Lone Star Chemistry Solu ons
Lone Star Chemistry Solu ons iBook: h ps://itunes.apple.com/us/book/lone-star-chemistry-solu ons/id635036317?mt=11 Abstract Calling all na ve Texans and those who got here as fast as you could! A notable bull rider once said, "It ain't braggin', if it's true!" This class explores the facts, fic on, and folklore of Texas as they relate to the study of chemistry. The stories imparted serve to make chemistry engaging and you'll get to leave with all the bragging rights that make Texas and Texans extraordinary. We do get to have our cake and eat it, too! What Startd in Texas Has Changed te World Part I
Emeritus College Spring 2015
Diana Mason, PhD, ACSF (re red) Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry University of North Texas April 14, 2015
Introduc on
• Interests – Research – Chemistry Educa on – Teaching – Chemistry – Service – Chemical Demonstra ons; Teacher PD • Passion – Texas history – facts, fic on, and folklore
Schedule
• April 14: Texas on the World’s Stage • April 16: Early Statehood • April 21: 1880s to the Moon (Celebra on!) • April 23: Texas Today
Texas Enters the World’s Stage 1. Braggin’ or True? Flags over Texas • Spain • France • 3 Nacogdoches flags • Mexico • Republic of Texas • Republic of Rio Grande • Confederate States of America • United States Spain’s Flag over Texas
Flew over Texas from 1529 to 1684 France’s Flag over Texas
Flew over Texas 1684 to 1689 Fort Saint Louis
Fort St. Louis
• French colony established 1685 – Near present-day Arenosa Creek and Matagorda Bay – By explorer Robert Cavelier de la Salle • Intended to se le: mouth of Mississippi River • Colony survived un l 1688 – Inez, Texas later developed here Houston County
San Francisco de la Espada
• 1689: First mission within the boundaries of Spanish Texas – Between Trinity and Red Rivers near Augusta in Houston County • Spanish authori es found remnants of French se lement – Fort St. Louis • The mission was reestablished on July 3, 1716, as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas – In 1721, renamed Mission San Francisco de los Neches – In 1731, moved to San Antonio Rivers of Texas
Nacogdoches Spain’s Flag over Texas
Flew over Texas from 1690 to 1821 United States & Territories 1783-1853 East Texas: Caddo Se lement
• Evidence of se lement dates back 10,000 years • Village: Nacogdoche tribe – Existed un l the 19th Century Natchitoches and Nacogdoches
• Se lement on Sabine • Chief Caddo’s twin boys: Natchitoches and Nacogdoches • Chief was near death and his sons needed to be split • Chief told one to walk three days towards the morning sun and the other to walk three days towards the se ng son – About 100 miles between Nine Flags over the City of Nacogdoches
Gu érrez-Magee Expedi on 1812-1813 Dr. James Long Expedi on 1819 -1821 Fredonia Rebellion 1826 -1827 Mexico’s Flag over Texas
Flew over Texas 1821 through 1836. • 1820: People from the U.S. began moving here • Published the first English-language newspaper • 1832: Ba le of Nacogdoches – Brought many local se lers together – United to support a federalist form of government – Successful venture drove Mexican military from east Texas
Nacogdoches Co.
Huntsville se led in 1836. Walker Co. Old Stone Fort Nacogdoches, TX
Gateway from the U.S. to the Texas fron er. The Republic of Texas Texas was an independent Republic from 1836-1845.
First Flag Second Flag: Burnet (1836-1839)
August 31, 1933 (originally adopted on January 25, 1839, de facto use between 1879-1933) Proper Vertical Display Republic of Rio Grande • Existed from January 17 – November 6, 1840 • Centered in the city of Laredo, its capital
Webb County
Only the area around Laredo, Texas is considered to have been under 7 flags! Treaty with the United States Failed (Flag with 28 stars approved July 4, 1846)
Texas entered the U.S. December 29, 1845 by Annexation. Texas Honor Day
• February 19
• Texas Statehood Day – Joined U.S. on December 29, 1845 – February 19, 1846: Official end of The Republic • Two governments (Republic and State) existed from December 29, 1845 to February 19, 1846
Confederate States of America
The First National CSA Battle Flag "The Stars and Bars” "The Southern Cross” (March 4, 1861 - May 1, 1863) (November 1861 - present) Reconstruc on & Today
U.S. flag of 1867 13 stripes = 13 original Today’s U.S. Flag. colonies 13 stripes = 13 original colonies 36 stars = 36 states 50 stars = 50 states 2. Braggin’ or True? Mexico’s Flag over Texas
Flew over Texas 1821 through 1836. Father of Texas: Moses or Stephen F. Aus n?
Moses Aus n
Moses received permission from the Mexican government to bring the first se lers to Coahuila y Tejas Father of Texas: Stephen F. Aus n • Stephen F. brought the original families now known as the Old Three Hundred. – Se led by summer of 1824 in San Felipe
• Aus n's Colony was the first legal se lement San Felipe of North American families in Mexican-owned Texas.
Main area of Aus n's Colony: bounded by the Lavaca and San Jacinto rivers, the San Antonio Road, and the coast.
A small se lement, called the "li le colony," was also established along the Colorado River above the San Antonio Road, near the present-day city of Aus n. Texas Honor Day
• November 3
• Stephen F. Aus n’s birthday – November 3, 1793 Capital: San Felipe de Aus n
Town Hall
Original water well. • West bank of the Brazos River • Social, economic, and poli cal center of the colony • Founding spot of the Texas Rangers (August 1823) – Term "Texas Ranger" did not appear officially in a piece of legisla on un l 1874 • Home to the first post office and one of the earliest newspapers and land offices in Texas • Capital for the provisional government of Texas un l the Conven on of 1836 – Burned in 1836 to prevent the Mexican army from capturing it Se lement’s Land Rights
• Married heads of families – receive at least one labor (177 acres) if farmed – one league (4,428 acres) if they raised stock • Virtually every man—whether doctor, nsmith, or blacksmith—listed his occupa on as farmer and stock raiser to receive the maximum amount of land at 12.5 cents per acre. Cons tu on of 1824 Flag
AKA the Alamo Flag, 1836 Silver
Fredericksburg
• In 1831, Stephen F., while trying to recruit more colonists – Published in a promo onal booklet with one of the legends associated with Enchanted Rock of Llano County (north of Fredericksburg). – Enchanted Rock (Llano County) hosts a lost silver mine or the lost El Dorado gold mine. State Precious Metal: Silver
• Named the official precious metal by the 80th Legislature in 2007. Texas Honor Day
• 3rd Saturday in September
• Texas Navy Day – Official Navy of the Republic of Texas – In 1835 the Texian privateer (armed ship), the San Felipe, and a Mexican schooner, the Correo, ba led and the Mexican ship forced to uncondi onal surrender October 2, 1835 (Ba le of Gonzales) Texas Honor Day
• October 2
• Gonzales Day – October 2, 1835 – Ba le of Gonzales: War begins Washington-on-the-Brazos March 2, 1836: Sam Houston’s birthday and signing of the Declara on of Independence.
Washington-on-the-Brazos Texas Honor Day
• March 2
• Texas Independence Day – March 2, 1836 3. Braggin’ or True? Battle of the Alamo (San Antonio, Texas)
Dr. Diana’s Uncle!
William Barret Travis 1809-1836 Commander-in-Chief Alamo fell on March 6, 1836 Santa Anna: 1600-2400 troops Alamo: 189 troops Irish at the Alamo
• Renowned Author James Michener once said "The Irish gave Texas its basic character.” • Of the 189 men that fought and died at the Alamo, 29 are known to be from the United Kingdom: England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. – "...The largest propor on of defenders were foreign immigrants from the United Kingdom.” – 13 were born in Ireland Texas Honor Day
• March 6
• Alamo Heroes Day – March 6, 1836: Fall of the Alamo Ireland Kilkenny, Ireland
Don’t Mess with Texas!
Restaurant Limerick, Ireland Durt Nely’s Bunraty, Ireland and San Antnio
Bunra y Castle is a large 15th century tower house in County Clare, Ireland. It is located in the center of Bunra y village, between Limerick and Ennis, near Shannon Town and its airport. Durty Nelly’s in San Antonio is a piano bar! Alamo Heroes’ Marble Tomb San Fernando Cathedral, San Antonio, Texas
Herein lie the remains of David Crocke , James Bowie, and William Barret Travis.
Is it possible that Crocke escaped?
Plaque in Kentucky
David Crocke
• U.S. House of Representa ves from Tennessee’s 9th District and two years later from the 12th District • “You can go to hell, I’m going to Texas!” • Died, March 6, 1836 at the Fall of the Alamo? David Crocke • Colonel Jose Enrique de la Pena, officer in Santa Anna's army – Crocke was captured with a handful of others and executed. • Susanna Dickinson (several interviews) – Saw Crocke ’s body between the chapel and the barracks – Same as the account of Francisco Antonio Ruiz, Mayor of San Antonio • Another account – David Crocke gave Fellow Mason, Santa Anna, the sign of distress and his life was spared. – Family in Alabama a ests they have a land deed signed by Crocke in the 1850s, but the signature has never been verified. James Bowie
• Born ca. 1796, – Logan County, Kentucky • Land speculator • Rank, Colonel – Ba les: • Long Expedi on • Ba le of Nacogdoches • Ba le of Concepciôn • Died, March 6, 1836 at the Fall of the Alamo Spoils of War
Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna on April 21, 1836 at San Jacinto a er an 18-minute ba le.
Fellow Mason, Santa Anna, asked General Sam Houston what could he do to spare his own life? Houston responded that he wanted, TEXAS!
Emily West (1815-1891), aka Emily Morgan “The Yellow Rose of Texas”
• Emily West: free African-American (mula o) servant – Kidnapped by Santa Anna's army on April 16, 1836 – Forced to accompany the Mexican army to the Ba le of San Jacinto. • A er the Mexican defeat, stories began to circulate that Emily helped the Texan cause by keeping General Santa Anna occupied in his tent while the Texans a acked. – Though the story has no basis in historical fact, it Emily Morgan Hotel became a popular Texas myth San Antonio, TX – It is thought that she returned to her home in New York in 1837. Sam Houston
Sam Houston in Huntsville (his home)
• Governor of Tennessee • Defeated Santa Anna at the Ba le of San Jacinto (near La Porte), April 21, 1836 winning the our independence from Mexico. Muskogee, Oklahoma
Na onal Cemetery Sam Houston’s Cherokee Wife
Ring of Honor Vacated Governorship of TN in 1829 to live with Cherokee un l 1832. Texas Honor Day
• April 21
• San Jacinto Day – April 21, 1836: Santa Anna defeated and independence secured Governing The Republic
Texas Ranger Museum, Waco
• Sam Houston was the 1st and 3rd President – U.S. Senator from the state of Texas – 7th Governor of the state of Texas • 2nd President Mirabeau B. Lamar – Father of Texas Educa on, approved the adop on of a new na onal flag on January 25, 1839 – A dictum in one of his messages to Congress: “A cul vated mind is the guardian genius of democracy.” • 4th President, Anson Jones Texas Honor Day
• January 26
• Mirabeau B. Lamar Day – January 26, 1839 – In Houston, Lamar signed the Texas Educa on Act, thereby crea ng for himself the designa on of Father of Texas Educa on The Masons
• 1828: Stephen F. Aus n and six other Masons a empted to obtain a charter from the Grand York Lodge of Mexico (not granted) • 1835: Dr. Anson Jones (last President) and five other Masons were granted a charter from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana and the lodge , the Holland Lodge, named in the honor of its Grand Master, John Henry Holland. • 1837: Texas Masons formed the Grand Lodge of Texas with Anson Jones, first Grand Master Masons for Independence
• Comprised about 1% of the popula on of Texas, but filled some 80% of the Republic’s higher offices: all presidents, vice presidents, and secretaries of state • Texas military and other leaders – Stephen F. Aus n, Edward Burleson, Benjamin Rush Milam, Juan Sequin, Sam Houston, David G. Burner, Lorenzo deZavala, Thomas Rusk, Mirabeau B. Lamar, John A. Wharton, and James W. Fannin • Alamo – James B. Bonham, James Bowie, David Crocke , Almeron Dickinson, and William B. Travis Mount Vernon
Planta on Home of President George Public Entrance (restored 1988) Washington, near Alexandria, VA Kalamazoo County, Michigan Charter Township of Texas (1838) Empresario Colonies in the Republic of Texas
• Four colonies established under contracts with the Republic of Texas: – Peters' Colony (1841) (Denton DRT Chapter!) – Fisher and Miller's Colony (1842) – Castro's Colony (1842) – Mercer's Colony (1844) • Heads of families were eligible for land grants of 640 acres while single men were eligible for 320 acres – Se lers were required to cul vate at least fi een acres in order to receive the patent.
4. Braggin’ or True? Oldest Universi es
• Several universi es claim to be the oldest – Southwestern University (1840) – University of Mary Hardin Baylor (1845) – Aus n College (1849) • Charter granted by the Republic of Texas Legislature to establish four ins tu ons: Rutersville, Wesleyan, McKenzie, and Soule • Founded 1840 (Rutersville College opened) • Oldest university in Texas s ll located in the same place (Georgetown) • Second oldest coeduca onal liberal arts college west of the Mississippi
Roy and Lillie Cullen Building Georgetown University of Mary Hardin Baylor • Established by the Republic of Texas • Originally located in Washington-on- the-Brazos (now located in Belton) • First university west of Mississippi River to admit women (1845)
Belton Sherman Hall
• Founded 1849 Ideas Building • Oldest ins tu on of higher educa on in Texas opera ng under its original name and charter (as recognized by the State Historical Survey Commi ee) Grayson County • First campus in Huntsville • Moved to Sherman in 1876 • Co-ed in 1918 Houston, Texas County Seat, Missouri Founded in 1857; Named for Sam Houston 5. Braggin’ or True? TREATIES ESTABLISHED WITH FRANCE, ENGLAND AND THE NEDERLANDS
Texas Embassy, Paris • First embassy: September 25, 1839 • Plaque testifying to its authenticity is located at Tuileries Palace
Tuileries Palace 1 Place Vendome Paris, France French Lega on Oldest House in Aus n Le : London, England (about ½ mile from Trafalgar Square) Plaque on side of building where the original Texas Lega on (li le embassy) was housed.
Above: Business that now occupies site. January 22, 1842-1845 Texas Embassy Can na London, England Trafalgar Square
The University of Texas Show Band of the Southwest Alumni Band, December 2014. The 185 members played in London at a New Year’s Day parade with 10,000 others. Manha an Project and Big Bertha • Purchased for $1.00 from University of Chicago by Col. D. Harold Byrd in 1955 (former band member) – Longhorn Band's sweetheart – Largest bass drum in the world – Svelte figure is 8 feet in diameter, 44 inches in width and 10 feet tall on her four- wheel cart, and weighs more than 500 pounds. • Byrd thought the biggest state (remember in 1955 Alaska was not yet a state!) should have the biggest drum in the world, so he had Bertha decontaminated, renovated and sent to Texas. • U of Chicago abandoned its football program because of WW II – Bertha went into seclusion under the university stadium's bleachers, Stagg Field, home of one of the three parts to the Manha an Project. – During the war years, Bertha was contaminated by early atomic bomb research conducted in the stadium. Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Naviga on with The Netherlands
Republic of Texas Treaty with the Kingdom of the Nederlands 18th day of September 1844
Signed at the Hague; Embassy of the Netherlands located in Aus n. 6. Braggin’ or True? Monuments
Washington Monument, 169.294 m, 1884. San Jacinto Monument, 172.92 m, February 2015: “554 feet, 7 and eleven- dedicated on April 21, 1939 thirty-seconds of an inch” = 169.045732 m Start 7:00 min. United States 1842-1845 Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
• U.S. declares war on Mexico • Santa Anna (an amputee) declared himself President of Mexico (President 11 mes!) – Lost his leg in 1838 – Hit by cannon fire during melee with French – Leg was interred with full military honors – Captured by Illinois soldiers in 1847 • Decisive U.S. victory – Ended February 2, 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexico recognized Texas (and other territories) as independent • Conflict between Texas and Mexico ended
Santa Anna’s Leg at the Illinois State Military Museum 7. Braggin’ or True? Court Cases
• Supreme Court decision in Texas v. Johnson (which held that an -desecra on statutes are uncons tu onal if aimed at suppressing one type of expression) • Congress enacted the Flag Protec on Act of 1989 to provide criminal penal es for certain acts which violate the physical integrity of the flag. – This law imposed a fine and/or up to one year in prison for knowingly mu la ng, defacing, physically defiling, maintaining on the floor, or trampling upon any flag of the United States. • In 1990, however, the Supreme Court held that the Flag Protec on Act was uncons tu onal as applied to a burning of the flag in a public protest. Texas Flag Code Under Treaty
If Texas had entered the United States under a treaty instead of annexation, Texas would have the same privileges on flag flying as the United States.
Just like the US Flag: Blue: Loyalty; White: Purity; Red: Bravery The Texas Flag Code
• Adopted 1933, completely revised in 1993. – When flown from adjacent flagpoles, the na onal flag and the state flag should be of approximately the same size and on flagpoles of equal height, and the na onal flag should be on the flag's own right (observer's le ). – The state flag should neither be flown above the flags of other U.S. states, na ons and interna onal organiza ons on the same flagpole, nor be flown from a higher adjacent flagpole. Alamo Today Worldwide Texas Influence 2014
Le : Jyväskylä, Finland; Middle & Right: Helsinki, Finland
Toronto, Canada Let’s Review 1. Braggin’ or True? 2. Braggin’ or True? 3. Braggin’ or True? 4. Braggin’ or True? 5. Braggin’ or True? 6. Braggin’ or True? 7. Braggin’ or True? Texas Has Braggin’ Rights! SEE YA THURSDAY!