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Detection, Occurrence, and Survey of Rice Stripe and Black-Streaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province, China

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Detection, Occurrence, and Survey of Rice Stripe and Black-Streaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province, China Rice Science, 2013, 20(6): 383−390 Copyright © 2012, China National Rice Research Institute Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved DOI: 10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60158-4 Detection, Occurrence, and Survey of Rice Stripe and Black- Streaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province, China 1 2 1 3 1 ZHANG Heng-mu , WANG Hua-di , YANG Jian , Michael J ADAMS , CHEN Jian-ping (1State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; 2Zhejiang Provincial Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hangzhou 310020, China; 3Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK) Abstract: The major viral diseases that occur on rice plants in Zhejiang Province, eastern China, are stripe and rice black-streaked dwarf diseases. Rice stripe disease is only caused by rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV), while rice black-streaked dwarf disease can be caused by rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus (RBSDV) and/or southern rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus (SRBSDV). Here we review the characterization of these viruses, methods for their detection, and extensive surveys showing their occurrence and spread in the province. Key words: viral diseases; rice stripe tenuivirus; rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus; southern rice black- streaked dwarf fijivirus; surveys Zhejiang Province, located in eastern China, is known caused more than 50% losses in rice production in as a fertile land of fish and rice, and has a long history some fields (Kuribayashi, 1931; Amano, 1933). It also of rice cultivation going back as many as 7 000 years. occurred in rice-growing areas of Korea and the Rice accounts for more than 80% of the total production former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) of grain food crops in the province. However, many resulting in significant yield loss in epidemic years viral or virus-like diseases, including rice black- (Hibino, 1996). Diseased rice plants often display streaked dwarf, rice dwarf, rice gall dwarf, rice grassy chlorotic stripes, chlorosis, moderate stunting and loss stunt, rice ragged stunt (Lin et al, 1984; Shen et al, of vigor. In China, rice stripe disease occurred for the 1989), rice stripe (Zhang et al, 2007a), rice transitory first time in the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China, in yellowing (or rice yellow stunt) (Wu et al, 1980), and the early 1960s (Zhu et al, 1964), then spread to rice tungro diseases (Zhou et al, 1992), have posed eastern and southern China. Eventually, the epidemic serious threats to rice cultivation. These rice virus affected about 2 660 000 hm2 of rice fields in over 20 diseases emerge quickly, spread rapidly, and can be provinces, with a disease incidence of 10% to 20% in very destructive. They are also difficult to be cured general and 50% to 80% in serious cases, and resulted once they have occurred. During the past century, the in great loss of rice yield (Lin et al, 1990; Zhang et al, different virus diseases have emerged and disappeared 2007a). In Zhejiang Province, where the first outbreak in succession. Outbreaks of some diseases, especially had occurred and the disease had been a major rice stripe and black-streaked dwarf, have caused constraint on rice production, the disease suddenly destructive losses more than once in Zhejiang Province, and completely disappeared for a decade in the 1990s. China. Rice plants with stripe or black-streaked dwarf However, since the beginning of this century, it has disease often produce poor panicles or none at all, re-emerged in this region and has spread very rapidly leading to significant loss of yield. to become the most economically destructive disease Rice stripe disease was first discovered in the central on rice. In some regions where the epidemic was part of Japan at the end of the 19th century, where it severe, both disease incidence and yield loss exceeded 50%. In some of the fields, there was even no harvest. In recent years, the disease has also become of Received: 26 March 2013; Accepted: 17 April 2013 increasing importance on japonica rice in the province. Corresponding author: ZHANG Heng-mu ([email protected]); In the northern part of the province where the disease CHEN Jian-ping ([email protected]) has mostly occurred, japonica rice is generally grown 384 Rice Science, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2013 as a single summer crop (May to October), alternating is reported to infect as many as 80 species of the with winter crops that may include other cereals (such as family Gramineae (Shinkai, 1962; Ruan et al, 1984b). wheat or barley) or oilseed rape. It is transmitted by the small brown planthopper Black-streaked dwarf disease was also first reported (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, in a persistent in Japan (Kuribayshi and Shinkai, 1952). There have manner and can be passed through the eggs to about been sporadic, but serious outbreaks of rice black- 90% of progeny insects for as many as 40 generations streaked dwarf disease in Japan and Korea. Infected (Falk and Tsai, 1998; Toriyama, 2000). The complete plants are severely stunted with darkened leaves and genome sequence of rice stripe virus Zhejiang isolate white waxy or black-streaked swellings along the was reported in 2007. Its genome was similar in veins on the underside of the leaf blades, sheaths and organization and size to that of the Japanese and other culms. Huge losses in rice production have been Chinese isolates, totalling 17 114 nucleotide (nt) (Zhang reported in epidemic years (Lee et al, 1977; Ruan et al, et al, 2007b). The segments shared 92%–97% nt and 1984a; Chen, 1996; Hibino, 1996). In China, the disease 93%–100% amino acid (aa) identities with the was first reported on rice in Linhai County, Zhejiang corresponding segments of the other RSV isolates. Its Province in 1963, and the first major outbreak occurred genome comprises four single-stranded RNAs; the in Linhai, Xianju and Tiantai Counties of the province largest (RNA1) has a single large open reading frame in 1965–1966 (Ruan et al, 1984a). In the following 30 (ORF) on the viral complementary strand, while all other years, the disease declined greatly and the infected segments are bicistronic and have an ambisense coding plants became very difficult to be found. The reasons strategy. The functions of the proteins encoded on viral are probably complex, but include insecticidal sprays (v) and complementary (vc) strands are thought to against the vector and farming practices that remove include an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (vcRNA1), the weeds on which both virus and vector overwinter. a membrane glycoprotein precursor (vcRNA2), an In addition, cultivars grown during this period appear to inclusion-body-associated protein (vRNA3), a be relatively resistant to the virus (Chen, 1996). In nucleocapsid protein (vcRNA3) and a major nonstructural, consequence, there was little research on the disease disease-related protein (vRNA4). In addition to for many years. However, since 1996, the disease has polymerase modules, the pc1 protein encoded on re-emerged and expanded very rapidly to become an RNA1 harbors an ovarian tumour (OTU)-like cysteine economically destructive disease in the central and protease signature near its N-terminus, suggesting that southern parts of Zhejiang Province, where there are the protein might yield the viral polymerase and one usually two seasons of rice a year. Early rice is sown or more additional proteins by autoproteolytic cleavage in nursery beds in mid-April and transplanted to the and/or have deubiquitination activity. A novel inverted fields in May for harvesting by the end of July. Late rice repeat sequence motif was found to be universal is sown in late June, transplanted in late July and within the intergenic regions of ambisense genome harvested by October. Wheat, barley or sometimes segments of Tenuivirus, supporting the possibility that it oilseed rape are then commonly grown during the may be functionally important, perhaps in regulating winter. The disease affects all cereal crops, but is transcription termination. usually most severe in the late rice. In some areas, Rice black-streaked dwarf disease (RBSDD) in disease incidence exceeded 90%. Zhejiang Province is caused by single or mixed infection Both diseases remain two of the most important of two different fijiviruses. Rice black-streaked dwarf viral diseases in Zhejiang Province today. In response virus (RBSDV), a recognized species in the genus to the serious and growing viral disease problems, the Fijivirus (family Reoviridae), that is also mostly Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and transmitted by the SBPH (L. striatellus) in a persistent Technology, China launched a series of research projects (propagative) manner, but not via its eggs (Shinkai, during the period of 1996 to 2013, involving dozens of 1962, 1967; Shikata, 1974). The second virus is agricultural research and extension organizations to southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) monitor the diseases, investigate their epidemiology (also named rice black-streaked dwarf virus 2, RBSDV- and establish disease control strategies. 2), a novel tentative member of the genus Fijivirus (family Reoviridae) (Zhang H M et al, 2008; Zhou et al, Characteristics of viral pathogens 2008). This virus is mainly transmitted by the white- Rice stripe disease (RSD) is caused by rice stripe virus backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horvath, (RSV), the typical member of the genus Tenuivirus, and which is a widespread migratory pest throughout the ZHANG Heng-mu, et al. Rice Stripe and Black-Streaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province 385 main rice-growing areas in eastern Asia (Shen et al, late rice suffered a slightly higher yield penalty 2003; He et al, 2012). In Zhejiang Province, SRBSDV (0.92% for every 1% increase in disease incidence) was first reported in Wuyi County, in the central than the early one (0.80%).
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