What Is a Parasitoid?
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Danaus Plexippus) in Milkweed Gardens and Conservation Areas
Journal of Insect Conservation https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0102-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Recruitment, survival, and parasitism of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in milkweed gardens and conservation areas Emily A. Geest1 · L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger1 · John P. McCarty1 Received: 10 July 2018 / Accepted: 24 October 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are suffering from declining populations and conservationists have encouraged planting milkweed gardens in urban and suburban landscapes to help offset habitat loss across the breeding range. The effectiveness of gardens as a conservation strategy depends on their ability to attract ovipositing adults and the survival of monarch larvae in these gardens. Larvae are susceptible to a variety of predators as well as to parasitism by a tachinid fly (Lespesia archippivora) and a protozoan parasite (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) which cause lethal or sublethal effects, yet the severity of these risks in gardens is not well understood. We compared egg abundance and larval survival in traditional conservation areas to gardens that incorporated milkweed to attract monarchs. Additionally, we collected late instar larvae and reared them in the lab to compare parasitism rates between monarch gardens and conservation areas. Both gardens and conservations sites varied widely in recruitment and survival of monarchs and there were no significant differences between the garden and conservation sites. Tachinid fly parasitism ranged from 30% of larvae from conservation sites in 2016 to 55% of larvae from gardens in 2017, but did not differ between the two categories of sites. Parasitism byO. elektroscirrha was detected in fewer than 2% of larvae. The density of milkweed had no effect on the number of monarch eggs in conservation areas or gardens in either year. -
Insects Parasitoids: Natural Enemies of Helicoverpa
Queensland the Smart State insects Parasitoids: Natural enemies of helicoverpa Introduction Helicoverpa caterpillars (often called heliothis) are serious pests of many crops in Australia. A range of parasitoid and predatory insects attack helicoverpa. Identifying and conserving these beneficial insects is fundamental to implementing pest management with a reduced reliance on chemical insecticides. This brochure describes the most important parasitoids of helicoverpa in Australian broadacre crops. Parasitoids versus parasites: What’s the difference? Parasitoids kill their hosts; parasites (such Figure 1. Netelia producta is one of the as lice and fleas) do not. All the insects most commonly encountered parasitoids in this brochure are parasitoids. Despite of helicoverpa. Females lay their eggs onto this difference, the terms parasitoid and caterpillars, and the hatching wasp larva parasite are often used interchangeably, if feeds on its host, eventually killing it. inaccurately. Parasitoids such as Netelia can be important biological control agents of helicoverpa in crops. (Photo: K. Power) All comments about parasitoid abundance in this publication are based on field observations in southern Queensland farming systems. These patterns may not occur in all parts of Australia. About parasitoids What is a parasitoid? How do parasitoids find their A parasitoid is an insect that kills (parasitises) hosts? its host — usually another insect — in Many adult parasitoids find their host by order to complete its lifecycle. In Australia, smell. They can detect the direct odour of helicoverpa are parasitised by many species the host itself, or odours associated with host of wasps and flies. All helicoverpa immature activity, such as plant damage or caterpillar stages are parasitised (that is, egg, caterpillar frass (dung). -
£Arasites Associated with Lepidopterous Pests of Alfalfa in .Qklahoma
£ARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF ALFALFA IN .QKLAHOMA By KATHLEEN MARY SENST I' Bachelor of Arts Wartburg College Waverly, Iowa 1974 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1978 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 1982 PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF ALFALFA IN OKLAHOMA Thesis Approved: . ~ \ . ii 1143730 j ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I w.isb. to expres.s. my deep appreciation to my major adviser, Dr. Ricb.ard Berberet, for hi:s willi.ngness. to advise and help, and for his friendsb.i.p duri.ng thi:s: s:tudy and preparation of this manuscript. Appreciation is. expressed to Ors. Ray Eikenbary, Jerry Young, Robert Burton, and John Caddel for serving as members of my graduate committee, and to Or. Ron McNeu for his help in analyzing the data. Thanks. are extended to Mary Hininger, Melinda Davis, Donna Ridge, Phoebe Courtney, and Debbie Lauchner for their assistance in the lab oratory, and to Doug Sander and Kevin Mussett for their assistance in the fi.el d. Special thanks goes to Ms. Anne Hunt for clerical review and typing of this manuscript. My most sincere appreciation is reserved for my husband, John (Soteres}, for his encouragement, understanding, and patience while I was completing this work. I share the credit for this work with my family, whose love and support have been a constant source of encourage ment in my life. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 II. -
Breeding Strategies in Females of the Parasitoid Wasp Spalangia Endius: Effects of Mating Status and Size
P1: VENDOR/GXB Journal of Insect Behavior [joib] pp476-joir-371890 May 1, 2002 16:4 Style file version Feb 08, 2000 Journal of Insect Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 2, March 2002 (C 2002) Breeding Strategies in Females of the Parasitoid Wasp Spalangia endius: Effects of Mating Status and Size B. H. King1 Accepted October 29, 2001; revised November 28, 2001 Does the mating status or body size of a female parasitoid wasp affect her host size choice or propensity to burrow? In Spalangia endius, using smaller hosts appears to reduce a female’s cost of parasitization but not her son’s fit- ness. However, virgin females, which produce only sons, did not preferentially parasitize smaller hosts. Mated females also showed no host size preference. Mated females burrowed more than virgins in the presence of hosts, although not in their absence. Burrowing may reduce a mated female’s harassment from males, and not burrowing may increase a virgin female’s chance of mating because males avoid burrowing. Mating did not increase female longevity. Greater female size increased the offspring production of mated females bur- rowing for hosts but not in the absence of burrowing and not in virgin females. A female’s size had no significant effect on whether her first drill attempt was on a large or a small host or on the duration of her successful drills. KEY WORDS: breeding strategies; arrhenotoky; virgin; host size; body size; parasitoid. INTRODUCTION The evolution of behaviors is often described in terms of costs and benefits. Individuals are expected to behave in ways which maximize net benefits. -
General Notes
GENERAL NOTES JOllrnal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50(1), 1996, 87-89 FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE) , PRIMARY HOST PLANT FOR THE EASTERN BLACK SWALLOWTAIL (PAPlLIO POLYXENES ASTERIUS) (PAPILIONlDAE) ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA Additional key words: life history, parasitoids, secondary plant chemicals, The eastern black swallowtail, Papilin polyxenes asteril1s Stoll, is a common butte rfly that occupies a wide variety of habitats such as fields, gardens, wastelands, and marshes. Its geographic range extends from Quebec west to Colorado and south to the mountains of northern South America (Opler & Malikul 1992). It is one of several species of the machaon-complex whose larvae feed primmily on plants in the subfamily Apioideae (Api aceae = Umbelliferae) (Berenbaum 1981a). Hosts of the black swallowtail include many plants in the family Apiaceae and a few plants in Rutaceae and Asteraceae (= Compositae) (Munroe 1960, Wiklund 1975, Ber enbaum 1978, Scott 1986, Scribe r & Finke 1978). Queen Anne's lace or wild carrot, Daucus carota (L), is a common umbellifer on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. It grows along roadsides, in fallow fields, and in waste places throughout the eastern United States. Queen Anne's lace often has been reported as the primary host plant of the eastern black swallowtail (Scriber & Finke 1978, Blau & Feeny 1983). Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, is a perennial plant in the Apiaceae. It has decom pound leaves and filiform segments, with compound umbels of small yellow flowers; it blooms from June to September depending upon weather conditions. Fennel is known to be a host plant for the Old World swallowtail, Papilio machaon L, and the anise swallow tail, Papilio zelicaon Lucas (Berenbaum 1981h, Wiklund 1975, Scott 1986). -
No Slide Title
Tachinidae: The “other” parasitoids Diego Inclán University of Padova Outline • Briefly (re-) introduce parasitoids & the parasitoid lifestyle • Quick survey of dipteran parasitoids • Introduce you to tachinid flies • major groups • oviposition strategies • host associations • host range… • Discuss role of tachinids in biological control Parasite vs. parasitoid Parasite Life cycle of a parasitoid Alien (1979) Life cycle of a parasitoid Parasite vs. parasitoid Parasite Parasitoid does not kill the host kill its host Insects life cycles Life cycle of a parasitoid Some facts about parasitoids • Parasitoids are diverse (15-25% of all insect species) • Hosts of parasitoids = virtually all terrestrial insects • Parasitoids are among the dominant natural enemies of phytophagous insects (e.g., crop pests) • Offer model systems for understanding community structure, coevolution & evolutionary diversification Distribution/frequency of parasitoids among insect orders Primary groups of parasitoids Diptera (flies) ca. 20% of parasitoids Hymenoptera (wasps) ca. 70% of parasitoids Described Family Primary hosts Diptera parasitoid sp Sciomyzidae 200? Gastropods: (snails/slugs) Nemestrinidae 300 Orth.: Acrididae Bombyliidae 5000 primarily Hym., Col., Dip. Pipunculidae 1000 Hom.:Auchenorrycha Conopidae 800 Hym:Aculeata Lep., Orth., Hom., Col., Sarcophagidae 1250? Gastropoda + others Lep., Hym., Col., Hem., Tachinidae > 8500 Dip., + many others Pyrgotidae 350 Col:Scarabaeidae Acroceridae 500 Arach.:Aranea Hym., Dip., Col., Lep., Phoridae 400?? Isop.,Diplopoda -
Monarch (Danaus Plexippus) in Canada
Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series Management Plan for the Monarch (Danaus plexippus) in Canada Monarch 2016 Recommended citation: Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2016. Management Plan for the Monarch (Danaus plexippus) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa. iv + 45 pp. For copies of the management plan, or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry1. Cover illustration: Monarch © Karine Bériault 2007 Également disponible en français sous le titre « Plan de gestion du monarque (Danaus plexippus) au Canada » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2016. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-100-25735-8 Catalogue no. En3-5/71-2016E-PDF Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. 1 http://sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=24F7211B-1 Management Plan for the Monarch 2016 PREFACE The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996)2 agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of management plans for listed Special Concern species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the SAR Public Registry. -
Parasitoid Case History: an Evaluation of Methods Used to Assess Host Ranges of Fire Ant Decapitating Flies
Porter and Gilbert _____________________________________________________________________________ PARASITOID CASE HISTORY: AN EVALUATION OF METHODS USED TO ASSESS HOST RANGES OF FIRE ANT DECAPITATING FLIES Sanford D. PORTER1 and Lawrence E. GILBERT2 1USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology P.O. Box 14565 Gainesville, Florida 32604 U.S.A. [email protected] 2Brackenridge Field Laboratory and Section of Integrative Biology University of Texas Austin, Texas 78712 U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT The first three papers in this section have discussed factors that affect the efficiency and suc- cess of laboratory host range tests. This paper presents an evaluation of how well those 634 factors applied to our investigations of host ranges of fire ant decapitating flies in the genus Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae). We initially discuss the nature of the fire ant problem (Hy- menoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis spp.) and the need for effective self-sustaining biological control agents. We briefly review the biology of Pseudacteon decapitating flies, the overall results of our host range tests, and the current status of field releases of these biological con- trol agents. We conclude by discussing how well the recommendations of the three initial papers about 1) statistical procedures, 2) biotypes and cryptic species, and 3) experimental design, plus a recent book on the subject of host range testing, apply to our experiences with fire ant decapitating flies. BACKGROUND OF PARASITOID SYSTEM THE FIRE ANT PROBLEM AND NEED FOR SELF-SUSTAINING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The major problem with invasive fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis spp.) is that there are so many of them. -
A Koinobiont Parasitoid Mediates Competition and Generates Additive Mortality in Healthy Host Populations
OIKOS 110: 620Á/628, 2005 A koinobiont parasitoid mediates competition and generates additive mortality in healthy host populations Tom C. Cameron, Helen J. Wearing, Pejman Rohani and Steven M. Sait Cameron, T. C., Wearing, H. J., Rohani, P. and Sait, S. M. 2005. A koinobiont parasitoid mediates competition and generates additive mortality in healthy host populations. Á/ Oikos 110: 620Á/628. Insects are subject to attack from a range of natural enemies. Many natural enemies, such as parasitoids, do not immediately, or ever, kill their victims but they are nevertheless important in structuring biological communities. The lag that often occurs between attack and host death results in mixed populations of healthy and parasitised hosts. However, little is understood about how the effects of parasitism during this lag period affect the competitive ability of parasitised hosts and how this, in turn, affects the survival and dynamics of the surviving healthy host populations. Here we investigate the impact of the timing of introduction, and the strength of that introduction, of a parasitoid natural enemy Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) on the outcome of intraspecific competition between larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hu¨bner). In contrast to healthy hosts alone, we find reduced survival of healthy larvae with increasing periods of exposure to greater numbers of parasitised conspecifics. This represents indirect mortality of the host, which is in addition to that imposed by parasitism itself. Furthermore, longer periods of exposure to parasitised larvae resulted in an increase in development time of healthy individuals and they were larger when they emerged as adults. -
Karen Oberhauser (Presenter) and Wendy Caldwell
CURRICULUM VITAE KAREN S. OBERHAUSER Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota Education B.A. Harvard University, 1979 Biology B.S. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1981 Natural Science Education Ph.D. University of Minnesota, 1989 Ecology and Behavioral Biology, Genetics Minor [Advisors: P.A. Abrams and J.W. Curtsinger] Positions/Employment University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (1991-present) Professor, 2013-present Associate Professor, 2008-2013 Assistant Professor, 2003-2008 Outreach/Teaching Assistant Professor, 2002-2003 Research Associate and Adjunct Assistant Professor, 1991-2002 Onalaska High School, Wisconsin (Biology and Chemistry Teacher), 1981-1984 Brief Biography My students and I conduct research on several aspects of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) ecology, including reproductive ecology, host-parasite interactions, factors affecting the distribution and abundance of immature monarch stages, habitat management and availability, and risks posed by global climate change and pest control practices to monarch butterflies. Our research employs traditional lab and field techniques, as well as contributions of a variety of other audiences through citizen science. I have a strong interest in engaging K-12 students and teachers in inquiry-based science and promoting a citizenry with a high degree of scientific and environmental literacy. To this end, I have developed a comprehensive science education program called Monarchs in the Classroom, which involves courses and workshops for teachers, opportunities for youth to engage in research and share their findings with broad audiences, a nationwide Citizen Science project called the Monarch Larva Monitoring Project, and curriculum development. I am passionate about the conservation of the world’s biodiversity, and believe that the connections my projects promote between monarchs, humans, and the natural world will help to promote conservation actions. -
The Use of the Biodiverse Parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta) to Assess Arthropod Diversity Associated with Topsoil Stockpiled
RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 83 355–374 (2013) SUPPLEMENT The use of the biodiverse parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta) to assess arthropod diversity associated with topsoil stockpiled for future rehabilitation purposes on Barrow Island, Western Australia Nicholas B. Stevens, Syngeon M. Rodman, Tamara C. O’Keeffe and David A. Jasper. Outback Ecology (subsidiary of MWH Global), 41 Bishop St, Jolimont, Western Australia 6014, Australia. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT – This paper examines the species richness and abundance of the Hymenoptera parasitoid assemblage and assesses their potential to provide an indication of the arthropod diversity present in topsoil stockpiles as part of the Topsoil Management Program for Chevron Australia Pty Ltd Barrow Island Gorgon Project. Fifty six emergence trap samples were collected over a two year period (2011 and 2012) from six topsoil stockpiles and neighbouring undisturbed reference sites. An additional reference site that was close to the original source of the topsoil on Barrow Island was also sampled. A total of 14,538 arthropod specimens, representing 22 orders, were collected. A rich and diverse hymenopteran parasitoid assemblage was collected with 579 individuals, representing 155 species from 22 families. The abundance and species richness of parasitoid wasps had a strong positive linear relationship with the abundance of potential host arthropod orders which were found to be higher in stockpile sites compared to their respective neighbouring reference site. The species richness and abundance of new parasitoid wasp species yielded from the relatively small sample area indicates that there are many species on Barrow Island that still remain to be discovered. This study has provided an initial assessment of whether the hymenoptera parasitoid assemblage can give an indication of arthropod diversity. -
Habitat Complexity Modiwes Ant–Parasitoid Interactions: Implications for Community Dynamics and the Role of Disturbance
Oecologia (2007) 152:151–161 DOI 10.1007/s00442-006-0634-6 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Habitat complexity modiWes ant–parasitoid interactions: implications for community dynamics and the role of disturbance Elliot B. Wilkinson · Donald H. Feener Jr Received: 4 November 2006 / Accepted: 27 November 2006 / Published online: 22 December 2006 © Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract Species must balance eVective competition itat complexity was also studied, and demonstrated with avoidance of mortality imposed by predators or that the immediate negative impact of Wre on habitat parasites to coexist within a local ecological commu- complexity can persist for multiple years. Our Wndings nity. Attributes of the habitat in which species interact, indicate that habitat complexity can increase dominant such as structural complexity, have the potential to host competitive success even in the presence of parasi- aVect how species balance competition and mortality toids, which may have consequences for coexistence of by providing refuge from predators or parasites. Dis- subordinate competitors and community diversity in turbance events such as Wre can drastically alter habitat general. complexity and may be important modiWers of species interactions in communities. This study investigates Keywords Competition · Formicidae · Fire · whether the presence of habitat complexity in the form Trade-oVs · Indirect interactions of leaf litter can alter interactions between the behav- iorally dominant host ants Pheidole diversipilosa and Pheidole bicarinata, their respective specialist dipteran Introduction parasitoids (Phoridae: Apocephalus sp. 8 and Apoceph- alus sp. 25) and a single species of ant competitor Trade-oVs resulting from variability in resource acqui- (Dorymyrmex insanus). We used a factorial design to sition, competition and mortality are central to our manipulate competition (presence/absence of competi- understanding of coexistence in local ecological com- tors), mortality risk (presence/absence of parasitoids) munities (Tilman 1994; Kneitel and Chase 2004).