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Uhm Phd 9230509 R.Pdf INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howetl truorrnanoo Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313,761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9230509 Mid-ocean ridge magmatism: Style of mantle upwelling, partial melting, crustal level processes, and spreading rate dependence. A petrologic approach Niu, Yaoling, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1992 V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor,MI48I06 I I I --l L. '" . MID-OCEAN RIDGE MAGMATISM: STYLE OF MANTLE UPWELLING, PARTIAL MELTING, CRUSTAL LEVEL PROCESSES, AND SPREADING RATE DEPENDENCE --APETROLOGIC APPROACH A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS MAY 1992 BY Yaoling Niu Dissertation Committee: Rodey Batiza, Chairperson Michael O. Garcia John 1. Mahoney Jill L. Karsten David W. Muenow ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have learned that to complete a Ph.D. dissertation is difficult, so I have worked very hard in fear ofa failure. It is finally finished now, but it would not have been possible without the generous help of many people, only a few of whom are mentioned here. I would like to extend my wholehearted thanks first to Dr. Rodey Batiza, my advisor, and more accurately, the best friend of mine. I first met Rodey at Northwestern University in spring 1988 when I was about to begin my Ph.D. study. He gave me a small set of seamount rock data to play with. It took me several months to just feel comfortable with the data through extensive reading and discussions with him, but it was this exercise that stimulated my great interest in ocean floor petrology and mantle melting processes. I am very grateful for his encouragement to work in this field and to come with him to Hawaii, which turned out to be the right place for my Ph.D. research. His help with my dissertation has been enormous and my scientific development owes a great deal to him! My apologies also go first to him because of my frequent impatience with him, but he never seemed to feel bad about it. Instead, he always encouraged me to keep eagerness and aggressiveness in science. I especially thank him for his charitable mind and sympathetic understanding of me and my family, which I deeply feel, have helped me greatly with my dissertation research. This may be the only opportunity that I can take to thank my wife, Lijun, for her wholehearted support of me. She deserves recognition for the part she played in the completion of this work. With her, I was able to work all of the time without worrying about cooking meals and doing laundry. Her understanding and love gave me encouragement and comfort whenever I felt overwhelmed. Unfortunately, when she felt lonely, I was in the microprobe room, in the computer room, at the microscope in the office, or even in front ofour computer at home. When she needed me on weekends, my III b"' .__ answer was always "I have too much to do!". I thank my daughter, Lily. She does not know anything about geology, but she did give Daddy a great deal of relief whenever I was frustrated. My particular thanks go to my dissertation committee members for their willingness to help me and their overall support in all stages - particularly their effort in designing excellent comprehensive exams and their careful reviews ofmy dissertation. Mike Garcia gave my wife and me a welcome orientation about the department, HIG, and DH campus on the very first day we arrived in Hawaii, and instructed me how to use HIG microprobe. John Mahoney always gave me the right answers to my questions and open-minded suggestions. Discussions of scientific questions with John Sinton were beneficial, and his well thought-out ideas were always inspiring, stimulating, and encouraging. Dave Muenow's encouragement was particularly important. Although Jill Karsten came late to my committee, her role in my dissertation research has been very important in all stages: her critical reviews of my dissertation, constructive comments on my papers, and open discussions on many scientific questions have been extremely helpful. Several other people, while not on my committee, always provided suggestions and important input: Sieger van der Laan, Dick Hey, and Li-Chung Ming deserve particular mention. Many thanks go to my friendly fellow graduate students over the years. Ruth Multhaup made Lijun and I feel welcome in Hawaii from the very beginning and Steve Spengler kindly provided us with two weeks of free accommodation while we were looking for housing. Beth Jorgenson, Frank Trusdell, and Suki Smaglik helped me with various kinds of machines around. Mary MacKay, a classmate ofmine, helped me with learning French. Occasional chatting with many has made my graduate student life a little easier. IV l~ ..... I thank R. Korotev at Washington University for INAA analyses, T. O'Hearn at the Smithsonian Institution for some glass analyses, and Tom Hulsebosch and Jo Ann Sinton for their readily available help that guaranted my excellent analytical data for the research. This work was funded by grants from NSF and ONR to Dr. Rodey Batiza. Lastly, I wish to thank Secretaries Karen Ogino, Leona Anthony, and Carol Koyanagi for their ordinary, but important work, for easing the lives of graduate students. I am especially grateful to Carol Koyanagi whose always available assistance saved a lot of my time so that I could have more time to do my research. I must say, I like Hawaii; Hawaii is the right place for graduate study, not because the weather is excellent, not because the beach is nearby, but because people are so nice and helpful in the department. v ABSTRACT This dissertation deals withmagmatic processes of the mid-ocean ridge(MaR) systemon a global scale. The styleof mantle upwelling, partialmelting, crustal level processes, and thedependence on plate spreading rate are evaluatedbasedon mid-ocean ridge basalt(MORB)chemistry. The approach is an integration of observation, data compilation, petrologic andgeochemical interpretation, and theoretical modeling. Evaluation of buoyancy forcesin the meltingrange shows that density differences between melt and solidsincrease towardthe surface, implyingan increasing melt migration rate with upwelling and melting, butthe densitydifference is significantly less than the commonly assumed value: _ 0.5g-cm-3. An empirical modelis developed tocalculate the compositions of primary magmas for MORB. Its application hasrevealed that: 1) mostMORBs are generated by 10-20% meltingat initialdepthsof 12-21 kbar;2) primary MORBmeltshave MgO=10-12 wt %; and 3) mantletemperature can vary up to 50°-60°Coverdistancesof 30-50 km both across and alongaxis withweakly conductive temperature gradient superimposing on adiabatic gradient. Examination of closely-spaced samplesat - 9°30'N, EPR shows that fractional crystallization is the dominated process in axialmagmachambers (AMC), but mechanical differentiation due to density differences between differentphases is also veryimportant, as revealed from crystal sizedistribution (CSD)anddensity relations. Chemical correlations withaxialdepth suggesta chemically zonedAMC, which is maintained by a singlesite magmainjection (at the topographic high)and intra-chamber lateral transport. Analysis of a globalMORB data baseshowsthat the so-called local trend is unique to slow-spreading « 50 mm/yr) ridges. whereas the so-calledglobaltrend is characteristic of fast-spreading (> 60 mm/yr) ridges. Fortransitional rates (50 - 60 mrn/yr), both trends VI appear. Passive upwelling withefficient compaction and meltsegregation can well explains the globaltrend at fast-spreading ridges,whereas diapiric upwelling withslow meltsegregation andsolid-melt reequilibration can explain the localtrend at slow-spreading ridges, consistent with othergeophysical observations. Vll L -- __ TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments iii Abstract. vi List of tables xi List of figures xii Chapter 1: Introduction l 1.1 What we know about mid-ocean ridge processes.. , 1 1.1.1 Spreading-rate-dependentfeatures at MOR 1 1.1.2 Ridge segmentation 2 1.1.3 MORB chemical systematicson a global scale 3 1.1.4 Near-ridge seamounts 4 1.1.5 Axial magma chamber
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