INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS

ANNUAL REVIEWS 4139 El Camino Way P.O. Box 10139 Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139 (courier address: 4139 El Camino Way Palo Alto, CA 94306) Phone: 650-493-4400 Fax: 650-855-9815 http://www.AnnualReviews.org

Revised April 2012

For the Annual Reviews of Anthropology; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Cell and Developmental Biology; Clinical Psychology; Earth and Planetary Sciences; Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics; Economics; Financial Economics; Fluid Mechanics; Food Science and Technology; Law and Social Science; Marine Science; Neuroscience; Political Science; Psychology; Resource Economics; and Sociology

WELCOME TO ANNUAL REVIEWS

Thank you for accepting our invitation to contribute to Annual Reviews. Recognizing the effort involved in writing for us, Annual Reviews strives to be responsive during your article’s submission, vetting, and revision processes. We provide editorial, graphics, and online support at every step. The information in this handbook provides further details about Annual Reviews, the preparation of your manuscript, and the publication process. If you have any questions about the information, please contact your production editor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Manuscript Submission Checklist...... 5

Annual Reviews’ Editorial Principles and Policies...... 7 Principles Copyright, Archiving, and Permissions Disclosure Statement An Original Synthesis of Ideas

Manuscript Preparation ...... 9 Style Length Quotation Guidelines

Article Components ...... 11 Required Elements Optional Elements Examples/Illustrations of Article Components

Graphic Components...... 15 Tables Figures

Online-Only Materials...... 17

Literature Cited...... 18 Harvard-Style References Citations in Text Citations in Bibliography Bibliographic Style Citation Management Software: Use of EndNote® or Reference Manager® Web Site Citations

Nomenclature ...... 22 General Nomenclature Abbreviations and Symbols

Equations and Formulas...... 24 Layout Special Characters

Submitting Your Manuscript Files ...... 25 Online Submission Instructions Email and FTP Submission Options

Production Process: What Happens Next to Your Manuscript?...... 26 Review by a Technical Editor Galley Proofs Figures Page Proofs Reviews in Advance Online and Print Publication ePrints

APPENDIX A: Literature Cited Examples ...... 28 APPENDIX B: Standard Abbreviations and Units...... 31

INDEX ...... 33

Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 5

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION CHECKLIST

Include the following with your submission:

REQUIRED ELEMENTS  Editable files of manuscript, figures, and tables (word processing file for text; see Graphics Guide for acceptable figure file types)  Title Page: full article title, author(s) name(s) and affiliation(s) including email(s), Corresponding Author contact information  Article Table of Contents listing all 1st- and 2nd-level headings  Keywords: as many as 6, not already in title  Abstract: 150 words maximum  Headings: clearly formatted throughout text  Figures (color and black & white): submit each with its own caption clearly labeled; separate file for each figure, do not integrate within text. In addition to individual figure files, provide a PDF file containing all figures. Obtain any necessary permissions for use  Tables: either all at end of article, following Literature Cited, or submitted together in a separate file  Literature Cited: See correspondence from your production editor for the maximum number of references permitted; references should be formatted per series’ specifications (see sections of this handbook, below, for details)  PDF file of final manuscript, including all figures, tables, references, and optional elements (listed below), in addition to the editable files

OPTIONAL ELEMENTS  Acronyms and Definitions list: provide definitions for as many as 20 of the most important acronyms or key terms, limited to 20 words maximum; insert below Literature Cited section  Summary Points list: highlight the central points of your review (as many as 8), in complete sentences; insert above Acknowledgments and/or Literature Cited section  Future Issues list: note where research may be headed (as many as 8), in complete sentences; insert above Acknowledgments and/or Literature Cited section  Annotated References: brief (15 words maximum) explanation of citations’ importance (as many as 10); insert below Literature Cited section  Related Resources list: up to 10 references, not listed in Literature Cited, to materials (Web sites, articles, animations) that may be of interest to readers; insert below Literature Cited section  Sidebar (50 words minimum, 200 words maximum) briefly discussing a fascinating adjacent topic; insert below Literature Cited section, but indicate near which section in text the sidebar should be typeset 6 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 7

ANNUAL REVIEWS’ EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES PRINCIPLES Invited Annual Review authors contribute, for permission from the Annual Review of the benefit of all scientists and students, the ______, Volume ___ ©______highest-quality scientific literature reviews in the by Annual Reviews, world. As a nonprofit organization, our mission http://www.annualreviews.org.” is to provide the widest possible dissemination of this invaluable work. Annual Reviews strives POSTPRINT VERSION AND ePRINT URLs Text, to keep the costs of such dissemination low, tables, illustrations, and bibliographies edited or preserve the integrity of the publications it otherwise prepared by Annual Reviews may not shepherds, and leave authors free to maximize be posted on preprint servers. Authors are not the benefits of their work. Annual Reviews permitted to post a postprint or the published offers its content, immediately upon publication, version of your review (including text, tables, to the developing world through AGORA, illustrations, and bibliographies edited or HINARI, PERI, and TEEAL. otherwise) anywhere on the open Internet. However, Annual Reviews both permits and COPYRIGHT, ARCHIVING, AND encourages its authors to self-archive, after the PERMISSIONS work’s publication, an Annual Reviews– supplied ePrint URL (a specially keyed URL United States copyright law requires Annual that allows nonsubscribers to access an Annual Reviews to obtain from each author an explicit Review article freely via the Annual Reviews transfer of those rights necessary for orderly Web site) on one personal Web site and/or one publication of its series in print and online. institutional repository. The ePrint URL is Therefore, we ask each author to sign a automatically supplied by the production editor statement transferring full and exclusive rights upon completion of the production process. to their article, including all tables and illustrations, to Annual Reviews. If you and all  The ePrint URL is a specially keyed URL that your co-authors are United States federal allows nonsubscribers to access an Annual employees who have written your manuscript Review article freely via the Annual within the scope of your official duties, then Reviews Web site. Annual Reviews does not seek copyright. This is because domestic copyright protection is not After publication by Annual Reviews, authors available for any work of the United States may use all or part of their articles without government. revision or modification in print compilations or other print publications. They may post free PREPRINT VERSION Authors are free to post the ePrint URL links to their published AR articles preprint version of their work on an institutional on one personal and one institutional Web page. repository. You may self-archive a preprint For all postpublication use, the acknowledgment version of your work provided (a) any preprint and link below must be included (blanks to be posted to the Web after the completion of the filled with appropriate information). Annual Reviews Copyright Transfer Agreement “Posted [Reprinted], with permission, from the states explicitly by which Annual Reviews series Annual Review of ______, the manuscript has been accepted, and (b) after Volume ___ ©______by Annual Reviews, the published version of the work appears on the http://www.annualreviews.org” Annual Reviews Web site, the preprint version is amended to include the following PERMISSIONS For use of all or part of any acknowledgment and link: “Posted with material published by Annual Reviews by 8 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors anyone other than the author, permission  Each manuscript must be originally written must be obtained. We have authorized the for publication in an Annual Review series. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to grant permission for reproducing our materials The preparation of a review must, by its very and to collect royalty fees on our behalf. In nature, rely heavily on the ideas, observations, our view, CCC has an outstanding service and reports of others. Therefore, it is important record and performs an important role in for authors to exercise care in citing and quoting facilitating copyright compliance. For your other publications. This precaution applies also future convenience, please contact CCC to the use of the author’s own previous writing. The following guidelines are intended primarily directly; you should receive a response from to protect new Annual Reviews authors from them within a week. Follow this link to the inadvertent infringements of copyright, any CCC Online granting service: appearance of plagiarism, or accidental bias in http://www.copyright.com/ccc/search.do?operati assembling bibliographies. on=show&page=ppu Extra vigilance is required of literature review authors, for whom the task of materials DISCLOSURE STATEMENT assembly (today often a software cut-and-paste At the time of manuscript submission, please operation) must be separated carefully from disclose any financial interest of your own, or of those of information synthesis and fresh any member of your authorship team, that might expression. be favorably or adversely affected by your In view of the historic importance of Annual review. Reviews articles in defining the current state of Prior to publication, all authors will be asked to scientific knowledge, authors should strive to be complete and sign a disclosure statement. fair, yet discriminating, in their selection of references. Include only those papers you The possibility of conflict of interest does not consider to be genuinely important: Do not disqualify anyone from authorship. We will, clutter the bibliography with citations of however, disclose the potential conflict of marginal relevance to your topic merely for the interest to our readers. sake of “completeness.” However, do not be so sparing with your references that you might AN ORIGINAL SYNTHESIS OF IDEAS appear to have minimized or disregarded the work of your competitors or newcomers to the The mission of Annual Reviews is to provide field. critical, scholarly reviews of important topics in selected branches of science. Each review must be an original work prepared for Annual Reviews. Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 9

MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION STYLE . In chemical names, p, o, m, n, cis, sec, sic, trans, syn The style manuals to which we refer at Annual Reviews include Webster’s Dictionary, The . Genes, genotypes, loci, markers, mutants, Chicago Manual of Style (University of Chicago alleles, operons Press), and Council of Science Editors’ . Mathematical variables Scientific Style and Format. Do NOT use italics for PROOFREADING Please proofread carefully for . Emphasis both errors and inconsistencies in the following: . Common foreign words such as ad hoc, a spelling (especially of scientific terminology, priori, in vivo, in vitro proper names, and foreign words), mathematical . Abbreviations such as sp., spp., var. notation, numerical values in tables and text, and accuracy of quotations. . Names of taxa of rank higher than genus . Generic names used as adjectives  Be sure all references are cited and all . Names of microorganisms used colloquially tables and figures are called out in the text. (e.g., actinomycetes) . Strain designations FOOTNOTES We discourage the use of footnotes as these tend to interrupt the flow of the text. If . Names of cells, phages, hosts, phenotypes footnotes are used, number all text footnotes . Abbreviations for subatomic particles consecutively in order of appearance throughout . R, X, M, B, A, etc. in formulas and equations the article. Use a superscript number to key each where they represent chemical elements or footnote to the word or statement annotated (e.g., groups “The term operator1 is used”). Designate footnotes to tables by superscript lowercase letters; begin lettering anew for each table. LENGTH Include brief citations of unpublished ESTIMATING THE LENGTH OF THE MANUSCRIPT observations and personal communications in Every Annual Review volume has an assigned parentheses in the text, not as footnotes (nor as length. Likewise, each article has a length references in Literature Cited section); use assigned by the editors (always indicated in the initials with surnames (e.g., R.L. Smith, letter of invitation). Please keep to this length, unpublished data). which includes any figures and tables submitted. You can roughly estimate the printed length of Unpublished observations and personal  your article with our online length calculator at communications should be included in http://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/auth parentheses in the text, not as footnotes or-instructions/submitting/length. nor as references in the Literature Cited.  Adhere to the length guidelines presented ITALICS Indicate italics using an italic type style. in your invitation letter. If you wish something to be printed with an underline, use an underline type style. PRODUCING THE SUBMISSION PDF (HARD COPY OPTIONAL) All material (text, literature cited, Use italics for footnotes, figure captions, tables, and other . Scientific names of bacteria and protozoa article components) must be prepared double . Genera, species, and subspecific taxa spaced using 12-point type, which is approximately 10 characters per inch. Please do 10 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors not use small (less than 12 point) type or space- have become established in the common and-a-half line spacing. These manipulations do vocabulary of the field. not make your review shorter, only harder to . If you wish to use a sentence, or an essential read. part thereof, from another article, always set it Number all pages consecutively and arrange in off in quotation marks and cite its source, this order: title page, text, literature cited, article preferably including the page number from components (see p. 11), figure captions, tables, which the quotation was taken. However, one and figures. should keep the number of direct quotations to a minimum. Place the title page on a separate sheet and . If you choose to quote several consecutive include sentences from another source, set off this . title of article material as an extract. Omit quotation marks . author name(s), affiliation(s), and email and indent from both left and right margins; address(es) below the quotation, indicate the author’s . shortened running title (35 characters max) name, the title of the work, and the reference. . Corresponding Author contact information . If you need to quote, paraphrase, or abridge more than approximately 250 words from a single source (whether consecutively or in scattered quotations), please ensure that QUOTATION GUIDELINES appropriate permission has been obtained Detailed instructions for citing sources and from the copyright holder—even when preparing your Literature Cited section are quoting from your own work if someone else included below. Here we describe some general holds the copyright. In cases of extensive guidelines for paraphrasing or quoting from quotation we urge you to discuss your others’ work: intentions, whenever possible, with the quoted author. . When describing the findings or theories of . You must obtain permission to use any others, always cite source publications in close diagrams, illustrations, or tables from other proximity to your discussion. publications. Also, if this material has been . Omnibus citations at the beginning of an redrawn or revised, please indicate this with a article are sometimes appropriate, but they parenthetical note in the figure caption or in a should not be used as substitutes for explicit footnote to the table. citations at the end of the relevant sentences or paragraphs of text. If you have any questions about these guidelines, . The original sources of novel technical do not hesitate to contact your production editor terminology, or uniquely apposite words or or the director of production of Annual Reviews. phrases recently introduced into the literature, should be cited, unless these terms already Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 11

ARTICLE COMPONENTS REQUIRED ELEMENTS . Summary Points list: highlight the central points of your review (as many as 8), in To help readers better find and understand what complete sentences; insert above the they seek, we ask authors to provide the Acknowledgments and/or Literature Cited following: section . Title Page: full article title, author(s) name(s) . Future Issues list: note where research may be and affiliation(s) including email(s), headed (as many as 8), in complete sentences; Corresponding Author contact information insert above the Acknowledgments and/or . Article Table of Contents listing all 1st- and Literature Cited section 2nd-level headings . Annotated References: brief (15 words . Keywords: as many as 6, not already in title maximum) explanation of citations’ . Abstract: 150 words maximum importance (as many as 10); insert below the Literature Cited section . Headings: clearly formatted throughout text . Related Resources list: up to 10 references, . Figures (color and black & white): submit not listed in Literature Cited, to materials each with its own caption clearly labeled; (Web sites, articles, animations) that may be separate file for each figure, do not integrate of interest to readers; insert below the within text. Number figures consecutively in Literature Cited section text (i.e., Figure 2 should not come before Figure 1). In addition to individual figure files, . Sidebar (50 words minimum, 200 words provide a PDF file containing all figures. maximum) briefly discussing a fascinating Obtain any necessary permissions for use. adjacent topic; please give the sidebar a title and insert it below the Literature Cited section, . Tables: either all at end of article, following but indicate near which section in text the Literature Cited, or submitted together in a sidebar should be typeset; the sidebar cannot separate file contain figures or tables. . Literature Cited: formatted per series’

specifications Examples on the next page show how these components will be laid out in your article. OPTIONAL ELEMENTS EXCEPTION: Because long equations are not well supported by the two-column format, Astronomy Authors may also provide any of the below and Astrophysics; Earth and Planetary additional components: Sciences; Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics; . Acronyms and Definitions list (glossary): Economics; Financial Economics; Fluid provide definitions for as many as 20 of the Mechanics; Marine Science; and Resource most important acronyms or key terms, Economics are formatted in a single-column limited to 20 words maximum; insert below version of AR’s book design. Examples of the Literature Cited section one-column design are also on the next page.

12 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

ARTICLE COMPONENTS

Sidebar: First-level highlight a heading related topic (may be (200 words) unnumbered in some series)

ONE COLUMN

Figure layout

Acronyms/Terms: highlight major terms used in text (as many as 20, 20 words each)

Table layout

TWO COLUMN

Acronyms/Terms: highlight major Second-level terms used in text heading (as many as 20, 20 words each) Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 13 ARTICLE COMPONENTS (CONTINUED)

Summary Points list: highlight the central points of your review (as many as 8)

Future Issues list: note where research may be headed (as many as 8)

Related Resources: Reference style and references to material (other annotated references: published reviews/articles, online explain the special importance material) not already part of of selected references from Literature Cited that may be of Literature Cited (as many as 10) interest to readers (as many as 6) 14 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

ARTICLE COMPONENTS: TABLES

Provide a brief heading for each column; type headings in lowercase letters, capitalizing A one-line title for each the rst word only. If subheadings Units of measure should be indicated table should enable the are used, draw a horizontal line in parenthesis after the appropriate reader to understand the table under the main heading to extend heading rather than in the body without referring to the text. above all relevant subheadings. of the table, e.g., Temperature (°C).

Include additional information Abbreviate longer headings to conserve space in footnotes keyed to the title, and explain the abbreviations in a footnote. heading, or entry of the table as appropriate, a, b, c, etc. Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 15

GRAPHIC COMPONENTS

Annual Reviews strongly encourages the applies to more than one table, key it to the title effective use of figures and tables. Article page of subsequent tables. allotments include space used for figures and tables. Thus, information presented graphically ACCEPTABLE FILE TYPES Table files must be should be referenced, but not repeated, in the compatible with Microsoft Word (.doc or .rtf) or text. Figures and tables you submit with your Excel (.xls). Mathematically complex tables may article will appear both in print and online. be submitted in LaTex or Tex. A PDF of the The digital methods for creating and sending final tables must accompany all submissions your figures are treated in the Annual Reviews (but it does not take the place of editable table Author Graphics Guide, sent to you separately. files). You can also view the Guide’s contents, as well The illustration on the previous page is a guide as example illustrations, online at for laying out the title, columns, rows, and http://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/auth footnotes for a table. or-instructions. FIGURES TABLES Please refer to the Author Graphics Guide for Only material requiring several columns and details on the preparation of illustrations. several entries should be submitted in tabular form (incorporate other material into the text). Figures should be well-designed drawings or Tables should fit within an Annual Reviews well-chosen photographs that illustrate key page width (6.33”; approximately 15 cm). points in your article or that present relevant Submit editable electronic files for all tables. data in an economical way. Annual Reviews illustration editors will work with you to All tables will be formatted according to house enhance your figures’ legibility, color, style, and style. Please adhere to the following guidelines consistency. Modified figures will be sent to you when preparing your tables. for approval before publication. To maximize their usability, all figures must be BODY OF TABLE Align entries under the submitted in editable digital form. Export your appropriate heading or subheading. Make sure figures to PDF format (sometimes available the PDF copy of your table clearly indicates the under the “print” menu) directly from your vertical alignment of headings and data. Type graphics creation program. If such files are not longer entries in block style, leaving extra space available, please contact your production editor. between entries. Align numbers on the decimal; Regarding scanning originals, please see the if numerical data are mixed, center entries in the Graphics Guide for scan resolution. Other column. Write out repeated entries; do not use acceptable file formats and additional details are ditto marks or leave a blank space. Use an em discussed in the Author Graphics Guide. dash (—) if no information is available. If a data column heading is not applicable to a particular item, leave the space blank; do not use a dash. FIGURE SIZING On an Annual Reviews page the maximum space available for figures is 6.33” wide × 7.9” high (approximately 15 cm × 20 FOOTNOTES Footnotes should be double-spaced cm). Annual Reviews’ in-house illustration notes at the foot of the table; label each with a editors will determine the appropriate final superscript letter (a, b, c, etc.) keyed to the title, figure size unless you give specific directions. heading, or entry on the table. Begin the (Note that photographs should not be enlarged lettering anew for each table. If a footnote beyond the size at which they retain 300-dpi resolution.) 16 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

. We strongly encourage the use of color in all LETTERING AND SYMBOLS Lettering in figures illustrations. must be of professional quality and large enough to be legible. Specify type at 7, 8, or 9 pt. Use a . Take advantage of color to differentiate and to standard sans-serif font such as Helvetica, Arial, group elements in complex illustrations. or Myriad Pro. If you plan to submit scaled . Use a consistent color scheme across multiple images that contain type, be certain that type is illustrations. still legible (no smaller than 6 pt) and consistent . See the Author Graphics Guide for details on in size for all the figures in your review. Ensure submitting figures. that text remains editable (not converted to shapes or outlines or flattened into images) to NUMBERING AND NAMING FIGURES Number allow us to make house style or sizing changes. your figures consecutively as you wish them to appear in your review and as they are referenced GRAPHS Graphs should be in editable vector in the text. When preparing your text files, spell format. using Photoshop or other raster-based out the word “Figure” in captions and text. If a programs to create graphs is strongly figure has multiple panels, refer to parts of the discouraged. For plot points in graphs, use figure as (a), (b), (c), etc. If further distinction is symbols that are readily available (Zapf dingbats needed, subparts can be described as (left), or another computer-generated symbol font), (right), (top), (middle), and (bottom). If a and choose symbols that can be seen as separate sequence of steps is shown, numbers may be entities along a line. In final form, the plot used to label each step. The caption should then symbols should be large enough to be legible (8 refer to Step 1, Step 2, etc. pt). For plots with multiple lines/symbols, use color to distinguish elements. ENHANCED FIGURES Annual Reviews

illustration editors work closely with editors and CHEMICAL STRUCTURES Complex equations and chemical structures that cannot be typeset in authors to identify figures that can be enhanced one or two lines are considered art (see p. 24). If with links, pop-up text, other interactive possible, such equations should be submitted in elements, and videos. These enhancements math-friendly software applications such as appear online only. Please ask your production LaTex or MathType. Submit complex chemical editor for samples if you are interested in structures as editable vector graphics. enhancing the online version of your figures.

FIGURE CAPTIONS Every figure must have an PERMISSIONS You must obtain permission to accompanying descriptive caption. Bundle reuse and modify figures prior to submitting figure captions together in a text file (or place your manuscript. Please contact publishers of the them at the bottom of the article’s text file), source publication directly for permission to double spaced. Please do not attach captions to reuse figures. Include only figures for which you figure files. have obtained such permission. The source of the material should be credited at the end of the COLOR FIGURES Color figures are integrated figure caption. The copyright holder may specify into the article’s page layout and printed at no the exact language to be used. cost to you, with the following exceptions:  You are responsible for obtaining For the following AR series, color figures are permission to use any copyrighted material printed as separate inserts, “tipped in” within the and for paying any incidental fees. article in the book, and attached to the back of the PDF file online: Environment and Resources, Nutrition, and Public Health.

Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 17

ONLINE-ONLY MATERIALS

Annual Reviews offers an additional service to Authors should also review our Online-Only its authors. Article-relevant material that is Material Policy (you may request a copy of it costly, difficult, or impossible to include in the from your production editor or view it online at printed volume may be posted on our Web site. http://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/auth These materials are fully linked to the online or-instructions/preparing/supmat). This version of your article. document provides detailed author guidelines for the submission of Online-Only Material, Candidates for inclusion in this Web repository including are figures that will not reproduce well in print, tables, data sets, and multimedia objects (e.g., . Preparation guidelines sound, video, animations, 3D objects, etc.). . Submission guidelines . Supportable file types  It is the author’s responsibility to put . Size limitations on Online-Only Material Online-Only Material in a final, copyedited projects form before submission. We do not have . Maintenance guidelines the personnel to check, revise, or maintain these materials upon submission or . How to call out your Online-Only Material in thereafter. the printed version of your article.

Authors who wish to publish Online-Only Material should notify their production editor early in the production process (no later than the manuscript due date). 18 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

LITERATURE CITED

Here, you will find general guidelines for citing sources in your Annual Review article. In CITATIONS IN TEXT Appendix A of this handbook, numerous . Use the name-and-year system. examples illustrate how to list various types of sources (books, articles, Web sites, conference . Use ampersand to indicate authorship for two papers, etc.) in your Literature Cited section. authors. For three or more authors, use “et al.,” “and coworkers,” or “and associates” in  Each reference in the Literature Cited text. Use no comma before ampersand.

section must be mentioned in text, figure White & Gray (2004) experimented... captions, or tables. Smith et al. (1999) tested the theory.

EXCEPTION: For Astronomy and Astrophysics, references with three authors should be indicated within HARVARD-STYLE REFERENCES the text, e.g., Jones, Smith & West The following Annual Reviews use the 1987. unnumbered, name and year (Harvard) bibliographic style: Anthropology; Astronomy . Distinguish between references with the same and Astrophysics; Cell and Developmental author(s) and year by indicating 1987a, 1987b, Biology; Clinical Psychology; Earth and etc. Planetary Sciences; Ecology, Evolution, and Byron et al. (1986; 1987a,b) Systematics; Economics; Financial Economics; determined...

Fluid Mechanics; Food Science and . In multiple citations, references should appear Technology; Law and Social Science; Marine in either chronological or alphabetical Science; Neuroscience; Political Science; sequence throughout. If inconsistent, alpha Psychology; Resource Economics; and order will be applied in copyediting. Sociology. . Use semicolons to separate unlike elements within the parentheses. NUMBERED REFERENCES: Some Annual ...(Moorehouse 2006; J.S. Smith, Reviews use numbered citations: Analytical unpublished information). Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and . Do not use author’s initials for published Biomolecular Engineering, Condensed Matter references in text unless necessary to Physics, Entomology, Environment and distinguish two authors of the same surname. Resources, Genetics, Genomics and Human . Italicize titles of books and journals. Genetics, Immunology, Materials Research, . References to unpublished observations, Medicine, Microbiology, Nuclear and Particle personal communications, papers in Science, Nutrition, Pathology: Mechanisms of preparation, etc., should be enclosed in Disease, Pharmacology and Toxicology, parentheses in text (R.S. Jones, Physical Chemistry, Physiology, unpublished observations). List all Phytopathology, Plant Biology, Public Health authors—do not use et al.—and include all their initials (as well as your own) in these For series with numbered references, please citations. Except for Physical Chemistry, do download, or obtain from your production editor, NOT list these citations as references in the the appropriate Author Instruction Handbook. Literature Cited section. Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 19

CITATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY (This list is available online. Go to http://www.issn.org/2-22660-LTWA.php for . Begin the Literature Cited on a separate page general information on using the guide, and following the text, before tables and figures. click on “LTWA online” for the online guide.) . Do not list references as footnotes to the text. Do not abbreviate one-word journal titles. . Do not use Microsoft Word’s Footnotes or Endnotes functions for citing/listing references. BIBLIOGRAPHIC STYLE . Set line spacing to 2 throughout the Literature Cited section. Most cited sources can be formatted using the general guidelines below. For exceptions or . Do not indent the first line of each entry. special cases (Web sites, conference papers, . For each author, use last name first, then errata, abstracts, etc.), see Appendix A at the end initials, no periods. of this handbook.

List numbered references in the Literature Cited  Responsibility for the accuracy of the with numerals and period, without parentheses. bibliographic references rests entirely with Include the following information (in this order): the author. 1. Name(s) of author(s), last name first, followed by initials without periods. Include both (or all) . List references in alphabetical order by last initials for each author whenever they were name of author, then by initials, by last name included in the original article or book. Do not of coauthors, and finally by year. Alphabetize leave space between initials. Do not use a compound surnames by the first word, e.g., comma between surnames and initials—use list under “de,” “van,” “von,” etc. commas only to separate different authors’ names. If a given reference has seven or more Zeiger E. 1990. Article title. authors, list the first five, then type “et al.” in the bibliography. (But in text, use et al. for three or Zeiger E, Armond P, Melis A. 1981. Article title. more authors.) If a reference has six or fewer Zeiger E, Bloom AJ, Hepler PK. 1990. authors, list them all. Article title. Zeiger E, Field C, de Vitry C. 1988. 2. Year of publication of the article or book, Article title. followed by a period, with no parentheses. If the Zeiger E, Field C, Mooney HA. 1981. article has recently been accepted for publication Article title. and is actually in press, list it in the Literature Zeiger E, Hepler PK. 1991. Article Cited section. Provide journal title and expected title. year of publication, plus volume and pages when Zeiger E, Hepler PK. 1993. Article known. title. 3. Title of article or chapter (except the Annual . Include titles of articles or chapters for all Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics). Annual Reviews EXCEPT the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 4. Title of journal (abbreviated unless only one word) or book (not abbreviated unless part of a . Use italics for the book or journal title (see periodical series), e.g., J. Psychol. Appendix A for examples). Do not abbreviate book titles. Abbreviate titles of journals, 5. For a book reference, name(s) of editor(s). proceedings, symposia, and serial compendia (such as the Annual Review volumes) 6. Volume, issue or number (if any) in according to the ISSN List of Title Word parentheses, then a colon and inclusive page Abbreviations (LTWA), published by the numbers; if there is no volume number, International Organization for Standardization. inclusive page numbers preceded by a comma 20 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors and “pp.” Do not repeat hundreds digit unless, WEB SITE CITATIONS e.g., 3–10, 71–77, 100–9, 331–35, 1002–3, 1198–202, 1536–38. GENERAL GUIDELINES When you site a specific source that is housed on the World Wide Web, For example: 10(4):123--30 you should include it in the Literature Cited 7. For a book reference, place of publication, section. Entries in the Literature Cited section name of publisher, total number of pages should contain as many items from the following (optional), and edition, if necessary. For list as are relevant and available. example: New York: Sage (do not put a period . Name of the author, editor, compiler, or at the end of the reference). translator of the Web-based item (if available and relevant), followed by any appropriate CITATION MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE: abbreviations, such as ed. . Title of article or other short work within a USE OF ENDNOTE OR REFERENCE scholarly project, database, or periodical MANAGER . Title of an online book or periodical, in italics If you are using Thomson Reuters’ EndNote® or ® . Name of the editor, compiler, or translator of a Reference Manager , you may download from book (if applicable and if not already listed), the AR Web site or request from your preceded by any appropriate abbreviation, production editor the style file appropriate for such as ed. your series. . Publication information for any print or PDF Otherwise, it is very important that you edit the version citation manager’s style module to accord with . Title of the scholarly project, database, the Annual Review series style. To get your periodical, or professional or personal site (in Literature Cited section in the right format, go to italics) or, for a professional or personal site the citation manager’s Edit Styles function and with no title, a description such as home page set it so that journal citations have the following (in italics) characteristics: . Version number (if not part of the title) or, for . Author names are given last name first, a journal, the volume, issue, or other followed by initials—with NO punctuation identifying number except for commas between authors and a . Date of electronic publication or posting or period at the end. latest update, whichever is most recent (if Sample: Brown J, Smith R, Jones CE. known)

. The year comes after the names, followed by a . Name of any institution or organization period. sponsoring or associated with the Web site . Journal article titles are lowercase except for . URL

the first word, proper nouns, and acronyms. For example: . Journal titles are italic. Abbreviations are followed by periods. U.S. Food Drug Admin. 2004. Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the If you have any difficulty setting up your Critical Path to New Medical EndNote or Reference Manager system, please Products. Washington, DC: U.S. go to one of the following Web sites where style Food Drug Admin. samples may be downloaded for reference: http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ criticalpath/whitepaper.html http://www.endnote.com/support/entechform.asp Clinical Data Interchange Standards or Consortium (CDISC). 2007. CDISC http://www.refman.com/support/rmstyles.asp and industry collaborative group lead FDA critical path initiative Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 21

opportunity for data collection standards. CDISC PR#33, May 15. A valuable clearinghouse of http://www.cdisc.org/news/PR33cdis information on the passage of ccdashprojectfinal.pdf the Family and Medical Leave Act is the online library at SPECIFIC VERSUS GENERAL SOURCES AT WEB the National Partnership SITES If you wish to cite a specific source that is for Women & Family Web site (http://www.nationalpartnership.org). “housed” at a Web site, or that was published by the organization in their online-only journal, or that is a pamphlet or report that is downloadable Please note that unless instructed otherwise, we only (print-on-demand), these sources should be will attempt to make Web links and email cited in the Literature Cited section according to addresses “live” in the online version of your the instructions described above. For example: review. However, we cannot maintain such external-to-Annual Reviews links, which will Kennedy E, Dodd C, Clinton HR. 2005. Letter to U.S. Dep. Labor, Apr. 12. generate errors for your readers if the Web page http://www.nationalpartnership.org is eventually [re]moved. /site/DocServer/FMLASenateLetterto You may wish to host material on unstable Web DOL.pdf?docID=963 sites as online-only material (see p. 17). Also, In contrast, to reference a general Web site that URLs can be included in the “Related might be a good source of information for your Resources” section of your review (see p. 11). reader, include it in text only, not in the Literature Cited section. For example: 22 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

NOMENCLATURE

GENERAL NOMENCLATURE and Nomenclature. Union Int. Sci. Biol. Ser. B. 30:1–6 The primary nomenclature manual for Annual Reviews is Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Also see section on italics in this booklet. Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (7th edition). Other authoritative references are GENUS-SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAMES Spell out the listed below. full generic and specific names on first use: e.g., Escherichia coli. Thereafter, the genus name BACTERIOLOGICAL NAMES Use the List of should be abbreviated to the first letter (E. coli). Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature If the name appears frequently and may be (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr) and the Approved confused with another genus whose first letter is Lists of Bacterial Names as guides for validly the same, spell both names out every four or five published scientific names of bacteria and pages of manuscript. archaea. Use Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Index Bergeyana as guides for INSECTICIDES Use common names approved by names of unknown bacteria. the Entomological Society of America (list available from the Society). INORGANIC, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE We accept all abbreviations, INSECTS Use common and scientific names symbols, and trivial names in the rules of the approved by the Entomological Society of IUPAC-IUB. America (list available from the Society) whenever possible. Authors from non–North DRUGS Use nonproprietary (generic) names for American countries may use common names drugs. When the name is relatively unfamiliar, current in their countries. In general, do not follow its first use with the trade name. capitalize the first letter of a common name Entomology, Medicine, Nutrition, Pathology: unless a proper name is included. Mechanisms of Disease, and Pharmacology and Toxicology require the use of ® as a superscript PHYSIOLOGY Use the conventions for on first use of a trade name. respiratory physiology from the Handbook of Physiology (Oxford University Press). EXCEPTION: In Psychology, the terms adrenaline and noradrenaline (not capitalized) are permissible in place of epinephrine and ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS norepinephrine. Use abbreviations and symbols sparingly and only if terms are repeated frequently. Define all GENETICS The 7th edition of Scientific Style and but the obvious standard symbols and Format covers all organisms for which they abbreviations when they first appear in text (a have been able to obtain rules and guidelines list of standard abbreviations and units is (http://www.councilscienceeditors.org/publicatio provided in Appendix B on p. 31). Avoid using ns/resources.cfm). Additional references: nonstandard abbreviations in titles and headings. American Society for Microbiology. 1991. Chemical and graphic formulas may be used Genetics. In ASM Style Manual for Journals and (see next section) and are set in roman type. Use Books, pp. 33–38. Washington, DC: ASM U3+ rather than U+++. Atomic weights of isotopes International Committee on Genetic Symbols are to be indicated by superscripts preceding the 14 14 and Nomenclature. 1957. Report of the element symbol: C, [ C]urea. International Committee on Genetic Symbols Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 23

Use abbreviations of units of measure only when Spell out genus names upon first usage: The preceded by a numeral: 38 mm (but, a few name may be abbreviated to its first letter millimeters). afterward when used in combination with the species name. Never abbreviate generic names Use the same abbreviations for singular and when used alone; also, do not abbreviate the plural, without periods or apostrophes except in species name when a subspecies is designated. special cases noted in Appendix B. Verbs must For example, use B. thuringiensis israelensis, agree in number with the quantity: 1 mm is, 3 not B. t. israelensis. mm are.... Use a space between the numeral and the unit of measure, except with degree, percent, and Svedberg (5°C, 10%, 6S). 24 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS

–1 LAYOUT Do not use the slash to mean “per”; write km s , not km/s. In arrays, use brackets to indicate a Equations and formulas should be in complete determinant, vertical lines for a matrix. sentence form; include punctuation after displayed equations/formulas. Observe the following order for brackets: {[()]}; do not use parentheses within parentheses. Set out long equations/formulas on a separate line(s). Use boldface roman rather than arrows for vectors. Unless otherwise indicated, all Number displayed equations/formulas if referred characters in mathematical notation will be set in to later in the text. Use a single sequence of italic type, with the exception of numerals, Arabic numerals, placed to the right of the symbols for chemical elements, Greek letters, equation/formula. and common abbreviations such as ln, exp, cos, Complicated chemical formulas that cannot be etc. typeset on one or two lines must be submitted as Define uncommon symbols on first use for the graphics (see section on figures); assemble these nonspecialist. at the end of the text, preferably grouped together on one page. Distinguish superscripts to superscripts and subscripts to subscripts from double superscripts Avoid the vertical placing of side chains. Use a2 a2 the following format, indented from the left and double subscripts (e.g., e versus e , versus n versus n ). margin: H3 H3 CH–C(:CH2)–CH2–CH(CH3)CH2–CH:CH–COOH Align subscripts with superscripts.

SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Use the multiplication ex (×) in numerical and vector products only. In all other cases, use the multiplication (centered) dot. Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 25

SUBMITTING YOUR MANUSCRIPT FILES ONLINE SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS EMAIL AND FTP SUBMISSION We encourage invited authors to submit their OPTIONS manuscripts online. To use our online submission form, your production editor will . Files may be attached to an email message send you the Web address, username, and and sent directly to your production editor. password in advance of your manuscript due . Manuscript files must be compatible with date. Microsoft Word’s “.doc” or “.rtf” format. Mathematically complex papers may be HELPFUL NOTES FOR ONLINE SUBMISSION submitted in LaTex or Tex. . If possible, please compress each file using, . A PDF of the final submitted version, for example, WinZip, StuffIt, or GZip including all figures and tables, must software. Then upload. accompany all submissions (but it does not . Whenever uploading more than five files, take the place of editable text and figure files). compress all contents into a single folder and . An FTP upload or submission of a disk is also then upload. an option. Please contact your production . Always include a PDF file of your final editor for more information. manuscript, including figures and tables, in addition to separate, editable files. . If uploading revisions, please again include a PDF file of revised text, figures, and/or tables. 26 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

PRODUCTION PROCESS: WHAT HAPPENS NEXT TO YOUR MANUSCRIPT?

Most Annual Reviews series follow these and queries marked with Word’s tracking general steps in moving your submission from function. A PDF may also be sent for authors manuscript to typeset PDF/bound book. using LaTeX. (Note that if major revisions are However, there are exceptions. Contact your requested, the production editor will contact you production editor if you have any questions prior to copyediting.) about the production process. TIMING Annual Reviews endeavors to send you Please note that we consider the version of the your copyedited galley proofs within 12 weeks manuscript that you submitted to be the only and of submission, but this timeline depends on official version of your manuscript in production. several factors. Contact your production editor if If you have changes to make from this point on, you have questions about timing and schedules. please make them only to an in-production The author typically has one week in which to manuscript that you receive from your correct and return the manuscript file (your production editor. production editor will give you a time frame). If you anticipate being unavailable at any time REVIEW BY A TECHNICAL EDITOR during the production process, please contact your production editor, as many stages are time Following its arrival at Annual Reviews, your sensitive. manuscript is processed, copyedited, and sent to a technical editor. For some series, the technical REVISIONS PERMITTED AT THE GALLEY STAGE editor reviews the manuscript before copyediting The galley stage is your final opportunity to (if you are not sure about the series for which make stylistic changes to your review. Because you are writing, contact your production editor). of time and cost constraints, once we have sent your manuscript to the compositor to be typeset The technical editor is generally a member of (the “page proof” stage, discussed below), the editorial committee who was involved in the stylistic changes are not permitted. Please use original decision to invite your contribution. In this galley proof to your advantage and make some cases, we may solicit the assistance of any insertions/deletions you deem necessary. specialists in the field who are not members of However, manuscripts should not be extensively the editorial committee. rewritten at this stage. Please note that although Annual Reviews RETAIN ALL TRACKED CHANGES Please do not articles are invited, a manuscript may be rejected “accept” or “reject” the tracked changes from as unsuitable for publication if it does not meet the copyeditor. If you do not agree with an the general guidelines for an Annual Review editorial change, simply type “NO,” and we will article or if it is not of high enough quality as undo the change. Corrections and revisions must determined by the editors. be indicated using Word’s tracking feature. All tracking will be “cleaned up” by the production GALLEY PROOFS editor after you return the manuscript. Once the technical editor has approved the manuscript for publication and the manuscript FIGURES has been copyedited by an Annual Reviews During the production process, you may be production editor or freelance copyeditor, you contacted by an Annual Reviews illustration will receive electronic galley proofs. These editor regarding edits to your figures. Not all our galley proofs are in Microsoft Word with series are as graphics intensive as others, reviewer’s comments and copyeditor’s changes however; these series may not have illustration Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 27 editors. Contact your production editor if you one week after it is available (your production have questions about revisions to your figures or editor will send you a form to accept or reject for the contact information of your illustration this option). This Review in Advance (RIA) is editor. You may also refer to the Author then replaced by the final version of the article Graphics Guide that was mailed to you with this approximately one month before the print booklet and that is also available on our Web publication date. site (http://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/aut hor-instructions). ONLINE AND PRINT PUBLICATION The title and abstract of your article will be available on the Annual Reviews Web site about PAGE PROOFS seven months before print publication. With Typeset page proofs are sent electronically prompt submission and your approval, the approximately one month after you return the typeset page proof of your article, lacking any corrected galley proofs. With the author’s final corrections, will be published online ahead permission, these typeset page proofs, not yet of print as a Review in Advance. About one incorporating any final corrections, may be month before print publication, the final full text published online ahead of print (a “Review in will become available online to Annual Reviews Advance”—see next section). Final corrections subscribers. are incorporated before final online/print publication. ePRINTS At the page proof (PDF) stage, only typos, Annual Review authors can provide “Author typesetter’s errors, or factual errors may be ePrints” to colleagues who request them. An corrected, and “In press” references may be author ePrint is a “keyed URL” (a unique Web updated. Any changes that affect the layout of address) that grants free online access to the the review cannot be made. Requests for the author’s review in both Web-browsable form (as deletion or addition of full sentences or HTML pages, with links to other online paragraphs will be rejected. resources) and “reprint” form (a locally printable  Remember, only printer’s errors, typos, and PDF file). Your production editor will provide errors of fact can be corrected and that information when the final volume is references updated at this stage. published online. More information about self- archiving and permissions issues is on our Web site REVIEWS IN ADVANCE (http://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/aut You have the option to have the uncorrected hor-instructions/distributing/copyright_mandate). typeset page proof posted online approximately 28 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

APPENDIX A: LITERATURE CITED EXAMPLES

References appear as follows (note patterns of abbreviation, capitalization, spacing, and punctuation):

ABSTRACTS Josen LA, Tollis TM, Anthony A. 1993. Finding solutions to sequences. Fed. Proc. 32(3):855 (Abstr.)

BOOK REFERENCES WITH TITLE OF CHAPTER Bornstein L. 2002. Recombination in bacteria. In Human Genetics, ed. R Johnston, E Smith, 1:65-73. London/New York: Macmillan. 450 pp. New MI, Schram P. 2000. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In Current Diagnosis, ed. RB Conn, WZ Borer, JW Snyder, 9:50–75. Philadelphia: Saunders

BOOK REFERENCES WITHOUT TITLE OF CHAPTER Seaver W. 1995. Luck’s Lady: The Theory of Probability, pp. 42-89. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 392 pp. Olendorf DH, Finzel BC, Weber PC, Salemme FR. 1998. In Protein Engineering, ed. DL Oxender, CF Fox, pp. 165-73. New York: Liss Bronson D, Gerber RA, eds. 2003. Handbook of Biochemistry, Vols. 1, 2. San Francisco: Freeman. 489 pp. 587 pp. 2nd ed. Volume is part of title: Lerner RM, ed. 2003. Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development, pp. 25–50. New York: Wiley

BULLETINS Barnett LL, Lilly GG. 1990. West Va. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 420T. 37 pp.

CONFERENCES Rose N, Bollinger LM, Lee LL Jr. 2001. Proc. Geneva Conf. Peaceful Uses Energy, 2nd, Geneva, 1967, 15:693. The Hague: Junk

CONGRESSES Black DE. 1989. Int. Geol. Congr., 23rd, Frankfurt, 19:268-69. Heidelberg: Springer (In German)

DOUBLE YEAR [SEE ALSO “YEAR—1ST EDITION”] Literature Cited–2003/2004 Text–2003/2004

ERRATUM Wilson P. 2001. Title of article. J. Mol. Biol. 229:1175–83. Erratum. 2001. J. Mol. Biol. 238(4):639

Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 29

IN PRESS REFERENCE Jones LA. 2005. Title. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. In press Garven S, Wood JM, Shaw JS, Malpass R. 2004. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:In press

JOURNAL REFERENCE WITH TITLE OF ARTICLE Roberts DF. 2001. A demographic study of a Dinka village. Hum. Biol. 28:323-49

JOURNAL REFERENCE WITHOUT TITLE OF ARTICLE Berson SA, Balow RS. 1999. Am. J. Med. 50:623-29

MAGAZINE/NEWSPAPER/RADIO Jones A. 2004. Title of article. New York Times, Jan. 15, p. A6 Ledge J. 1999. Spanish Signs. Atlanta, GA, WABE Radio Broadcast, March 15 [do not repeat year if year is the same]

NO AUTHOR ASCERTAINABLE Begin reference with name of editor, compiler, or sponsoring body, if known. Otherwise begin with title of article, chapter, journal, or book, followed by year. Do not use “anonymous.”

PAGE SPAN WITH LETTERS 11:W50–55 11:A125–28

PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS Andrade RG. 1990. Culture shared and unique. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Anthropol. Assoc., 69th, San Diego

PATENTS (NEW IN 2010: PLEASE INCLUDE THE PATENT TITLE) Smith JD. 2003. Title. U.S. Patent No. 6,987,489

PROCEEDINGS Durel PJ, Parks T. 1996. Title. Proc. U.S. Natl. Congr. Appl. Mech., 4th, Miami, May 19-21, pp. 930-38. Gainesville: Univ. Fla. Press Holder J. 2009. Galactic binary systems. Proc. 2009 Fermi Symp., Washington, DC, Nov. 2–5, eConf C091122. http://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C0911022

REPORTS New RL, Oldur S. 2001. Propulsion jet streams. NASA Tech. Rep. 32-1529, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA

SUPPLEMENTS If suppl. is part of journal title: Martin RN, Barrett AH. 2001. Ap. J. Suppl. 36:1-51 30 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

If suppl. is not part of journal title: Takeda Y, Liu H. 1998. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 11(Suppl.):1-121 Taylor CA. 1995. J. Microbiol. 11(Suppl. 2):5–10

THESES Cafiso DS. 1997. Electrical and ion selective properties of photoreceptor membranes. PhD thesis. Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 285 pp. [include thesis title even in series that do not ask for article titles]

TRANSLATIONS Aachen BL. 1937. Basis of Society. Transl. R Jones, 1958, in Am. J. Sociol. 23:18- 57 (From German)

UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION Refer to such data in the text as personal communication, submitted, unpublished data, etc., listing all workers by initials and surname (e.g., W.C. Houser, U.M. Bandlier & C.F. Kim, unpublished data). Except for Physical Chemistry, do NOT list these references in the Literature Cited section.

WEB SITE CITATIONS U.S. Food Drug Admin. 2004. Innovation or Stagnation: Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products. Washington, DC: U.S. Food Drug Admin. http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/criticalpath/whitepaper.html

Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC). 2007. CDISC and industry collaborative group lead FDA critical path initiative opportunity for data collection standards. CDISC PR#33, May 15. http://www.cdisc.org/news/PR33cdisccdashprojectfinal.pdf

WORKING PAPER Garrett G. 1999. Trade, capital mobility and government spending around the world. Work. Pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Yale Univ.

YEAR—1ST EDITION

Castellanos J. 1994 (1589). [No period before parentheses]

REPEATED REFERENCES If different sections of the same book, symposium, etc. are cited in separate references, give full information once, with the reference listed under the editor’s name. Include title of chapter in each reference. Domb AJ. 2002. Lipospheres for controlled delivery. See Salkman 2002, pp. 288-92 Salkman B, ed. 2002. Solid Nanoparticles: Methods and Industrial Applications. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Straub EH. 2001. Hemophilia. See Salkman 2002, pp. 216-49 Do not use “Ibid.” Instead, repeat the name of the author each time. Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 31

APPENDIX B: STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS

Symbols and abbreviations on this list may be used in your manuscripts without explanation. acceleration of gravity g diffusion coefficient D acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS direct current dc alternating current ac dyne dyn ampere A electrocardiogram ECG angstrom Å electroencephalogram EEG ante meridiem AM electromagnetic units emu approximately ~ electromotive force emf approx. equal ≈ electron e aqueous aq electron spin resonance ESR astronomical unit AU electron volt eV atmosphere atm electrostatic units esu atomic mass unit amu enthalpy change ∆H atomic unit au entropy change ∆S atomic weight at wt entropy unit eu atto- a- equilibrium constant K average av equivalent eq bar spell out erg spell out barn b et alii (and others) et al. billion electron volt BeV, GeV et cetera etc. British thermal unit Btu exempli gratia (for example) e.g. calorie cal exponential exp. candela cd femto- f- centi- c- fermi, farad F centimeter cm figure spell out centimeter-gram-second cgs foot ft central nervous system CNS foot candle fc compare cf. gauss G concentration conc Gibbs energy change ∆G (not ∆F) constant const giga- G- cosecant csc gram g cosine cos gram calories gcal cotangent cot gravitational constant G coulomb C gravity, centrifugal g counts per minute cpm Gray Gy 3 cubic centimeter cm hertz Hz curie Ci hour h curl spell out human immunodeficiency virus HIV cycles per second Hz hydrogen ion (conc) pH daltons Da id est (that is) i.e. day spell out inch spell out deci- d- infective dose ID50 decibel B infrared IR degree ° international unit IU degrees centigrade or Celsius °C joule J degrees Fahrenheit °F Kelvin K degrees Kelvin K kilo- k- deuteron d kilobase, kilobase pair kb dextro D 32 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors kilocalorie kcal neutron n kilocycle kc newton N kilodalton kDa normal (conc) N kilo electron volt keV nuclear magnetic resonance NMR kilogauss kG oersted Oe kilogram kg ohm Ω kilohm kΩ page, pages p., pp. kilometer km parsec pc kiloparsec kpc parts per million ppm kilovolt kV pascal Pa kilowatt-hour kWh percent % lethal dose LD50 pico- p- levo L post meridiem PM liter spell out potential difference PD logarithm log probable error pe logarithm, natural ln proton p magnitude mag radiation, ionizing, absorbed dose rad maximum max radiofrequency rf mega- M- retardation factor RF megacycles per second MHz revolutions per minute rpm megawatt MW roentgen r meter m root mean square rms Michaelis constant Km second s micro μ- seconds of arc arcsec microampere μA sedimentation coefficient s microgram μg (not λ) solar mass M micrometer (not micron) μm species sp., spp. micromolar (conc) μM Specific rotation α micromole μmol square centimeter cm2 milli- m- Svedberg (10-13 s) S milliampere mA standard deviation SD millibar mbar standard error SE millielectron volt meV tangent tan milliequivalent meq tera- T- milligram mg tesla T milliliter ml torr torr (not Torr) millimeter mm ultrahigh frequency uhf millimeters of mercury mm Hg ultraviolet UV millimolar (conc) mM universal gravitation constant G millimole mmol universal time UT million electron volt MeV variant r. million years ago, mega annum Mya, Ma versus spell out millisecond ms volt V millivolt mV watt W minute min weight concentration g ml–1(not mg%) minutes of arc arcmin weight percent wt% molar (conc) M (not μmol/ml) week spell out mole mol (not M) year spell out molecular weight Mr or mol wt month spell out nano- n- nanometer nm Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 33

INDEX

A extracts, 10 abbreviations, 22–23, 31–32 F see also journal title abbreviations figures, 11, 15–16, 26–27 abstract, 11 captions, 16 citing an abstract, 28 color, 16 alphabetizing references, 18 in estimating article length, 9 annotated references, 11, 13 layout, 12 archiving, 7, 27 numbering and naming figures, 16 article length, 9 permissions, 10, 11, 16 photographs, 15 B sizing, 15 bibliography (see literature cited) submitting, 15, 25 black and white figures (see figures) footnotes, 9, 19 book chapters, 28 in tables, 14, 15 book titles, 19–20, 28 formulas, 9, 22, 24 bulletins, 28 future issues, 11, 13

C G captions (see figures, captions) galley proofs, 26 chemical structures, 16 gene symbols, 22 citation management software, 20 genus-species names, 22 citations, 18–21, 28–30 glossary, 11 color figures (see figures) graphics (see figures) conferences, 28 Greek letters, 24 congresses, 28 copyediting, 26 H copyright, 7, 8, 10, 16, 27 headings, 11, 12–13, 22 corresponding author, 10, 11 in tables, 14, 15

D I dictionary, 9 illustration editor, 15, 16, 26–27 disclosure statement, 8 illustrations (see figures) drug names, 22 in press references, 27, 29

insecticides, 22 E insects, 22 EndNote, 20 italics, 9, 22, 24 ePrint URL, 7, 27 in literature cited, 19–21 equations, 9, 11, 16, 24 34 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors

submitting a PDF of your manuscript, 9, 11, J 15, 25, 26 journal references, 29 permissions, 7–8 journal title abbreviations, 19 for use of figures, 10, 11, 16 photographs (see figures) K preprint version, 7 keywords, 11 preprint servers, 7 proceedings, 29 L production editor, 7, 10, 15, 16–18, 20, 25, 26– LaTex, 15, 16, 25, 26 27 legends (see figures, captions) proofs, 26–27 length (see article length) publisher literature cited, 9, 13, 18–21, 28–30 Q M quotations, 10 magazine articles, 29 manuscript submission checklist, 5 R mathematical formulas, 24 radio broadcasts, 29 Microsoft Word, 15, 19, 25, 26 Reference Manager, 20 movies (see online-only material) references (see literature cited) related resources, 11, 13 N renumbering references, 20 newspaper articles, 29 repeated references, 30 no author, 29 reports, 29 nomenclature, 22 Review in Advance (RIA), 27 numbering references, 18 S O sidebar, 11, 12 online manuscript submission, 25 special characters, 16, 24 online-only material, 17 style guides, 9

submission guidelines, 25 P summary points, 11, 13 page proofs, 27 supplemental material (see online-only material) papers presented, 29 supplements, how to cite, 29 patents, 29 symbols, 16, 22–24, 31–32 PDF

citing PDFs of Web-based reference T material, 21 tables, 11, 14, 15 PDF as your electronic reprint (ePrint), 27 technical editor, 26 PDF of your typeset page proof, 27 terms/definitions, 11, 12 Annual Reviews Instructions for Authors 35 theses, 30 title page, 10, 11 W translations, 30 Web site citations, 20–21, 30 Web sites, 20–21 U working papers, 30 unpublished information, 18, 30

V videos (see online-only material)