Researchers Discover New Species of Extinct Australian Mammal 25 March 2019
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BANDICOTA INDICA, the BANDICOOT RAT 3.1 The
CHAPTER THREE BANDICOTA INDICA, THE BANDICOOT RAT 3.1 The Living Animal 3.1.1 Zoology Rats and mice (family Muridae) are the most common and well-known rodents, not only of the fi elds, cultivated areas, gardens, and storage places but especially so of the houses. Though there are many genera and species, their general appearance is pretty the same. Rats are on average twice as large as mice (see Chapter 31). The bandicoot is the largest rat on the Indian subcontinent, with a body and head length of 30–40 cm and an equally long tail; this is twice as large as the black rat or common house rat (see section 3.1.2 below). This large size immediately distinguishes the bandicoot from other rats. Bandicoots have a robust form, a rounded head, large rounded or oval ears, and a short, broad muzzle. Their long and naked scaly tail is typical of practically all rats and mice. Bandicoots erect their piles of long hairs and grunt when excited. Bandicoots are found practically on the whole of the subcontinent from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, including Sri Lanka, but they are not found in the deserts and the semi-arid zones of north-west India. Here, they are replaced by a related species, the short-tailed bandicoot (see section 3.1.2 below). The bandicoot is essentially parasitic on man, living in or about human dwellings. They cause a lot of damage to grounds and fl oorings because of their burrowing habits; they also dig tunnels through bricks and masonry. -
Platypus Collins, L.R
AUSTRALIAN MAMMALS BIOLOGY AND CAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Stephen Jackson © CSIRO 2003 All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO PUBLISHING for all permission requests. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Jackson, Stephen M. Australian mammals: Biology and captive management Bibliography. ISBN 0 643 06635 7. 1. Mammals – Australia. 2. Captive mammals. I. Title. 599.0994 Available from CSIRO PUBLISHING 150 Oxford Street (PO Box 1139) Collingwood VIC 3066 Australia Telephone: +61 3 9662 7666 Local call: 1300 788 000 (Australia only) Fax: +61 3 9662 7555 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.publish.csiro.au Cover photos courtesy Stephen Jackson, Esther Beaton and Nick Alexander Set in Minion and Optima Cover and text design by James Kelly Typeset by Desktop Concepts Pty Ltd Printed in Australia by Ligare REFERENCES reserved. Chapter 1 – Platypus Collins, L.R. (1973) Monotremes and Marsupials: A Reference for Zoological Institutions. Smithsonian Institution Press, rights Austin, M.A. (1997) A Practical Guide to the Successful Washington. All Handrearing of Tasmanian Marsupials. Regal Publications, Collins, G.H., Whittington, R.J. & Canfield, P.J. (1986) Melbourne. Theileria ornithorhynchi Mackerras, 1959 in the platypus, 2003. Beaven, M. (1997) Hand rearing of a juvenile platypus. Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Shaw). Journal of Wildlife Proceedings of the ASZK/ARAZPA Conference. 16–20 March. -
A Phylogeny and Timescale for Marsupial Evolution Based on Sequences for Five Nuclear Genes
J Mammal Evol DOI 10.1007/s10914-007-9062-6 ORIGINAL PAPER A Phylogeny and Timescale for Marsupial Evolution Based on Sequences for Five Nuclear Genes Robert W. Meredith & Michael Westerman & Judd A. Case & Mark S. Springer # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract Even though marsupials are taxonomically less diverse than placentals, they exhibit comparable morphological and ecological diversity. However, much of their fossil record is thought to be missing, particularly for the Australasian groups. The more than 330 living species of marsupials are grouped into three American (Didelphimorphia, Microbiotheria, and Paucituberculata) and four Australasian (Dasyuromorphia, Diprotodontia, Notoryctemorphia, and Peramelemorphia) orders. Interordinal relationships have been investigated using a wide range of methods that have often yielded contradictory results. Much of the controversy has focused on the placement of Dromiciops gliroides (Microbiotheria). Studies either support a sister-taxon relationship to a monophyletic Australasian clade or a nested position within the Australasian radiation. Familial relationships within the Diprotodontia have also proved difficult to resolve. Here, we examine higher-level marsupial relationships using a nuclear multigene molecular data set representing all living orders. Protein-coding portions of ApoB, BRCA1, IRBP, Rag1, and vWF were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Two different Bayesian relaxed molecular clock methods were employed to construct a timescale for marsupial evolution and estimate the unrepresented basal branch length (UBBL). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian results suggest that the root of the marsupial tree is between Didelphimorphia and all other marsupials. All methods provide strong support for the monophyly of Australidelphia. Within Australidelphia, Dromiciops is the sister-taxon to a monophyletic Australasian clade. -
Ba3444 MAMMAL BOOKLET FINAL.Indd
Intot Obliv i The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia Compiled by James Fitzsimons Sarah Legge Barry Traill John Woinarski Into Oblivion? The disappearing native mammals of northern Australia 1 SUMMARY Since European settlement, the deepest loss of Australian biodiversity has been the spate of extinctions of endemic mammals. Historically, these losses occurred mostly in inland and in temperate parts of the country, and largely between 1890 and 1950. A new wave of extinctions is now threatening Australian mammals, this time in northern Australia. Many mammal species are in sharp decline across the north, even in extensive natural areas managed primarily for conservation. The main evidence of this decline comes consistently from two contrasting sources: robust scientifi c monitoring programs and more broad-scale Indigenous knowledge. The main drivers of the mammal decline in northern Australia include inappropriate fi re regimes (too much fi re) and predation by feral cats. Cane Toads are also implicated, particularly to the recent catastrophic decline of the Northern Quoll. Furthermore, some impacts are due to vegetation changes associated with the pastoral industry. Disease could also be a factor, but to date there is little evidence for or against it. Based on current trends, many native mammals will become extinct in northern Australia in the next 10-20 years, and even the largest and most iconic national parks in northern Australia will lose native mammal species. This problem needs to be solved. The fi rst step towards a solution is to recognise the problem, and this publication seeks to alert the Australian community and decision makers to this urgent issue. -
Phylogenetic Relationships of Living and Recently Extinct Bandicoots Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences ⇑ M
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2012) 97–108 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogenetic relationships of living and recently extinct bandicoots based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences ⇑ M. Westerman a, , B.P. Kear a,b, K. Aplin c, R.W. Meredith d, C. Emerling d, M.S. Springer d a Genetics Department, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia b Palaeobiology Programme, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden c Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia d Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA article info abstract Article history: Bandicoots (Peramelemorphia) are a major order of australidelphian marsupials, which despite a fossil Received 4 November 2010 record spanning at least the past 25 million years and a pandemic Australasian range, remain poorly Revised 6 September 2011 understood in terms of their evolutionary relationships. Many living peramelemorphians are critically Accepted 12 September 2011 endangered, making this group an important focus for biological and conservation research. To establish Available online 11 November 2011 a phylogenetic framework for the group, we compiled a concatenated alignment of nuclear and mito- chondrial DNA sequences, comprising representatives of most living and recently extinct species. Our Keywords: analysis confirmed the currently recognised deep split between Macrotis (Thylacomyidae), Chaeropus Marsupial (Chaeropodidae) and all other living bandicoots (Peramelidae). The mainly New Guinean rainforest per- Bandicoot Peramelemorphia amelids were returned as the sister clade of Australian dry-country species. The wholly New Guinean Per- Phylogeny oryctinae was sister to Echymiperinae. -
Season of the Marsupial Bandicoot, Isoodon Macrourus R
Influence of melatonin on the initiation of the breeding season of the marsupial bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus R. T. Gemmell Department of Anatomy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia Summary. Melatonin implants were administered to 6 female bandicoots during the months of May and July. These animals, together with 6 control bandicoots were housed in large outside enclosures with mature males. Births were observed in the 6 control animals from 26 July to 2 September, but no births were observed in the 6 bandicoots with melatonin implants. These results would suggest that photoperiod, which is known to influence melatonin concentrations, may be a factor in the initiation of births in the bandicoot. However, the gradual build-up of births would suggest that other factors such as temperature and rainfall may also have some influence. Introduction The bandicoots which reside along the Eastern Australian coast are all seasonally breeding marsupials, most of the births occurring in the spring and summer months (Heinsohn, 1966; Gordon, 1971; Stoddart & Braithwaite, 1979; Gemmell, 1982; Barnes & Gemmell, 1984). The cycle of breeding activity is more pronounced as the latitude increases. In Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales definite periods of non-breeding or anoestrus were observed, but in Queensland lactating northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) were observed throughout the year (Hall, 1983), although there was a decrease in breeding during the months April to June (Gemmell, 1982, 1986b). This reduction in the degree of seasonality of reproduction in the bandicoot as the latitude decreases would indicate that the bandicoot is exhibiting a 'high degree of flexibility and opportunism associated with the breeding of most small mammals' (Bronson, 1985). -
Northen Brown Bandicoots in the NT Receive a Helping Hand Sophie
Northern brown bandicoots in the Northern Territory recieve a helping hand ! By Sophie Moles Recent research has created useful diagnostic resources to evaluate the health of wild northern brown bandicoots in the Top End, NT. The northern brown bandicoot is a native terrestrial marsupial found in the northern and eastern parts of Australia, including New Guinea. The northern brown bandicoot is considered one of the most common bandicoot species, however in recent years has faced threats including predation and fire within the Northern Territory (NT), the geographic focus of this study. Given the significant declines of other marsupials within the NT, such as the Northern Quoll, pre-emptive strategies like the consolidation of health data for the northern brown bandicoot should aid the management of this species. This study used blood, collected in previous fieldwork, from 81 wild northern brown bandicoots in the Top End of the NT to create reference intervals (RI) which are a range of normal values which blood results are compared against to indicate health status, with values outside RI suggestive of ill-health. As previously no RI existed for wild northern brown bandicoots within the Top End, and although RI were established for other bandicoot species, species-specific RI are a more accurate tool to detect disease. This study reported RI, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile, as well as summary statistics for the entire cohort, and for male and female northern brown bandicoots, as seven blood components were identified as significantly different between the sexes. As for RI, no morphological description of white blood cells existed for this species. -
Mammals of the Avon Region
Mammals of the Avon Region By Mandy Bamford, Rowan Inglis and Katie Watson Foreword by Dr. Tony Friend R N V E M E O N G T E O H F T W A E I S L T A E R R N A U S T 1 2 Contents Foreword 6 Introduction 8 Fauna conservation rankings 25 Species name Common name Family Status Page Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked echidna Tachyglossidae not listed 28 Dasyurus geoffroii Chuditch Dasyuridae vulnerable 30 Phascogale calura Red-tailed phascogale Dasyuridae endangered 32 phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed phascogale Dasyuridae vulnerable 34 Ningaui yvonnae Southern ningaui Dasyuridae not listed 36 Antechinomys laniger Kultarr Dasyuridae not listed 38 Sminthopsis crassicaudata Fat-tailed dunnart Dasyuridae not listed 40 Sminthopsis dolichura Little long-tailed dunnart Dasyuridae not listed 42 Sminthopsis gilberti Gilbert’s dunnart Dasyuridae not listed 44 Sminthopsis granulipes White-tailed dunnart Dasyuridae not listed 46 Myrmecobius fasciatus Numbat Myrmecobiidae vulnerable 48 Chaeropus ecaudatus Pig-footed bandicoot Peramelinae presumed extinct 50 Isoodon obesulus Quenda Peramelinae priority 5 52 Species name Common name Family Status Page Perameles bougainville Western-barred bandicoot Peramelinae endangered 54 Macrotis lagotis Bilby Peramelinae vulnerable 56 Cercartetus concinnus Western pygmy possum Burramyidae not listed 58 Tarsipes rostratus Honey possum Tarsipedoidea not listed 60 Trichosurus vulpecula Common brushtail possum Phalangeridae not listed 62 Bettongia lesueur Burrowing bettong Potoroidae vulnerable 64 Potorous platyops Broad-faced -
Thylacomyidae
FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 25. THYLACOMYIDAE KEN A. JOHNSON 1 Bilby–Macrotis lagotis [F. Knight/ANPWS] 25. THYLACOMYIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION The family Thylacomyidae is a distinctive member of the bandicoot superfamily Perameloidea and is represented by two species, the Greater Bilby, Macrotis lagotis, and the Lesser Bilby, M. leucura. The Greater Bilby is separated from the Lesser Bilby by its greater size: head and body length 290–550 mm versus 200–270 mm; tail 200–290 mm versus 120–170 mm; and weight 600–2500 g versus 311–435 g respectively (see Table 25.1). The dorsal pelage of the Greater Bilby is blue-grey with two variably developed fawn hip stripes. The tail is black around the full circumference of the proximal third, contrasting conspicuously with the pure white distal portion, which has an increasingly long dorsal crest. The Lesser Bilby displays a delicate greyish tan above, described by Spencer (1896c) as fawn-grey and lacks the pure black proximal portion in the tail. Rather, as its specific name implies, the tail is white throughout, although a narrow band of slate to black hairs is present on the proximal third of the length. Finlayson (1935a) noted that the Greater Bilby lacks the strong smell of the Lesser Bilby. The skull of the Lesser Bilby is distinguished from the Greater Bilby by its smaller size (basal length 60-66 mm versus 73–104 mm; [Troughton 1932; Finlayson 1935a]), the more inflated and smoother tympanic bullae (Spencer 1896c), the absence of a fused sagittal crest in old males and the distinctly more cuspidate character in the crowns in the unworn molars (Finlayson 1935a). -
Rodent Control in India
Integrated Pest Management Reviews 4: 97–126, 1999. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Rodent control in India V.R. Parshad Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India (Tel.: 91-0161-401960, ext. 382; Fax: 91-0161-400945) Received 3 September 1996; accepted 3 November 1998 Key words: agriculture, biological control, campaign, chemosterilent, commensal, control methods, economics, environmental and cultural methods, horticulture, India, pest management, pre- and post-harvest crop losses, poultry farms, rodent, rodenticide, South Asia, trapping Abstract Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. -
Rodent Damage to Various Annual and Perennial Crops of India and Its Management
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Proceedings for April 1987 Rodent Damage to Various Annual and Perennial Crops of India and Its Management Ranjan Advani Dept. of Health, City of New York Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/gpwdcwp Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Advani, Ranjan, "Rodent Damage to Various Annual and Perennial Crops of India and Its Management" (1987). Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings. 47. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/gpwdcwp/47 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Rodent Damage to Various Annual and Perennial Crops of India and Its Management1 Ranj an Advani 2 Abstract.—The results of about 12 years' study deals with rodent damage to several annual and perennial crops of India including cereal, vegetable, fruit, plantation and other cash crops. The rodent species composition in order of predominance infesting different crops and cropping patterns percent damages and cost effectiveness of rodent control operations in each crop and status of rodent management by predators are analysed. INTRODUCTION attempts and preliminary investigations in cocoa and coconut crops yielded information that pods Rodents, as one of the major important and nuts worth of rupees 500 and 650 respectively vertebrate pests (Advani, 1982a) are directly can be saved when one rupee is spent on trapping of related to the production, storage and processing rodents in the plantations (Advani, 1982b). -
Bandicoot Fossils and DNA Elucidate Lineage Antiquity Amongst Xeric
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bandicoot fossils and DNA elucidate lineage antiquity amongst xeric-adapted Received: 31 May 2016 Accepted: 31 October 2016 Australasian marsupials Published: 24 November 2016 Benjamin P. Kear1,2, Ken P. Aplin3 & Michael Westerman4 Bandicoots (Peramelemorphia) are a unique order of Australasian marsupials whose sparse fossil record has been used as prima facie evidence for climate change coincident faunal turnover. In particular, the hypothesized replacement of ancient rainforest-dwelling extinct lineages by antecedents of xeric-tolerant extant taxa during the late Miocene (~10 Ma) has been advocated as a broader pattern evident amongst other marsupial clades. Problematically, however, this is in persistent conflict with DNA phylogenies. We therefore determine the pattern and timing of bandicoot evolution using the first combined morphological + DNA sequence dataset of Peramelemorphia. In addition, we document a remarkably archaic new fossil peramelemorphian taxon that inhabited a latest Quaternary mosaic savannah-riparian forest ecosystem on the Aru Islands of Eastern Indonesia. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that unsuspected dental homoplasy and the detrimental effects of missing data collectively obscure stem bandicoot relationships. Nevertheless, recalibrated molecular clocks and multiple ancestral area optimizations unanimously infer an early diversification of modern xeric-adapted forms. These probably originated during the late Palaeogene (30–40 Ma) alongside progenitors of other desert marsupials, and thus occupied seasonally dry heterogenous habitats long before the onset of late Neogene aridity. Bandicoots (Peramelemorphia) are a speciose order of Australasian marsupials that appeared early in the evolu- tionary history of Australidelphia1. Most are small to medium sized (up to 5 kg) terrestrial omnivores occupying a spectrum of rainforest to desert habitats2,3.