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The Latvian Legion (1943–1945) and Its Role in Latvia’S History

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THE LATVIAN LEGION (1943–1945) AND ITS ROLE IN LATVIA’S HISTORY A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History by EDMUNDS SVENCS, MAJOR, LATVIAN ARMED FORCES B.A., Latvian National Defense Academy, Riga, 2000 M.A., Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy, 2002 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2013-01 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 14–06–2012 Master’s Thesis AUG 2012–JUN 2013 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Latvian Legion (1943–1945) and Its Role in Latvia’s History 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Svencs, Edmunds, Major 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORG REPORT U.S. Army Command and General Staff College NUMBER ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027–2301 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This thesis provides research on the largest Latvian military formation that served Nazi Germany from 1943 until the end of World War II. As the most decorated non–German Waffen–SS formation, it fought from the outskirts of Leningrad until the defensive lines of Berlin. However, it also has become a focal point of heated contemporary discussions between historians of Western Europe and the Russian Federation. Accusations that the Latvian Legion engaged in war crimes and supported the Nazi ideology are just part of this discussion. The thesis first looks at the historical background of the development of the Latvian nation, and analyses what influence both of its neighbors (Russia and Germany) have had on it. Historically, the Latvian people have always been under the geopolitical influence of one of these states, at times facing the worst of their foreign policies– forced occupation and genocide. It then looks into the written works of the Legion’s survivors, the research of domestic historians, the reports of the foreign ambassadors and the historical opinions of Russia’s experts. Finally, the thesis seeks answers to the two primary questions on how Latvian Legion is perceived in today’s Latvia. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Latvian Legion, Soviet Occupation of Latvia, German occupation of Latvia, Eastern front, Waffen–SS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. PHONE NUMBER (include area code) (U) (U) (U) (U) 137 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 ii MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: Major Edmunds Svencs Thesis Title: The Latvian Legion (1943–1945) and Its Role in Latvia’s History Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chair Jonathan M. House, Ph.D. , Member John A. Suprin, M.A. , Member LTC Mark D. Mumm, M.S. Accepted this 14th day of June 2013 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Programs Robert F. Baumann, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) iii ABSTRACT THE LATVIAN LEGION (1943–1945) AND ITS ROLE IN LATVIA’S HISTORY, by Major Edmunds Svencs, 137 pages. This thesis provides research on the largest Latvian military formation that served Nazi Germany from 1943 until the end of World War II. As the most decorated non–German Waffen–SS formation, it fought from the outskirts of Leningrad until the defensive lines of Berlin. However, it also has become a focal point of heated contemporary discussions between historians of Western Europe and the Russian Federation. Accusations that the Latvian Legion engaged in war crimes and supported the Nazi ideology are just part of this discussion. The thesis first looks at the historical background of the development of the Latvian nation, and analyses what influence both of its neighbors (Russia and Germany) have had on it. Historically, the Latvian people have always been under the geopolitical influence of one of these states, at times facing the worst of their foreign policies–forced occupation and genocide. It then looks into the written works of the Legion’s survivors, the research of domestic historians, the reports of the foreign ambassadors and the historical opinions of Russia’s experts. Finally, the thesis seeks answers to the two primary questions on how Latvian Legion is perceived in today’s Latvia. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A sincere gratitude first goes to my thesis committee whose tolerance and patience along with the absolute trust in my performance kept me going when my motivation waned. I am also grateful to two ladies that trusted my ability to finish this journey– Maxine Hunter and Michelle Crook. Unmatched support with extensive and rare informational material from the Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Vilmars Kukainis and Lt.Col. (Ret.) Visvaldis Ķimenis provided, for what I am very thankful. I dedicate this work to my children, Līva and Matīss–may you never forget that your roots lay in the proud nation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE ............ iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................... viii ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................1 Introduction/Overview .................................................................................................... 1 Overview of Geography and History of Latvian territory .............................................. 3 700 years of German rule–Latvian tribes failed to accept globalization ........................ 5 Swedish times–power of enlightment (1629–1721) ....................................................... 6 Russian Empire–emergence of Latvian nobility (1721–1918) ....................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE AND FIRST REPUBLIC (1918–1940) .....14 Rise of socialism in Latvia ............................................................................................ 14 War on two fronts–Baltic States unity .......................................................................... 18 Politics and diplomatic relations with the world .......................................................... 22 Economic and social structure in the Interwar Latvia .................................................. 26 National Defense Forces ............................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3 A DREADFUL YEAR (1940–1941)...........................................................38 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ............................................................................................. 38 Invasion ......................................................................................................................... 42 “Sovietization” and the new government ..................................................................... 46 Litene camp and draft into the Red Army .................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 NAZI GERMANY’S OCCUPATION AND ORIGINS OF LATVIAN LEGION .............................................................................................................................58 New liberators, new order and another ideology .......................................................... 59 Wehrmacht in trouble. Order for creation of Latvian Legion ....................................... 63 vi CHAPTER 5 LATVIAN LEGION ....................................................................................70
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