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How the Lion Rock Was Tempered: Early RTHK Dramas, Social Bonding, and Post-1967-Crisis Governance

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How the Lion Rock Was Tempered: Early RTHK Dramas, Social Bonding, and Post-1967-Crisis Governance Fall Symposium on Digital Scholarship 2020 @HKBU October 20, 2020 via Zoom How the Lion Rock Was Tempered: Early RTHK Dramas, Social Bonding, and Post-1967-Crisis Governance Dr. Kwok Kwan Kenny NG Associate Professor, Academy of Film, Hong Kong Baptist University Joy Kam Research Assistant Digital Database: TV Week magazine and movie scripts (1967-1997) Television Viewing Habit, Experience, and Community • Viewing time and viewing ritual • Household and publicness • Moral and social values (‘soft propaganda’) • Hong Kong’s economic takeoff in the 1970s and early 1980s “The shared experience amongst virtually the entire population enjoying the same television programs every day contributed a great deal to the creation of a unified cultural identity for the populace” (Kai-cheung Chan and Po-king Choi) Television in Hong Kong (Karin Gwinn Wilkins) • Commercial factors more than the political, social, or cultural • Laissez-faire; favor private enterprises and free trade • Apolitical and market-driven • Perpetuating a sense of local Hong Kong identity (at times with a larger Chinese community) Commercial Market vs. Public Service (Mark Hampton) • Government unconcerned with television’s cultural potential • Uninterested to promote British values • Not adopting a public service approach • Yet, after the 1967 riots, “the Government took a stronger hand in television, both for directly propagandistic purposes and to regulate it in response to public demands" in order to bridge “the communication ‘gap’ that had apparently developed between the government and people” How could public TV programs promote communication and legitimacy of governance? Lion Rock in the 1970s. Photo credit: Housing Authority Lion Rock in the 2010s. Photo credit: OutdoorTrip SE 1962 1969 RTHK HKTV History 1928 - Radio Hong Kong Launched First wired TV (Rediffusion/RTV) 麗的映聲 - 1957 1964 - Television Ordinance, No 32 & Television Authority First wireless TV (TVB) 電視廣播有限公司 - 1967 1972 - Radio Hong Kong television production unit (RHKTV) • ETV (Radio Hong Kong) - 1971 Executive Council endorsed the recommendation of the Working Party on the output of RHK-TV (now RTHK) should be expanded to include programmes of a public service nature. • The main role of RHK-TV remained – and still remains – to keep the public informed on what government is doing and why, and generally to foster civic awareness. RTV re-modified as wireless TV 麗的電視 - 1973 • Viewership: At the end of 1972, it was estimated that 79.6%of TV • The majority of these programmes are produced by Radio possessed households, of which 550,000 received only TVB, Hong Kong’s television production unit. 43,000 received only RTV and 83,000 received both. • Of the total, 40 hours a week are taken up with the transmission of the government’s educational television service. 1974 - First closed-circuit hotel television service RTHK HKTV History Commercial Television (CTV) 佳藝電視 - 1975 1976 - Introduction of satellite relay • The television output of RHK TV increased to more than 3 • The public affairs television programme output of RTHK was hours a week, taking up a total of 8 hours/week on the approximately 4 hours a week, taking up a total of around 8.5 five channels. hours /week on the five commercial channels. • RHK TV’s programme ‘Below the Lion Rock’ achieved • ‘Below the Lion Rock’ series continued to command one of the biggest success. It is seen by 2.7 million people weekly highest viewer ratings of any programme in Hong Kong….Among on the three Chinese channels - the largest viewer rating new RTHK programmes introduced during the year were ‘Youth of any programme in Hong Kong. Call’, a 30-minute programme for the young which incorporates • One episode of the show ‘On Good Neighbourliness’ - the popular and well-established ‘Junior Police Call’, and a new won a special award in the Asian Broadcasting Union’s 26-part documentary series. Shiraz Film Festival for young film makers. • Fresh versions were also introduced of the weekly police report programme shown on all five TV channels, aims to inform and involve the community in the police fight crime campaign. 1977 - • The first Development plan provides for an increase in Shutdown of CTV - 1978 RTHK’s public affair output from 3½ to 12 hours per week by 1980/81. RTV renamed as ATV (亞洲電視) - 1982 • The Second Plan will record that the target of 12 hours • Television Home Viewing Groups set up production has slipped to 1981/82. by Television Authority 1991 - Multichannel sound television broadcasting (NICAM); First subscription television (Wharf Cable Limited) - 1993 First Hong Kong based satellite television (STAR TV) 衛星電視 (九倉有線電視有限公司) SRH Media Index - General Report (1981) ▪ Age group ▪ Occupation Entertainment Age group Percentage Entertainment Occupation Percentage 9-19 Over 90% Students 93% Television watching 20+ 81-88% Other occupation 81-85% Television watching 12-49 45-61% Professional, executive or Radio listening 68% 15-24 60-61% managerial level 9-14 20-30% Different types of 49-56% 15-24 Over 50% occupation Radio listening Cinema going 25-29 41% Retired, unemployed and 30-34 20-30% 34-37% housewives 45+ 10% Unskilled office workers 48% Skilled office workers 41% ▪ Cinema going Education Attainment Housewives 12-14% Entertainment Education Attainment Percentage Retired and unemployed 9% Post secondary education 76% Television watching Lower education 82-89% ▪ Race Some secondary education 54-58% Radio listening Primary education 47% Entertainment Race Percentage Chinese 87% No formal schooling 26% Television watching Some secondary education 39-41% Non-Chinese 40% Cinema going Primary education 22% No formal schooling 5% SRH Media Index - General Report (1981) ▪ Personal Income ▪ Marital Status Entertainment Personal Income Percentage Entertainment Marital Status Percentage Over $7,500 57% Engaged couples/couples Television watching Below $7,500 79-85% married for less than one 75% Radio listening All groups 43-55% Television watching year Over $7,500 22% Single/married for a longer No income 22% 83-85% Cinema going period All people 33.8% Engaged couples/couples Between $1,500 and $1,999 Highest married for less than one 55% Radio listening ▪ Household Size year Married for a longer period 13% Entertainment Household Size Percentage Married for a longer period 41% Income over $15,000 62% Engaged 60% Television watching Cinema going Income below $15,000 80-90% couples married for less 63% Radio listening All households 44-55% than one year Income over $15,000 28% Cinema going Income below $3,000 20% ▪ Literacy Other households 35% Entertainment Literacy Percentage 83-88% Literate (Chinese and (30% watch Chinese TV; 58% Television watching Bilingual) watch English TV) Illiterate 83-88% SRH Media Index - General Report (1981) ▪ Television ▪ Television (English Channel) Groups TV Channel Percentage Amount of audience / Groups TV Channel TVB Jade 89-97% Percentage TVB Pearl 7-36% English channels 1048 Overall audiences Overall audiences RTV-1 67-81% Chinese channels 3946 RTV-2 5-17% 15-34 age group 32-39% TVB Jade 90% Other age group 22% TVB Pearl 16% Professionals 61% Shop decision makers (15+) RTV-1 70% Housewives 20% RTV-2 9% Household income over 67% $15,000 English channels ▪ Household income below Number of hours spend in watching television 17% $3,000 Age/Occupation group Percentage Number of hours Daily Personal income over 9-19 12-18% 4-6 hours 72% $7,500 9-14 16-19% Over 6 hours No personal income 24% Other age groups 8% Over 6 hours Professionals, executives 35% Below 2 hours ▪ Radio and managers 3% Over 6 hours Other occupation 18% Below 2 hours Age groups TV Channel Percentage RTHK 34-45% 15-34 Commercial Radio I 24-27% Mr. J.B. Hawthorne: April 1977 (Director of Broadcasting, Radio Television Hong Kong) Mr. Steve S.C. Huan: “…The episode in question tried to (Managing Director, Rediffusion look at the influence of television on Television Limited) your younger generation especially in public housing areas where “…I welcome constructive television seems to be the main criticisms at all times but the source of recreation and occupies insinuations were uncalled about 95% of leisure time.” for and out of context. There appears to me to have been “I think viewers would have a deliberate attempt on the appreciated that we covered a broad part of your producer to range and were clearly not biased smear RTV programmes: all against any particular channel. the so-called examples Again, our program examples tried shown could be clearly to cover the sort of television which identified as shows on RTV. has been frequently criticized by sections of the public but in out To add insult to injury, some episode such criticism was not left of the insinuations were unchallenged...” voiced by RTV talents whom I allowed to appear in the “Lion Rock is always polemic, programme at your request frequently controversial and it tries as a sign of goodwill.” to deal with those issues which engage large sections of the public. Obviously, the subject of television is a reasonable topic for the programme to handle. ” “Below the Lion Rock” Popularity Rating in 1970s Penetration rate of audiences (1974-78) 7 6 5 4.67 4 4.38 4.29 4.47 4.57 3 2 1.92 1.85 1 1.49 1.49 (44%) 1.33 (39%) (35%) (33%) (29%) 0 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 No. of audience (million) HK Population million) 1977 1978 1974 1978 January 1980 Stuart Wikinson: (Deputy Director (Television)) “In effect, they are allocating RTV-1 to us from 6.30-7.30 on at least three weeknights, plus a further 1½ hours on Sundays. Further, there is a good chance that the Chinese current affairs magazine will move from 10.45 on Sundays to 8 o’clock on Saturdays, although this has yet to be confirmed.” South China Morning Post: May 10, 1976 South China Morning Post: May 12, 1976 South China Morning Post: Oct 8, 1974 “Radio Hong Kong television’s new series of “Below Lion Rock” programmes this month features two episodes centred on the Royal Hongkong Police Force.
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