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AMERICAN FOREIGN The budget for America’s relations with the world is, like Gaul, divided into three SERVICE ASSOCIATION provinces: Governing Board • the diplomatic (150) account, covering State, USAID, USIA, IFIs, and develop¬ President. I .A. (TOO HARRIS State Vice President. VACANT ment and security assistance, is funded at $19 billion, down from the $21 billion AID Vice President:}OHN PATTKRSON requested by the administration for FY-1994; USIA Vice President: RA/.VIGOR BAZA LA Red tee Vice President: DONALD R. NORLAND • the intelligence account, repotted in the press to be “well over $28 billion,” is Secretary: CATHERINE BARRY Treasurer: ANNE WOODS PATTERSON down S1 billion after a hard fight on the Hill over when to replace falling satellites State Representatives: DAVID H. SHINN in the upcoming years; and SUE SAARNIO DENNIS KUX • the national-security (050) account, which includes the Defense Department, CHRISTINE FULKNA stands at about $250 billion for FY94. AID Represents ires. LEE ANN ROSS JAMES R. WASHINGTON Those are the 1994 starting points. In a post-Cold War environment, the budget USIA Representative: BRUCE WHARTON Refined Representatives: EDWARD L. PECK for diplomacy should be growing, as diplomacy is key to advancing U.S. interests SAMUEL F. IIART in economic competition, nuclear disarmament, environmental protection, and KATIIRYN CLARK-BOURNi: M. BRUCE HIRSHORN other global issues. Instead, this budget is steadily shrinking. The State Department Staff is doing “more with less,” opening up 20 new embassies in the former USSR, Executive Director: SUSAN REARDON Eastern Europe, and Africa in the last two years, with no increase in funding. Business I department Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE Far from resisting this pernicious trend, the new under secretary for manage¬ Office Manager; JUDY SHINN ment, at his Senate confirmation hearing, accelerated it, promising—quixotically— Executive Assistant. ME1KE MEISSNER Accounting Assistant: SHEREF. E. BEANE “to select, recaiit, retain, and motivate a talented staff ... while reducing the size Adm i nist rat it e Assistants. DIANNA DUN BRACK and rank structure of the overall staff in significant ways.” One of the more dubious MICHAEL DAILEY Legal Services ideas being advanced in tills struggle over the shrinking pie is that the CIA ought to expand Legal Counsel: SHARON PAPP its role in providing analysis of other nations' economies. Staff Attorney: COLLEEN FALLON Law Clerks: EDWIN GANTA USAID, for its part, faces a virtually unsustainable $52 million shortfall in its vital MEGAN CHUNG operations-and-expenses account. To avoid triggering the Anti-Deficiency Act, Member Services Director. JAMES YORKE USAID's new' leadership is planning Draconian reductions in the agency’s vital field Representatives: JULIE SMITIILINE DEREK TERRELL presence, closing up to 20 field missions and bringing nearly 250 Foreign Service Intern: SABRINA PLATT personnel back to Washington, where two-thirds of them already work. Membership Meanwhile, back at the Pentagon, the secretary of defense is reported to lie Acting Director LORI DEC Director: JANET HEI >RICK seeking an additional $20 billion for his agency’s five-year restructuring plan. Not Representative: NORAJANE McINTYRK to be outdone, the CIA is working quietly to expand its activities in economic Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON reporting and analysis, counter-narcotics, and other traditional diplomatic activities. Retiree liaison. WARD THOMPSON To improve its own trade position and strengthen the world economy, the Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS Scholarship United States needs to analyze macrotrends, understand the political climates of Coordinator and other nations, assist the developing world, craft effective trade agreements, and Systems Administrator: TIIERESA AURR1CIIIO promote the free flow7 of goods and people. These are precisely the core functions Speakers Bureau and International Associates:G\l KULICK of the Foreign Service. Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER It’s “mission dribble” versus “mission creep.” As usual, we diplomats hold the The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1921. is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official high ground, espousing American leadership in promoting peaceful, negotiated, representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State, and the United States Information Agency and the Agency and multilateral solutions the to post-Cold War world’s problems. But in for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired membeisliip in AFSA is open Washington, the defense and intelligence bureaucracies hold the commanding to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associate membership is open to persons having an public-relations and budgetary turf. interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Members—$85-188; Retired Members—$45-62: Asso¬ The best institution to promote our priority agenda of openness and democracy ciate Members—$50. All AFSA memlxrs are members of the and to conduct our geoeconomic relations is one that is open, accountable, and Foreign Service Club Please note: AFSA dues and Legislate e Action Fund donations may lie deductible as an ordinary and necessary without a direct interest in telling its patrons what they want to hear. The best business expense for federal income tax purpt>ses Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable contributions. institution to spread American values is also the one that has nothing to hide. That AMI HK AN FOREION SIKUQ ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street NW. Washington. D.C. 20037- Executive offices, membership, professional issues, institution is the Foreign Service, and the leaders of the agencies it serves should scholarship programs, insurance programs,JOl JRNALoffices: < 202) be fighting for it, not playing “good soldier.” 338-4045. Governing Berard. standing committees, general counsel, lalx>r-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) —TEX HARRIS 647-8160 • FAX: (202) 647-0265 • USIA Memlier Services (202) 401-6405 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 SEPTEMBERFOREIGN 1993 SERVICEVOL. JOURNAL 70, NO.9

Editorial Board Chairman BRANDON GROVE

JANET BOGUE PHYLLIS DICHTER-FORBES JOE B. JOHNSON SUSAN KEOGH-FISHER DANIEL O. NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH The Road from Rio 19 The Green Portfolio 41 “The Independent Voice of the FEATURES Foreign Service”

Editor Speaking Out 17 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor The Death of Crisis-Management Training NANCY A. JOHNSON BY ALAN W. LUKENS Advertising Manager TINA M. DREYFUS Communications Assistant The Road from Rio 19 LIZ ALLAN BY STEPHANIE KINNEY Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS Guatemala’s Failed “Auto-Coup” 27 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E BY GEORGE GEDDA Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, Ls published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Focus: INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are Mira’s Story 31 invited. BY LAURA LIVINGSTON JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 peryear. Airmail Romania’s Unwanted Children 35 not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington. D.C. An Interview with Virginia Carson Young and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Street, N.W.. Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library The Green Portfolio 41 Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Tim Wirth and Global Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries BY DAVID CALLAHAN invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- The Global Gourmet: Moambe 44 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. BY POLLY CLINGERMAN

© American Foreign Service Association 1993 Printed in the U.S.A. Books 48

Postcard from Abroad: News of a Death, Long Distance 60 BY K. JOSLYN ROCKEMAN Send address changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA. 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037-2990 DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 Advertising Sections THE COVER: Letters 4 Marketplace 53 Timothy and Kelsey Blank, Sri Lankan adopted children of Clippings and Comment 10 Real Estate 54 USAID Foreign Service officers AFSA News Pull-out section Classifieds Pull-out section Herbert G. Blank and Lee Ann Ross In Memory 47

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 LETTERS

The Austerity Blues kids in Head Start.” The choice is not faster service. Frustrating delays within I commend the Journal for running between Bangui and Head Stait. It’s INS are more to blame on hopelessly “Austerity Comes to Bangui” (July 1993). between Bangui and Kiev, or Baku. I’m overworked and understaffed district Given the very high costs of maintain¬ sorr>’ the choice has to be made, for my offices than on the fact that we are ing personnel in a lot of developing sentiments are with Bangui. But Kiev separate agencies. countries, tire advances in international and Baku get most of the money. At the same time, bureaucracy would telecommunications, and the relatively low Finally, two unrelated points. First of increase, not decrease, by creating yet importance to the United States of many of all, my thanks for a consistently infor¬ another overseas agency at embassies— these countries, a hard look at the size and mative and readable Journal. Second, a and yet another player in the Washing¬ staffing of our embassies is overdue. pet peeve, the misuse of the word ton interagency game. If immigration As the number of UN member states “comprise.” It seems to happen more work suffers from too much bureau¬ (many very' small) continues to increase, and more often, even in the best of cracy, one doesn’t fix it by creating more we should aim to have some sort of circles, and now two occurrences in the bureaucracy. presence in all. But that presence may July issue of the FSJ. I disagree that visa work has lost its need to be something quite unlike our Harold F. Radday discretion and become mostly clerical. existing embassies. Our foreign estab¬ Arlington, Virginia A tremendous amount of judgment and lishment is in some ways structured for sensitivity are demanded in the most the world of the 1930s. It needs to be Editor’s Note: Can we plead temporary common visa decision, detennining an rethought from square one. dementia? Thank you for noting our applicant’s likelihood to return home. Arthur B. Corte inexcusably lapsed standards. The officer must keep abreast of current Dover, New Hampshire migration and fraud trends in a country. Keep Visas He or she must be aware of cultural Ladd Connell’s article brought back I must disagree with my colleagues idiosyncrasies that may affect an applicant’s memories of my own time as public who propose formation of an indepen¬ presentation. This calculus must be per¬ affairs officer in Bangui from 1970-72. dent agency to take over visas and formed in one or two minutes. On the day that our household effects immigration (“Give Up Visas?” July Jour¬ To say that visas have no relation to arrived, we received a cable from Wash¬ nal). The State Department should keep foreign policy Ls to advance a veiy narrow ington stating that my position was responsibility for the visa function—a definition of foreign policy. Foreign policy being abolished. Somehow, we man¬ task that has resided with it ever since is the sum total of our relations with aged to stay in Bangui until the end of the United States first instituted a visa another country, including commercial my tour, but the position was abolished system following World War I. affairs, cultural exchanges, and even shortly thereafter. Visas have always been a consular our daily contact with its people. I thought [abolishing this position] was function for the United States as well as Visas sections are troublesome. They a mistake, for I had, after all, been success¬ for other nations. A Foreign Immigra¬ consume resources, receive congres¬ ful in fostering better relations and better tion Service would be viewed with sional letters by the ton, and often understanding I retween the United States skepticism by many other governments. generate bad press. But they are also a and tire Central African Republic. Countries may be loath to permit law- traditional pan of diplomacy, a training Several years later, the agency rees¬ enforcement personnel to perform ground for developing judgment and tablished the public affairs officer's posi¬ within their borders what is seen tradi¬ cultural understanding, and this tion in Bangui, and again, I thought it tionally as a diplomatic function. government’s principal point of contact was a mistake. I had come to appreci¬ I see no benefits in transferring visas with more than 7 million foreign citi¬ ate that limited foreign-affairs resources and immigration to a new agency. It zens a year. The department would do had to be directed to the countries and certainly would not free new resources well to keep the visa function. situations that were the most impor¬ for the department. Government today Gary Sheaffer tant to the United States. Under these is a zero-sum game. Whatever person¬ Bureau of Consular Affairs criteria, Bangui might not make the nel and money are currently devoted to Washington, D.C. cut. So it did not surprise me to learn visas would simply be transferred to the in 1993 that positions in Bangui were new immigration agency. While the Central American Bias being cut once again. scheme may foster better coordination, Anne Stevenson-Yang’s Despatch Connell says, “I’d rather have more it will not necessarily mean better or column in the July Journal prescribes a

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Bangkok, where I was political coun¬ selor from 1979-83- Most disturbing of all, Washington refused for months to undertake serious field work to establish crucial physical data and cross-check anecdotal material as recommended by the embassy. As the U.S. government “truth campaign” progressed unchecked, its passing on of yellow-rain stories from the Khmer Rouge played into those bloodied hands as well. When a fact-finding field effort was belatedly set up, it found only more phony samples and unsupportable tales from the bush. The U.S. intelligence HOME AWAY community promptly concluded that the bad guys had ceased operations because good guys were too close to the scent. The more compelling expla¬ FROM HOME nation is that the alchemists in William For FARA Members Casey’s CIA could no longer sustain the yellow-rain story. For all FARA members we are proud to provide This politically correct intelligence the best hotel values in the Washington, D.C. from the Reagan years did a disservice Metropolitan Area. Our housing inventory offers to the causes of both nonproliferation and the Hmong themselves, who w'ere properties featuring studios, one-bedroom, two in fact terribly mistreated. Arguments bedroom apartments, spacious suites and hotel about the symptoms got in the way of rooms. You make the choice. action on the disease. Like yellow journal¬ Each location has unique proximity to ism, precooked intelligence inflames emo¬ tions, distorts public debate, and under¬ major federal centers around the Nation’s Capital mines international consensus necessary including FSI, State Department, the Pentagon, for deterrence or corrective action. Arlington, National Airport, Old Town M. James Wilkinson Foreign Policy Adviser to CINCPAC Alexandria, Foggy Bottom Metro Station, Honolulu, Hawaii Georgetown, the Kennedy Center and the White House. USIA Oral History For more information on location, fea¬ In addition to the oral-history projects cited in the article, "The Spoken Record” tures and rates of participating FARA hotels call by Ann Luppi von Mehren (August Direct: (703) 684-1825 Journal), the USIAAA Oral History Project should also be highlighted. It Fax#: (703)548-0266 has recorded about 120 interviews with former USIA Foreign Service personnel. Transcripts are maintained in two cop¬ ies: one in Stuart Kennedy’s collection and one in the USIA Archives (Martin Manning, 202-205-5487). For further in¬ formation about the project, please con¬ tava tact its current manager, Fred Coffey, FOREIGN AFFAIRS RECREATIOM ASSOCIATION 703-827-2254. FARA HOUSING DIVISION, 610 Bashford Lane, Alexandria, VA 22314 HansN. Tuch Bethesda, Maryland

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•m ^L •. USAID: Threadbare as usual The Washington Post, in ders, die House has sent to In a statement, Ameri¬ an editorial on July 29, not¬ the Senate a spending bill can Foreign Service Asso¬ ed that the administration’s that chops away at what is ciation President Tex Har¬ plans to promote sustain¬ already a tight aid request. ris wrote: “Administrator able development and The bill's huge engines— Atwood and his advisers eradication of poverty have aid to Russia, Israel, and have worked well with not been reflected in the Egypt—almost guarantee Deputy Secretary Wharton, USAID appropriations bill. that most of the administra¬ whose report provides a . . [T]he Hill has teen sty¬ tion’s money requests will basic outline of a grand mied,” the Post wrote, “by safely pass through Con¬ plan for the agency. But interminable executive gress in spite of overall articulating the specifics of branch reviews and turf budget constraints. But a that vision—including the battles that have left the re- terrible price is being paid things that will not be fonn plan languishing in as a result. To make room done—has been a pain¬ the in-boxes of senior bu¬ for these politically invio¬ fully slow process. Mean¬ reaucrats. lable items, programs that while, the blind budget “Meanwhile, it’s business serve the poorest of the machine is mandating cuts as usual with the foreign poor . . . had to take seri¬ at a fixed pace, forcing the aid appropriations bill. As ous hits in the House- leadership into an unneces¬ the administration mean¬ passed bill.” sarily harsh posture.”

Radio Free static People and Al Kamen’s column in Postings 'Ihe Washington Hanoi bound: Winston Post (July 21) Lord, co-leader of a del¬ published the egation to North Vietnam, six-figure salary proposed posting three dip¬ and benefit pack¬ lomats to Hanoi to handle ages of the top offi¬ consular matters, reported cials of Radio Free the Washington Post (July Europe/Radio Lib¬ 18). “Lord denied that the erty' Inc. At a Senate three ‘mid-level’ officers Foreign Relations would be ‘preparing the Committee hearing ground for normalization’ Senator Russell Feingold ion’s journalistic indepen¬ between the two countries. (D-WI) revealed that the dence and make it a tool of . . . However, tire three president of the Munich- government foreign policy.” proposed envoys would be based independent corpo¬ Senator Feingold and his the first U.S. diplomats as¬ ration receives $316,824 in allies asserted that “an signed to Hanoi since an salary and benefits, the di¬ organization begun by the American mission pulled rector of Radio Free Europe CIA and funded by the out in 1954.” receives a package worth government need not wor¬ London nomination: $316,036, and the person¬ ry about being seen as a William J. Crowe Jr. nel director receives a tool of U.S. policy. With the former chainnan of the package worth $232,704. Cold War over, taxpayers Joint Chiefs of Staff, has Some on the committee need a break, and a corpo¬ been nominated as ambas¬ argued that the high sala¬ ration setting its own sala¬ sador to Britain, according ries were not a reason for ries is not the way to go.” to The Neu' York Times (July the corporation to be put Legislation now being 17). Admiral Crowe sup¬ under the control of USIA, worked on calls for a presi- ported Clinton in tire elec¬ which would bring the pay dentially appointed seven- tion, defending his draft down to government levels. member board under USIA record in the Vietnam War. Senator Joseph Biden ( D-DE) with scaled-back operations He serves on the presi¬ contended that such control largely moved to Washing¬ dent's Foreign Intelligence would “threaten the operat¬ ton. Advisory Board.

10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 Rome invasion: A Anthony Lake, national secu¬ front-page story in The Bos¬ rity adviser; Les Aspin, the ton Globe (July 16) secretary of defense; and chronicled the antics of “a Warren Christopher, secretary 50 years a small herd of Boston me¬ of state. “The advisers place a dia” covering Ambassador premium on collegiality, se¬ A Jungle Crash Ray Flynn’s arrival in crecy, efficiency, and finding Vatican City. “The three a Clinton-like consensus on television stations vied for every issue.” The Foreign Service Jour¬ established and that the attention as Flynn appeared Ifill contends that Lake nal of September 1943 re¬ group is apparently resting in St. Peter’s Square at mid¬ and the national security staff counts the story of an ill- comfortably wliile awaiting night to feed quotes back generally leave the public fated journey to China in its the ground-rescue party. to Boston for the 6 p.m. stage to cabinet secretaries News from the Department There is no level area news. . . . Embassy staff Aspin and Christopher, in column. “In the hills of the widiin 50 miles of die party, handled the media on¬ part to avoid the turf warfare steaming north Burma which landed in some of slaught with cool profes¬ that marred foreign-policy jungle, a little group of 19 die wildest country in sionalism,” according to the making in other administra¬ men await rescue—rescue Burma. Globe. “One staff member tions. Christopher is quoted which, according to Ameri¬ “A radio dropped to the commented that the embassy as saying, “I think that Tony can authorities in Assam, party was broken in die officials had been prepared and Les are determined that cannot be effected through fall. Written messages pass¬ ing dirough the hands of for Flynn s attention-getting we’ll not have a repeat of the the dense undergrowth be¬ style. The officer added that tensions that existed in previ¬ fore two or three months. native runners and other secret means have already [newspaper] stories about ous administrations.” “On August 9, a trans¬ arrived at the base saying, Flynn had been passed Critics point out that the port plane flying over wild in part, ‘All comfortable, around among the staff.” Sc advisers’ working style mir¬ head-hunting temtory in rors some of President Burma had engine trouble. awaiting rescue patty, na¬ tives friendly.” Clinton’s own weaknesses. The passengers bailed out Teamwork “To some members of Con¬ and landed near a tiny vil¬ There the story ends, but die October Journal “Every Wednesday three gress and people in the for¬ lage 100 miles from die continues the saga. “The men gather around the con¬ eign-policy community, the nearest Allied Base, an Burmese headhunters . .. ference table in a spacious collegiality of the president’s American outpost. Among befriended die plane- comer office in the West advisers comes across as die group was John Davies, Wing of the White Ffouse to mushiness, their secrecy as second secretary at wrecked group. The na¬ tives kept diem supplied share sandwiches and stubbornness, and their Chungking, en route from talk.. .They are the backbone passion for efficiency as a India to his past; William widi goats and pigs and be¬ of President Clinton’s foreign maddening inability to see Stanton, of the Office of came their devoted friends. policy,” says Gwen Ifill (The the forest for the trees,” Economic Warfare; and “Further word came dirough ... by means of a New York. Times, July 3) of W. says the Times article. CBS conespondent Eric Sevareid. hand-cranked wireless set “American anny authori¬ dropped to diem from a ties made contact with the plane. They reported that, marooned party [and] a with die exception of die plane flying to die rescue loss of tiieir co-pilot... all saw a message on the side had survived and were of a cleared hill spelled out standing up well under the widi parachute clodi: ‘Send strain. ‘Many of us are cov¬ medical man with rescue ered widi insea bites and party.’ A surgeon was sores, but it Is nodiing seri¬ dropped to their aid, as ous.’” well as medicines, food ... A British officer, supplies, tents, and trinkets Pliilip Adams, found his for die natives. Planes have way to die stranded party, since lieen making daily organized die natives, and supply trips widi guns, am¬ conduaed the party safely munition, and hundreds of to the outpost where diey pounds of salt. The pilots emplaned, and now Mr. report diat the tents have Davies is at his post in been erected and a camp Chungking.”

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 11 clippings and comment

A comedy of errors Washington by telephone ‘ Sheik Omar Abdel- to keep track of more than The $5-million Rahman is in the United 2.5 million people on a bonus question States because of an anti¬ ‘watch list’ of suspicious quated system that reduces people. Michael Arnold in The Washington U.S. diplomats to bumblers,” “‘A technology that is ef¬ Post(July 13) reports that Vice President according to an article in The fectively 30 years old made Gore wants to save government cash awards Boston Globe {July 14). it extremely difficult for and bonuses—despite the fact that the House “When a congressman consular officers to do the wants to fund locality pay by cutting the program, which said that the old Abbott and job that they were trained Costello comedy team to do,’ Wirth said.” totals about $660 million annually. seemed to be running the Congress has proposed “The biggest spender among cabinet departments in visa system, State Depart¬ an amendment to the State 1992 was Health and Human Services, which paid some of ment counselor Timothy authorization bill that its 128,000 employees $69.3 million,” according to Wirth said, ‘Your descrip¬ would make consular offic¬ Arnold. tion ... is probably pretty ers accountable for failure State, with $5.3 million awarded to some of its 25,500 accurate. Everything that to refer to the visa lookout could have gone wrong list. AFSA, aware of the ob¬ employees, was among those on the low end of the scale, did, and it happened over a solete system but dubious along with the Department of Education and HUD. significant period of time.’” that funds will become Although a more mod¬ available, opposes this. In a em, computer-based sys¬ letter to the Washington long-distance, high-tech world, there are no funds tem has been installed in Post, AFSA President Tex snooping than is merited for a computerized visa- the larger embassies, Wirth Harris advocated instead by the threat to U.S. secu¬ lookout system that will admitted that the smaller more funding for comput¬ rity. Meanwhile, at 107 of screen the 700,000 appli¬ consular posts have no way erization. “We spend bil¬ our smaller-volume, visa¬ cants seeking entry every other than checking with lions to provide far more issuing posts around the year at these missions.” American Supply The best just got better.

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12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 CSCE’s tacts, to the media and Five floors up countering terrorism... .1 peacemakers grassroots organizations,” A debate is raging over can and do bring counter¬ says Norland, “because reorganizing the counter¬ terrorism matters directly As stray gunfire crackles there really isn’t the politi¬ terrorism and narcotics to the secretary.” But across checkpoints in the cal will at the top to go to operation, according to members of the House self-styled Autonomous re¬ negotiations.” Pressure on Thomas W. Lippman in “argued that the proposed public of Ossetia in the the combatants from be¬ the July 22 Washington reorganization repre¬ former Soviet Republic of low, however, is diffuse Post. The Clinton transi¬ sented a downgrading of Georgia, a small band of and does not always win a tion team “did not like the terrorism unit.” diplomats is working to reaction. “It is certainly a what it found in the State On the other hand, bring together leaders of feature of life in the former Department’s narcotics Lippman quotes the acting both sides in the Georgian Soviet Union that political and terrorism operations” director of the counter¬ civil war to find a solution. participation is a very shal¬ and proposes to “merge terrorism unit, Lawrence Foreign Service officer Ri¬ low concept,” Norland says. them into the Bureau for Pope, as saying that the chard Norland is one of “You have a few people who Narcotics, Terrorism and proposed reorganization three diplomats and four are very active, and they have Crime, headed by Foreign would give the office military attaches working skewed the process.” Service officer Robert “clout on the seventh with the Conference on Se¬ The CSCE group’s work Gelbard and reporting to floor.” Lippman points out curity and Cooperation in is made more difficult by Counselor Timothy that “The terrorism unit is Europe to find some com¬ having few sanctions avail¬ Wirth...But there’s a hitch on two.” mon ground between able to back up the nego¬ .. .he House has voted to Georgians and Ossetians, as tiation process. “We try to prohibit creating [such a First days in Kiev Russian UN peacekeepers point to principles we think bureau.]” In USIA World (Vol. 12, enforce a fragile and partial are generally accepted, but, The Post quotes Wirth: no. 2) Foreign Service of¬ ceasefire. as a mission, we can’t twist “There will be no diminu¬ ficer Mary Kruger talks “Lately we’ve had to any arms.” %<■ tion of the U.S. govern¬ about her arrival in Kiev broaden our range of con¬ —Anne Stevenson-Yang ment’s commitment to in November 1992 as act-

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SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 13 clippings and comment ing public affairs officer. help—Ukrainians qualified detailed in an obituary in was Russian, ‘use Russian “I was the fourth Ameri¬ to speak English, local The Washington Post (July to a considerable extent in can officer [and first USIS Americans who were bi¬ 22). Ireland died July 18 their household.’” The officer] to be assigned to lingual, a key person at at Winchester Medical federal government later Kiev. I worked in the liv¬ the telephone company. . Center. denied that he had been ing room of a State De¬ . . A few weeks later, the The Post states that Ire¬ improperly discharged, partment officer’s home. United States recognized land was a Russian-lan¬ but reached a $2.3 million We had four desks, four Ukraine, and the Kiev guage specialist who settlement with him in phones, nine people, and mission turned into an joined the Foreign Service 1990, after a lengthy legal one cat in this room. embassy.” Kiev as a post in 1948 and was sent to battle,” according to the There was no one to has grown rapidly, and Moscow and to other Post article. S>< screen visitors, and we Kruger now has her own posts in Europe. In 1954, had to take turns sitting office in USIA’s America when State was under down. House, where she works pressure to rid itself of Correction “After I was in Ukraine with State, USAID, Peace suspected Communist The Foreign Service a month, the people Corps, and Commerce, sympathizers and Ireland Journal regrets several er¬ voted for independence. . was in West Germany, he rors in the “Postcard from . . Shortly thereafter, I Fired for was told “he was being let Abroad” story published learned that Secretary speaking- go to save money.” in August. The RATS pro¬ Baker was planning to Twenty-five years later, duction of “Don't Drink visit Ukraine and that I in Russian he decided to reapply to the Water” was performed would have to set up the The story of Thomas State, requested his file, in 1977, not 1971. The visit without a staff. The Ireland, who was fired and discovered why he professor who appeared atmosphere in Kiev was from the Foreign Service had been discharged. in the play was Marv tremendously exciting at during the McCarthy era “The records noted that Weinbaum. Finally, Arnie the time ... I recruited a because he and his wife he and his then-wife, Raphel died in 1988, not staff of volunteers to spoke Russian at home, is Kristina, whose mother 1983.

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BY ALAN W. LUKENS important The Death of Crisis- investment Management Exercises Are American embassies now safe from terrorism? with the The State Department seems to think so.

fter the Iranian capture of the continually face them. The crisis-man¬ management A American Embassy in Tehran, agement exercises have been designed the fire bombing of the em¬ to give embassy Emergency Action Com¬ bassy in Islamabad, and the mittees experience in handling a myriad professionals attack on the embassy in Beirut, fol¬ of different crises, including natural or lowed by the slaughter of the Marines, man-made disasters, fires, bomb at¬ the Inman Commission was instructed tacks, highjackings, hostage situations, you trust. to recommend security measures to the kidnappings, drawdowns, and mob Department of State and other foreign- demonstrations. While these exercises Rental and Management affairs agencies. One of have been notional, the recommendations they have been tied to of Tine Properties in real-life situations in involved the introduc¬ A crisis-management Northwest DC, CheVy Chase, tion of crisis-manage¬ countries and, in many ment exercises to be exercise was held in cases, what has been Bethesda and Potomac held at American em¬ Kuwait only a few months acted out has sadly bassies periodically, before the Iraqi invasion, come to pass not long usually every three thereafter. This is ex¬ years or after particular and the experience actly what happened terrorist threats. gained in the exercise in my old post in Over the past eight was invaluable when the Brazzaville, where I ran years, 330 crisis-man¬ a crisis-management agement exercises have real thing took place exercise a year ago. been held in our over¬ There is now an or¬ seas missions. The ex¬ dered evacuation, and ercises have been led the various factions are by retired Foreign Service officers on at each other’s throats, with a complete breakdown of law and order. contract (of whom I am one), mostly Executive Housing assisted by retired military officers with A crisis-management exercise was experience in simulations. Almost without held in Kuwait only a few months Consultants, Inc. exception, coasulates and embassies have before the Iraqi invasion, and the expe¬ 7315 Wisconsin Avenue given high marks to these crisis-manage¬ rience gained in the exercise was in¬ Suite 1020 East ment exercises in their reports to the valuable when the real thing took place, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 department. according to then-Ambassador Nathaniel 301/951-4111 Now the State Department, under Howell. In London, the experience the gun to economize, has decided to gained in a crisis-management exercise wind up this important program at the was put to use immediately afterward, “We care jor your home end of the current fiscal year. This when Pan Am 103 was bombed. The decision seems to have little to do with embassy learned specific techniques for as if it Were our oWn. ” the currents of international terrorism organizing through the consular section and whether or not our embassies are to help American citizens. prepared to cope with the crises that In Africa, ordered or authorized

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 THE ONLY SPEIKWG OUT

CALL YOU NEED evacuations of our posts over the past gency Action Committee in quick se¬ TO MAKE! few months have included Nigeria, Zaire, quence, causing a certain amount of Liberia, and the Congo. The crisis-man¬ tension and forcing mutual reliance. agement exercises have also enabled Visits to the foreign minister, police our military friends from the different chiefs, and other dignitaries are simu¬ commands to take part (at their own lated, as control team members play ExecuStay, Inc. expense) and to show the posts how the these roles, aided by embassy officers military evacuation can be handled in lent to the control team to add a greater extremis. The evacuation of Mogadishu sense of reality . - - 1 800 735-7829 two years ago is a case in point. The Thus the Emergency Action Commit¬ 301-251-2771 crisis-management exercises also teach tee can practice what it would do if any The Experts In Furnished posts how to use “trip wires,” signs that, of the notional crises came to pass in Short & Long-term Housing at each stage, greater states of alert are real life. The exercise teaches the chair¬ needed, with a consequent drawdown man of the committee (usually the DCM of personnel. A crisis-management ex¬ or political officer) how to marshal his ercise in Addis Ababa several months or her resources, how to delegate tasks before the evacuation there gave the to other committee members, and how¬ embassy a simulation that closely paral¬ to report to the department via phone or leled subsequent events. cable while keeping the essential logs At a yearly cost of $960,000, the and records. At the conclusion of the crisis-management exercises offer a big exercise, all the participants take part in bang for the buck. Our five crisis- a post-mortem. The ExecuStay Advantage management exercise team leaders are The State Department appears to ■ Hundreds of locations in the city or suburbs, for thirty senior retired Foreign Service officers have concluded that crisis-management days or longer. whose combined expertise covers most training is a fringe activity that can easily ■ Rates below per diem. of the world’s hot spots. The teams have be offered up on the altar of austerity. ■ Flexible short and long-term averaged four trips or eight crisis-man¬ Meanwhile, die threat to Americans abroad leases. agement exercises per year for a total of has increased radter than diminished. ■ One, two and three bedroom about 40, or roughly 330 over the pe¬ apartments. Crisis management in the depart¬ ■ Townhouses. riod. I have personally led 52, mostly in ment has always been a waif searching ■ Private homes. Africa and the Far East. While the crisis- for parents. Originally designed to be ■ Fully furnished to meet your management exercise focus has been part of the Foreign Service Institute, the lifestyle. principally on our embassies overseas, program was placed under the Office of Quality housewares including ■ exercises have also been conducted at die Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism, linens, fully outfitted kitchens and decorative accessories. home for ambassadors, deputy chiefs of where it logically belongs, and then ■ All expenses including utili¬ mission, regional security officers, com¬ shunted to Diplomatic Security', mostly ties, phone service and cable munity liaison officers, and junior officers. because DS had the funding. DS has television, on one bill. In addition, there have been several train¬ always treated crisis management as a ■ Maid service upon request. ing sessions for the geographic bureaus stepchild, so it was perhaps natural that, ■ Fitness centers at most locales. showing how department task forces should ■ Pets accepted at many locales. when the axe had to fall, it would do so ■ Washers and dryers. cope with emergencies in their respective on what I)S considers a fringe activity. ■ Close to shopping and enter¬ areas. Is this an intelligent way to run a rail¬ tainment. In conducting an exercise, the team road? More is needed than merely ■ Many locations on public leaders put together a scenario set in the turning these posts into impregnable transportation routes. future but closely related to what could fortresses. Let us hope that cooler ■ Concierge service at some locations. really happen in the posts about to heads prevail and that this useful pro¬ ■ Major credit cards accepted. receive the training. This consists of a gram will not be buried unceremoni¬ Most Importantly... background document analyzing the ously in the potter’s field of depart¬ world situation six to 12 months hence ■ You make the decisions, we mental lost causes. ■ provide the service. and the consequences for a specific ■ We meet your budget. country about to be visited. Then the A retired Foreign Service officer who team arrives at the post. After a briefing served as ambassador to the Congo, 932 Hungerford Drive Suite 12B for all concerned, the exercise takes two Alan W. Lukens leads a crisis-man¬ Rockville, Maryland 20850 full days. Pre-written cables, memos, agement team under the Bureau of and phone calls are given to the Emer¬ Diplomatic Security.

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 COMING DOWN T■ he UN Conference on Environment The roadmap leading from Rio is I and Development (UNCED), held Agenda 21, a global action plan for in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, produced sustainable development, the negotia¬ TO EARTH an ambitious set of goals for global tion of which was perhaps the most environmental preservation and eco¬ significant accomplishment of the nomic development. The tens of thou¬ UNCED process. Ambitious to say the AFTER THE sands of conferees provided energy and least, Agenda 21 (so named to indicate enthusiasm, but it has been left to those the century for which it is designed) following behind to put mediod into the contains 40 chapters aimed at identify¬ EARTH SUMMIT mandates. Those charged with taking ing actions needed to promote sustain¬ up the standard include everyone from able development. These areas include national governments, regional eco¬ such matters as financial resources, edu¬ © nomic organizations, and UN organs cation, technology transfer, desertifica¬ and agencies, to “major groups,” such as tion, biodiversity, atmosphere, oceans, BY nongovernmental organizations and and hazardous wastes. STEPHANIE youth groups, indigenous peoples, farm¬ Some have criticized Agenda 21 KINNEY ers, and trade unions. because it is so broad as to be flat. Others have complained that it is not legally binding and therefore, strictly speaking, not enforceable. But others emphasize that Agenda 21’s strengths lie in the fact that it reflects a consen¬ sus of the entire international commu¬ nity. In fact, it has already begun to influence international debate and fo¬ cus activity. UNCED was a landmark in the effort to bring together the concerns of those principally interested in preserving the environment and those more concerned with economic development. The con¬ cept adopted to promote a meeting of the minds was sustainable develop¬ ment. The new UN Commission on Sustainable Development offers a unique opportunity to bring together these two communities, the more-de¬ tionol Copyright by CARTOONEWS Inc. N Y C. USA veloped and the less-developed world, Running Out of Time to the benefit and enrichment of both.

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 There are ways to create a clean more than its status as another UN environment while promoting eco¬ subsidiary commission might suggest. Vice President Gore nomic growth. The commission must Participants in the CSD's first sub¬ help bring these ways to the attention set a reassuring tone stantive meeting last June were there¬ of policy-makers and provide models for the meeting with a fore somewhat anxious about its out¬ of effective implementation. keynote address that come. The only guide to the meeting’s organization and purpose was a provi¬ emphasized “national ROLLING UP THEIR sional agenda that focused on report¬ SLEEVES responsibility” and ing, financial assistance, and technol¬ To promote and monitor imple¬ “international ogy transfer. Big questions remained mentation of the Agenda 21 agenda, partnership.” alxrut die willingness of countries to focus the document’s framers called for the more on practicalities than ideological establishment of the Commission on agendas. Questions also remained about Sustainable Development (CSD) un¬ what kind of leadership key countries, der the auspices of the Economic and of die UN under-secretary for policy such as die United States, would provide. Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United coordination and sustainable develop¬ Our performance in Rio the year before Nations. The first substantive meeting ment, Nitin Desai. Malaysia’s penna- had disappointed many who remem¬ of the CSD took place in June 1993, nent representative to the United Na¬ bered the leading role we had played at one year after UNCED. tions, Ambassador Razali Ismail, will the landmark Stockholm Conference on No blueprint exists to show what chair the commission until its next meet¬ Man and the Environment 20 years the CSD will look like when it is fully ing in May 1994, assisted by a bureau before. developed, but its foundation has composed of representatives from been laid. For now, it consists of 53 Canada, Tunisia, Antigua and Barbuda, ASSIGNMENT: 10 CHAPTERS member states representing various and the Czech Republic. Other UN YEARLY geographic regional blocs, which member states and affiliated groups The United States, under a new ad¬ choose spokesmen for three-year may participate in CSD meetings as ministration more publicly identified terms. It is supported by a four-per¬ observers. The overarching concern is with environmental issues, responded son secretariat under the leadership that the CSD be more and accomplish positively. Vice President Gore set a The Remington Fits Your Washington Schedule.

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20 • FORKIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 reassuring tone for the meeting with a ment throughout the UN system. It has (Executive keynote address that emphasized “na¬ recommended a report by the secretary- tional responsibility" and “international general on efforts of the UN Inter- oCoJ.cj.incf partnership.” The fact that the United Agency Committee on Sustainable De¬ States was prepared to participate ac¬ velopment to implement Agenda 21 ^Alternatives tively in the process was considered a and a review by the UN General Assem¬ good omen for the future of the CSD in bly of inter-governmental organizations. Interim Accommodations for particular and the issue of sustainable In addition, all countries were asked to development in general. maintain greater consistency in posi¬ The Corporate and Government On the practical side, delegates to the tions within the UN system. The com¬ Markets June meeting reached agreement on a mission also invited all UN bodies to multi-year work plan for the commis¬ send appropriately high-level represen¬ c/f/iartmunti sion to ensure that it will review all 40 tation to CSD meetings and to provide chapters of Agenda 21 by 1997. In brief, information on the adequacy of finan¬ + ^Dou)nfiou.ic.\ in addition to cross-sectoral issues, the cial resources to implement Agenda 21. + cSinytt. ‘^DamiCy cHomt.1 CSD will focus on health and human settlements, fresh water, and toxic chemi¬ HELPING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE" cals and hazardous wastes in 1994. In In response to continuing calls by 1995, it will focus on land, desertifica¬ developing countries for greater finan¬ tion, forests, and biodiversity. In 1996, cial assistance and preferential terms for LOCATIONS the focus will be on atmosphere and access to and transfer of technology, the oceans, and all kinds of seas. In 1997, commission established intersessional Crystal City there will be an overall review and working groups. The working groups appraisal of Agenda 21 by the CSD in on finance will review and monitor the Ballston preparation for a special session of the requirements, availability, and adequacy Rosslyn UN General Assembly that year. The of financial resources for implementing Springfield different clusters of Agenda 21. A similar multi-year thematic program can be Alexandria adjusted to accommodate urgent or process was established to assess devel¬ emerging issues as the need arises. oping countries’ technological needs Tyson’s Corner At the national level, the commission and to develop a strategy for promoting Reston established an annual, voluntary report¬ technology transfer and cooperation. In Falls Church ing process. Nations will report progress both areas, countries will be encour¬ on the year’s themes. These national aged to consider not just what new McLean submissions are to be turned in at least resources are needed but also how Washington, D.C. six months in advance of each CSD existing resources can be used better. meeting so that the secretariat can pre¬ The working-level segment of the pare a consolidated report and analysis. June CSD meeting was followed by a • Furnished and Non-governmental organizations are also very successful high-level segment on unfurnished expected to share their perspectives, June 23-24, at which the United States • Furnished units fully and will thereby serve as a check on was represented by State Department official submissions. Counselor Timothy Wirth and Environ¬ equipped and mental Protection Agency Administra¬ accessorized “CULTURE OF REPORTING” tor Carol Browner. Ministers from over • Pets and children 40 countries also attended. Left unstruc¬ The voluntary, national reporting welcome in many locations process somewhat disappointed those tured to encourage more candid ex¬ who hoped to establish an obligatory changes, the ministerial session pro¬ • Many “walk to metro” tribunal to identify and sanction envi¬ duced a surprisingly lively exchange of locations ronmental delinquents. Others, how¬ views on UNCED follow-up, the pur¬ • Accommodations to fit ever, embraced the voluntary reporting pose for the CSD, and the future role of process as an opportunity to establish high-level representatives. A number of specific requirements quickly a “culture of reporting” on countries pledged to hold intersessional • Variable length leases progress toward sustainable develop¬ meetings aimed at contributing to prepa¬ available. ment. We will have to wait until next rations for next year’s annual meeting. January to see what fruit this good-faith Fax: (703) 642-3619 effort bears. A BALANCED APPROACH One of the CSD’s most important The highlight of the ministerial ses¬ 5105-K Backlick Rd. functions is to promote a more coordi¬ sion was the dramatic announcement Annandale, Virginia 22003 nated approach to sustainable develop¬ of a joint initiative by the United States (703) 642-5491

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 and Colombia—as on its CSD delega¬ head of the devel- tion—one from the oping-co untry UN Association Group of 77 (G- and the other from 77). The two coun¬ the U.S. Council for tries offered to help International Busi¬ prepare for the ness. NGOs made Intersessional statements in Working Group on sectoral caucuses Technology Trans¬ and monitored the fer, Cooperation official process. It and Capacity Build¬ is expected that ing. Given the de¬ they will play an cisive nature of important watch¬ technology transfer dog role in the vol¬ along North-South untary, national re¬ lines, our joint ini¬ potting process. tiative sent a strong The United signal. It gave con¬ States will now crete meaning to calls for a “new tions from NGOs and the business have to work hard to turn high expec¬ partnership” between developed and community to the intersessional meet¬ tations about its engagement in the developing countries and demonstrated ing. post-UNCED process into concrete ways our commitment to help narrow the Stimulating non-governmental sup¬ to promote national accountability and North-South divide and move debate port for the CSD should not be difficult. international partnership. The Clinton on technology transfer in a more prag¬ More than 300 representatives of ac¬ administration has made a good down- matic direction. The efforts will be credited NGOs attended the June meet¬ payment on this engagement policy. aimed at ensuring a balanced approach ing, including about 120 from the United First, it has appointed an imposing to the issues and mobilizing contribu- States. The United States had two NGOs advocate for sustainable development

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22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 and the environment at the Department its purpose as a catalyst. Notwithstand¬ of State in the form of Tim Wirth, who So, if you have been ing its everything-but-the-kitchen-sink character and the awkward, UN-speak will fill a new function as under secre¬ wondering where the tary for global affairs. Second, it has language, Agenda 21 also seems to be recently established the President’s road from Rio leads, if fulfilling its promise of providing the Council on Sustainable Development anywhere, the answer global community with a common ref¬ (PCSD) to stimulate new policy direc¬ seems to be in “21” erence point against which we can check our priorities and mark forward tions in this area. directions. The President’s Council represents a progress. groundbreaking commitment to explore Does this mean we can sit back and and develop policies that promote sus¬ rest? Hardly. We have just begun to tainable development in the United education, and setting environmental think creatively about the ways we can States and in our assistance efforts priorities. By January 1994, it is to rec¬ integrate environmental and economic abroad. The 25-member council seeks ommend a broad strategy for how the goals. How many years remain before to build a new partnership among rep¬ United States might achieve sustainable we can expect to have agreed on envi¬ resentatives from industry and govern¬ development in some of the critical ronmental-performance standards and ment (State will be represented by Wirth), areas identified in Agenda 21. In June ways to account for natural resources? as well as environmental, labor, and 1994, the PCSD will identify specific We have not really started reorganizing civil-rights organizations, to develop actions that should be taken to pursue and restructuring ourselves to ensure new approaches to integrate economic the national sustainable-development such an integrated approach. and environmental policies. strategy. Or consider trade and commerce. To expedite its work, the PCSD will Why is there so little understanding and divide into issue-specific committees to OFF THE SOAPBOX sympathy between the trade and envi¬ develop strategies in particular areas, So, if you have been wondering ronmental communities? Why do Japan such as sustainable agriculture and land where the road from Rio leads, if any¬ and Germany understand what we do use, efficient energy and transportation where, the answer seems to be in “21” not? When will our schooling, our eco¬ systems, environmental justice, eco-ef- directions. If the United States is a good nomic analysis, and our value systems ficient manufacturing, environmental example, UNCKD seems to have served ensure that economic growth and envi- FSOs, EXECUTIVE AND PROFESSIONAL RETIREES— THIS MAY BE EXACTLY RIGHT FOR YOU!!!

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SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE J0URNA1 • 23 WAYS and MEANS Building on an array of commitments and initiatives following UIMCED, the United States can now point to a wide variety of additional actions it is taking to implement Agenda 21 © Post-UNCED Conferences: Agenda 21 a meeting of the International Program on calls for major global conferences to deal with Chemical Safety in February 1993 to identify lead the issues of land-based sources of marine international organizations for specific future ac¬ pollution, the sustainable development of tivities to promote “community right to know” small island states, and the conservation of (CRTK) programs, as called for in chapter 19 of highly migratory fish stocks. The United Agenda 21. Following the recommendation of States supports cooperative efforts to ad¬ that meeting, the OECD agreed to begin work on dress these issues and will host the confer¬ a CRTK guidance document. ence on land-based sources of marine pollu¬ Desertification: The United States is com¬ tion in Washington in 1995. The United States mitted to the early establishment of a conven¬ also co-sponsored a World Coast Conference tion to combat desertification and the effects regional workshop on integrated coastal zone of drought and is an active participant in the Come to American management and responses to climate ongoing negotiations to address this issue. Service Center for diplomatic change. Population: The United States considers immunity from high prices. If Climate Change: The United States was addressing population growth as essential to you are on an overseas the first developed country to ratify the climate the goal of sustainable development. Presi¬ convention, which it did a year ago. On April dent Clinton in January announced that the assignment, and cany a 21, President Clinton announced our commit¬ United States would reverse the so-called diplomatic or official passport, ment to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions Mexico City policy, which had restricted fund¬ you can save on the purchase to their 1990 levels by the year 2000, and we ing for certain international population pro¬ of a new Mercedez Benz with have just presented an action plan outlining grams. The administration's budget proposal U S. equipment, shipped the specific steps that will be taken to achieve for FY 1994 calls for an increase in its com¬ this target. mitment of resources to population pro¬ directly to the United States or Biodiversity and Forests: The United grams. for pick up in Stuttgart* States signed the Convention on Biological Di¬ Bilateral Foreign Assistance: The U.S. Contact Erik Granholm, versity on June 4,1993. As a major step to¬ Agency for International Development our Diplomatic and Tourist ward implementing the convention, we have (USAID) recently announced that it would announced our creation of a National Biologi¬ make promotion of sustainable develop¬ Sales Manager cal Survey to gather, analyze, and disseminate ment its principal objective. USAID is cur¬ information on U.S. biological resources and rently managing an environmental-assis¬ to foster increased scientific understanding of tance portfolio of approximately $3.3 bil¬ those resources. lion, which commands over $650 million At the Earth Summit, the United States pro¬ annually of agency resources. Its programs posed that all developed countries double their directly address six of Agenda 21’s nine international forest assistance. Our FY 1994 clusters: health, human settlements, and budget request calls for investing $30 million fresh water; toxic chemicals and hazardous in 1994 and $50 million in each of the next wastes; atmosphere; oceans and all kinds of four years toward the goal of reducing worldwide seas; forests; and biodiversity and land de¬ deforestation. In addition to this, USAID’s obliga¬ sertification. tions for tropical forest and biodiversity conserva¬ Global Environment Facility: The United tion exceeded $135 million for FY 1992-93. States strongly supports efforts to restruc¬ Toxic Chemicals: The United States hosted ture the Global Environment Facility so it

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BY GEORGE GE

It was called “Fuji coup 2.” Guatemalan President Jorge Serrano, restless after two years and four months in office, suspended the Supreme Court and the Congress and seized near-absolute power on May 25, copying in large measure what President Alberto Fujimori had done in Peru almost 14 months earlier. Pro-democracy forces in the hemisphere were appalled. Assistant Secretary of State Bernard Aronson called Serrano at 9 a.m. on the day of the “auto-coup,” imploring him not to carry out his plan, but his appeals were brushed aside. By the end of the day, not many held out hope that the situation could be reversed, particularly since the military seemed to be in Serrano’s corner. Most analysts placed little faith in the ability of international sanctions or other types of pressure to influence the situation. Bosnians, Haitians, Iraqis, and others know all too well the shortcomings of international pressures. It was generally as¬ sumed that the Guatemalan leadership would be able to shrug off whatever sanctions the Organization of American States decided to come up with. But an astonishing series of events over the next II days proved that political miracles are indeed possible, even in a country with a political tradition as wretched as Guatemala’s. Serrano was forced to flee the country a week after his power grab, democracy was restored, and the old-guard Guatemalan military, seemingly invincible for so many years, had suffered a devastating setback.

FUJI FEARS When Alberto Fujimori, with military backing, suspended the Peruvian constitution in April 1992, asserting that drastic action was needed to cope with the C 1993 Worldwide Copyright by CARTNOONEWS INTERNATIONAL Syndicate. N Y C. USA country’s corruption, violence, and misery, the Organization Guatemala's President Ramiro de Leon Carpio of American States, with U.S. acquiescence, responded weakly.

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 OAS inaction has had a price. Many presi¬ won the backing of military leaders and dents in the hemisphere are worried, for looked for international support. But when example, that “Fuji-virus” might he conta¬ he summoned foreign envoys to a meet¬ gious, as was evident at the Latin American ing, only a handful showed up, a clear summit meeting in Brazil in July. Cuba's rebuff. Fidel Castro received a much warmer In Washington, meanwhile, OAS for¬ welcome than did Fujimori, because the eign ministers met in emergency session, latter is seen as the far greater threat. complying with a two-year-old OAS provi¬ Fujimori was treated more as a pariah than sion calling for such a gathering whenever a head of state, notes Douglas constitutional processes in a member coun¬ Payne, Latin America expert at try are interrupted. Espina’s envoy at Freedom House, a pro-democ¬ the meeting, a Senano appointee, racy group in New York. “No issued a forceful appeal for sup¬ one wanted to be seen counte¬ port of Espina, lout none nancing what he did." of the more than 30 representatives SANCTIONING SERRANO present paid Compared with Peru, Guate¬ heed, reasoning mala appeared downright se¬ that such a deci¬ rene, despite its continuing civil sion should be left war, deeply rooted social and to Guatemalan economic problems, and the Former President of Guatemala Jorge Serrano constitutional pro¬ exclusion of the countiy’s major¬ cesses without out¬ ity indigenous population from effective participation. Serrano’s side influence. Secretary of State Warren Christopher warned gamble seemed to fulfill the worst Fuji-virus prophecies. Guatemalan leaders they faced hemispheric isolation if they However an impressive effort—both within Guatemala and rejected a constitutional outcome, and he reaffirmed that U.S. internationally—was mobilized to ensure that Serrano’s gam¬ trade sanctions were under serious consideration. bit would fail. '[’lie next evening, faced with international and domestic Before the day ended on May 25, the OAS permanent repudiation and a court decision declaring his attempted council met in special session in Washington and denounced accession to be illegal, Espina surrendered his bid. Some 24 Serrano’s deed. The Clinton administration suspended more hours later, the Guatemalan Congress elected as president than $30 million in assistance shortly thereafter. Many Euro¬ Ramiro de Leon Carpio, a government human-rights pros¬ pean countries followed suit. Three days after the coup, OAS ecutor, to seive out the remaining two years of Serrano’s Secretary General Joao Baena Soares flew to Guatemala City tenu. To most observers, it was pressure from within the and urged a restoration of democracy in die strongest terms. country more than the international pressure that spared He made a second visit a few days later. Guatemala another period of undiluted military hegemony. The strong signals of international disapproval were But Aronson said the outside pressures “gave heart to the reinforced by an outpouring of opposition at home. internal forces. The two reinforced each other.” Guatemala’s growing entrepreneurial sector, worried about the possibility of hemispheric trade sanctions, joined with TIGHTENING THE SCREWS labor unions, human rights groups, student organizations and Peter Hakim, acting president of the Inter-American others in rejecting a return to arbitrary rule. Rigoberto Dialogue, says the external pressure on Serrano and his allies Menchu, a political activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, was essential. "The United States impressively demonstrated organized a number of noisy demonstrations against the what its soon-to-be-announced policy of ‘assertive coup. multilateralism’ might look like,” Hakim says. “It quickly William Wright, a journalism professor at Florida Interna¬ denounced Serrano’s ambitions; demanded that constitu¬ tional University, said the Guatemalan news media played a tional order be restored; initiated economic sanctions; and particularly heroic role in resisting the coup, refusing to allow joined other governments at the OAS to devise a strategy to government censors into their newsrooms. Among the more deal with the crisis.” visible allies of the media during the early stages was the U.S. The Los Angeles Times Tracy Wilkinson wrote that Serrano embassy, which offered support and encouragement and lost military support for his gamble “w'hen the international hosted a news conference at which press restrictions were and domestic fury became insurmountable and the threat of discussed. severe economic sanctions became real.” When Serrano gave up his quest after one week, he bitterly The events of that 11-day period also exposed the assailed newsmen who were on hand as he left the presiden¬ existence of a faction in the Guatemalan military with a far tial palace to flee into exile in Panama. Amid the chaos, more progressive outlook than the old guard, and de Leon Serrano’s vice president, Gustavo Espina Salguero, attempted alluded to this phenomenon on his first day in office. “Within to seize the presidency as the constitutional successor. He the army, there is an understanding that it is time to prepare

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 for peace,” he said. On that same day, he fired the defense worsened during his five-year term. In 1990, the noted minister, Jose Domingo Garcia Samayoa. He said highest forensic anthropologist, Clyde Snow, said, “If anyone priority would be given to ending Guatemala’s civil war, wanted to commit murder and get away with it, they Central America’s last and longest. should come to Guatemala.” Conditions actually deteriorated Among U.S. officials who had worked hard for Central further after Serrano took office in January 1991. During his American democracy over the years, the sigh of relief first three months in office, there were 180 extrajudicial when democracy prevailed was almost audible. “A miracle,” executions reported and 46 “disappearances.” exclaimed Aronson, who had suffered the enormous The election of civilians appeared to have no impact on frustration of seeing Haiti’s illegal government survive all the military’s ability to do as it pleased. Even the Guate¬ sorts of international pressures to induce them to surren¬ malan Congress’s decision in 1986 to establish the Office der power. During the 11 days prior to de Leon’s acces¬ of a Human Rights Ombudsman—essentially a govern¬ sion, the Guatemalan military appeared weak and indeci¬ ment prosecutor who handles human-rights cases—seemed sive, and the humiliation of the brass was such that military to make little difference. The first occupant of that office establishments elsewhere no doubt feel, at least tempo¬ accomplished little, but the situation changed after his rarily, that the barracks are a far more congenial place than resignation in October 1989- His successor was none the political arena. other than Ramiro de Leon Carpio who, at considerable personal risk, was able to put human rights at the forefront BLOOD AND TEARS of the public debate for the first time. His efforts resulted The accession of a human-rights crusader to the Gua¬ in the first convictions of Guatemalan security officers in temalan presidency was a particularly pleasing moment history, earning him a national reputation. for those in the United States and Guatemala who had As Serrano plotted his move last May 25 to seize been haunted for years by the history of American control, one of the first acts by his security forces was to involvement in Guatemala during much of this century. surround de Leon’s house. Word of those actions quickly Precisely two weeks after Serrano had tried to seize power reached the U.S. Embassy, and when Aronson made his for himself, Deputy Secretary of State Clifton Wharton mid-morning phone call to Serrano from Washington, he turned up in Guatemala City on a hastily arranged visit to asked that the forces be withdrawn. Serrano claimed not help celebrate the country’s democratic rebirth. As Wharton to know what Aronson was talking about. De Leon hailed the defeat of the authoritarians as a “momentous managed to escape the military’s efforts to corral him, and historical achievement,” it was easy to forget the decades he spent the next 11 days in hiding, emerging when the during which Guatemala was treated almost as a colonial Congress was ready to elect him. possession of the United Fruit Co. and allied firms, owners De Leon’s challenge now is to consolidate the gains for of huge tracts of the country’s most fertile lands. democracy in Guatemala that his presidency represents. Politically, many Guatemalans hold the United States In this effort, he can expect at least moral support from the partly responsible for Guatemala’s evolution into Latin United States. The trend toward democratic rule in Latin America’s most repressive country over the past 30 years. America since the late 1970s has been well received in A CIA-sponsored coup in Guatemala in 1954, a peak Cold Washington, and, reciprocally, anti-American feeling in War year, ousted an elected government with leftist Latin American has declined. Furthermore, some genuine leanings, laying the groundwork for an extended period breakthroughs have occurred in the promotion of eco¬ of unspeakably violent military or military-dominated nomic reform and freer trade. But as Abraham Lowenthal rule. Since the early 1960s, the estimates by human rights of the University of Southern California points out, con¬ groups of Guatemalans killed in army operations against solidation of democracy in the hemisphere has a long way suspected leftist rebels are in excess of 100,000, far to go, with effective democratic governance unchallenged outstripping the death toll of any other Latin American only in a few countries where democracy was firmly country. (One prominent victim of Guatemala’s violence implanted years ago—Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay. was U.S. Ambassador John Gordon Mein, who was shot to Among the difficulties de Leon faces is that of selling death on a Guatemala City street in 1968 by leftist his reform program to entrenched interests. As an ex¬ insurgents.) ample, the Guatemalan entrepreneurs who mobilized The period of greatest savagery occurred in the late against Serrano in May can be expected to reforge their 1970s and early 1980s, a time when U.S. leverage was at alliance with the military if de Leon displeases them with a minimum because there were no U.S. assistance pro¬ proposals for steep tax increases. “They’ll be knocking on grams and the Guatemalan leadership paid no attention to the barracks’ doors,” says Payne. But he is nonetheless American appeals for restraint. Several of those appeals optimistic. “De Leon really fits the bill for what that society were made by Ambassador-at-large Vernon Walters dur¬ needs,” Payne says.“There is probably no one else in ing secret visits to Guatemala. Invariably, he was rebuffed. Guatemala’s political culture who has the skills necessary Hopes for a new era were raised in 1985 with the for consolidating democratic rule.” ■ election of a bona fide democrat as president, Vinicio Cerezo. But Cerezo was unable to curb the military’s George Gedda, a State Department correspondent for the appetite for abuse, and human rights conditions steadily Associated Press, writes frequently on Latin America.

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Underwritten by Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company Reserve Corps up and running The Foreign Service Reserve Corps within State-and to support our USAID had an initial enrollment of more than and USIA colleagues in their efforts to 475 reservists who had completed and extend the concept to development returned their registration forms to the and public diplomacy. We will reiter¬ State Department as of mid-August. ate the point that reservists are a more Some 346 persons had received letters cost-effective way of meeting person¬ notifying them of their acceptance, nel needs than, for example, the use and their names had been sent to var¬ of contractors. ious bureaus as being available for as¬ Meanwhile, we are working to signment, according to State’s make the Reserve Corps more attrac¬ Retirement Office and the coordinator tive and effective. In response to our of the Reserve Corps. Initial delays in urging, the Medical Office is now au¬ processing were attributed to a glut of thorized to treat reservists at post. We time-sensitive clearance requests from have been asked by several of you the new administration-and the ab¬ who would pay MEDEVAC travel. We Director General Genta Hawkins Holmes (left) receives a check from AFSA Presi¬ sence of computer hardware and peo¬ are addressing the issue; for now, the dent Tex Harris to support the summer ple to operate it. answer remains the reservist, who internship of Rashida Sykes (center). Retirees recalled. Still to be cre¬ would be expected to cover that ex¬ Photo by Liz Allan ated is a system to tell whether rehired pense by means of insurance. annuitants have been selected via the Prospects: Since the events sur¬ USAID news Reserve Corps or directly by bureau rounding the opening of NIS embas¬ executive directors. The 14 reservists sies are unlikely to recur, the most New leadership for USAID AFSA The AFSA Governing Board, on July recalled to date who can be clearly immediate prospects are for temporary 26, elected John A. "Pat" Patterson as traced to the Reserve Corps list have assignments for B&F officers, secretar¬ USAID vice president. C. Stuart Calli- virtually all been recalled to staff the ies, and such specialties as building se¬ son, who won the election in July, has Newly Independent States (NIS) em¬ curity. Budget considerations are the been transferred to Bangladesh. As of bassies. In addition to several tempo¬ major constraint. this writing, Patterson, who is finishing rary chargd positions, six The Foreign Affairs Reserve Corps, a tour as associate mission director in administrative officers were hired by like any reserve, depends upon the Manila, was to report for duty with FBO to locate staff housing in NIS cap¬ needs that might emerge from world AFSA in late August. Patterson has long itals, and calls went out for communi¬ events. What we can say with confi¬ been an AFSA activist, serving as cators, security specialists, secretaries, dence is that the State Department For¬ USAID vice president in the 1970s. and budget and fiscal officers. eign Affairs Reserve Corps is ready and This serves to underline the import¬ able to respond. R&R, shortened tours, ance of potential Washington employ¬ promotion board ment for reservists. AFSA is working to AFSA has settled one of two out¬ incorporate the existing WAE (When AAFSW Bookfair standing institutional grievances with Actually Employed) hirings into the USAID. Without AFSA clearance, the Reserve Corps so that all hiring of an¬ October 23-31,1993 agency had published a series of gen¬ nuitants will come via the corps. Proceeds benefit the eral notices on R&R and shortened Pending Issues: AFSA will con¬ AFSA/AAFSW Scholarship tours. This has been resolved with the tinue to promote the Reserve Corps Fund issuing of a new message to the field

SEPTEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 1 that had been cleared by AFSA. come of this briefing. dent Priscilla Del Bosque’s testimony Progress is also being made with GAO questionnaire on IG in May 1992 to the Senate Committee USAID on the second outstanding in¬ By mid-September the General Ac¬ on Governmental Affairs. Del Bosque stitutional grievance. AFSA attended counting Office (GAO) is planning to stressed the need for an independent the briefing for all three promotion mail questionnaires on the effective¬ review and assessment of the USAID boards (Consolidated Senior Foreign ness and efficiency of the USAID Of¬ IG operations and conduct. As a result Service, Senior Threshold, and Admin¬ fice of the Inspector General (OIG) to of AFSA’s testimony, the Accounting istrative) in early June but was barred randomly selected domestic and over¬ and Financial Management Division of from the second briefing session for seas employees. After receiving and re¬ the GAO began a review of both the the Consolidated Promotion Board. viewing employee responses, the audit and investigative branches of the USAID has agreed to give this second GAO will write a report of its findings. Inspector General’s office. The GAO briefing to AFSA, and any further ac¬ The long-awaited questionnaire questionnaires are part of this review. tion on this grievance pends the out¬ grew out of former USAID Vice Presi¬ from the USIA vice president

By Raz Bazala better able to address Foreign Service within the administration to counter I am encouraged by the good news bread-and-butter concerns, my efforts this perception, such as building sup¬ of growth in USIA’s AFSA membership, will focus on improving conditions in port for policies that contribute to the which rose more than 50 percent dur¬ the workplace for our members. transformation of Central and East Eu¬ ing the past year to over 300-that’s one To advance our professional con¬ rope and the former Soviet Union into quarter of USIA’s approximately 1,200 cerns, AFSA will need greater involve¬ democratic societies and market econ¬ FSOs and foreign-affairs specialists. ment by Washington members in the omies. AFSA can underscore the capa¬ New applications for membership AFSA Standing Committee, and I en¬ bilities USIA can bring to the process, continue to flow in regularly. courage USIA members in the field to such as cost-effective approaches to In numbers, it has been said, there serve as AFSA post representatives. educational reform that can serve as is strength. What really constitutes Professional concerns are of in¬ models for democratization. strength in AFSA, however, is member¬ creasing importance with a new ad¬ I welcome your ideas on the key is¬ ship involvement and communication. ministration faced with the task of sues facing AFSA and the Foreign Ser¬ To fulfill AFSA’s potential we need the developing a post-cold war foreign vice and ways to address them. Drop active involvement of interested mem¬ policy-and forging a new national me a line (AFSA, Room 368, USIA, 301 bers across the entire spectrum of is¬ consensus to support it, both among 4th Street, SW), send me a FAX ([202] sues from labor-management relations the American public and in Congress. 401-6410), or call 647-8160. to professional concerns. We must contribute to the articulation Before the election last year, which of a new vision for USIA so that the gave AFSA the right to represent the budget and personnel cuts of the next USIA Foreign Service in bargaining few years do not leave the agency USIA agreement signed with agency management, my interest without resources to accomplish the in AFSA centered on professional is¬ objectives the administration and Con¬ sues. The election, however, made gress ultimately agree upon. AFSA’s vice president for USIA its chief Unfortunately, many in Congress negotiator for the Foreign Service bar¬ and elsewhere are writing USIA off as gaining unit. Since we were voted into a Cold-War relic. There is much we can power by colleagues who saw AFSA as and must do on both the Hill and

A Helping Hand Mark (not his real name) came into the AFSA offices with a sad tale of an evacuation and lost belongings, During an evacuation from post his household goods were left behind, and he had not received payment for that part of his claim that covered the lost consumables. The department said he needed detailed receipts to process payment. The Claims Branch finally said that eyewitness statements from colleagues describing the amount of consumables observed in storage at post were needed to verify the cJairn, AFSA took on the task of obtaining these statements from M ark's AFSA USIA Vice President Bazala colleagues, who were now scattered worldwide. The statements were signs the housekeeping agreement. passed on to Claims-we hope they did the trick!

2 • AFSA NEWS* SEPTEMBER 1993 Lunch with Medical issues Membership Atwood; Talbott, Health issues Overseas Spero to follow reevaluated at auto-insurance By Gilbert D. Kulick Outreach Coordinator State policies offered As part of our ongoing effort to As budget constraints cause the "It was so simple and easy," said build domestic constituencies for the Medical Department to reevaluate the Jeanne Pershy, security engineering of¬ Foreign Service, AFSA periodically care provided to Foreign Service per¬ ficer, referring to the process of obtain¬ brings members of our business affili¬ sonnel and their dependents, AFSA is ing overseas auto insurance through ates group, the International Associ¬ keeping a close eye on a range of is¬ Rutherfoord Insurance Inc. Jeanne, ates (IA), together with senior agency sues affecting users of the State Depart¬ who on August 1 began a two-year as¬ officials for informal discussions of for¬ ment medical system. Costs are already signment to Athens, said the rates were eign-policy issues of concern to the in¬ being shifted from the department to comparable to the rates she was paying ternational-business community. The the consumer. Issues identified as re¬ for coverage in the United States. An¬ first in a new monthly series of such quiring attention include: other AFSA member, Ritchie W. Miller, encounters with the Clinton adminis¬ • implementation of the new claims- communications program officer, re¬ tration took place on July 28 at the For¬ review system in Washington for cently obtained a Rutherfoord policy eign Service Club, when a dozen of our treatment carried out in the United after receiving higher quotes from nearly 50 IAs met with USAID admin¬ States-late payment of bills has con¬ three other insurance companies. "The istrator J. Brian Atwood. The lively off- cerned a number of people; Rutherfoord account executive I spoke the-record conversation was of great • the design and promulgation of the with on the telephone was extremely value to both sides in helping clarify claims-review system overseas; helpful and not at all pushy, as some the business community’s stake in the • ensuring that users of the Foreign agents can be. The application process development-assistance program. Service medical system have a clear takes about two weeks," said Miller, This fall, the I As, who contribute understanding of what it covers, who left for Almaty in August. substantial support to AFSA’s outreach what it does not cover, and why; A new member benefit introduced efforts, will participate in similar get- • ensuring that AFSA has input in the in July, Rutherfoord Insurance offers togethers with Ambassador Strobe health-care decisions that affect the third-party liability, physical-damage, Talbott and Under Secretary Joan Foreign Service. medical-payments coverage, home- Spero, to discuss such issues as the role We need volunteers to look at owners, and overseas-transit insur¬ of American business in democratiza¬ health issues that affect the employees ance. The Rutherfoord policies have tion and free-market building and the of all agencies. Let us know if you want limits and deductibles similar to those links between a strong domestic econ¬ to help-send a fax to James Yorke on on U.S. policies, and claims are paid in omy and an effective foreign policy. (202) 647-0265 or send a cable. U.S. dollars. For further information, call 1-800-274-0268 or 1-703-354-1616. Legislative news

By Rick Weiss Pay issues provide salary increases but without Congressional Liaison It appears that the Budget Reconcil¬ any additional appropriations. In exec¬ iation Bill has good news for govern¬ utive-legislative branch terminology- Congress acts on ment employees with a 2.2-percent “you eat it.” pay, staffing issues increase in COLAs, as well as im¬ Staffing levels As Congress left for its August re¬ plementation of locality pay (a sup¬ The Senate Foreign Relations Com¬ cess, it had not completed action on posed 4-percent increase for the mittee is demanding a reduction of Se¬ any of the authorization and appropri¬ Baltimore-Washington area). How¬ nior Foreign Service officers and a ever, don’t spend your money yet, as ations bills for State, USAID, and USIA. USAID reorganization bill from the ex¬ The trend in both the Foreign Affairs neither of these increases has been in¬ ecutive branch. The Senate Appropri¬ and Appropriations Committees is a cluded in the appropriations bills for ations Committee recommends “that FY94. The president has requested de¬ freeze at the current appropriation lev¬ the department reduce its overseas in¬ els for FY94. In the salaries and ex¬ lays as part of the necessary “federal stallation structure and staffing levels.” penses accounts this will translate into employee sacrifice’’ for budget deficit Downsizing, eliminating, reducing, a 5-percent reduction-resulting in reduction. and reprioritizing are the action cliches fewer resources for the Foreign Service In September, Congress will revisit of both the White House and the Con¬ to fulfill its obligations and responsibil¬ the COLA and locality-pay issues. The gress. ities beginning October 1. easiest solution for Congress will be to permit departments and agencies to

SEPTEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 3 Retirees Minority mentoring: Watch Out! The SAT a critical need has changed! By Theresa Auricchio By Don Norland Scholarship Coordinator Retiree Vice President Better bone up on your math and This first column since the AFSA reading skills-the SAT has changed election is a good time to note that for the first time in nearly two de¬ these columns have been expanded cades. Now called the Scholastic As¬ and are open to retiree views. We sessment Test, the revamped SAT count on you to give us your ideas and will be given next spring. Revised in look forward to your reactions and response to an assault of criticism suggestions. during the last decade, the new SAT Minority mentoring is designed to test critical thinking With such an open agenda you may skills more rigorously. wonder why our first message is on There are still 60 math problems. mentoring minority interns. From Retiree Liaison Ward Thompson talks with Noni Ellison at the recent AFSA in¬ However, 10 of the 60 will not be AFSA’s perspective, the reason is sim¬ tern reception. Ellison is a graduate of multiple choice but will require stu¬ ple. Foreign Service alumni have un¬ Howard University, now attending The University of Chicago Law School. dents to produce their own an¬ matched qualifications for improving swers—from scratch. One uplifting the State Department’s record in a crit¬ other in our careers. And we know that note: calculators will be allowed in ical area of performance and image, a career commitment comes only with the exam. The verbal portion of the namely by helping to recruit Foreign careful tending, especially when com¬ exam will contain longer reading- Service candidates who reflect this peting options and the battery of tough comprehension passages and more country’s diversity. tests can deter the most talented and contextually oriented vocabulary Experience shows that this mentor¬ divert them to other challenging, often words. ing is too important for random han¬ more remunerative paths. Who is affected? dling or reliance on people less The AFSA alumni monitoring pro¬ High school seniors this fall will experienced in foreign affairs. We also gram begins when minority interns, still take the old SAT, but juniors know what real mentoring is, having having spent a summer at the State De¬ who plan to take the test next spring benefitted from it at one time or an- partment, return to college. What is may want to hone their study skills needed are Foreign Service retirees liv¬ ASK AFSA to the new test requirements. ing nearby who are willing to meet and For more information on the SAT Q: i am a member of AFSA but wilt counsel these potential recruits in changes, contact your high school be retiring fromthe Foreign Service course selection and language train¬ guidance counselor. For informa¬ in November, t am paying my dues ing, and talk to them about the many tion on SAT, PSAT, and ACT exam through payroll deduction. What do facets of a Foreign Service career. preparatory classes, contact: I need to do to retain my member¬ The benefits are incalculable. The Princeton Review (202) 797- ship in AFSA? student is better equipped to enter- 1410 in Washington; (212) 874- A: If you retire from the Foreign and endure-in the ranks of an increas¬ 8282 for Princeton Review centers Service and have paid your dues ingly competitive Foreign Service. The outside the Washington area. through payroll deduction, you are mentor gains the satisfaction of engag¬ Stanley Kaplan Review (202) not automatically switched to an ing his or her talents in strengthening 244-1456 for centers both in and AFSA annual membership once that Service at its most central (and vul¬ outside the Washington area. you retire. You must contact the nerable) point, namely, its personnel. AFSA Membership Department The cost is a modest investment of and request that your membership time; the rewards are great. If you live Financial aid continue. The good news is that near a college or university, please Those who have applied for a fi¬ you pay a reduced rate, based on contact AFSA’s retiree liaison, Ward nancial aid scholarship are notified your retiree annuity, and you re¬ Thompson, at (202) 338-4045 and vol¬ in late August and early September. ceive the retiree newsletter every unteer to be a mentor. Checks are issued to schools in Sep¬ other month, in addition to your Correction: tember and October. continued subscription to the For¬ Don’t forget! Applications will eign Service Journal. When Chris Connell, who received an be available for the 1994-95 aca¬ contacting AFSA Membership AFSA Merit Scholarship, graduated demic year after October 1, 1993. (202-944-5510), be sure to leave from Marshall High School in Ankara, your most current address. Turkey, not the one in Virginia. We are sorry for this error.

4 • AFSA NEWS* SEPTEMBER 1993 Conferences USAID Administrator J. Brian At¬ phenomenon of demonstrated effec¬ wood will be the keynote speaker, and tiveness. Recent experience in the NIS AFSA to host Lawrence H. Summers, under secre¬ region will be described and analyzed tary for international affairs at the Trea¬ by several conference participants privatization sury Department will be the featured with direct familiarity with the relevant conference luncheon speaker. Daniel K. Tarullo, issues. Experience in these countries By John J. Harter assistant secretary of state for eco¬ has added substantial evidence that Conference Affairs Officer nomic and business affairs, will host economic activities that lose money as AFSA will sponsor with USAID an the conference. government programs can sometimes all-day symposium on privatization at Expert panels will discuss the fol¬ become quite profitable after they be¬ the Department of State on October 7. lowing issues: come private-sector enterprises. This will be the 17th in a series of AFSA • What approaches to privatization AFSA members may attend the non- conferences inaugurated in 1989 to are most likely to bring about sub¬ catered events free of charge and the focus dialogue between representa¬ stantial improvement in economic catered events (lunch and evening re¬ tives of business and government on performance and significant partic¬ ception) at half the regular registration key international economic issues that ipation by foreign investors? fee of $190 for "early-bird" registrants are becoming increasingly important • Why and how does the political, or half the $250 fee for those who reg¬ elements of U.S. foreign policy. economic, and cultural context af¬ ister after September 24. The October symposium will exam¬ fect the process of privatization? Copies of the Highlights Report on ine the optimal role of the international • What are the special problems con¬ the April 8 AFSA symposium, "Energy, community in fostering and support¬ fronted by the privatization process the Environment, and the World Econ¬ ing privatization in formerly socialist when it deals with elements such as omy" are now available. Any AFSA and less-developed countries. Panel¬ transportation, telecommunica¬ member wishing a free copy should ists will discuss the options faced by tions, and energy? write or telephone AFSA headquarters governments and independent invest¬ • What do newly privatized enter¬ at (202) 338-4045. ors in transferring ownership and con¬ prises need to become competitive? trol of state-owned enterprises to the Privatization has taken off over the private sector. last dozen years and is now a global Labor/Management updates

Coming battle over disciplinary lation by introducing alternative lan¬ the military. regulations guage. We will also fight to protect the The acting under secretary of state rights of Foreign Service employees Family Leave Act for management has refused to sign off who may become subject to a separa- AFSA will be consulting with the on the disciplinary regulations negoti¬ tion-for-cause proceeding. foreign affairs agencies to discuss revi¬ ated by AFSA and the State Depart¬ sions in the Foreign Affairs Manual ment. The State Department maintains AFSA opposes garnishment needed to bring the agencies into com¬ that language in the agreement giving AFSA opposes the garnishment pro¬ pliance with the Family and Medical the Foreign Service Grievance Board vision attached to the Senate version of Leave Act of 1993. Both State and (FSGB) the final authority to determine the Hatch Act. This provision would USAID have issued interim regula¬ whether an employee should be sep¬ broaden the scope of debts that may tions, while revisions are being formu¬ arated for cause is illegal, contending be satisfied by garnishment of a federal lated. AFSA will publish information that only the secretary has the author¬ employee’s wages. AFSA previously explaining the impact of these changes ity to make this determination. AFSA testified against garnishment before as soon as it becomes available. was not surprised by the department’s the Post Office and Civil Service Com¬ latest attempt to weaken the FSGB’s mittee when this issue arose in June Hatch Act reform authority. Recently, the department 1992. Because Foreign Service em¬ AFSA supports reforms in the Hatch separated an employee for cause, de¬ ployees serving abroad are often un¬ Act legislation that will be voted on in spite the FSGB’s decision that insuffi¬ able to respond to legal actions taken early September. AFSA will be provid¬ cient grounds existed for the against them in the United States, AFSA ing information explaining how these employee’s removal. The department will continue to seek an amendment to provisions, if passed, will affect For¬ has also introduced legislation prohib¬ the garnishment provisions, which eign Service employees. iting the FSGB from granting prescrip¬ would place Foreign Service employ¬ tive relief to an employee for more ees under the same protections from than one year. AFSA fought this legis¬ garnishment afforded to members of

SEPTEMBER 1993 • AFSA NEWS • 5 THE ★ AMERICAN ★ FOREIGN ★ SERVICE * CLUB

American Foreign Service Club is now taking The American Foreign Service Club invites reservations for business luncheons and so¬ you and your guest to dine with us using cial events. The use of our spacious banquet this new membership coupon. Present and conference facilities is a benefit avail¬ this coupon to server for a $5 discount off able to any group represented by an individ¬ your food check. ual holding a membership. We request placing reservations in advance as our facil¬ ‘discount honored when accompanied by ities are limited. 202-944-5500 new member application.

C L A S S I F I E D S

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THE PERSONAL REWARDS

OF GETEING CHILDREN TO AMERICAN ADOPTIVE FAMINES.

had been waiting anxiously pained, because Mira was obviously even if the operation did not succeed, I for several weeks to see Mira. suffering, but uplifted by her tremen¬ she was happy being surrounded by Mira was a 14-year-old Bengali dous determination to live and have a the love of her American family. girl suffering from a severe family, no matter what the cost. Even remembering Mira six years heart defect. Her father had Mira was pretty and tall for her age, later is wrenching. I can never forget the died, and her mother could no longer but so woefully thin that she looked like emaciated child who so firmly resolved afford to support her. A local orphanage a concentration-camp victim. Her con¬ to gamble for her very existence, hop¬ was desperately searching for an Ameri¬ dition was described as a “swollen ing drat luck and perseverance would give can family to provide Mira with a crucial heart;” her chest was bloated almost to her both a new life and a new family. heart operation and, even more critical, the size of a barrel and she breathed My adoption-related work in Calcutta a stable family to give her love. Luckily, only in a choking, rattling wheeze. But, provided me with some of my most a U.S. adoption agency had found the between gasps, she told us firmly that meaningful professional and personal ideal family. The mother was a nurse she wanted more titan anything in the experiences and began a deep interest specializing in cardiac surgery, and they world to have a family again. She recog¬ in international adoption that has con¬ already had one child who had success¬ nized that she might die en route or tinued unabated. Attention to interna¬ fully been treated for a heart condition during surgery, but she knew that, if she tional adoptions has heightened signifi¬ similar to Mira’s. stayed in Calcutta, she would die for cantly since I left Calcutta, for two At the American consulate, arrange¬ certain, and she was willing to risk every¬ reasons: one was die raising of the Iron ments were made to issue the immi¬ thing for a chance on a cure and a family. Curtin, which created the possibility of grant visa, but every time an appoint¬ At first, we heard that the surgery was adoptions in countries that had never ment was scheduled, another emer¬ successful, and everyone at the consu¬ permitted them before. The other was a gency put Mira in the hospital. I was so late and the orphanage was thrilled. A growing awareness in many develop¬ concerned about Mira that I was ready little while later, we received the heart¬ ing countries that they had lost control to go to the hospital to facilitate process¬ breaking news that Mira had died shortly of their adoption process, and, as they ing Mira’s visa. I realized, though, that, after surgery. Although we had never began taking it back, they significantly if Mira was unable to survive a trip from met, Mira’s American family had be¬ tightened procedures, dius limiting the the hospital to the consulate, it was come close to the consulate and or¬ number of children adopted. Interest in unlikely she would be able to survive phanage staff. Mira’s adoptive mother international adoption has skyrocketed the much longer and more tiring trip wrote to thank the consulate for all it among Americans living overseas as well from Calcutta to the United States. had done to help Mira. She told us that as Americans in the United States. Inevita¬ Finally, after a month of anticipation, Mira’s last weeks had been filled with bly, fraud concerns have grown as well, Mira kept her appointment. I felt both love and support. Just prior to the but it is clear that fraud is not a factor in the uplifted and pained by the meeting— operation, Mira had told her mother that preponderance of foreign adoptions.

BY LAURA LIVINGSTON

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 MATCHMAKERS who wanted to adopt children with ture, and their bravery in the face of During my consular career, I have (mostly correctable) handicaps. sometimes necessary but frightening been involved, both directly and indi¬ Several of these cases, like Mira’s, medical treatment. rectly, in processing close to were unforgettable. One two-year-old’s suicidally depressed mother had thrown ADOPTION HEYDAY herself and the baby in front of a train at My exposure in Calcutta (1986-88) to Howrah Station. She died in¬ immigrant-visa processing for orphans stantly, but her baby’s anns had occurred at a time of unprecedented to be amputated from the elbow. growth in international adoption. Inter¬ Despite her missing arms, this national adoption peaked in 1987, with little girl was cheerful, affection¬ 10,097 foreign children being issued ate, and talkative. Although she immigrant visas as orphans adopted could not yet walk (since she abroad or orphans to be adopted in the lacked anns to steady herself and United States. During that time, Calcutta, pull to her feet), by scooting with only one Foreign Service officer in along the floor on her bottom she the consular section, processed more could move faster than most two- adoptions than any other consular post year-olds could walk. She had a in India (by a factor of meltingly beautiful face and a sweet disposition. The family that adopted her The had prostheses fitted for her, and photos author and the assistant director showed a happy and in¬ of an orphanage in Bikar state. dependent girl. A four-year-old girl foreign adoptions. Each adoption was with correctable vision unique, representing as it did the joining problems had initially of a child who needed a family with a been tin night to be men¬ family who needed a child. I learned tally retarded. After ob¬ that there are few things more emotion¬ servation, however, our ally satisfying to a consular officer than physician agreed that, to process visas for orphans. while the child might be Orphan-visa processing in Calcutta developmentally de¬ was a particularly joyful experience. layed, she was not men¬ Afternoons, the consular section was a tally retarded. This little popular way station, as officers and staff girl went to her “forever drifted by to see the latest group of family” in Washington state. I saw children being processed. The local her only five months after her arrival agencies were a joy to work with, and and did not recognize her. Her vision A member of the corresponding U.S. agencies were and hearing had largely been restored, an orphanage staff holds children equally delightful. Both in the United she had grown, and she spoke very about to receive immigrant visas. States and in India it was a pleasure to understandable English. Her mother watch so many people work together to assured me that she had been an abso¬ to one). Calcutta was also the fifth¬ help both children who needed families lute joy the minute she came home. Her ranking orphan-immigrant post world¬ and families who needed children. prognosis for intellectual achievement wide at that time. When I transferred to Some of the matching was inge¬ was excellent; her U.S. evaluation re¬ Brussels, I assumed (with much regret) nious. For example, a little albino girl vealed that she was a very intelligent that the adoption chapter of my profes¬ was adopted by a family in Alaska child bent on achievement. sional life had ended. The chief Foreign (albino children cannot be exposed to Before meeting in the United States Service national employee in the visa sunlight); a U.S. family was found for a the children and families whose adop¬ section continued that, in her many family of five girls aged five to fourteen tions he or she has processed, it is hard years in the visa section, she could who wanted to stay together; children for a consular officer to understand how remember processing, at most, two or¬ with deafness or dwarfism were matched much the consular help has meant. phan visas. with families that had members with the Once here, it is possible to see and I was, therefore, veiy surprised, when same condition. Most amazing and appreciate their growth and achieve¬ a small but steady stream of American touching were the American families ments. their triumphs over a new cul¬ citizens from our community of 25,000

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 trickled in, requesting information on ment!) with relatively few problems. foreign adoptions or either on how to Nevertheless, there can be pitfalls of process an immigration visa for the which prospective foreign child they had already adopted. adoptive parents In my first year in Brussels, American should be aware. adoptive parents brought in their children A small but grow¬ from Korea, Mexico, Ethiopia. Paraguay, ing number of Brazil, El Salvador, and even Belgium. Americans who 1 % ■ ■ :,) By the middle of my second year in would like to be : . / Brussels, the interest of American citi¬ adoptive parents zens was sparked by Romanian adop¬ to a foreign child / tions. By late 1990, we were taking encounter prob- ■_ - / several calls a day to explain Romanian lems ranging from / adoption and U.S. immigrant-visa pro¬ criminal fraud to : . / cedures to the American community. incompetence by I , By February 1991, my staff and I saw the adoption facilitators or agencies, need to disseminate information much Some of their problems involve more widely. Working with our col¬ organizations that knowingly charge Laura outrageous sums of money and prom¬ leagues in Bucharest and Frankfurt, Livingston with a young with the military, and with the expatri¬ ise swift, problem-free adoptions when girl from an Indian orphanage. ate community, we organized an after¬ they know in advance the particular noon seminar for American prospective country they are recommending is ex¬ decision involving many lives. People adoptive parents living in the Benelux. periencing severe adoption-related prob¬ who want children and who do not I had been agreeably surprised by lems. Those problems might include want to wait what they consider to be an my opportunity to become involved in delays, corruption, moratoria, and even intolerable amount of time (often they adoptions again during my tour in Brus¬ dangerous conditions. Some organiza¬ want an adoptive child in far less than sels, but I did not see any scope for tions knowingly work with contacts the nine months it would take to carry adoption work in my next Washington whose methods, common sense sug¬ a biological child to term!) will fre¬ tour. Initially, my assignment as liaison gests, could at best be called shady, at quently grasp at any straw. These people officer for Mexico, the Dominican Re¬ worst, downright vile. I believe indi¬ are most prone to exploitation and public, the Bahamas, and the San Fran¬ viduals and organizations who operate violating the first principle of foreign cisco Passport Agency in the Office of in this way are engaged in one of the adoption: “If it sounds too good to be Fraud Prevention Programs in Consular most reprehensible forms of emotional true, it probably is.” Affairs was oriented to passport and visa exploitation. People who want to adopt foreign fraud and alien smuggling. Yet, within a Some facilitators or agencies are so children should be aware that adop¬ month of my arrival, I was requested by woefully mismanaged that they are in¬ tions can be processed relatively speed¬ the Immigration and Naturalization Ser¬ capable of accounting properly for their ily in many countries. There is abso¬ vice office in Mexico to prepare an clients’ money and expenses, so that the lutely no reason to circumvent any analysis of adoption fraud and the pos¬ prospective parents find themselves country’s law, and, with a bit of re¬ sibility of child smuggling into the United forced to hand over ever-larger sums of search, most people interested in inter¬ States from the Caribbean and Central money. Also, there are many kind, well- national adoption, even those living and South America. intentioned individuals who have either overseas, can make an informed deci¬ lived abroad in an adoption-sending sion that is right for them. CAVEAT ADOPTER country or have concluded a foreign International adoptions are among My experience in adoption has ex¬ adoption and now consider themselves the most joyful experiences any consu¬ posed me to U.S. and foreign laws and the experts. While these people do not lar officer can have. I wish all prospective reaction of governments to human desires. deliberately seek to defraud and incon¬ adoptive parents the very best of luck and What have I learned5 To begin with, I have venience their clients, their lack of ex¬ hope that, sometime in the future, I’ll be learned never to underestimate how deep perience and understanding of U.S. and processing your child’s visa! ■ the interest tuns in adoption. The vast foreign adoption law can cause their majority of people who adopt do it right. clients severe problems. Laura Livingston is a consular offi¬ Even those who find themselves involved Finally, I have learned that, while cer. The views and opinions expressed with countries and individuals who are less many Americans want to adopt a child, in this article are solely hers and do than ideal often conclude their experiences some spend little time or energy in not necessarily reflect those of the (as though touched by a form of enchant¬ researching what is, after all, a major Department of State.

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 F YOU ARE INTERESTED IN ADOPTING ABROAD

Adoptions should not be approached and Prospective Adoptive Children,” pub¬ adopted abroad and counsel you on both casually or on the spur of the moment. lication M-249. INS and department requirements for This is an event of monumental impor¬ When selecting a country, safe play¬ the visa issuances. He or she will also tance that willaffectyourlife.yourfamily’s ers choose countries with a fairly long, explain any pertinent laws, and espe¬ life, and the life of the child you adopt. stable history of adoptions to foreigners. cially whether the host country permits While there are many ways to do The more stable countries generally re¬ adoption. Many countries do not permit adoptions (privately, through an attor¬ quire host-country control overthe adop¬ foreign adoptions, butthey willfrequently ney, through a facilitator, or through an tion or guardianship procedure, includ¬ permit foreigners to be awarded legal adoption agency), I prefer agency adop¬ ing stipulating which U.S. adoption agen¬ guardianship of an orphan with the un¬ tions. Select a well-established agency, cies they will allow to process adoptions derstanding that the guardian will com¬ capable of evaluating you and your fam¬ and that the child come from a govern¬ plete the child’sadoption upon returning ily for the proposed adoption. Not only ment-approved institution. You may wish to the United States. will your fitness as an adoptive parent be to call the Office of Overseas Citizens’ If you are interested in adoption in a evaluated, but the agency will analyze Services at 202-647-3666 for detailed third country (particularly if you are in your needs and wants so that you can be information and analysis of the adoption Western Europe, where it can be difficult matched with the appropriate child. laws and current adoption situation in the to adopt a host-country child), local adop¬ A good home study will enable you to countries in which you are interested. tion agencies catering to host-country decide on the parameters of your adapt¬ Programs in stable countries can nationals often can process your adop¬ ability; do you want to adopt an infant, a sometimes be more lengthy than a pro¬ tion. Again, it would beagood idea to call toddler, oran older child? Areyou willing gram in a country where adoption is an the Office of Overseas Citizens’ Services to accept children from a wide range of “industry,” primarily controlled by for¬ to confirm any information given to you ethnic backgrounds? Are you willing to eign attorneys, from the child’s aban¬ by an adoption agency in a foreign coun¬ accept a child with a minor disability or donment to foster care, court process¬ try. Also, remember that, in addition to a “special needs” child? Remember, the ing, and securing the child’s passport. having to follow the adoption regula¬ more flexible you are willing to be, the Sometimes (not unsurprisingly) these tions of the United States and the coun¬ easier and faster you will find it to adopt. foreign attorneys have connections with try in which you adopt, you will also be When choosing an adoption agency, their own translators and travel agen¬ required to process your adoption as it is useful to have referrals from satis¬ cies, which make adoption even more required by the country in which you are fied friends, family members, and col¬ lucrative (for them). living. The Family Liaison Office can help, leagues. However, you would still be Some countries often promise a quick with its 1992 publication “Adoption Guide¬ wise to interview with several agencies. “in and out,” but many such countries lines for the Foreign Service Family.” I recommend checking with your state have frequent adoption moratoria while Although it is not easy, it is possible adoption regulators and with the INS the country’s government re-evaluates to complete the home-study and adop¬ office having jurisdiction in your state to its adoption law or writes a completely tion processes overseas. Your consular see if they have received any complaints new law. Prospective parents who be¬ officer has a list of state adoption au¬ about agencies you are interested in. come stuck in such a situation describe thorities in Volume 9, Part III of the Most states place adoption affairs in it as the ultimate nightmare, which can Foreign Affairs Manual. While some their Departments of Health and Human involve spending weeks or even months states still require you to process your Services or Departments of Social Ser¬ in a foreign country whose language homestead in your state of residence vices. Ask to speak to the inter-country they do not speak while their fate is while physically present, many states adoption coordinator or the adoption decided. They often end up waiting far have become more flexible about ac¬ licenser for your region and ask them longerfortheirchild and paying far more cepting home studies completed by quali¬ about the agencies in which you are money than they would have, had they fied foreign social workers. Your nearest interested. You should also ask them processed the adoption in a more stable INS district office, whether in the United what pre-adoption requirements your country with a longer initial lead time. States or overseas, can provide you with state mandates. Atthis stage, you should If you are overseas, your consular information on expeditious naturaliza¬ also discuss with INS their requirements officer is your first point of contact. She tion of your adopted foreign child. and request from them their very helpful or he will explain the three types of

booklet, “The Immigration of Adopted immigrant visas available to children — Laura Livingston

34 • FOREIGN' SERVICE IOURNA1. • SEPTEMBER 1993 AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTO

UNWANTED CHILDREN

Editor’s Note: Virginia Carson Young began traveling with the Foreign Service A CONSULAR OFFICER in 1955, when her then-husband, Jim Carson, joined as a junior officer. After 17 years as a Foreign Sendee spot use. Young was widowed. She worked on Capitol FI ill TALKS ABOUT WHAT then, in 1974, joined the Foreign Service in the consular cone. Until her retirement in 1992, Young served in four consular posts, each for four years. Young was posted to Bucharest and remained through the December 1989 1 IAPPENED WHEN THE revolution and execution of the Ceausescus. Beginning in January 1990, a flood of Americans came to Romania seeking to adopt some of the abandoned or FLOODGATES OPENED ON orphaned children whose plight had been widely publicized in the United States. This interview, conducted by Charles Stuart Kennedy, forms pari of the Foreign CHILDREN WAREHOUSED^ Services University. FOR ADOPTION

SEPTEMBER J993 • FOREIGN' SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 Under the Ceausescu regime, any kind of birth control was illegal Couples were not only encouraged, but almost forced to have at least four or Jive children.

VIRGINIA CARSON YOUNG: We had four areas still practice, the pending adoption cases at the time of theory that an infant the Romanian revolution. Ceausescu who is weak or small had allowed foreign adoptions in Ro¬ will benefit from a mania, but the numbers were few. In blood transfusion. As early 1987, he terminated all foreign many as 40 percent of adoptions, so we had people who had children in institutions identified children prior to 1987. One in the Constanta couple in particular came back every area—a port city— year to visit their child. To my astonish¬ were found to be HIV ment, the Romanians allowed the child positive because of the to be with the adoptive parents for a blood transfusions. couple of weeks in Romania but wouldn’t They had no dispos¬ let the child leave the country. By now able needles, they had Peter John Kangas, who was adopted in Romania by USAID Foreign the child was over four years old. It was no child-size vials, so Service Officers Anna Quandt and Lenni Kangas. really a very emotional time. I had met if they had a contaminated vial, it might children were not orphans. The moth¬ with the parents on two different occa¬ be used on four or five different chil¬ ers and parents of these children had sions by the time the revolution came. dren. The vims spread rapidly. been forced to bear them, but had no Of course, the parents were on the first In any case, the first televised view of means to look after them. They had plane to Romania. We issued an immi¬ Romanian adoptions for the Western placed them in an orphanage. Some grant visa immediately. It was a very world consisted of glad scenes of par¬ intended to pick them tip later. warm and touching scene. Actually it ents coming to pick up the children they The understanding in the United States was filmed by “20/20,” a weekly news had been unable to take out but had and Western Europe was that there were program that had very high viewer tried to adopt prior to the revolution. thousands of children in the orphanages of ratings. Except for the four cases I mentioned, Romania just waiting for the right family to I think that film probably touched off they were French, Swiss, and Italian come and choose them. the first interest in Romanian adoptions, citizens, not Americans. But the scenes that and a documentary that also showed were on worldwide television, and that BIDDING WARS the deplorable conditions in Romanian sparked enonnous interest. As I have In early 1990, people began coming orphanages. I don't think anyone in the since learned, adopting parents are ab¬ in quite large numbers to Romania. At outside world, or most people in Roma¬ solutely determined, single minded. If a one point, they were allowed entry into nia, had any idea that there were thou¬ child is available, they will spare noth¬ virtually any orphanage. They could sands of children who had been ware¬ ing in order to adopt him and give him just roam through and say, "I like that housed in Romania. Under the a loving home, a better life. one and that one.” Then there began to Ceausescu regime, any kind of family So the American television programs be some really awful stories of almost planning [birth control] was illegal. about the first couple and the happy auctions, bidding wars. Nationality was Couples were not only encouraged, but ending to their story and then the piti¬ pitted against nationality and couple almost forced to have at least four or five able scenes of children in orphanages against couple. But for the most part, children. Pregnant women working in brought people to Rc imania by the dozen, there were plenty of children, and adop¬ factories were examined to make sure a wishing to adopt. At that point, they tions proceeded relatively quickly. pregnancy had not been terminated. As were not showing the ill and infected At the embassy, we processed them a result, there were many unwanted children on TV, just poor little waifs with quickly as well. Under U.S. immigration children born in Romania. no families. law, it is the Justice Department that has Romanians believed, and I think some It turned out that a lot of these the bottom line on an orphan petition.

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 A petition must be filed and approved States—high-level congressional or ad¬ discussing mutual problems with a col¬ before the visa can be issued. The ministration contacts, etc.-—they would league. I have always had very good petition can be approved by a consular appeal to the INS Central Office and the relations with the INS, and my husband officer only if it is “clearly approvable.” children would be paroled into the is a 30-year veteran of the INS with a Otherwise, it must be referred to the United States. Now, there are no re¬ very distinguished career. Well, it aimed Immigration and Naturalization Service quirements under the U.S. Immigration out that the INS people were not inter¬ (INS) officer for a final decision. Act concerning parole. The INS Central ested in processing a quick and easy In our case, the INS regional officer Office can decide that, for humanitarian parole. Quite the opposite. They were in Vienna was the authority we turned reasons, anybody can be paroled into facing hearings in a judicial subcommit¬ to on adoption matters. I had never the United States. tee on adoptions. Just before my visit to dealt with adoptions before. As the It seemed to me that these little Washington, another big television process went on, we began to wonder children, infants for the most part, were show, “60 Minutes,” had done an adop¬ if some of these children actually quali¬ unwanted children, even if they came tion segment. I was interviewed by fied as orphans. Under U.S. law, a child from a so-called two-parent family, and Leslie Stahl in my office. The whole must be literally an orphan to be adopted that the parents were willingly giving thrust of that program was baby buying, and brought into the United States, or them up. The children would not have baby selling. INS suspended parole. the child of a sole or surviving parent any future in Romania. A high percent¬ On the “60 Minutes” segment, the who is unable to look after the child and age of them were gypsies, and other commentator had gone into a village relinquishes unequivocally. If there are Romanians would not adopt a gypsy. wearing a black wig, posing as an two known parents, they must have I came back to Washington in April, adopting mother and actually negoti¬ abandoned the child prior to the adop¬ 1991 ■ By then, our volume of adoptions ated for a child on camera. Everyone tion. INS does not have a definition of was increasing twofold, threefold, five¬ discussed the idea of selling children. abandonment. All they have is a law, fold, and the small percentage that was Obviously it was happening, although I which says, “Mustbe abandoned,” and INS being referred back to the INS was believe it is not surprising that birth Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) deci¬ causing us lots of grief. The press was parents begin to extract something in sions, which say what abandonment is not. interested, the adopting parents were return for giving up their children. It is The release of a child to adoptive parents furious, and we were getting a lot of reprehensible, but I don’t think it was by birth parents does not constitute aban¬ congressional mail on the subject. the rampant baby market that they donment. I thought that I was coming back to made it out to be. talk to INS about a quick and easy way A DEAL, NOTAN ORPHAN to apply for humanitarian parole, right BEDLAM We approached, more and more, a away, in these cases. I also talked with In any case, the American parents situation in which a small percentage of my consular colleagues and superiors already had these children in their cus¬ the adoptions were not “readily about re-interpreting “abandonment” tody. They were legally adopted in approvable.” Even one adoption case and felt we all agreed this was the way Romania. The birth parents were not that the embassy does not approve, just to go. We would discuss this with INS going to take them back. They didn’t meet like that, has enormous repercussions. and hope they concurred. At a meeting “abandonment” under our law, and yet the We would say, “We are not saying no, with the INS, officers questioned me parole facility was not available. We had but we have to refer the case to the INS about whether these children had two 200 American couples with babies in their in Vienna and they have to make the parents and how many of them we arms. At one point, they picketed the decision, because it does not appear would find might not actually be or¬ consulate. One spat at a Marine guard. that this child was truly abandoned. phans under the law. Our denial or The consulate waiting room was There are two parents. They are still referral rate was running about 3 per¬ absolute bedlam. We were in a building living together with several other chil¬ cent. Someone said, “Well, if you knew built 100 years earlier as a French school. dren. It looks like sort of, a deal.” We are the truth in all these cases, how many do It has plaster columns and painted the only country that has this “orphan” you think you would be referring or nymphs on the ceiling. It was jammed requirement. The Canadians, the Brit¬ denying?” I said, “Oh, probably about with adopting parents and children and ish, the French—none of the major 30 percent, if we really knew.” their agency and lawyer representa¬ adopting nationalities in Bucharest were tives. Babies slept on the floor—I almost mnning up against this particular re¬ IF WE KNEW... stepped on one as I came out to talk to quirement. If the Romanian authorities The “30 percent” comment came off the receptionist one day. Parents processed the adoption, then it was a the top of my head. I would say the changed diapers and left the soiled ones simple procedure to come into an em¬ same, in general, about a large part of in the waste basket. Children cried, bassy and obtain a visa. We were the our visa processing—if we really knew, shrieked, and ran up and down stairs. only ones who had the additional re¬ would our immigrant-visa approval be Parents were anxious, fearful, argumen¬ quirement. We became die bad guys. as high? Certainly, our non-immigrant- tative—as well as, when approved (as We found that, if the adopting par¬ visa issuance would go down. the majority still were) full of just un¬ ents had good connections in the United I really meant this in the context of imaginable joy. One woman, told that

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 On the “60 Minutes” segment, Then when I came back, I ex¬ pected to retire in January. But when the commentator had gone into a village I came back, they asked me if I would be interested in going to Lima, Peru wearing a black wig posing as an adopting for an interim period. I agreed. I knew there were some adoptions there, but I had not heard of any mother and actually negotiated for a child controversy. I was in a hotel, in Lima, and had been there about two weeks. on camera. It was a Sunday. My husband said, “The good news is we have a Sunday newspaper. The bad news is that there is a front-page article on an her parole request had been denied, present law, HIV would make the adoption scandal.” I thought, “Oh no, absolutely screamed and ran out of the child excludable. If immigrating, an baby selling all over again.” Yes, in¬ building. I ran half a block to catch up HIV-infected child could be ineligible deed. We were not processing any¬ with her and tell her we would try it for two reasons—presence of an in¬ where near the number of adoptions again (an attempt that was ultimately fectious disease and probable “public as in Romania, but many of the same successful). charge” status, since I understand treat¬ circumstances existed. For a period of almost three months, ing an HIV case costs around $100,000, What often starts out to be a very we processed an average of 40 adop¬ which many adoptive parents don’t happy agreement between a couple tion cases a day. This was in addition to have. But parole has no such limita¬ who can’t look after a child and an our regular workload of immigrant and tion. I know of one case where an adopting couple who want to provide non-immigrant visa cases. I asked for HIV-infected child was brought in a loving home soon turns into stories additional clerical help to speed things under parole; there are no rules for of money and goods changing hands. up, but there were budget restrictions. parole, so anyone who can persuade Really, the villains in all this are not The noise factor alone made one dread the INS central office that this is of the birth parents or the adopting par¬ the new day. humanitarian interest, they can do it. ents, but, in my opinion, the go- At the time I left Romania, a woman betweens who will sometimes shade INS PATROL who had come as a volunteer to help the facts. They are the ones who make INS, at a cost of thousands of dollars, out in the orphanages wanted to adopt the money. The birth parents don’t, sent investigators into Romania, so that four children she had been looking and the adopting parents are willing any of these cases that were deferred, after. They were in an institution for to pay almost anything. instead of going on a quick basis to INS HIV-positive children. To my surprise, So, we had another situation in in Vienna, received a personal investi¬ her insurance company, Blue Cross, November, 1991 in which three gation in the country. INS sent out seven Blue Shield, wrote me a letter saying couples from the Chicago area came officers, none of whom spoke Roma¬ they would cover expenses, even for to Peru to adopt. They did it by proxy. nian and none of whom had been in the that. So I said we could ask for parole Normally, in Peru it takes up to six country before. They hired interpreters, in this case, but asked her why, really months of residence in the country to rented cars and went whizzing off into do you want to do this? These were effect an adoption, and a good many different parts of the country to inter¬ children two, three years old and they people find it difficult to fulfill that view the birth mother of a given child. weren’t expected to live beyond age requirement. In these cases, they had That didn’t really prove anything. four, at the most. She said, “It would come to Peru the end of October, and F,ven if they found that the birth mother give them maybe one more year of by November second, they had every¬ was living with the birth father, she loving care.” I don’t know what finally thing done and came in for their visas. could claim [the child was a product of] happened. I said, “Wait a moment, how were you an adulterous affair and qualify as a able to do this?” We asked for a more single parent. In no case was parole Q: How ivere you received when complete file. The file from the court ultimately denied. Over 200 cases of you came back in 1991 after all the said that these families were actually parole were finally approved, but after bad publicity? in court in October, when their pass¬ thousands of dollars, weeks of anguish, MS. YOUNG: People in the depart¬ ports said they hadn’t even arrived in and lots of bad publicity for die consu¬ ment thought the crisis was over. For the country'. So I said, “We are going late—not for INS. In diis particular case, I one thing, Romania had then passed to have to look into this.” We did look didn’t always get die support I needed and a law that limited foreign adoptions. into it, and found that, although un¬ deserved from the Consular Affairs Bureau. The impression I had was that they doubtedly the court process in Peru felt the temporary-duty officer had had been short-circuited, it was a real Q: What about the HIV problem? come over and resolved things, and judge who had signed a real paper. It MS.YOUNG: Of course, under our our staff was not given credit. was an adoption. The child was an

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 orphan under U.S. law. It is not our that I was really doing the right thing if INS could agree that abandonment job to go looking beyond that. So, we but being unjustly criticized for it. exists whenever the child meets the issued the visa. But it wasn’t until requirements for adoption in his or December. So these people had to Q: Looking back on this ivhole thing, her birth country and an adoption in wait about 30 days. Normally a couple what is your view of the visa process? that country has been effected. The waits 90, at least. MS. YOUNG: The idea that a child regulation should include a proviso Well, one of them, a doctor from the legally adopted abroad is not auto¬ that bars most adoptions by blood Chicago area, set out on a vendetta. He matically eligible to enter the United relations to keep people from adopt¬ implied that I had failed in Romania States (barring any medical ineligibil¬ ing family members to circumvent and had been sent to Peru and had just ity) is baffling, frustrating, and infuri¬ immigration law. done it all over again. He said consular ating to adopting parents. It caused I hope that, in future, my col¬ officers had been vindictive, we had my staff and me enormous stress, cost leagues will not have to tell an attrac¬ sent him off to a dangerous jungle city taxpayers thousands of dollars for INS tive young couple, as I did, that the for papers, when our job was just to investigations that proved only that, baby they had legally adopted and review the papers and issue the visa. In yes, the mother wanted to give up her now held in their arms could not enter fact, we had specifically told him not to child, caused inter-agency conflict that the United States because the birth go back into the jungle, because it was needn’t have occurred, but most im¬ parents had willingly, gratefully, and a dangerous area. (Baby brokers would portant, it made American adopting directly given the child to them. The often choose remote areas where it parents suffer needlessly. The Ameri¬ couple’s ninth in vitro fertilization at¬ appeared they had judicial authorities can embassy was a place they feared tempt to conceive a child had ended in under their control, and things could and dreaded, all because of the unde¬ failure. This appeared to be their only be done that they weren’t necessarily fined use of “abandonment” in the chance to have the family they desper¬ able to do in the city.) immigration law. ately wanted. There was the usual barrage of The present law does not need to I cajoled and argued their case for congressional letters and press no¬ be changed. But I strongly feel that parole, and it was ultimately granted. tices. The couple went on another much of the agony—for adopting par¬ Why not make it easy, from the begin¬ morning show and complained about ents in particular, but for consular and ning, to bring about this happy end¬ me, specifically. So, once again I felt INS officers too—would be alleviated ing? ■ INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE When you’re over there, you don’t need to worry about vour home over When you choose Allied Realty Corp. to manage your property or find you a rental home, you don't need to worry. We're the Washington area's largest, oldest and most trusted property managers, with more than 50 years of experience renting and managing a 500-property portfolio. Here's why: • Highest rental value for your home • Large selection of rental properties I A ’4 4 A • Professionally trained leasing staff / I I |^«l • 24-hour maintenance service / • Multi-lingual staff 1 Q * Call Aaron Dodek, CPM, / * m,lvCdlty Senior Vice President \___/ CORP. (301)656-7000 SINCE 1940 _ (301) 656-8600 fax (301) 907-4766 Professional Property Managers Qj LOCAL PRESENCE

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Please contact Please contact MOHAMMAD ALI MOHAMMAD ALI TEL: 703-451-2380 TEL: 703-451-2380 FAX: 703-644-0941 FAX: 703-644-0941 6571 Backlick Road 6571 Backlick Road Springfield, Virginia 22150 Springfield, Virginia 22150 Tim Wirth brings a passion for population and Uthe §/\y environment programs to his new job in “global affairs" tfreen partfoho

ne year ago, Timothy Wirth’s career as a public Wirth is well—suited to servant appeared headed for early closure. An bring prominence to issues idealistic lawmaker who had entered Congress as in his portfolio. “He’s doing Tim Wirth part of the class of 74, Wirth announced in April an extraordinarily effective 1992o that he would not seek a second term as U.S. senator job of getting these issues out where they belong and shaping from Colorado. Wirth had become increasingly wearied by U.S. positions in a very constructive and skilled way,” says what he saw as the cynicism and pandering to monied Lester Brown, head of Washington’s Worldwatch Institute. interests in the Senate, and he was particularly dispirited after “He is a skilled politician, and that is an asset in this position.” his closest colleague, Pennsylvania Republican John Heinz, Nevertheless, success in the months and years ahead is by died in a plane crash in 1991. Wirth planned to take a job in no means assured. Ultimately, Wirth must find new resources the non-profit sector working on environmental issues. to fund the ambitious programs he favors, and this means Instead, in the wake of Clinton’s victory, Wirth was being on the winning side of die all-important battle to mentioned as a top contender to mn either the Energy or restructure a static foreign-assistance budget that is still Interior Department. When others were named for both dominated by security-assistance spending. “I think you’ll be posts, his appointment to serve as one of five under able to judge the administration’s perfonnance by its willing¬ secretaries in the State Department was seen by many as a ness to put its money where its mouth is,” observes Charles consolation prize, all the more disheartening since the global- William Maynes, editor of Foreign Policy magazine. affairs post was seen as a “make-work” job that had been created for Wirth. However, Wirth, whose tide Is “department TOO MANY PEOPLE counselor” pending legislation that will create a position for an More than on any other issue, Wirth wants to train the under secretary for global affairs, sees himself as engaged in a administration’s attention on the population problem. “It is crusade of the highest importance. He believes that die world the single most important issue that everybody in the building stands at a critical juncture: a failure in die 1990s to stem exploding should be focused on,” Wirth says. In March testimony before population and mounting environmental degradation as well the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Wirth said: “Growth as to support fledgling democracies would make it extremely that is all too capable of doubling—even tripling—today’s difficult to reverse negative global trends in the 21st century. global population in the next century is already a force Wirth believes that the U.S. government, too, is also at a contributing to violent disorder and mass dislocations in crossroads. Nearly four years after the Berlin Wall came resource-poor societies.” Wirth and his deputy, Jessica down, America’s national-security establishment has only Tuchman Mathews, stress the strong link between environ¬ begun to rethink its budgetary priorities in a way that mental degradation and population growth, which now adds addresses nontraditional threats. “There’s still a lot of old Cold over 90 million people a year, mostly to poor countries. No War machinery out there with a lot of constituent support and effort to conserve the world’s forests and farmland, they say, a lot of people who grew up to think that way,” Wirth says. will succeed as long as demographic pressures on these Yet the urgency to adopt new approaches could not be resources continue to mount. greater. If the United States is unable to embrace a new Wirth’s concern about population extends back two foreign-policy agenda that redefines security and institu¬ decades. In die Senate, he worked energetically on the issue tionalizes multilateral cooperation, Wirth believes that it and introduced, along with Republican Senator Alan Simpson, may forfeit its leadership on the a comprehensive bill to boost U.S. most important issues of the day. BY DAVID CALLAHAN efforts to stem population growth.

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 41 “He was the one member of the U.S. Senate who, when Wirth talks often of the need to change the tone of North- everybody else had dropped the football, would pick it up South relations, which may be an important fault line in world and run with it,’’ says Sharon Camp, a Washington population politics after the Cold War. “Instead of playing big brother and activist. “And he was tremendously articulate on the issue. He giving the developing world the back of our hand, we have knows a lot about the population problem.” to listen much more closely to them and create a partnership Since January, the Clinton administration has taken steps with them," he says. A key step in this reconciliation, Wirth to change a Reagan-Bush population policy that was widely believes, is for the developed nations to stop dwelling almost criticized both in the United States and abroad. Most signifi¬ exclusively on environmental outrages in the Third World cantly, it reversed the so-called “Mexico City policy”, which and acknowledge their own sins. “Citizens of developed prohibited international family-planning organizations from nations must recognize that our current population size, receiving U.S. funds because of abortion-related activities. technology, and consumption patterns give our nations a Under the new policy, the United States will again support the major and disproportionate impact on the global environ¬ United Nations Population Fund and International Planned ment,” Wirth said in his May speech on population. Wirth Parenthood. A May speech that Wirth gave at the UN believes that international efforts to combat environmental announcing the U.S. policy shift was greeted with enthusiastic degradation will get nowhere, as long as developing nations applause. Wirth later told a reporter that the speech “was the are asked to make all the sacrifices. most important thing I have ever done.” The administration has also increased spending on popu¬ POLITICAL REALITY lation by $100 million, to a total of $663 million for the 1994 Wirth and Mathews talk with optimism about the big shifts fiscal year. Wirth hopes to see steady increases in this under way in U.S. environmental policy and America’s new spending during the years to come and agrees with advocates position of leadership in this arena. But clearly there are also who say that the United States should be spending some $1.2 grounds for deep pessimism. Not long after the announce¬ billion by the end of the decade. “It’s the most important ment of the change in U.S. policy on global warming, for investment we can make.” example, the administration’s proposed BTU energy tax was killed on Capitol Hill. And while Wirth has pledged that the DILIGENT STUDENT United States will pursue the goals outlined in Agenda 21(see Second on Wirth’s list of priorities is preservation of the page 19)—the accord agreed to at Rio that calls for the global environment. Wirth has a track record of fighting uphill developed nations to spend tens of billions of dollars more battles on these issues while in the Senate. “He was excep¬ peryearon promoting sustainable development—the Clinton tional,” says Lester Brown, who recalls that, along with Ai administration has been unable to win any increase in Gore, Wirth was among the most diligent students of foreign- assistance spending for next year. environmental issues in Congress, attending conferences and Despite all the recent policy pronouncements on popula¬ getting to know experts in the field. Wirth’s wife, the former Wien tion and the environment, there is no escaping a central Winslow, shares Iris commitment in this area and heads a family reality: Without big changes in U.S. foreign-aid policies and foundation that focuses heavily on environmental concerns. priorities, Wirth will have limited success in pushing the main Last year, Wirth was appalled by what he saw as U.S. items on his agenda. Wirth strives for optimism on this point, footdragging at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Since citing bloated U.S. security expenditures and talking of the assuming office, he has clearly taken satisfaction in being part opportunity to “reallocate and redirect” these funds. He of an administration determined to reassert U.S. global advocates “zero-based budgeting,” a way to redesign budget leadership on environmental issues. In earlyjune he attended priorities from the ground up. Pointing to the larger picture, the signing by the United States of the Biodiversity Treaty, Mathews observes that, when the money needed to pursue which had been agreed upon in Rio but rejected by the Bush Agenda 21 is compared with worldwide military expendi¬ administration. Later in the month, Wirth led a U.S. delegation tures, one sees that “it is not a large number.” to a meeting of the Commission on Sustainable Development Wirth is not tire only foreign-policy expert to advocate that set up at the LJN to implement the Rio accords. Wirth has also America change the way it “buys” security through broad shifts been closely involved in the Clinton Administration decision in the roughly $300 billion budget that annually goes for to reverse Bush policy on global warming—another sticking defense, intelligence, and foreign assistance. Rather than point at Rio—in order to reduce U.S. carbon-dioxide emis¬ preparing to deal with new threats militarily, many say, the sions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. United States should spend much more of its national-security Wirth’s efforts on the environmental front have been well- budget on addressing the causes of global instability through received both abroad and among U.S. environmental activists new programs in tire Third World and provide for greater support who chafed tinder 12 years of Republican administrations. “In for fledgling democracies in the formerly Communist world. contrast to the conflict that existed between the U.S. and the Interestingly, however, Wirth opposes cutting tire CIA budget, developing countries at Rio and after Rio,” says Brown, “Wirth which he thinks instead should Ire focused on other needs. has made it clear that the United States wants to work with In reality, few analysts expect that money saved from cuts developing countries to help get die technology in their hands that in military spending or intelligence will be used to increase they need to deal widr these problems—whether it’s phasing out the foreign-assistance budget, even though the United States CFGs (chlorofluorocarbons) or protecting biological diversity.” now ranks almost last among developed countries in the

42 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 percentage of its GNP that it spends on aid. Over the short that there is finally wide agreement about how to promote term, the best that can probably be hoped for is a restructuring democracy. “I think there is a pretty strong consensus that you of the foreign-aid budget. Wirth has high hopes in this regard want to put your efforts into fertile soil,” she says. “That is, into and views the FY 1995 budget as the first real chance to countries where there already is a commitment to moving in reshape priorities. Besides a clear desire to see security the direction that we would like to see societies moving in. assistance pared down as a percentage of the budget, Wirth Democracy is not something that you can impose. It is wants to change the way U.S. foreign aid is spent. “First, something, however, that you can fertilize where it is instead of building massive projects we ought to focus on growing.” Mathews also argues that much of the U.S. smaller, grassroots operations. Second, we ought to increas¬ assistance for democratization should be channeled to non¬ ingly work with nongovernmental organizations. Third, AID governmental organizations (NGO.) ought to take a lot more chances in terms of making small grants To human-rights policy, Wirth appears to bring energy and and taking a grassroots focus. And fourth, the idea of sustainability enthusiasm but no dramatic refocusing of programs. James ought to be clearly at the forefront of AID’S policies.” O’Dea, director of the Washington office of Amnesty Interna¬ Wirth sees his thinking as being closely in sync with that tional, says of Wirth: "He’s very fast on his feet and very open of USAID’s new administrator, J. Brian Atwood, and his office to getting a really viable consultative process with the NGO has been working closely with AID. But in his own position, community.” In preparation for the Vienna conference on Wirth can be only a coordinator and catalyst for environmen¬ human rights, says O’Dea, Wirth met with human-rights tal initiatives dispersed through the department. USAID, leaders and listened closely to their advice. “It was veiy clear which directly handles many of the items on Wirth’s agenda, that he was on top of the issues and personally engaged. And is mired in congressional battles over its pending restructur¬ that was very clear in Vienna.” Wirth was at the human-rights ing plan, and an already modest foreign-assistance appro¬ conference for an entire week, along with Assistant Secretary priations bill has already been cut further by the House. The for Human Rights John Shattuck, and ran a delegation that bill’s biggest expenditures are virtual entitlement programs made itself accessible to human-rights activists. for Russia, Israel, and Egypt, which seem to fall beyond the In a reversal of Bush policy, the Clinton administration has reach of political attack. announced support for the creation of a UN high commis¬ Wirth is convinced that foreign aid need not remain a sioner for human rights who would oversee implementation budgetary pariah. He observes that Americans are deeply of decisions made by all UN human-rights agencies. The concerned about the international environment and the United States has also called for the UN to spend more money global population explosion. Wiith suggests that better on promoting human-rights. In addition, Shattuck—who public relations on the part of the State Department, among spent a decade as head of the Washington office of the other things, can create broader support for foreign-aid American Civil Liberties Union and more recently worked in spending. “The State Department has done a terrible job a top administrative job at Harvard—has begun to push developing constituencies for the State Department,” says energetically for Senate passage of several unratified interna¬ Wirth. “The department doesn’t even answer its constituent tional human rights treaties. But Wirth’s efforts and those of mail.” Wirth hopes that the influx of new people at State can the administration still have a long way to go, says O’Dea. “In change old ways, and that the administration’s new thinking on terms of the overall policy I don’t see any dramatic shift.” global affairs will win sympathy from Congress and the public. Earlierthis year, Amnesty put out a study on human rights and U.S. security assistance, which noted that scores of rights violators DEMOCRATIZATION, ETC. were receiving aid from the United States. To date, neither Wirth If activists on population and environmental issues are nor others in the administration have pushed for fundamental quick to heap praise on Wirth, experts in the areas of change in this situation, despite the belief among activists and democratization, human rights, refugees, and counter-nar¬ some in Congress that an end to the Cold War has made it possible cotics—Wirth’s other responsibilities—view him with a mix¬ to hold Third World allies to a higher moral standard. ture of hope and skepticism. Wirth was not hired for his If he is to be successful in pressing his agenda, Wirth must command of these issues, and he has not attacked them with cultivate alliances outside of State, especially in Congress. the same passion that he has brought to population and the This task clearly plays to his strengths. “One asset that he has environment. Moreover, the principal front in the democra¬ that others don’t is the fact that he had so many years in tization arena is in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet political life,” says his friend William Luers. “He knows how Union, which lie outside Wirth’s portfolio. to work the political system outside the State Department, Wirth has, for example, largely let Jessica Mathews handle whether it’s the White House or the Hill.” democratization, putting her in charge of an interagency task A third-level position in the State Department may not force on the issue. In Mathews’s words, the task force, which have been Wirth’s first job choice. But as a self-styled crusader includes representatives from numerous offices in the State working on some of the most fashionable issues of the day, Department, as well as officials from Defense, Justice, and the Wirth has the potential to emerge as one of the stars of the National Security Council, “is an attempt to turn a policy into administration. ■ a program, to define in detail the thrust and the means and priorities of making the spread of democracy one of the main David Callahan is author o/'Dangerous Capabilities: Paul pillars of the president’s foreign policy.” Mathews believes Nitze and the Cold War.

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I approached our cook, the orange-and-gold palm nuts, and Louis, a stout gentleman with a gener¬ Vincent pounded them to a thick pu¬ ous paunch and powerful arms and ree. From the comer of his kitchen, legs and even more powerful will. He Louis watched, arms crossed over his had trained in a French hotel kitchen. chest, lips curled in a patronizing smile. He was a superb chef with the notori¬ Now and again he couldn't resist giv¬ ous chefs temperament. ing the chicken a furtive stir or poke as Did he know moambe, chicken it bubbled in its sauce, but it was clear cooked in palm-nut puree? Louis nod¬ that this was to be the mayor’s wife’s ded yes, he knew that dish, and no, he fiasco. could not prepare it. There were no The moambe was dished up, golden palm nuts. But we had seen them! and succulent, and was a thundering Well, it was the wrong season. success. Guests scraped their plates. I kept asking when the right season They asked for thirds. They praised the was. 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1111 30th St., NW • Washington, D.C. 20007 202-298-7731 • 1-800-348-7203 • Fax: 202-333-5792 Adriana Johanna Chutter, 88, the American Foreign Service Association waii, Wilson, on loan from the Department widow of retired Foreign Service officer scholarship. She graduated from Stanford of Commerce, served in early foreign-aid Reginald Frederick Chutter, died March University and had completed one year programs in India andjordan. He returned 17 in Bethesda, Maryland of a heart at the University of Washington Law to the State Department as counselor for ailment. School prior to her death. commercial affairs in India and later in Bom in Medan, Sumatra, Chutter was Survivors include her parents, of Australia. educated in Holland and received her Sequim, Washington; her husband, Harold After retirement, he served with the U.S master of law degree from Leiden Univer¬ Kutz of Bellevue, Washington; and her Import-Export Bank in Washington, D.C. sity in 1926. brother, Kenneth Grant, of Hong Kong. and as a government adviser in Tunisia. She married in 1927 and accompanied Wilson was the founding president of the her husband to Greece, Taiwan, Leba¬ Patricia Corrigan Pappano, 79, Foreign Service Retirees of Central and non, and Turkey. Mrs. Chutter worked in daughter of the late Ambassador Frank P. Northern Arizona and continued as Wash¬ volunteer activities at every Foreign Ser¬ Corrigan, sister of Ambassador Robert R. ington liaison for the group. vice post, including as chairwoman of the Corrigan and fonner wife of retired For¬ Survivors include his wife, Jeannette; clothing committee for refugees in the eign Service officer Albert E. Pappano, sons, Frank Jr., Malcolm, and Richard; a American Women’s Club of Greece, dis¬ died at a nursing home in Willoughby, daughter, Elizabeth Segovis; and five grand¬ tributing clothes in Greek villages; as vice Ohio, on June 2, 1993- children. president of the Taiwan International Pappano spent many years as a For¬ Women’s Club in charge of social ser¬ eign Service hostess and spouse. She Elizabeth Campbell White, 94, widow vices; as a member of the Societepour la accompanied her father in 1934 when he of Ambassador John Campbell White died

Protection de L'Enfant1 in social services assumed his first post in El Salvador. She June 17, 1993 following a heart attack. for the American Women’s Club in Beirut, again joined him in Caracas at the end of Born in Rye, New York, she grew up in and as vice president of the Women’s World War II when he was ambassador New York City. She graduated from the Club in Ankara Turkey. to help manage the embassy. During die Chapin School and broke new ground for Survivors include a daughter, Harriet war years she lived in Mexico where her young women by working as a telephone Chutter Mathews, of Bethesda, Maryland; husband was an economics officer and operator during World War I. She married two grandchildren, Lynne Caie Mathews, she accompanied him later to Rome. The in 1921 and accompanied her husband, a of Bethesda and Scott Chutter Mathews, Pappanos were divorced in 1952 and she career diplomat, to posts in Venezuela, of Colorado; and two nephews, Ruud Van returned to Cleveland with her children. Czechoslovakia, Latvia, Argentina, Ger¬ Geuns and Jan Paul Van Geuns of Hol¬ She resumed her studies, graduating from many, India, Tangier, Haiti, and Pern. land. Case Western Reserve University. She As a Foreign Seivice spouse, White was director of the YWCA in Elyria, Ohio, participated in an international art confer¬ Margaret Crosson, wife of Foreign a staff member of the Cuyahoga County ence in Moscow in the early years of the Service officer Lewis Crosson, died on Welfare Department in Cleveland, and Soviet regime and was among the first June 20 in Georgetown, Texas, where the retired in 1982 as director of the food Americans ever to visit the Himalayan Crossons had made their home after stamp program for the Lake County, mountain kingdom of Bhutan. retiring. Their last foreign post was To¬ Ohio Department of Human Services. Upon retirement, the Whites settled on kyo, where Mr. Crosson was consul gen¬ Survivors include Ambassador Kent Island, Maryland, where she was eral in the 1970s. Corrigan and two other brothers, Eddie active in the local Episcopalian church and She is survived by her husband, Lewis, Corrigan and Kevin Corrigan; her three where she became increasingly involved of Georgetown, Texas. children, Francine Pappano Jacome of with environmental issues and campaigns. Caracas, Carla Pappano Goldberg of In 1992 she was awarded an honorary Laurie Grant Kutz, daughter of re¬ Buffalo, and Patrick A. Pappano of Cleve¬ doctorate of public service by Washington tired Foreign Service officer Roderick N. land; nine grandchildren and two great College and just a few weeks before her Grant and Mary Ann Grant, died March 2 grandchildren. death she attended a conference of the in Bellevue, Washington. Society of Woman Geographers in San Kutz accompanied her parents on over¬ Frank Stedman Wilson. 80, died Francisco, at which she received a distin¬ seas assignments to Bonn, Bmssels, Taipei, May 23 of congestive heart failure in guished service award. and Paris. She attended the Paris Ameri¬ Tempe, Arizona. Sutvivors include her daughter, Mrs. W. can School and was the recipient of an A graduate of the University of Ha¬ Tapley Bennett Jr., of Washington, D.C.;

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 five grandchildren; three great-grandchil¬ dren; and her brother, Abbot Low Moffat, of Hightstown, New Jersey. LET EUROPE Helen Hooks Montenegro, 76, wife of retired Foreign Service officer Daniel BE YOUR CAMPUS W. Montenegro, died July 9 of cancer at her home in McLean, Virginia. LEYSIN AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND Born in Lakeland, Florida, she attended GRADES 9 THROUGH 12, PG YEAR Cox College in Atlanta and Stetson Uni¬ SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAM versity in DeLand, Florida, graduating with honors. She served from 1942-44 as a Foreign Service secretary in Santiago. Highly respected, private, coeducational, American International After her 1944 marriage, she served as boarding school in the French Swiss Alps, near Lake Geneva. secretary to military officers in Alexandria Successful American College Prep, Advanced Placement, and the and when her husband was transferred to Hagerstown, Maryland she worked for International Baccalaureate programs. SAT testing Center. Finest the Fairchild Aircraft Co. and then the sports and recreation programs in all of Europe. Magnificent skiing “at United Nations Rehabilitation and Relief our doorstep’’. Full U.S. and European Accreditations. (UNRRA) offices in Washington. D.C. and in Wiesbaden, Gennany. Thomas F. Rouillard She accompanied her husband to Ber¬ L.A.S. U.S. Director of Admissions lin, and later to Noumea, New Caledonia. Box 4016, Portsmouth, NH 03802-4016 From New Caledonia, the family was Tel; 603.431.7654 reassigned to Berlin, where they served Fax: 603.431.1280 until I960. In 1966, they were assigned to Madrid, Spain, and while there, Montenegro worked part-time with USIA, teaching ^^The Only American School ln the Swiss Alps courses in English as a second lan¬ guage. Survivors include her husband; her two daughters, Marcia Lee Montenegro, of Arlington, Virginia and Valerie J. Montenegro, of Washington, D.C.; a grand¬ son; her brother and sister-in-law, Mr. and Westtown, Pennsylvania — Founded in 1799 Mrs. Jenning M. Hooks, of Denver, Colo¬ rado; and her sister, Mrs. Frances Boberg, A QUAKER BOARDING SCHOOL OFFERING: of Englewood, Florida. • small, academically challenging, coed classes Robert Bruce Maule. 99, father of retired Foreign Service officer Robert (Bill) • a commitment to the boarding experience with Maule, died June 20 of heart failure in full week activities and adult supervision Bainbridge Island, Washington. • a diverse community with students from 31 states and 23 countries Personnel who served in Port-au-Prince • a nurturing environment which emphasizes (1963-1966) and Vienna (1966-1971) will individual achievement and community development remember Bob and his wife, Zelma, who • outstanding facilities including a science center, accompanied their consular-officer son. Maule was bom in San Francisco on arts center, fieldhouse, and 25-meter swimming pool January 11, 1894. He retired in 1959 after • a beautiful 600-acre campus in a safe, suburban long service with Pacific Telephone. Al¬ community, convenient to transportation and though almost entirely self-educated, he major metropolitan areas was a proficient writer, recording obser¬ Visitors welcomed. vations of the world about him, from the For mofe information, please contact: great San Francisco earthquake to life overseas. Sarah J. Goebel Survivors include his son, Bill; his Director of Admissions and Financial Aid daughter-in-law, Sue; three grandchildren; tel: 215-399-0123 fax: 215-399-3760 and five great-grandchildren. ■

48 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 From Confrontation to ons, reduce conventional forces in Eu¬ the standpoint of continuity, and bear¬ rope, and accelerate destruction of bal¬ ing in mind the turnover of political Cooperation listic missiles. The Turn, by the distin¬ appointees and career officials, he un¬ guished former Washington Post diplo¬ doubtedly had a better and more so¬ THE TURN matic reporter Don Oberdorfer, now phisticated grasp of the key issues in By Don Oberdorfer, Touchstone, Simon updated and republished in paperback, U.S.-Soviet negotiations than all but a & Schuster, 1992 paperback S14, 514 is the story of how this earth-shaking few of the top negotiators. The Turn is pages end to 30 years of confrontation be¬ therefore as authoritative a chronology tween the two nuclear superpowers of the extraordinary transition from con¬ Reviewed by Charles Maechling Jr. came about. frontation to collaboration as we are When, on March 8, 1983, President As one of the inner circle of the likely to get until the archives are opened. Ronald Reagan made his celebrated Washington press corps, Oberdorfer What is likely to impress the reader is speech denouncing the Soviet Union as attended virtually eveiy summit meet¬ the extent to which the reciprocal nuclear “an evil empire,” no one could have ing between the leaders of the United threat and the calculus of missile de¬ imagined that, in six years, he would be States and the Soviet Union from 1983 ployment dominated, and at times mo¬ strolling the streets of Moscow with his on. Between summit meetings he stayed nopolized, the U.S.-Soviet dialogue. arm around the president of the Soviet in close touch with top officials of the Within this dialogue, Reagan’s dream Union, and that, a year later, Gorbachev State Department and National Security Strategic Defense Initiative, a nuclear himself would be attending a state din¬ Council, reporting weekly and some¬ defense shield in space, gradually sur¬ ner in the White House and signing times daily on the evolving relationship faced to become the dialogue’s central agreements to destroy chemical weap¬ between the two superpowers. From issue, on the one hand as a stumbling

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SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 49 BOOKS AND THE ARTS

block to a comprehensive ballistic mis¬ elimination of ballistic missiles—a pro¬ With regard to human rights, which sile treaty, on the other as a threat of posal that Gorbachev failed to snap up, the Reagan administration piously astronomical “star wars” expenditures because it was not tied to elimination of equated with “free elections,” the author that opened the way to “glasnosf and SDI. dutifully parrots, without commentary, the collapse of the Soviet system. If The Turn has a fault, it is that its the official line. In fact, throughout the The Turn gives the reader not only a meticulous coverage of the bilateral period covered by the book, the record blow-by-blow history of every' signifi¬ U.S.-Soviet relationship, and arms-con- of the Reagan administration outside its cant step in negotiations, but also of the trol negotiations in particular, give the own borders was, in the view of Am¬ shifting positions of the parties and the book at times a one-dimensional qual¬ nesty International and other human- drastic changes within the Soviet Union. ity. No doubt this reflects its reportorial rights organizations, even worse than There are perceptive observations about character and focus on events that the the Soviet Union’s. In Central America, the personalities of the principal actors, author covered at first hand. The virtual the United States was actively funding among whom Secretary of State George absence of any discussion of the role of the wholesale massacre of civilians by Shultz and Mikhail Gorbachev seem to NATO and the positions of the Western the security forces of El Salvador and an be the author's favorites. President allies—who, after all, were next door to illegal covert war against Nicaragua and Reagan comes across as a leader who the Soviet Union and the stake the its agricultural cooperatives conducted achieved extraordinary diplomatic re¬ United States was defending—is dis¬ by cut-throat mercenaries recruited by sults with only the sketchiest grasp of concerting. Afghanistan is well covered, the CIA and led by ex-Somoza officers. the details and without realizing some but there is little mention of Eastern In Angola, the CIA underwrote the of the implications of the positions he Europe, Cuba, Angola, and other arenas atrocities of Jonas Savimbi’s guerrillas. adopted. One of the most fascinating of Cold War confrontation. During the As regards the capabilities and im¬ chapters of the book is the story of the period covered by the book, these re¬ pact on policymaking of subordinate 1987 Reykjavik summit, at which Reagan gional issues were a far more important officials of the Reagan-Bush administra¬ nearly blew the whole Western defense factor in U.S.-Soviet relations than the tions, Oberdorfer is discretion itself, posture with his own proposal for total author gives credit them for. probably for fear erf alienating sources. r ■\ Affordable Luxury

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50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 In fact, throughout the period, a cloud rethink “international governance” and, of controversy hung over many of these as Cleveland put it, “to do postwar g>t-James appointees, who had emerged from the planning without having the war first.” A Luxury All Suite Property obscurity of think tanks and congres¬ The group observed that the changes sional staffs to inject right-wing ideol¬ engulfing the USSR and Eastern Europe ogy into the policy process. Missing were directly attributable to the uncon¬ from an otherwise admirable book is trollable spread of knowledge—the in¬ the fetid atmosphere that surrounded formation revolution—which Cleveland policy-making during the Reagan years. takes as the touchstone for his advo¬ cacy of radical changes in the ways the

Charles Maechlingjr. is an international world conducts its business. ffc/ea/ e£ocadoM lawyer who writes frequently on diplo¬ Central to Cleveland’s plan for man¬ macy. aging the unruly challenges to global stability is his conviction that the new world order must not take as its model Last Chance for Change the “false analog)'” of the nation-state. BIRTH OF A NEW WORLD: AN OPEN The system of national states, though enduring, won’t work as a model of MOMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL cooperation on the international level, LEADERSHIP argues Cleveland, because it has failed SinfreeccMe c/eruice By Harlan Cleveland, Jossey-Bass, 1993, to cope with nearly every challenge of $25-95 hardcover, 230 pages the past quarter century, including eco¬ nomic development, energy, pollution, Reviewed by Arnold Schifferdecker overpopulation, social justice, and hu¬ “Everybody is talking about ‘a new man rights. “The evidence is now over¬ world order’,” as Robert McNamara whelming,” he concludes, "that every na¬ observes in the forward of this highly tional government is beyond its depth.” readable monograph. So, does Harlan That’s the first half of the book. In the ctfwtciouA c/uiteA Cleveland, Kennedy’s former assistant remaining chapters Cleveland offers up • Enjoy spacious one bedroom suites secretary of state and Johnson’s ambas¬ a series of activist policy prescriptions featuring fully furnished living and sador to NATO, have anything work¬ to address the challenges to “interna¬ dining room, and walk in closets. tional governance.” Cleveland uses that • Kitchen facilities complete with china able or useful to tell us about it? and flatware for four. Cleveland strives mightily. As both term not to mean global government, • Complimentary continental breakfast scholar and practitioner, he knows the but “the aggregate of institutions of seven days a week. landscape well and has thought deeply cooperation, coordination, and com¬ • 24 hour fitness center. about the multiple challenges to diplo¬ mon action among sovereign states and • Outdoor pool and sun deck nongovernmental organizations that • On property coin operated laundry macy in the post-Cold War era. He sees facilities. the eroding leverage of superpowerdom constitute the management of peace.” • Secured underground parking. as a golden opportunity to develop new This is a key distinction for his ideas on • Complimentary Washington Post and cooperative structures: “It is a very open what will work in the new pluralistic Shoe Shine. moment in world history. The last his¬ world of better-educated, more de¬ • Flexible leasing terms. • Government Per Diem available. toric chance for systemic change re¬ manding citizens—the ones who actu¬ motely to be compared to these times of ally brought about the democratic revo¬ JA1 our lives started in 1945.” lutions of the East and who are de¬ Birth of a Neu> World grew out of a manding much more than the succes¬ flssi series of meetings among experts of 24 sor regimes can deliver. r- Of* countries organized by the Hubert Cleveland’s policy advice ranges over iamefj \f\ Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the issues of weapons proliferation and the University of Minnesota. Confer¬ control, world security and economy, ss—VA it —- STATE F ences took place in several countries development and management of the UiSiV ! i § i over three years, the very period the global commons. As former assistant 0 tidal wave of political change was sweep¬ secretary for international organizations For Reservations please call ing the “Soviet bloc” (how quaint that at the State Department, Cleveland pro¬ (800) 852-8512 expression sounds already). The guid¬ vides no one-size-fits-all UN globalist (202) 457-0500 ing principle of the participants was to solutions for these problems. Instead

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 There Is Only One Place Tb Stay BOOKS AND THE ARTS In Washington— he advocates a pragmatic combination of policies building on the UN Charter CORPORATE QUARTERS and resort to a “club of democracies,” defined loosely as “a confederation of “A Hotel Alternative for the Prudent Spender” the concerned, a center of initiative, a habit of consultation.” One thinks, for example, of an expanded Group of Short or Long Term Luxury Seven or perhaps a broader coalition of Apartments, Townhouses, like-minded states that might (and Penthouses should) include democratically oriented All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully members of the Group of 77. But Cleve¬ Equipped Kitchens • Telephone • Cable Television • Security Intercom System • land looks beyond governments to other Complete Health Spa • Concierge • coalitions of knowledge and expertise Parking Laundry and Valet • MaidSvc among nongovernmental organizations, (optional) • Convenience Store particularly those that have shown capacity SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING and leadership to resolve, for example, CORPORATIONS • PENTAGON • THE economic, trade, or environmental issues. STATE DEPARTMENT • INSURANCE For more information, write or fax INDUSTRY • EXTENDED TRAVEL • Cleveland envisages situations in which CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS such a “confederation of tire concerned”

CORPORATE QUARTERS * Visa and Master Card Honored would Ire members of scientific organi¬ 215 8th Street, SE zations, corporations or professional Washington, DC 20003 institutions, as well as UN specialized agencies. His examples of successful glo¬ REAL ESTATE • SALES • RENTALS bal projects include weather forecasting, MANAGEMENT communications, Antarctica, UN peace¬ keeping, and Law of tire Sea. Birth of a Neu' World is a stimulating read for anyone looking for fresh think¬ ing, both on how we got to where we MARTENS VOLVO are and how we might begin to rebuild on the ruins of the old order. Harlan Dedicated to Diplomacy Cleveland, who in a sense has been in training for this task for some four Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats decades, offers the insider's touch, with and Members of International Organizations a host of creative, frequently provoca¬ tive ideas, sprinkled with wit, and set down in a well-organized, compact , and readable 230 pages. ■

Arnold Schifferdecker is a Foreign Ser¬ vice officer in the Office of Oceans and Environmental and Science Policy.

CORRECTION A book review in the August 1993 Journal asserted that the U.S. government had dropped its boycott of UNESCO. What we should have said is that the United States Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director is on the verge of dropping the boycott. Congressman Torres introduced legisla¬ VOLVOO ITIHIf I EH9 202-537-3000 tion last spring that would have that effect. CARS OF WASHINGTON, INC. Fax 202-537-1826 The Clinton White House endorsed the 4800 WISCONSIN AVE. WASH., DC 20016 proposed legislation. Presumably, it will U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer be enacted soon. We regret the error.

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RETURNING SHOP IN AN AMERICAN TO FOGGY DRUG STORE BY MAIL! An ice cream soda is one of the BOTTOM few items we cannot mail. Drugs, FOR A NEW cosmetics, sundries mailed to every coun¬ ASSIGNMENT, try in the world. We BRIEFING, OR • Immediate shipment maintain permanent worldwide • Credit cards family prescription TRAINING? or check • Ask about our records. SEND NO overnight gift delivery MONEY — pay only after satis¬ Prove to the new administration factory receipt of order. you understand fiscal responsibility. nationwide • Free monthly U.S. Gov't, per diem rates honored new title forecast • Mail at this newly renovated, small, orders welcome • Open 24 hours every day • Write or phone for free holiday gift catalog 1-800-255-2665 In CT or Worldwide (203)966-5470 mORGcTI pharmacy 800-388-2410 59 Elm Street 3001 P Street, N.W. 1075 Thomas Jefferson St, NW New Canaan, Washington, D.C. 20007 Washington, DC 20007 CT 06840 FAX: (202) 337-4102 FAX: (202) 333-6526

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 R K E E MCG Residential FINANCIAL (•THE^jcWERS) Management HOTEL SUITES PLANNING 420 NORTH VAN DORN STREET ALEXANDRIA, VIR1GINIA 22304 Former State Department Realty, Inc. (703) 370-1000 (800)368-3339 Employee Stationed Overseas 003) 751-1467 FAX Understands Unique Financial Situation of Foreign Service RENT OUR

Services Include: $92.95 SUITE AND Retirement Planning GET FREE: Tax Preparation and Strategies PO BOX 7716 ARLINGTON, VA Analysis: Insurance and 22207 PHONE (703) 528-6635 Investments Leasing and Property ‘Management Specialist Lump Sum Retirement Options in Northern 'Virginia * Alamo Rental Car * MONTLY INCOME / EXPENSE * Happy Hour MARY CORNELIA GINN STATEMENTS * Continental Breakfast 4550 Montgomery Avenue * MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICE * USA TODAY Newspaper Suite 442N * MAINTENANCE 8c REPAIRS * Fully Equipped Kitchens Bethesda, Maryland 20814 •TENANT CREDIT CHECKS (301) 961-8500 * Excercise Room/Pool Fax: (703) 938-2278 * PROPERTY INSPECTIONS * MORTGAGE ALL OF THE ABOVE FOR LESS THAN Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis Current State ‘Department References On THE GSA LODGING PER DIEM Securities, Inc. DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WDC! Member NASD &SIPC Rfguest 1 R E A L E s T A T E i SIMPLY THE BEST! Sales, Leasing and Property Management Whether you're relocating from overseas or purchasing Stuart and Maury Inc. or selling while PCS, you need the best in service, experience and expertise. Realtors Call me for free information, or to request a seminar at your embassy. • Hands on management for over 35 years! • We’re not huge, we’re selective, we care! I can make it easy for you, as I have for many of your • Personalized guidance for all your associates! real estate needs! • 1031 Tax deferred exchange specialists! • 13 years real estate experience • 6 years experience giving real • Monthly computerized statements! estate seminars at U.S. embassies abroad Call Susan Bader, property management • Associate Broker BOBBEE CARDILLO specialist, for more information • Spouse of former Foreign Director Service officer Govemmenf/Militaiy Office (301)654-3200 1953 Gallows Road, Suite 500 Relocation Services Fax (301)656-6182 Vienna, VA 22182 COLDUieLL Office: 1-800-336-4567, ext 41 BANKeR □ 4833 Bethesda Ave. Home: (703) 978-5530 .. _ Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814

Fax: (703) 827-0495 1=5 U Excellent references upon request OPPOBTuwiTy REALTORS Expect the best®

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 Rely On Experience...

Linda Wilson Hurley, GR1 Office (202)966-1000 Residence (202)363-9337 Fax # (202)363-9807

inda, a former Foreign Service spouse for 16 Property Specialists, Inc. years, has first-hand knowledge about Foreign A professional and personal service tailored to meet your needs in: Service relocations. She is a member of the President's • Property Management Circle, WDCAR Top Producers and Multi-Million • Sales and Rentals Dollar Sales Club and the MCAR Million Dollar • Multiple Listings Sales Club; she is listed in “100 of the Best Real • Real Estate Investment Counseling Estate Agents in Washington, D.C. and Maryland.” Our staff includes: Linda is an Associate Broker, a Graduate of the REALTOR® Institute and is also licensed in Virginia. Gerry Addison Sally Durbeck Donna Linton Steve Carey Joann Howd Fran Palmeri Please call or write Linda for information. Donna Courtney Robert Howd Bill Struck Robert Thomas The Prudential All presently or formerly associated with the Foreign Service. Preferred Properties Rock Solid in Real Estate!SM 4600-D Lee Highway Arlington, Virginia 22207 (703)525-7010 (703)247-3350 4530 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. A Washington, DC 20016 ^

An fttependenly Owned and Operated Member of The Pnjdenial Real EiUB AJtaaiB* Inc Serving Virginia, Maryland and D.C.

alk to State Diplomat m Condo Rentals

lemington Condo’s Comer 24th & G Streets w Returning ■™r Included to Washington? r operues • One Bedroom Condominiums House Hunting doesn't have to be a Hassle! Work with Anne Gomez • Fully Furnished w/Balconies m 15 YEARS EXPERIENCE • In Unit Washer/Dryer ■ KNOWLEDGE OF THE REAL ESTATE MARKET • Weekly Housekeeping Services ■ KNOWLEDGE OF YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS • On-Site Manager for Check-In ■ MULTIPLE LISTING • Complete Kitchen; All Linens ■ BUYER BROKER OPTION • Telephone Service; Cable TV Write or FAX Anne Gomez for a Free Welcome Kit. $75.00 per night, tax included Diplomat Properties also Specializes in Personalized Property Management. No deposit: Small pets accepted Owned and Operated by a Former Remington Short-Term Housing Foreign Service Family B.J. Knight, Coordinator DIPLOMAT PROPERTIES, INC. 601 24th Street, NW, #801 3900 N. Fairfax Drive, #204 Washington, D.C. 20037 Arlington, VA 22203 (800)225-3847 • (202)2234512 (Near Virginia Square Metro) FAX: (202) 452-9541 Anne Gomez, Broker (703) 522-5900 FAX (703) 525-4713

SEPTEMBER 1993 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 55 REAL E STATE

ON BALANCE WE ARE THE RIGHT PROPERTY MANAGEMENT It's not the only temporary TEAM TO WATCH executive housing in Washington OVER that is service-driven. YOUR After all, since 1986, returning embassy personnel, military and other government employees and their families have been made immediatly welcome by our staff who genuinely care about making you feel at home. Our experienced staff work quickly to find the right accommodations and our hassle-free service is only a phone call away. Our beautifully furnished and decorated one, two and three bed¬ room apartments, townhouses or larger single family homes include: Fully equipped kitchens • Bed & bath linens • Color TV and clock radio • Local telephone services • All utilities • Maid services • Fitness centers • Pools • Security systems • Garage parking • Fireplaces and more! Let us help you find affordable

A quality housing with the services you Corporate require, in a location you want. executive\ and . • Vienna, VA 22180 TEMPORARY (703)938-0909 • FAX (703) 281-9782 O U S I N G 1 (800) 933-8367 I N C Serving P.O. Box 176. Washington, VA 22747 Residential Real Estate YVI Northern Virginic Fax: (703) 987-8122 Sales—Management

Sales, Rentals, Investments Property Management ft! Lr\3« D.C., Maryland, and Virginia

r/\ Among Our 36 Agents The Following Are Foreign Service Affiliated EXCLUSIVE INTERIM PROPERTIES, LTD John Baker John Clunan PROVIDING THE FINEST TEMPORARY LIVING Christina Griffin Josephine W. Holliday QUARTERS FOR THE DISCERNING TRAVELER Mariella Lehfeldt OF THIRTY DAYS OR LONGER Lynn Moffly Magruder John Y. Millar H Convenient locations in DC, Northern Virginia and Janice J. Lyon Millar Maryland including Annapolu. Robert Skiff John Turner '« Portfolio ofotudio, one, two and three bedroom Homeo, Condoo, Apartment,i, and Town Houoeo.

« Completely furnuthed and acceMorized.

‘l! Idealfor State Department and Foreign Service personnel relocating or on a temporary ajoignment. MGMB Inc. Realtors Foxhall Square 202-362-4480 or phone 800/776.5057 703/506.3995 703/506.3997/^- 3301 New Mexico Ave., N.W. Fax: 202-363-8954 8230 OLD COURTHOUSE ROAD • SUITE 450 • VIENNA, VA 22182 Washington, D.C. 20016 Write for free relocation kit!

56 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 WeVe Built a Team to Serve You... In Maryland, Virginia and D.C., Coldwell Banker Property Management provides superior leasing and property management services to absentee home wners. We have a full-time staff of expertly trained petty managers ready to serve your needs.

□ YES! I would like more We Offer: information on Coldwell Banker • Complete tenant screening Property Management services and ‘ • On-site property inspections related fee structure. • Monthly statements Name: • Year-end tax statements Add ress: • Prompt disbursement of proceeds to owners • Dependability at competitve rates Rental Property:, Call us today! Telephone #:_ eiL (703) 556-6100 Mail to: Coldwell Banker Residential Property BANISjSR □ Management Department do Executive Offices, OPPORTUNITY^□ REALTOR3 • . 1953 Gallows Road, Suite 500, Vienna, VA 22182 Expect the best."

Ann Martin Sheila Freeze Around The World Around The Nations Capital

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DETROIT t\/I EMPHIS m PHILADELPHIA BALTIIX/IORE IF YOU CAN'T GET IT OVERSEAS

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When you’re overseas, sometimes the QUALITY BRANDS goods and services you want aren’t avail¬ General Electric. Kenmore. Eureka. able as soon as you’d like. Or as cheaply as Hewlett Packard. GM. As regular dealers of you’d like. Or they aren’t these and other major brands, available at all. we can offer competitive When you need a better pricing and follow-up service purchasing solution, turn to HOME AND COMMERCIAL APPLIANCES including repairs and Greenline Forwarding. Along replacement parts. And with our affiliates, we’ve OFFICE SUPPLIES because we produce our own been supplying the Depart¬ • Giant, full-color catalog, many of our catalog ment of State and its person¬ • 20% discount across offerings can be priced and nel for over thirty years, so the board! compared without requesting we know how important it is AUTO PARTS a formal quotation. Of to fill your procurement • Any foreign or course, if you should need a needs as quickly and domestic model meeting quote it will be provided at U.S. specifications inexpensively as possible. • GM parts below list! no charge and without obligation. NO MINIMUM COMPUTERS Since we never require a • IBM compatibles OUTSTANDING SERVICE minimum quantity, we’ll be • Desktops and portables • Dual voltage At Greenline, all orders are glad to quote you if you • Complete systems given equal attention. No need a single bolt for your starting at $1,099.00! answering machines here, car or replacement parts for SPECIAL ORDERS either—someone will answer an entire fleet. And if your your call and assist you if purchase fails to meet your you have a question. And for satisfaction you can return it without your convenience, we accept personal question—and without restocking fees. We checks, Visa, and MasterCard. Purchase stand behind the products we supply. orders are welcome.

GREENLINE FORWARDING, INC. 9495 N.W. 12 Street Miami, Florida 33172 U.S.A.

(305) 593-6862 Facsimile (305) 593-6865 Telex 153183 GRNLN News of a Death, Long Distance

BY K. JOSLYN ROCKEMAN

epending on how you feel near Gladstone, North Dakota—the first one. In North Dakota, names and blood¬ D lines meant nothing in a country full of about your family, the physi¬ truly spring day of a brand-new century. cal and emotional distance Her first 18 years were spent on that newcomers and upstarts. Most of from them engendered by life Dakota farm, learning courage and the EllLsburg’s residents, though, had been overseas is either good news or bad capacity for hard work. She could drive there since God made the world. news—or a little of both. But the un¬ a team of horses before she was 10, and Foryears the villagers in tiny Ellisburg clear and tardy communication we have long before she was a woman she knew despised and excluded her, even after with them is definitely bad news. all the components of a woman’s work— her marriage to Art Joslyn, a perfectly When the phone rang recently, I and how to be a proper lady. Lilly knew respectable local boy. The natives’ slights settled in my chair for some therapy in her place and her duty, and no woman and Grandma’s imperfections were even¬ the form of a familiar voice and a dose ever sat up straighter, or complained tually forgiven and forgotten in the of news from the old hometown. My less, or made more, of what was dealt course of her 75 years there—75 years— brother had all kinds of quick snippets her. of children, grandchildren, and great- for me: Mom is doing well in her new By the time she was 18 and out of grands, boom years and crop failures, place, my sister will finish college al¬ depressions and wars, kids’ weddings most the same week her son begins. and loans called in suddenly, and a long And, “Oh, by the way, I almost forgot! and lonely widowhood. They finally Grandma Joslyn died last week.” named the country land on which she One of the few things I know best had lived so longJoslyn Road, after her. after 10 years in the Foreign Sendee is But she never lost her Dakota-bred that, from thousands of miles away, knack for looking you right in the eye when a family member is sick or dying, and not backing up a by-God inch. you can do exactly nothing. When There is more to grieve in all of this you’re right there in town, you can fool than just a fine old woman’s death. I ask yourself, run to the hospital to share a myself again: "What are we doing so far vigil with all the aunts and uncles, share from home?” We are out of sight and out a box of Kleenex, talk to a wasted fomi of mind, excluded from the flow of with vacant eyes, and say all the tilings high school, Lilly’s rolling-stone family, and no matter how hard we tiy, you were saving for a day that never father could bear it no more. Answering no matter how hard they try, all manner came. You can help with the funeral a classified advertisement in a popular of messages won t ever get through. arrangements and afterwards drive from farming magazine, my great-grandfa¬ Life’s losses weigh too much when we the cemetery to the cafe for pie and ther arranged to swap a Western life for must add to them the accumulation of coffee and a long talk about grandma an Eastern one. He packed up his losses from a transient life. In upstate and life and loss. There is quiet comfort family, left his animals, acreage, imple¬ New York there’s a fresh grave I can’t in all of this. But when the news ments, and most of tire contents of tire get to with a memorial bouquet of comes crackling half way around the modest farmhouse and traveled east by crocuses, and an old farmhouse set world over a bad phone connection a train to take up the vacated farm some among oat fields where I can never week too late to allow goodbyes, New Yorker had traded hinr. Thus my again sit eating homemade bread and well, that’s your goodbye. Oh, by the grandmother came to live in Ellisburg, hearing stories about old days. I’m just way, I almost forgot: “I’ll miss you. I'll New York. too far away. ■ never forget.” While the New York weather was She was born Lillian Shurtiff on the somewhat milder and the landscape first of June 1900, as a warm wind certainly greener than on the Dakota K. Joslyn Rockeman is married to a coaxed crocuses out of the prairie sod prairie, the social climate was a bitter Foreign Service officer in Malawi.

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1993 TOUR FREE GOVERNMENT COVERAGE COULD LEAVE TOU OVERSEAS AND UNDERCOVERED.

The last thing you need when you’re living far away is coverage that doesn’t go far enough. Unfortunately, many people mistake the benefits provided by the U.S. Government Claims Act for insurance coverage. And that can often lead to near-total disappointment. In fact, the Government encourages employees to buy private insurance. If you rely solely on the Claims Act, you may not adequately protect personal articles like jewelry, furs, and fine arts. You’ll have no coverage if you’re not on government business. And, you’ll have no coverage for per¬ sonal liability. Fortunately, you can remedy these oversights before you go overseas. When you cover your¬ self with the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the American Foreign Service Association-your insured possessions will be covered against virtually all risks, up to the limit of your choice. You can insure yourself against personal liability. And, you’ll be covered whether or not you’re on government business. The AFSA Plan has been specifically designed for members of the American Foreign Ser- vice Association on active duty abroad. Through the Plan, nr| H\FSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company you can get comprehensive moving insurance, theft, fire andu I 14 East Highland Avenue catastrophe coverage, itemized valuable articles protection1 | Philadelphia, PA 19118 I Telephone: 215-242-8200. and personal liability insurance. In Wash. D.C. Area: 202-457-0250 So don’t wait until you find yourself overseas and Please send me your free brochure that undercovered. Call or send for your free brochure today. answers questions about overseas insurance. Name Address THE Af 3A INSURANCE PLAN Don’t go overseas undercovered. Zip The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. -J EXERCISE YOUR DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGE. % ■ 1 ■ HI

As a member of the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for special privileges when you order a vehicle through Chrysler’s Diplomatic Purchase Program. They includq preferred savings, fast personalized ordering assistance and uncompromising service with Chrysler’s worry-free worldwide warranty. Perquisites appropriate to your office. Choose from the full line of 1993 Chrysler Motors products: Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars and minivans, Eagle cars and Jeep and Dodge trucks. Phone for personalized service. Your Personal Advisor will order the model and color you want with the equipment you want, and quote the official Diplomatic prit| including all applicable rebates. Your Personal Advisor can also arrange delivery anywhere in the U.S. or to most overseas locations. In other words, we set you fre| of tedious details. If you’d rather, fill out and mail or telefax the card on Page 7. You’ll quickly receive a catalogue for the vehicle(s) of your choice. The Diplomatic Purchase PlaJ It’s the easy, money-saving way to start enjoying Chrysler’s many Advantages. A CHRYSLER W INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SALES IN THE U.S., PHONE YOUR PERSONAL ADVISOR AT 1-800-877-7083 or (516) 496-1806. TELEFAX: (516) 677-3701.