of the work, word reached him that his father had suddenly passed away shortly after arriving in Sweden. At the same time he received urgent word from the Swedish consul in Shanghai advising all expatriate personnel to immediately evacuate inland areas due to increasing civil unrest and disturbance Foreign governments did not want a repeat of the heartless slaughter of their citizens that had happened during the Boxer rebellion two decades earlier.

Heartbroken and in need of rest himself, Gustaf decided it was a good time to leave the country to visit his newly widowed mother and six sisters, who had taken up residence in Chicago. While in Chicago, Gustaf took advantage of the time with his family to acquire some theological training. He knew that with the passing of his father much of the spiritual ministry of the mission would fall to him. He entered Moody Bible Institute’s evening school in 1928. Gustaf was single- minded and had but one goal—to get his education as quickly as possible and then return to China. A remark on his Moody record bears this out, tersely stating: “does not expect to remain.” Gustaf studied at Moody for the full academic year of September 1927 - July 1928.

While Gustaf was studying, word came from China that the interior was gradually opening again to foreigners. Gustaf’s desire was to be back helping the people he knew best. He returned by mid-1928. Fluent in the language and knowledgeable of the culture, Gustaf went even a step further of identifying with the people by dressing much of the time like the native Chinese. WORK OF COMPASSION

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 77 Not long after he resumed his work in Pingliang, a great famine fell on western China. It was a time of intense human agony. Gustaf witnessed terrible suffering and physical hardship among the people and felt compelled to engage in some kind of effort to help. Attending to the overwhelming needs of the people, it was not long before Gustaf himself experienced mental and spiritual suffering as he saw friends and acquaintances painfully die from starvation. The situation was so overwhelming that he came to realize there was little he could do in and of himself. Then an offer came that would give an opportunity in a substantial way to help alleviate the suffering.

The China International Famine Relief Commission initiated a program of giving the stricken people work. The commission would pay laborers to build roads that could be used by motorized vehicles. Since itpaid the laborers in cash, they needed a trustworthy manager to handle the funds. Gustaf was asked to serve as supervisor for the Kansu region. Sensing the relief the work program would bring the people, Gustaf gladly accepted. In this role Gustaf gained the admiration of the people and a wide reputation. “He was able, cautious and warmhearted, and a true missionary. Farmers and officials had the greatest respect for him,” said O. J. Todd, the chief engineer.2

Gustaf continued in church development along with relief work. He visited and supervised the work of his fellow missionaries. Around this time, his sister Sofia came to join the work. The special treat of having her there was enhanced when she fell in love with his coworker and friend Earl Peterson. Gustaf performed their marriage ceremony.

While supervising the road projects, Gustaf made it his habit to preach the gospel to the work crews. He never lost sight of the main reason he was in China. But he made certain his relief efforts did not make superficial “rice Christians” out of the people, as had been done in other parts. Gustaf made it clear that they need not attend church in return for being provided with much-needed employment. VANISHED!

The fateful day came in July of 1932 when Gustaf innocently caught that automobile ride with Henry Ekvall. Gustaf was aware that potential danger loomed in the form of lawlessness, and that thought most likely was why he felt it more prudent to drive from Pingliang to Xi’an with Ekvall. Just days earlier he had received an urgent telegram from the U.S. Department of State, communicated by William Castle, undersecretary, which stated:

Due to the growth of banditry and other forms of lawlessness it is felt that American citizens are jeopardizing their lives by remaining in the affected areas. The Department strongly urges that American missionary

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 78 organizations which have representatives stationed inthe areas … consider the advisability of withdrawing such representatives to places where conditions afford a reasonable means of safety.

Forewarned and well aware of potential danger, Gustaf, Henry, and two others started their two-hundred-mile journey by car. They travelled most of that day and spent the night at the village of Li Chuan on the banks of the Wei River. The following morning they crossed the river by ferry. A ferry crossing in the opposite direction had an English Baptist missionary on it, and Gustaf carried on a conversation with him until they were out of earshot. That was the last time they were seen by anyone acquainted with them. Gustaf and his companions were never heard from again. They seemed to have simply vanished!

The fate of Gustaf can only be pieced together by fairly reliable Chinese accounts of those who encountered them farther along the way. According to these stories, just a few miles north of Xi’an, six Chinesesoldiers stopped the car. Villagers saw the men taken by the soldiers to a house where they were detained for the rest of the day. It soon became clear that these were renegade soldiers out to rob the foreigners. We don’t know what Gustaf may have said to his captors as he tried to reason with them for his life. But one can envision him pointing out that he was “a son of the soil,” “a religious teacher,” or “there helping the people.” However, all was to no avail.

At dusk the car was driven out into a field, its headlights drawing the notice of a local farmer who was still working close by. Sensing something sinister, the farmer kept a watch but did not get too near, as there were about thirty armed men on horseback escorting the vehicle. Moments later he heard a volley of gunshots which startled him. He then heard someone cry, “There is still one more,” and then two more shots. It seems certain that Gustaf, Ekvall, and the other two had been summarily executed. Their bodies were never recovered.

When news of Gustaf’s murder reached Pingliang, it evoked an outcry and expression of sorrow so deep that all levels of the community decried his death with great indignation. Such was the stature and affection he had gained within their hearts. As coworker O. J. Todd summarized upon hearing word of Gustaf’s death:

Brave, indeed, are those who pour their lives into the mission fieldsof Shensi and Kansu these days. Many have suffered and given up their lives, but we wonder why so able and fine a man as Tornvall should have been taken so young.

1. Moody Bible Institute Academic Records, Gustaf Tornvall.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 79 2. O. J. Todd, “An Outstanding Missionary,” The Missionary Broadcaster, 8.

3. William Castle, “Official Communication from the Department of State.”

4. Othilie Olsen, “More about Tornvall’s Death,” The Evangelist, 11.

5. Todd, Ibid.

Born: January 18, 1907, Paterson, New Jersey.

Nationality: American.

Graduated from Moody: 1932

Country of Service: China.

Mission: Scandinavian Alliance Mission.

Ministry: Church planter.

Martyrdom: 1934, age 27, Miaosheo, Anhwei province

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 80 THE FUNDAMENTALIST-MODERNIST CLASH IN THE 20S &30S The Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy was a religious controversy in the 1920s and 30s within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America that later created divisions in most American Christian denominations as well. The major American denomination was torn by conflict over the issues of theology and ecclesiology. Underneath those struggles lay profound concerns about the role of Christianity in the culture and how that role was to be expressed.

Overview: The Controversy is conventionally dated as beginning in 1922 with a sermon by a well-recognized and articulate spokesman for liberal Protestantism, Harry Emerson Fosdick. Fosdick, a liberal Baptist preaching by special permission in First Presbyterian Church, New York, delivered his sermon "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?" highlighting differences between liberal and conservative Christians. The ending of the controversy was marked by J. Gresham Machen and a number of other conservative Presbyterian theologians and clergy leaving the denomination in 1936 to establish the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.

Although this schism is called the "Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy" in the Presbyterian church, very similar and far-reaching reactions against the growth of liberal Christianity have also occurred in other major Protestant denominations. At the time of the Controversy, Presbyterians were the fourth-largest Protestant group in the United States. (The Methodists were the largest, followed by the Baptists and the Lutherans; the Episcopalians were in fifth place.) After considerable internal tensions, every major Protestant denomination came to accommodate liberalism within the denomination, to one degree or another. Often, some disgruntled conservatives left their denomination, some of them establishing smaller denominations with fundamentalist-conservative foundations. Sensitized by what they saw to be successful liberal infiltration into other denominations, in the 1970s Southern Baptist conservatives began a concerted effort to rid their institutions and leadership of liberal leanings. This resulted in the Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence and occasioned the creation of two new Baptist denominations which accommodate the modernist theological position. A similar event took the form of the Seminex controversy of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

This process resulted in the modern division of Protestant American religious life into mainline Christianity on the one hand and evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity on the other.

In 1930, as a result of widespread second thoughts about missions in general, a group of Baptist laymen at the request of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. concluded that it was time for a serious re-evaluation of the effectiveness of foreign missions. With Rockefeller's financial backing, they convinced seven major denominations - the

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 81 Methodist Episcopal Church, the Northern Baptist Convention, the Reformed Church in America, the Congregational church, the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the United Presbyterian Church of North America - to participate in their "Laymen's Foreign Missions Inquiry". They commissioned a study of missionaries in India, Burma, China, and Japan and launched a separate inquiry under the chairmanship of the philosopher and Harvard professor William Ernest Hocking. These two inquiries led to the publication of a one-volume summary of the findings of the Laymen's Inquiry entitled Re-Thinking Missions: A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years in 1932.

Re-Thinking Missions argued that in the face of emerging secularism, Christians should ally with other world religions, rather than struggle against them.

The seven denominations who had agreed to participate in the Laymen's Inquiry now distanced themselves from the report. The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions issued a statement reaffirming the board's commitment to the evangelistic basis of the missionary enterprise and to Jesus Christ as the only Lord and Savior. Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973).

Pearl S. Buck now weighed into the debate. In a review published in The Christian Century, she praised the report, saying it should be read by every Christian in America and, ironically mimicking the biblical literalism of the fundamentalists, "I think this is the only book I have ever read that seems to me literally true in its every observation and right in its every conclusion." Then, in a November 1932 speech before a large audience at the Astor Hotel, later published in Harper's, Buck decried gauging the success of missions by the numbers of new church members. Instead she advocated humanitarian efforts to improve the agricultural, educational, medical, and sanitary conditions of the community. She described the typical missionary as "narrow, uncharitable, unappreciative, ignorant." In the Harpers article along with another in Cosmopolitan published in May 1933, Buck rejected the doctrine of original sin, saying "I believe that most of us start out wanting to do right and to be good." She asserted that belief in the virgin birth or the divinity of Christ was not a prerequisite to being a Christian. She said that the only need is to acknowledge that one can't live without Christ and to reflect that in one's life.

Macartney quickly called on the Board of Foreign Missions, under the presidency of Charles Erdman, to denounce Re-Thinking Missions and asked for their response to Buck's statements. Erdman responded that the Board was committed to historic evangelical standards and that they felt that Pearl S. Buck's comments were

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 82 unfortunate, but he hoped she might yet be won back to the missionary cause. She would eventually resign as a Presbyterian missionary in May.

J. Gresham Machen now published a book arguing that the Board of Foreign Missions was insufficiently evangelical and particularly that its secretary, Robert E. Speer, had refused to require missionaries to subscribe to the Five Fundamentals. In New Brunswick Presbytery, Machen proposed an overture to General Assembly calling on it to ensure that in future, only solidly evangelical Christians be appointed to the Board of Foreign Missions. Machen and Speer faced off in the Presbytery, with Speer arguing that conflict and division were bad for the church — the presbytery agreed and refused to make the recommendation.

Clarence Macartney, however, was able to get a similar motion through the Presbytery of Philadelphia, so the issue came before the General Assembly of 1933. The majority report of the Standing Committee of Foreign Missions affirmed the church's adherence to the Westminster Confession; expressed its confidence that Speer and the Board shared this conviction; and repudiated Re-Thinking Missions. The minority report argued that the Board was not orthodox and proposed a slate of conservatives candidates for the Board. The majority report passed overwhelming. Return to Table of Contents

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 83 1911 REVOLUTION The Revolution of 1911, or the Xinhai revolution, began as the Wuchang uprising in 1910. It resulted in the abdication of the child emperor Puyi and the establishment of the Republic of China on February 12, 1912. The revolution was a part of extensive popular uprisings that had been occuring against the Qing dynasty since the mid-1800s. The Wuchang uprising began as diverse groups joined in southern China to combat Qing rule. Led by Sun Yatsen, the groups formed what was known as the Revolutionary Alliance, which advocated the replacement of the Qing with a republican form of government. By 1911, the Qing dynasty lost much of its influence in the provinces as local warlords declared sovereignty. General Yuan Shikai was sent to quell the rebellion. During this time, Sun set up a provisional government in Nanjing under the Nationalist Party with Yuan's support. Yuan returned to Beijing and forced the emperor and his mother to abdicate the throne. It was under these circumstances in which the Republic of China was established in 1912. The revolution was brought about by a number of factors, including but not limited to Qing corruption, Western and Japanese subjugation, the growth of local spheres of power, Warlordism, increased poverty amongst the populace, and Chinese intellectuals' growing exposure to Western schools of thought. Another motivation for the Republican supporters was restoring Chinese rule to the Han majority after centuries of Manchu rule. The political basis for the movement was Sun Yatsen's Three Principles of the People (Sanmin Zhuyi), nationalism, democracy, and socialism. Source: http://secondchina.com/Learning_Modules

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 84

CHINA BETWEEN 1911 AND 1920 A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, replacing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China. The 10th October was then celebrated annually as the Republic Of China's national day, also known as the "Double Ten Day". On 29 December 1911, Sun Yat-Sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly representing seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic Manchu government, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people".

Sun, however, lacked the military support to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Realizing this, he handed over the presidency to Yuan Shikai, the imperial general, who then forced the last emperor, Puyi, to abdicate. Yuan was officially elected president in 1913. He ruled by military power and threatened to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling Kuomintang party, banned "secret organizations", and ignored the provisional constitution. An attempt at a democratic election in 1911 ended with the assassination of the elected candidate by a man recruited by Yuan. Ultimately, Yuan bizarrely declared himself Emperor of the new “Hongxian Dynasty” of China in 1915. With stiff opposition from almost every quarter the dynasty lasted only three months with Yuan the first and last emperor of the dynasty.

Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 Hongxian Emperor Emperor of the Empire of China

Yuan Shikai 袁世凱

Reign 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 Predecessor None (title created) Successor None (title abolished)

Yuan gave up being Emperor in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly after. After Yuan Shikai's death, shifting alliances of regional warlords fought for control of the Beijing government. The nation also was threatened from without by the Japanese. When World War I broke out in 1914, Japan fought on the Allied side and seized

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 85 German holdings in Shandong Province. In 1915 the Japanese set before the warlord government in Beijing the so-called Twenty One Demands, which would have made China a Japanese protectorate. The Beijing government rejected some of these demands but yielded to the Japanese insistence on keeping the Shandong territory already in its possession. Beijing also recognized Tokyo's authority over southern Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. In 1917, in a secret communique, Britain, France, and Italy assented to the Japanese claim in exchange for the Japan's naval action against Germany.

In 1917 China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province, then under Japanese control. But in 1918 the Beijing government signed a secret deal with Japan accepting the latter's claim to Shandong. When the Paris peace conference of 1919 confirmed the Japanese claim to Shandong and Beijing's sellout became public, internal reaction was shattering.

On May 4, 1919, there were massive student demonstrations against the Beijing government and Japan. The political fervor, student activism, and iconoclastic and reformist intellectual currents set in motion by the patriotic student protest developed into a national awakening known as the May Fourth Movement. The intellectual milieu in which the May Fourth Movement developed was known as the New Culture Movement and occupied the period from 1917 to 1923.

The student demonstrations of May 4, 1919 were the high point of the New Culture Movement, and the terms are often used synonymously. Students returned from abroad advocating social and political theories ranging from complete Westernization of China to the socialism that one day would be adopted by China's communist rulers.

Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in Beijing in March 1925, but the Nationalist movement he had helped to initiate was gaining momentum. During the summer of 1925, Chiang, as commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, set out on the long-delayed Northern Expedition against the northern warlords. Within nine months, half of China had been conquered. By 1926, however, the Guomindang had divided into left- and right-wing factions, and the Communist bloc - established in 1921 -within it was also growing. In March 1926, Chiang started a thorough purge of all real and thought to be communists to consolidate his reign.

(Edited from Wikipedia) Return to Table of Contents

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 86 FREDERICK BALLER In 1896 Frederick William Baller was appointed principal of the new training home for CIM male missionaries at Anching (Anqing), Szechuan (Sichuan). There he not only helped train missionaries in the Chinese language but also published his lectures in “letters, from an old missionary to his nephew” (1907). From 1900 to 1918 he served on the committee to revise the mandarin New and Old Testaments. Among his many books, the best known are “An Anglo-Chinese Dictionary”, “The Mandarin Primer” (thirteen editions), “An Idiom A Lesson”, “An Analytical Vocabulary Of The New Testament”, “Lessons In Wenli”, “An English Translation Of The Sacred Edict”, and “The Life Of Hudson Taylor”. He died and was buried in Shanghai shortly after completing his book on Taylor. Return to Table of Contents

MAYBETH JUDD

Maybeth Judd’s parents worked in shanghai for some time, and Maybeth and her older sister Kathy had spent long winter vacations from boarding school bicycling around the streets of Shanghai. sometimes the two sisters and their father Charles would get up early in the morning and ride out of the city into the surrounding countryside, stopping for breakfast at a roadside stand to enjoy a steaming bowl of noodles or a hot sweet potato. Chefoo was the location of the boarding school Maybeth attended when she turned six years old in 1919. She remained as a student until she was sixteen, nearly through high school. Chefoo was the boarding school that all the children of missionaries with the China Inland Mission attended. Maybeth was a second generation Chefooite; her father also attended Chefoo, in fact, the boarding school had been founded by Hudson Taylor for the benefit of the six Judd boys, Maybeth’s father and his brothers.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 87 BUTTERFIELD & SWIRE

Copied from http://www.swire.com/en/about-us/our-story.

Over almost 200 years, Swire has grown and diversified from a small import-export business to a multi-disciplined conglomerate and industry leader in a range of specialist businesses.

1816 JohnSwire

John Swire (1793-1847) establishes a trading company in Liverpool, UK. Swire gradually built a successful import-export business, based mainly on the textile trade. His sons, John Samuel (1825-1898) and William Hudson (1830-1884) took the firm overseas and it was John Samuel Swire in particular whose entrepreneurial instincts would be at the root of the firm's successes in years to come.

1855 JohnSamuelSwire

John Samuel Swire opens a branch office in Melbourne. "Swire Bros." was the basis for a growing trade to Australia in goods ranging from fencing wire and cement to olive oil and Guinness.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 88 1866 Butterfield&Swire,Shanghai

John Swire opens an office in Shanghai under the name Butterfield & Swire. In keeping with local tradition, chose a Chinese "hong" name for the company, and it is by the name Taikoo (太古 ) - meaning "Great and Ancient" - that Swire is most widely known in Asia today. Initially trading in tea and silk and British imports of cotton and woollen 'piece goods', Taikoo also became agent in China for a number of UK businesses, including leading shipping and insurance companies. Notable amongst these was the newly formed Liverpool shipping line, Ocean Steam Ship Company - later better known as Blue Funnel - for which Swire was managing agent in Asia for 120 years.

1872 TheChinaNavigationCompany

John Swire establishes The China Navigation Company. CNCo initially operated Mississippi-style paddle steamers on China's Yangtze River - a vital link with the country's interior at a time when there were few roads. Within a few years, the company was also operating ships on the China coast, before spreading its network of services further afield to Japan, Southeast Asia and Australia.

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 89 1881

Swire begins construction of the Taikoo Sugar Refinery. The plant went into production in 1883. Encouraged by China Navigation's growing trade in raw cane sugar from Java and the Philippines and ready markets in China and Japan, Taikoo Sugar ran one of the world's largest and most sophisticated plants in its day.

1941–1945 WorldWarII

The war very nearly destroyed Swire. By 1945, the Taikoo Sugar Refinery and Taikoo Dockyard had been reduced to rubble during bombing raids on Hong Kong, more than 30 China Navigation vessels had been captured or sunk, and company properties throughout the region had been destroyed or looted.

Taikoo Dockyard

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 90 PostWar gradually withdrew from Mainland China, following the Revolution of 1949.

1946

Cathay Pacific Airways is founded by pilots, Roy Farrell and Sydney de Kantzow, and registered in Hong Kong. In the same year, John - "Jock" - Kidston Swire (1893-1983), became Chairman of John Swire & Sons (This is probably the Swire that GFA knew). Determined to find new opportunities for the firm and recognising that air transport was the key to the future, Jock Swire looked for ways of involving Swire in this industry. In 1947, he used Taikoo Dockyard's engineering skills to develop an aircraft maintenance facility at Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airfield. This company, named Pacific Air Maintenance Services (PAMAS), would merge with rival Jardine Air Maintenance Company in 1950 to form Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company (HAECO) - today one of the world's leaders in its field.

Today Swire in the new century. James Finlay, the world's largest tea trader, with substantial agricultural interests in Africa and Sri Lanka, and a Swire partner since 1976, became a wholly owned group subsidiary in 2000. In Papua New Guinea, the country's oldest and largest trading group, Steamships Trading, has also become a subsidiary.

In Australia, Swire had greatly increased its stake in the cold storage market, forming a new national entity, Swire Cold Storage, in

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 91 2004; the group had also acquired a majority shareholding in Australia's largest construction and demolition waste recycler, Alex Fraser.

Swire continued to be a valued partner for the distribution of well known branded sports and leisure wear and automobiles.

Swire's interests in Mainland China have continued to steadily advance. Swire Properties now has five major developments in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu and growing hotel interests.

Cathay Pacific has become a strategic partner to China’s flag carrier, Air China, in which it holds a 19.53% shareholding and the HAECO Group’s aircraft engineering interests on the Mainland are expanding rapidly.

Now fast-approaching its 200th year, Swire today employs some 121,600 people worldwide. Dynamic and forward-looking, Swire is proud of its heritage and the group still retains a "family" flavour with a number of members of the Swire family actively involved in the business, while the group's Honorary and Life Presidents are great-great-grandsons of the founder, John Swire of Liverpool.

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 92 CUTTINGS FROM THE SINGAPORE PRESS ETC. The Singapore Free Press, 12 July 1952, Page 5

The Straits Times, 28 May 1953, Page 7

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 93 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 13 June 1932, Page 14

The Straits Times, 1 December 1930,

Page 12

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 94 The Straits Times, 5 April 1920, Page 9

The Straits Times, 9 June 1951, Page 5

The Straits Times,

4 October 1951, Page 7

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 95

The Straits Times, 18 October 1958, Page 6

The Straits Times, 29 May 1953, Page 7

The Straits Times,

20 November 1951,

Page 4

The Straits Times,

26 October 1951,

Page 5

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 96 The Straits Times, 2 July 1953, Page 8

The Straits Times, 8 June 1951,

Page 4

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 97

The Straits Times, 3 December 1930, Page 11

The Straits Times,

4 December 1930, Page 11

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 98 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser

(1884-1942),

14 November 1930,

Page 12

The Singapore Free Press

and Mercantile Advertiser

(1884-1942), 7 September 1932,

Page 12

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 99 The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 14 June 1929, Page 17

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 100

The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 29 June 1932, Page 17

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 101

The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942), 6 January 1931, Page 12

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 102

The Singapore Free Press and

Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942),

31 December 1930, Page 12

Sorry about the mess on the right edge of the paper. That’s how it was on the paper’s internet page!

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B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e a d e r s o f “ A D i f f e r e n t D r u m b e a t ” Page 103