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NORDISK ARKITEKTURFORSKNING NORDIC JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH

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Architecture, Energy and Climate NA12-2010omslagLøseSider_NA12-2010OmslagLøseSider 22.03.13 10.41 Side 2

NORDISK NORDISK FORENING FOR ARKITEKTURFORSKNING ARKITEKTURFORSKNING

Redaksjon Arbeidsutvalg Board members, Norway Eivind Kasa (Sjefsredaktør/Editor-in-Chief) President: Peter Thule Kristensen Eivind Kasa, ([email protected]) Ruth Woods (Redaksjonssekretær/Editorial Secr.) ([email protected]) Peter Hemmersham Birgit Cold (Redaktør/Editor) Vice president: Ebbe Harder ([email protected]) Rolee Aranya (Redaktør/Editor) ([email protected]) Birgit Cold, (deputy member) Secretary: Charlotte Mathiassen, ([email protected]) Grafisk form ([email protected]) Gro Lauvland, ([email protected]) Ole Tolstad - www.tolstad.com Cashier: Marianne Schou Espen Johnsen, (deputy member) ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Redaksjonens adresse Elisabeth Tostrup, ([email protected]) Nordisk Arkitekturforskning Board members, Denmark Fakultet for arkitektur og billedkunst, NTNU Peter Thule Kristensen Board members, Sweden Eivind Kasa, Editor-in-Chief ([email protected]) Fredrik Nilsson, ([email protected]) Alfred Getz vei 3 Jörgen Dehs, (joergen.dehs@a-aarhus.dk) Emma Nilsson 7491 Trondheim Gitte Marling, ([email protected]) ([email protected]) tel (+47) 73 59 50 07 Ebbe Harder (deputy member) Helena Mattson, ([email protected]) www.arkitekturforskning.net ([email protected]) Ylva Dahlman ([email protected]) Henrik Reeh, (deputy member) Magnus Rönn (deputy member) Tidsskriftets e-post: ([email protected]) ([email protected]) [email protected] Ole Michael Jensen (deputy member) Maria Hellström Reimer (deputy member) ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Design og illustrasjon omslag Gertrud Jørgensen, (deputy member) Alex Booker, NTNU ([email protected])

Board members, Finland Styrets adresse ©Forfatterne og Nordisk Arkitekturforskning Ari Hynynen, ([email protected]) Nordisk Forening for Arkitekturforskning ISBN 978-82-92880-07-4 Aija Staffans, ([email protected]) President Peter Thule Kristensen Sari Hirvonen-Kantola, (deputy member) Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole Trykk: Tapir Uttrykk AS, Trondheim 2010 ([email protected]) Philip de Langes Allé 10 Risto Suikkari, ([email protected]) 1435 Kbh. K Minna Chudoba (deputy member) tel (+45) 3268 6000 ([email protected]) [email protected]

Tidsskriftet er utgitt i samarbeid med Nordisk Arkitekturakademi

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Betaling i Sverige til Postgirot 419 03 25-3 Betaling i land utenfor Norden i i Danmark til BG Bank 1-678-0995 SEK med SWIFT-adresse Ikke send sjekker. i Finland til Leonia Bank 80013-70633795 PGSI SESS Account no: 4190325-3, Ikke betal til svensk postgiro fra Danmark, i Norge til Den norske Bank 7877.08.13769 Postgirot Bank Sweden Finland og Norge. SE-105 06 Stockholm na1-2010innmat_NA-innmat 31.05.10 13.43 Side 1

NORDISK ARKITEKTURFORSKNING NORDIC JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH

1/2.2010 na1-2010innmat_NA-innmat 31.05.10 13.43 Side 2

THE ARTICLES HAVE BEEN PEER REVIEWED BY AT LEAST TWO OF THE FOLLOWING RESEARCHERS: ANNEMIE WYCKMANS , NTNU ARNE FØRLAND, Aarhus School of Engineering ELI STØA, NTNU HANNE LEHRSKOV, Aarhus School of Engineering HANNE TINE RING HANSEN, Rambøll, Denmark INGER-LISE SAGLIE, University of Life Sciences, Ås JAAN-HENRIK KAIN, Chalmers University of Technology LARS-GÖRAN MATTSSON, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm MATHILDE PETRI, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture PER HEISELBERG, Aalborg University RASMUS LUND JENSEN, Aalborg University THOMAS JUEL CLEMMENSEN, Aarhus School of Architecture TOMAS SVENSSON, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute TORBEN DAHL, Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture MICHAEL JONES, NTNU MARIE LOUISE ANKER, STFK SIGMUND ASMERVIK, UMB, Ås FINN HAKONSEN, NTNU DAG KITTANG, NTNU STAALE SINDING-LARSEN, NTNU MAGNUS RÖNN, KTH TIM ANSTEY, KTH BIRGIT COLD, NTNU ANNE KATHRINE FRANDSEN, SBI na1-2010innmat_NA-innmat 31.05.10 13.43 Side 3

Innhold: Vol. 22, No 1/2.2010 NORDISK ARKITEKTURFORSKNING – NORDIC JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH

TOPIC: ARCHITECTURE, ENERGY AND CLIMATE

4 Architecture, Energy and Climate MICHAEL LAURING

9 Housing, mobility and urban sustainability - examples and best practices from PETTER NÆSS, VICTOR ANDRADE contemporary cities

21 Building for climate change – meeting the design challenges of the 21st century MATHIAS HAASE, INGRID ANDRESEN, BERIT TIME, ANNE GRETE HESTNES

32 Towards a New Paradigm: Design Strategies for Architecture, Energy and ROB MARSH, VIBEKE GRUPE LARSEN, JAKE HACKER Climate Change using Danish Office Builidings as a Case Study

47 From ecological houses to sustainable cities. Architectural minds MICHAEL LAURING

61 How can we adapt education programmes to the architecture of the future? MARY-ANN KNUDSTRUP

74 Three types of environmental effort CLAUS BECH-DANIELSEN – behavioural changes, technical development, architectural design

83 Integrating Urban Design, Land Use and Transport Policies to Contribute VICTOR ANDRADE Towards Sustainable Development. The Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT) in Three Developing-Country Metropolises: Curitiba, Beijing and Johannesburg

VITENSKAPELIGE ARTIKLER UTENFOR TEMA 95 Reusing the past: Popular architecture in Golsfjellet summer mountain farm INGER-LISE SAGLIE, GRETE SWENSEN area

109 Accessibility and sensory experiences: designing dwellings for the visual and CAMILLA RYHL hearing impaired

123 The Wooden City of Stavanger. Self image as a basis for development LEROY OLAF TONNING

135 Retracing Khufu’s Great Pyramid. The “diamond matrix” and the number 7 OLE JØRGEN BRYN

145 Architects and the creation of images YLVA DAHLMAN FORUMARTIKLER 157 Hva skal vi med arkitekturforskningen? Samtale med tre praktiserende KENNETH STOLTZ arkitekter i Trondheim om arkitekturforskning og praksis

169 Om at skabe tankevækkende viden - vidensformer mellem arkitekturens praksis INGE METTE KIRKEBY og forskning. Et intevju med Kristian Kreiner

BOKANMELDELSER 177 Tom Nielsen: DAG KITTANG Gode intensjoner og uregjerlige byer

179 Åshild Lappegard Hauge: Housing and Identity. The Meaning of housing RANDI A. NARVESTAD, DAVID CLAPHAM, EINAR STRUMSE communication identity and its influence on self-perception

181 Books Recieved/Bokomtaler EIVIND KASA

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How can we adapt education programmes to the architecture of the future?

Mary-Ann Knudstrup

Nordic Journal of Architectural Research Volume 22, No 1/2, 2010, 13 pages Nordic Association for Architectural Research Mary-Ann Knudstrup Aalborg University, Department of Architecture and Design, Denmark

TOPIC: ARCHITECTURE, ENERGY AND CLIMATE

Abstract: Architects and engineers in the building and ciplinary approach to a considerable extent. At construction industry are facing great challenges Architecture & Design at Aalborg University, we today due to the fact that energy consumption are working with environmentally sustainable will have to be reduced to a considerable degree architecture. We use a method called the within the next few years in order to ensure that Integrated Design Process, which is developed no further harm is done to the global environ - for this purpose and which is an interdisciplinary ment. The industry is thus facing major changes approach to designing environmentally sustai - in terms of public regulation and in the way buil - nable architecture. Two examples of students’ ding and construction is carried out in practice, projects in which this method is applied for a whereby former habits seen in relation to energy low-energy building and for a zero-emission optimisation of the building will have to give way building respectively are included in this article. to new and better methods. It has been a logical challenge to develop tea - ching methods at the Department of Architecture & Design at Aalborg University that Keywords: are tailored to dealing with current Environmentally sustainable architecture, societal/technological, environmental and sus - integrated design, interdisciplinary design tainability issues. In terms of both research and approach, low energy, education, methods, teaching, Aalborg University utilises an interdis - zero-emission buildings

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1. INTRODUCTION buildings in 2020 will require a reduction of at The article will take its point of departure in least 75% compared to energy consumption as why it is important to produce sustainable it stands today [ www.kemin.dk ]. Furthermore, buildings in the future and point out why the the EU has recommended that energy-produc - education system can play a major role by edu - ing houses become standard by 2020 [TICAU cating new professionals to work in the build - 2008]. Reducing energy consumption in new ing industry. The article will present a method buildings is thus essential to reducing the envi - developed at Aalborg University’s master’s ronmental impact. degree programme in Architecture & Design. However, it is not only the global environment The integrated design methodology focuses on that is in danger. There will also be an increas - combining the architect’s artistic approach with ing need for clean and renewable energy in the strategically selected technical parameters years ahead, not only in USA and Europe, but from engineering right from the start of the also in the rapidly growing economies in Asia design process [KNUDSTRUP 2004]. This [MEREDITH 2007] and Latin America. We are enables students to develop an interdisciplinary clearly experiencing an energy crisis where the and comprehensive professional approach supply of fuel is unstable and the producers of which prepares them well for the challenges fossil fuels, such as oil, gas and coal, can related to design and construction of environ - name their price! mentally sustainable architecture. The goal is to reduce the consumption of energy for heat - ing and cooling in the building environment and 3. THE NEW MARKET thereby reduce the emission of CO 2, whilst at A growing number of firms of architects, stu - the same time ensuring a high standard of dios and engineering consultants can see this comfort for the inhabitants of the building. The emerging market for the building sector and methodology copes with aesthetic as well as are promoting a sustainable approach and technical problems that must be solved in an environmental awareness with regard to the integrated building design, and it focuses on design of architecture, as for example Foster + the creative element in the design process. Two Partners [ www.fosterandpartners.com ], Arup cases will be presented in which the method is [www.arup.com ], Grimshaw Architects applied. [www.grimshaw-architects.com ], ARKITEMA Architects [ www.arkitema.dk ] and Henning Larsen Architects [www.henninglarsen.com]. 2. THE RELEVANCE OF SAVING ENERGY IN Sustainability is a mandatory element in the THE BUILDING SECTOR design and building process, whilst exhibiting There is no doubt that sustainable architecture responsibility in terms of the environment indi - is a concept that is here to stay. In recent years cates that you are concerned about the future we have seen an increase in interesting archi - of the planet and its inhabitants. tecture based on different approaches to sus - This means that we can now see that sustain - tainable architecture, such as green, bioclimat - able architecture will acquire an increasing ic, low-energy, solar and environmental archi - degree of focus in the years ahead. This tecture, etc. [HANSEN 2007], [KNUDSTRUP ET requires changes in professional qualifications AL. 2009]. It is generally acknowledged that and possibly also in the way in which working over recent years the global environment has processes are organised among architects and changed, exemplified in an increase in flooding engineers. Sustainable architecture requires and gale activity. Even though this is docu - interdisciplinary collaboration on projects. It mented in scientific fact, it still seems to be, as also requires that architectural and technical Al Gore puts it, “an inconvenient truth” to many elements are intertwined in a new, more [GORE 2006]. Energy consumption in buildings “seamless” manner in the design process. worldwide accounts for over 40% of primary Last, but not least, it requires new integrated energy consumption and 24% of greenhouse tools. It also means that the education system gas emissions [IEA-SHC TASK 40]. However, has a vital role to play in support of this new the building industry is only changing its prac - environmentally sustainable process by educat - tices and traditional ways of thinking very slow - ing a new type of interdisciplinary professional ly. who can bridge the gap between architecture Another source of pressure with regard to new and engineering and preserve good and holistic approaches to the building environment is that approaches to sustainable architecture. Danish plans for energy consumption in new

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4. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF ARCHI - is thus an important next step towards more TECTS AND ENGINEERS sustainable building design [KNUDSTRUP ET Danish architects are traditionally trained with AL. 2009], [BRUNSGAARD ET AL. 2009]. an artistic approach and as generalists to pro - vide an overview of often very complex projects. They therefore use specific professional knowl - 5. INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACHES edge with regard to architecture, aesthetics, In recent years a number of methods working design methods, spatial concepts, functionality with the integrated design process [Intelligent and building structures, as well as knowledge Energy Europe 2008], [IEA-ANNEX 44] have about the users and their needs and prefer - been developed to ensure a more holistic ences for good living and working environ - approach to sustainable architecture. Some of ments. Architects posses a basic architectural these methods will be outlined here. The over - knowledge, but besides this basic knowledge, a all goal is to establish integrated approaches different and complementary knowledge of the between architecture and engineering in order design process depending upon the purpose of to produce sustainable buildings which ensure the building and the needs of the users is comfort and fulfil stricter standards for the use required. There are building types for different of energy for heating and cooling. However, purposes, e.g. offices, residential accommoda - when studying these methods in more detail, tion, kindergartens, assisted living dwellings, many differences can be observed. schools, colleges, universities, airports, train and metro terminals, museums, hospitals, One method is called the Integrated Design concert halls, etc. It is part of the architects’ Process from IEA-TASK 23. In this case the professional remit to be able to accommodate core element is the approach from the archi - the individual building in terms of the specific tectural design process as it is realised in function and set of users. The lack of technical practice: as the process progresses a number skills at the existing architect educations has of professionals with engineering expertise are been the object of continued criticism [Dansk attached to the process to ensure the sustain - ARK BYG 2007]. ability of the project. The group takes a multi - On the other hand, most building engineers in disciplinary approach with a facilitator in an Denmark are traditionally educated as special - iterative workflow throughout the process. “In ists within more or less comprehensive areas the simplest of terms, the IDP requires high such as construction, mechanical ventilation, levels of skill and communication within the natural and hybrid ventilation, light, heating, team, involves a synergy of skills and knowl - etc. The technical scientific aspect of design edge throughout the process, uses modern has been taught only in courses of engineering, simulation tools, and leads to a high level of which have in turn all but ignored the aesthetic synergy and integration of systems. All of this dimension during the 20 th century [ERIKSEN, can allow buildings to achieve a very high level KNUDSTRUP 2008]. of performance and reduced operating costs – and at very little extra capital cost“ [LARSSON, When we look at the conventional way of build - POEL 2003]. “The Integrated Design Process ing in Denmark, the architect shares or hands has an impact on the design team that differ - the project over to the engineer when he or she entiates it from a conventional design process has pretty much finished the schematic design in several respects: The client takes a more of the building. This means that the engineer active role than usual; the architect becomes a assumes a reactive role in the design process team leader rather than the sole form-giver; instead of the proactive role which is required and the mechanical and electrical engineers in an interdisciplinary approach to design take on active roles at early stages of design. [HANSEN, KNUDSTRUP 2009]. Sustainable The team always includes an energy specialist, architecture has not yet obtained a foothold in and, in some cases, an independent Design the industry or within the sphere of main - Facilitator “ [LARSSON. POEL 2003]. stream architects because it requires changes to the traditional manner of cooperation. Another method called Integrated Building Furthermore, sustainable architecture requires Design System (IBDS) has been developed at interdisciplinary collaboration on projects at The Martin Center for Architectural and Urban the beginning of the design process, rather Studies Cambridge [IEA-Annex 44]. The than the current methodology applied by the approach to the integrated building design sys - majority of the building industry. A new method tem – the IBDS methodology – provides a flexi -

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ble system for assessing the interrelationships buildings design composed by these rooms is and levels of integration of design parameters also most likely to fulfil the design goals” for low-energy design in an urban context. The [PETERSEN, SVENDSEN 2008] method is flexible in that additional and alter - native parameters can be included in the This means that even though the different analysis. Thus if the emphasis of a project methods all work with architectural and engi - shifts to include, for example, interior planning neering input to the design process in order to issues (such as interior finishes, visual and produce sustainable buildings, they are still thermal comfort, etc.) or wider urban issues performed in different ways. (such as the microclimate, transport, green space, etc.), these aspects can be incorporated by the design team in the IBDS method. 6. THE EDUCATION PROGRAMME AT AALBORG However, the variables presented here are con - UNIVERSITY sidered to be the primary ones. [IEA-Annex 44] It has been a logical challenge for a relatively young university like Aalborg University to The second category focuses on the tasks that develop teaching methods that are tailored to Danish graduates of the future shall resolve as deal with current societal/technological issues. they are designing environmentally sustainable In terms of both research and teaching, buildings for the future. They are implemented Aalborg University utilises an interdisciplinary in new courses of study aimed at future profes - approach to a considerable extent. sionals in the building industry. The profession - The approach is characterised by working on als of the future are being prepared to enter practical problems, by a so-called problem- the labour market and find solutions to the based learning approach, PBL, implemented in new kinds of problems that the building indus - a project-organised learning environment, POL try is facing. This second category encompass - [KOLMOES ET AL. 2004]. This approach means es the Integrated Design methodology taught that knowledge can also be acquired from the at Denmark’s Technical University (DTU) and practical trade or profession in project work. the Integrated Design Process taught at Aalborg University offers a full graduate pro - Architecture & Design at Aalborg University. gramme in Architecture & Design (A&D) as an The methods have the same name, but closer engineering degree with specialization in study will reveal that there are differences Architecture as well as Industrial Design, between them. The IDP method at A&D has the Urban Design and Digital Design. The degree architectural design process as its starting course began in 1997 and today there are about point, where strategically chosen parameters 45 teaching staff and about 580 students. from engineering are integrated from the very Today, the Architecture & Design degree pro - beginning of the architectural design process gramme at Aalborg University is based upon and throughout the process, and are integrated the Bologna model: with a three-year bachelor as interactive elements in an iterative workflow and two-year master’s programme. The title in the interdisciplinary design approach awarded to the graduate student is Master of [KNUDSTRUP 2004]. Science in Engineering with specialisation in one of the four fields of specialisation and a The integrated design methodology at DTU, on M.Sc. in Engineering which has been offered in the other hand, takes its point of departure in English since 2005 [CURRICULUM 2009]. the engineering perspective and the specific The curriculum is organised such that engi - building unit such as a room or section is then neering lecturers from the Department of Civil added, before generating a proposal for the Engineering and lecturers in architecture and total building design. The integrated design design from the new and more aesthetically process here is led by a facilitator [PETERSEN, oriented Department of Architecture & Design SVENDSEN 2008]. The overall idea is as fol - teach the core competencies of their profes - lows: “By designing rooms before buildings, sions in a well-balanced blend supported by the building designer is capable of ensuring lecturers from departments of technical sci - the quality of indoor environment in each room ence at the university. of the building while the corresponding energy performance of the room is included in an inte - grated evaluation. If the room designs are ful - 7. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN filling design goals regarding energy perform - THE INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS ance and indoor environment, then a final The idea behind the development of the

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Integrated Design Process, IDP, from The Integrated Design Process taught at A&D 2000–2002 was therefore to focus on the ability consists of the following main phases: to integrate research-based knowledge from engineering and architecture in an interdisci - 7.1. Problem formulation / project idea, 2. plinary design approach [KNUDSTRUP 2002]. Analysis Phase, 3. Sketching Phase, 4. The approach was integrated into the study Synthesis Phase and 5. Presentation Phase. guide for the 6th semester and today the The process is described as a linear process, Integrated Design Process is applied on most but it is very important to be aware that it is an semesters in the master’s programme for iterative process [KNUDSTRUP 2004]. architecture specialisation and on some semesters in the bachelor programme. The 7.2. Problem Formulation or Project Idea education bridges the gap between the archi - The first step of the building project is the tectural and building engineering courses of description of the problem and, very important - study in Denmark, with the aim of bridging the ly, the project idea for an environmentally sus - professional gap between architecture and tainable building or zero-emission building. engineering. The IDP runs through five phases of the design process in which it deals with dif - 7.3. The Analysis Phase ferent tasks related to design projects in gen - The Analysis Phase encompasses an analysis eral, as well as tasks related to environmental of all the information from architecture as well building design [KNUDSTRUP 2004]. as from engineering that has to be procured before designing the building. This includes What makes the IDP interesting is that it information about the municipal development enables the designer to control the many plan, the site, the architecture of the neigh - parameters throughout the design process bourhood, topography, vegetation, sun, light which must be considered and integrated in and shadow, predominant wind direction, order to achieve better sustainable solutions access to and size of the area and the clients’ when creating a more holistic approach to demands, and, not least, architectural refer - environmentally sustainable architecture. ences. It is also very important during this The method copes with aesthetic as well as phase to specify the targets for energy con - technical problems that have to be solved in an sumption (heating, cooling, ventilation, and integrated building design, and it focuses on lighting) and the quality of the interior environ - the creative element in the design process in ment (thermal comfort, air quality, acoustics, order to identify new opportunities and come and lighting quality of the new building), as up with innovative solutions in new building well as criteria for the application of passive design. The architect’s artistic approach to the technologies. Other criteria or wishes from the creation of ideas, as well as his or her ability to client such as life cycle assessments on mate - see new solutions, work strategically and to rials, solar cells, etc., can be integrated at this take an interdisciplinary approach in interac - stage. The tools utilised may be hand-drawn tion with engineering parameters, is very sketches, architectural references, pre- important. Applying this ability without losing designed spreadsheets regarding energy con - creativity in the process is always very impor - sumption, internal heat gains, CO 2 and sensory tant when designing new sustainable architec - pollution, 24 hour average, max and min tem - ture [KNUDSTRUP 2006]. perature and the daylight factor. At the end of the analysis phase, room pro - The IDP includes work with architecture, gramme and architectural and technical design design, spaces, proportions and light in rooms, parameters, as well as the goals for the build - functional aspects, energy consumption, com - ing, are incorporated into an architectural pro - fort (cooling, ventilation), technology, and con - gramme. struction. Hence, the IDP supports the stu - dents’ efforts to create a building environment 7.4. The Sketching Phase that people feel comfortable living and working The Sketching Phase is the phase where the in. In the following section, the various phases professional knowledge of architects and of a design project are briefly described in strategically selected parameters from engi - order to give a general picture of the different neering are combined through the architectur - phases of the IDP. al design process. This implies the demands for architecture as an aesthetic and good living or working environment with good visual

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impact, as well as the requirements concern - other possible qualities may even be added. ing functions, logistics, construction, energy The project attains its final form and expres - consumption, conditions for the interior envi - sion and fulfils the architectural programme. ronment and other quality criteria to be met The tools which can be used are hand-drawn such as architectural quality, thermal comfort, sketches, cardboard models, digital sketching view of the surroundings, lighting quality, etc. in Sketch Up (more detailed), Dail Europe or During the sketching phase, all defined criteria Dialux, BSim, ADT, 3D MAX, Rhino. and target values are considered in the devel - opment and evaluation of design solutions. 7.6. The Presentation Phase In this phase the professional parameters from The Presentation Phase is the final phase that architecture and engineering are merged into includes the presentation of the project. The the IDP and interact with each other. The pre - project is presented in such a way that all condition for designing a low-energy or sus - qualities are illustrated and it is clearly pointed tainable building in an IDP is as follows: In the out how the aims, design criteria and target sketching phase the designer must repeatedly values of the project have been fulfilled for the make an estimate of how his or her choices client and that the performance of the building regarding the form of the building, the plans, is documented. the architectural programme, the orientation of the building, the construction and the building It is of course nothing new for building design - envelope influence the energy consumption of ers to perform analyses before designing a the building in terms of heating, cooling, venti - building. The innovative aspect in this case is to lation and daylight – and how these choices combine the architectural viewpoint with the inspire each other. The mutual influence and engineering point of view as early as the ana - inspiration of all the above parameters when lytical stage and the beginning of the design carrying out the design process must meet the process. By connecting the two professional specifications which have been set up for the perspectives in the analyses of, for example, architectural, functional and technical aspects light and window ratios to the south, east, west of the building. and north, different implications for the con - Typically, the different solutions have different sumption of energy in the building, the solar strengths and weaknesses when the fulfilment gain, the comfort level of overheating or under - of the different design criteria and target val - heating and so on are generated. These impli - ues is evaluated. The tools utilised are hand- cations will again vary between different build - drawn sketches, foam or cardboard models, ing types from apartments to offices, from digital sketches in Sketch Up, 3D MAX, Rhino, museums to institutions, etc. To cope with the pre-designed spreadsheet calculations regard - challenges of environmentally sustainable ing natural ventilation, Build desk or PPHP or building now and in the future the architect has Be06 and BSim, Dial Europe or Dialux, EcoTect to understand and be able to work with a num - and Radiance. ber of the professional parameters from engi - neering. This is what our students learn in 7.5. The Synthesis Phase their course of study and through this method. The Synthesis Phase is the phase where the The idea is to emphasise and challenge the new building attains its final form, and where design of a building to bring down the con - the demands in the programme are met. The sumption of energy to ensure that the building designer reaches a point in the sketching and meets the demands concerning environmental design process where all parameters consid - sustainability as well as good architectural ered in the sketching phase interact – architec - quality. By primarily utilising passive technolo - ture, plans, visual impact, functionality, client’s gies for reducing energy consumption, the final goals, aesthetics, spatial design, working envi - step towards an energy-neutral building can be ronment, room programme, principles of con - achieved by using active technologies such as struction, energy solutions and targets and solar cells, geothermal heat, etc. indoor environment form a synthesis. In the synthesis phase the various elements used in The integrated design process approach has the project should be optimised, and the build - been tested in several projects and semesters ing performance is documented by detailed in recent years with great success. The follow - calculation models. ing cases show housing proposals from the 2 nd In this way, the project reaches a phase where and 4 th semesters respectively of the master’s each item can be said to “fall into place”, and degree programme.

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8. THE CASES The case examples describe environmentally sustainable building complexes with very low consumption of energy and a comfortable indoor climate. They have been drawn up by two different student groups which have utilised the integrated design method for designing their proposals. The first case fulfils the passive-house standard [www.passiv.de] and the other is a zero-emission building. The building proposals also represent high archi - tectural quality in terms of expression, func - tionality and spatial expression and good living conditions for the inhabitants. Both building proposals fulfil stricter standards than we can find implemented in Denmark in the Danish Building regulations that are applicable until The housing complex called Garden City is Fig. 1: A 3D view of the site 2015 [KNUDSTRUP ET AL. 2009]. designed such that it fulfils the technical requirements associated with a passive house 8.1 The first case standard of 15 kWh/m 2 per year for heating The goal for the first project, the Garden City [www.passive.de]. The apartments are situated [CZAICKI ET AL 2008], is to utilise the advan - in towers and each tower has a garden tower tages of the multi-storey apartment block and attached to it in order to provide each apart - integrate the qualities of the single-family ment with a garden (see fig. 1). The project house by providing access to terraces from challenges conventional wisdom and percep - every apartment and access to space between tion of what a garden city looks like. the houses. The project on the 2 nd MA semes - ter in Architecture focuses on an integrated The layout of the overall concept for the urban design process in the development of an archi - planning and site plan is the underlying grid tecturally sustainable housing complex in a structure in which the building and its garden local environment in a western suburb of tower are situated. The grid also ensures that Aalborg. the building volumes on the site are placed at Fig. 2: the same angle and orientation, thus providing The site called Garden Cit y

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Fig. 3: a strict and clear expression of the urban lay - structure. The car park is located centrally to View from the boardwalk out. The next layer of the site plan contains ensure a short walking distance to each build - organic pathways for pedestrians as well as for ing. The boardwalk also connects the site and cars with the walkway elaborated. The two lay - the fjord, creating great views towards the fjord ers shape empty spaces between the construc - and a physical connection by means of a pier tions in the grid structure and the organic reaching out into the water. structure. These spaces are used for different purposes, such as green areas, playgrounds, The project aims to combine the qualities of herb gardens, wetlands and courtyards for the the single-family house, i.e. privacy and a large residents living in the buildings (see fig. 2). The terrace close to the apartment, with the urban positioning of the buildings also takes into qualities of the dense city. The complex con - account the fact that the buildings need sun - tains three apartment types of 100 m 2, 150 m 2 light for passive heating. They are therefore and 200 m 2, which can be combined in towers located to take into account the climatic impact of 4, 5, 6 and 7 storeys. Each apartment build - of height, sun/shade and space between the ing has a garden tower attached to it to provide buildings at all times of the year. The lowest each apartment with a garden. The external buildings are to the south and the highest to automatic blinds on the windows have a posi - the north. The urban concept is generated by tive influence on the indoor climate in terms of two large-scale elements which contrast each preventing overheating in the summertime. other on the site: an urban grid and an organic The drawings and 3D visualizations give an infrastructure. In addition, the buildings are impression of the good qualities and living con - situated on the site so as not to disturb the ditions which this project gives to the families qualities of the surrounding environment. in their new living environment (see fig. 4).

The organic structure that flows into the site 8.2 The second case has the shape of a boardwalk that runs The second project is called (CITY) building between the towers and creates a continuous [MUSKADELL 2009]. This project is a proposal walking path in the area. In some places the for a new building complex on the waterfront boardwalk is elevated to a height of 4.2 metres facing onto the fjord, “Limfjorden”. The com - (see fig. 3). The elevated boardwalk separates plex lies in the north-western part of Aalborg the traffic by placing a car park underneath the on the edge of the dense city. The buildings

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contain dwellings for families with children, for Green oasis: green vegetation on and around Fig. 4: singles and for couples. The project combines the building makes it a green oasis at the bor - 3D visualization of the living room qualities such as a view of the fjord and access der between the city and the open areas by the to terraces from every apartment in a multi- fjord. storey apartment house with mixed functions. Sun: The apartments are oriented so as to achieve maximum benefit from the sun. The main concept of the project is to elevate Outlook: The apartments are located in order

the terrain in order to protect the complex to give everyone a view of the fjord and the sur - Fig. 5: against the rising water level that is experi - roundings. The concept enced in this area. Another important element of the concept is an organic, terraced look from the outside as the building rises like a stair - case from the water level to the highest level of the building. The terraced building construction supports passive solar heating and provides very good daylight conditions in the apartments as well as in the courtyard (see fig. 5). The (City) building contains apartments, a small café in the southwest wing of the organi - cally shaped block near the fjord for people walking by and a space for a small office in the southeast wing. Daily production and consump - tion of energy in the building break even and in the design process the consumption of energy is optimised to ensure a lower level than a pas - sive house standard. Complementary to the passive heating there are solar panels inte - grated in the terrace deck to the south, southeast and south-west which provide the building with the remainder of its energy.

Fig. 6 shows the design principle for the build - ing.

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Fig. 6 The design principle Distribution cores: The three north-facing Sustainability is ensured by the compact shape, staircases are the building’s distribution cen - good U values, and the use of hybrid ventila - tre. tion, including heat recovery and other passive Outdoor shielding: The outdoor areas are approaches in the design such as the use of shielded from the prevailing westerly winds by natural ventilation in summer. In addition, the the west-facing body of the building. cold bridges between the building and the ter - race deck as well as in other areas of the con - The mixed use building is placed on an elevat - struction are eliminated wherever they may ed plateau to prepare it for an increase in the occur. Furthermore, the project makes efforts water level of the Limfjord. The plateau con - to minimise the ducting for ventilation and sists of a mixture of staircase constructions other installations in order to reduce the con - and platforms. Here inhabitants and visitors sumption of energy. The blinds on the terraces are able to sit and enjoy a view of the fjord or function as sun collectors as well as devices the relaxation area inside the building complex. for preventing overheating. The depths in the At the building's northern plateau a car park - facade also have a positive influence on the ing garage is located inside. The design and indoor climate in terms of preventing overheat - distribution of apartments is based on a desire ing during the summertime. to transfer typologies from a typical Danish The drawings and 3D visualizations give an town to the complex. The idea is that the apart - impression of the good qualities and living con - ments shall appeal to different segments of the ditions this project offers the families in their population, and thus create an infrastructure new living environment (see fig. 8). containing a broad social spectrum. In addition, the intention is to give as many of the build - ing's residents as possible the opportunity to 9. CONCLUSION benefit from its location next to the Limfjord Many firms in the building industry talk about through a mix of private and common terraces, sustainability and integrated design, but at the shelter and dining facilities. These aspects can same time we can also see that there is a huge also help to increase the residents' mutual difference as to how this is realised from firm social relationships. to firm. There is no doubt that the traditional degree programmes in architecture and engi - The complex contains 3 different types of neering in Denmark support practice by well dwellings in single floor or two-floor flats: 14 of educated graduates who are trained and quali - 60 m 2, 20 of 120 m 2 and 14 of 180 m 2, all with fied to perform practical work in the conven - good facilities. The variations create an inter - tional way. However, as the need for a new kind esting expression of the buildings and fulfil the of sustainable environment emerges, the pro - different needs of the target groups. fessions must accommodate new methods and The construction principle in this proposal is ways of working that in turn require new types based on the curtain wall. The facades are light of professional competencies. There is thus a and the inner walls are load bearing and stabi - need for an alternative approach to solving the Fig. 7: An infill photo collage of the site lizing. problems we will be facing in the building envi -

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ronment in the years ahead. It is not sufficient to simply employ more or less tacit vocational knowledge and technical engineering skills to ensure the optimum design and sustainability of a new low-energy building.

Working with IDP gives the student a new kind of knowledge developed in close collaboration between architects and engineers in the design process. As an outcome of this process, the students learn the language of both architects and engineers since they are supervised by both professions. Today, the graduates from AAU are highly valued in industry for their well developed expertise in terms of group work and their focus on problem-solving in context [Ingeniøren 2004],[ Graduate survey 2006], [Graduate- and employer survey 2008-09].

In order to develop this new interdisciplinary professionalism with the students, we have to overcome the barriers created by the different ways in which the established professions solve problems. The IDP provides the students with a Fig. 8: different understanding of the design process Seen from the perspective of an architect, it 3D visualization of the living room as it facilitates an integration of technical and can be a huge challenge and extremely time architectural aspects of the process. Moreover, consuming to work with building engineers and we can see from the case studies that they can vice versa. You have to adapt your professional design good quality housing proposals in which profile and open your mind to what can be they can also document the performance of the learned from the other professions. Then you buildings. Thus the graduates acquire an inter - have to implement this new knowledge in the disciplinary approach that also enables them to design and construction of buildings in order to work as facilitators between engineering and improve the integration of technical, architec - architecture in practice. They are well equipped tural and environmental elements in sustain - to ensure that the final product not only fulfils able solutions. In order to achieve this goal technical standards as defined by engineers, there are a number of theoretical and practical but also has architectural qualities in terms of issues to take into account in the preliminary good living or working environments for the as well as in the later phases of a building inhabitants. However, it is very important to project. Good compromises have to be made so point out that simply adding together the that architectural requirements and qualities of design parameters and calculations in the the project will co-exist with technical require - design process does not produce the building ments and qualities. It is also our experience itself. Architecture is not the result of perform - that you have to take very good care of the ing complex calculations, as some may be design of the building and the “soft” qualities tempted to assume, but rather a new way of of architecture, as they are often under pres - approaching or thinking the design from the sure from the “hard facts” of engineering. very beginning of the design process. Calculations can only be used as guidelines in the integrated architectural design process and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS must be combined with other tools and cre - Thanks to the project groups from the 2 nd MA ative ideas that are provided through the archi - semester: Czaicki S., Krogh S. B., Larsen J. B., tectural design process. The students’ design Madsen R. W., Madsen K. and Pedersen M., cases illustrate that it is certainly possible to and 4 th MA semester: Muskadell R. R. S. de., design buildings where the architectural quali - at Architecture & Design for granting permis - ties and technical approaches are well inte - sion to use their projects in this article. grated into the function and expression of the building.

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AUTHOR

Mary-Ann Knudstrup Associate Professor Aalborg University, Department of Architecture and Design, Denmark [email protected]

LITERATURE Assessment of candidates from Architecture & Graduate survey. Study Board of Architecture & Design, Study Board of Architecture & Design, Design, Aalborg University 2006. Aalborg University. 2006. HANSEN, H. T. R., KNUDSTRUP, M.-A. “The BRUNSGAARD, C., KNUDSTRUP. M.-A., Development of a Tool for Sustainable Building HEISELBERG, P. The first “Comfort Houses” in Design: Facilitates Investigation of the Creative Denmark: Experiences of different design Space. PLEA 2009 - 26th Conference on processes. PLEA2009 - 26th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quebec Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Quebec City, Canada, 22-24 June 2009. City, Canada, June 2009. HANSEN, H. T. R. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS as a Curriculum Architecture & Design Aalborg Methodical Approach to the Development of University Design Strategies for environmentally sustain- studieweb.aod.aau.dk/generelle+regler/ma+stu able buildings. Ph.D. thesis, Aalborg University dieordning August 2009. Denmark 2007. CZAICKI, S., KROGH S. B., LARSEN J. B., MAD- IEA-ANNEX 44. State-of-the-art Review: Vol. SEN R. W., MADSEN K. and PEDERSEN M. C. 2B. Methods and Tools for Designing 2nd MA semester of Architecture, Architecture Integrated Building Concepts: Integrating & Design, Aalborg University 2008. Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings. / Andresen, I. ET AL. Red. Aalborg Danske ARK BYG. Periodical: Dansk ARK BYG University. Department of Civil Engineering, 8. 2007. 2008. 65 s. (DCE Technical Reports; 49). ERIKSEN, K. KNUDSTRUP, M.-A. 2008.”The IEA-SHC TASK 40. Solar Heating & Cooling Danish revolution in Design Education”. Programme. International Energy Agency. Proceedings of the 10th engineering and prod- Energy Conservation in Buildings and uct design education international conference, Community Systems Programme – ECBCS Universitat Politecnica, Barcelona, September Annex 52 Joint Project: Towards Net Zero 2008. Barcelona, Spain. Energy Solar Buildings. http://www.iea- GORE, A. An inconvenient truth – the planetary shc.org/task40/ August 2009. emergency of global warming and what we can Ingeniøren. Periodical: 30.årgang nr.13, do about it. USA: Rodale. 2006. 26.03.2004. Graduate- and employer survey 2008-09. The Intelligent Energy Europe. Mapping of previous Career Center at Aalborg University in cooper- integrated energy approaches. Description of X ation with among others the Faculties of previous integrated energy approaches from Engineering, Science and Medicine, around the world. Part of work package no. 2 Employment Region North Jutland, Aalborg in the EU INTEND project - task 2.1 EIE-06- Municipality and The European Social Fund. 021-INTEND. www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/ 2008.

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KNUDSTRUP, M.-A.; ’Barriers and Challenges MUSKADELL, R. R. S. DE. 4th MA semester of in the Integrated Design Process Approach’. Architecture, Architecture & Design, Aalborg The International Conference on Asia – University 2009. European Sustainable Urban Development, PETERSEN, S., SVENDSEN, S. Method for inte - Chongqing, China April 4-6 2006. grated design of low energy buildings with high KNUDSTRUP, M.-A. Curriculum for 6th semes - quality indoor environment. Proceedings of the ter, Architecture. Architecture and Ecology – 8th symposium of building physcs in the Nordic Energy and environment in Architecture. countries. Danish Society of Engineers, Department of Architecture & Design, Aalborg Copenhagen. 2008. University. Denmark, January 2000 & 2002. TICAU, S.A. Report on the proposal for a direc - KNUDSTRUP, M.-A. ET AL., "Approaches to the tive of the European Parliament and of the design of sustainable housing with low CO2 Council on the energy performance of build - emission in Denmark", Renewable Energy, vol. ings, Proposal for a directive (COM (2008)0780 34, pp. 2007-2015. Elsevier. 2009. – C6-0413-2008 – 2008/1223(COD)), EU Parliament 2008. KNUDSTRUP, M.-A. : “Integrated Design Process in PBL”. The Aalborg PBL model – www.arkitema.dk Arkitema Architects. August Progress, Diversity and Challenges’. Red. 2009. Kolmos et al. Aalborg University Press, Aalborg www.arup.com Arup. August 2009. University, Denmark 2004. www.fosterandpartners.com Foster + KOLMOES, A., Fink, F. K., and Krogh, L. “The Partners. August 2009. Aalborg Model. Problem-based and Project- Organized Learning”. The Aalborg PBL model – www.grimshaw-architects.com Grimshaw Progress, Diversity and Challenges’. Red. Architects. August 2009. Kolmos ET AL. Aalborg University Denmark Aalborg Univeristy Press 2004. www.henninglarsen.com Henning Larsen Architects. August 2009. LARSSON, N. and B. Poel (2003) IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23. “Solar Low www.kemin.dk Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy Buildings and the Integrated Design Energy. The Energy Agreement 21.01.2008. Process – An Introduction”, www.iea- Oktober 2009. shc.org/task23 August 2009. www.passiv.de Passiv hus Institut Darmstadt. MEREDITH, R. The elephant and the dragon: August 2009. rise of India and China and what it means for all of us. 1st. Ed. W.W. Northon & Company Ltd. NY. USA. 2007.

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