Ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë Ëë„Û ÌÓÒÚ Freedom and Security

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53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËﬂ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Freedom and Security 53rd Liberal International Congress

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ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Freedom and Security

Ç Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚ÓÚÓ ıËÎfl‰ÓÎÂÚËÂ Ò‚ÂÚ˙Ú ÒÂ ËÁÔ‡‚Ë In the beginning of the new millennium, the world is faced with ÔÂ‰ ÌÓ‚Ë ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë new challenges in the area of freedom and security. The tragic ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. í‡„Ë˜ÌËÚÂ Ò˙·ËÚËfl ‚ ëÄô ÓÚ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚- events from September 11, 2001 in the USA and from March 11, Ë 2001 „. Ë ‚ àÒÔ‡ÌËfl ÓÚ 11 Ï‡Ú 2004 „. ÔÓÏÂÌËı‡ ÓÚÌÓ- 2004 in Spain changed the attitude towards security on a glob- ¯ÂÌËÂÚÓ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· Ë ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Ëı‡ al scale and posed the question of the boundaries of freedom. ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡. ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËflÚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ- The world terrorism, poverty, threat of international conflicts, ‚ÂÌ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û‰˙Ê‡‚ÌË menace of biological and other weapons of mass destruction, ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË, ÓÚ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·ËÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÌË Ë ‰Û„Ë Ó˙ÊËfl organized crime, and ethnic conflicts are the realities, which the Á‡ Ï‡ÒÓ‚Ó ÛÌË˘ÓÊ‡‚‡ÌÂ, Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ Ë contemporary liberal society ought to address. ÂÚÌË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÔÂÊÂÌËfl Ò‡ Â‡ÎÌÓÒÚËÚÂ, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ Ò˙‚Â- The special issue of “2007” magazine is devoted to the 53rd ÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ. Liberal International Congress, which is taking place in Sofia, ëÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ËÁ‰‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007” Â ÔÓÒ‚ÂÚÂÌÓ Ì‡ Bulgaria and presents the liberal vision about freedom and 53-fl äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î, ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡˘ ÒÂ security issues. All democratic governments today strive to guar- ‚ ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‚ËÁËfl ‚ ÒÙÂ‡- antee voluntarily observance of the principles and rules of Ú‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. ÇÒflÍÓ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ ÛÔ- peaceful common existence, based on the natural and invio- ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ‰ÌÂÒ Â Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌÓ Í˙Ï „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓÎ- lable human rights and freedoms. Therefore, the main challenge ÌÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ë Ô‡‚ËÎ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌÓ Ò˙ÊË- that the liberal politics is facing today is improving the work of ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË ‚˙ıÛ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÌ‡Í˙ÌËÏË democratic institutions and procedures, which guarantee free- Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡. á‡ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÚÓ ÔÂ‰ËÁ- dom of expression and personal development in the modern ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó, ÔÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎË- society, in the name of common prosperity. ÚËÍ‡ ‰ÌÂÒ, Â ‰‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ë ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ One of the most serious tasks, which confront the democratic ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ë ÔÓˆÂ‰ÛË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡Ú Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ societies in the beginning of XXI century, is achieving a balance ËÁfl‚‡ Ë ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ì‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ÏÓ‰ÂÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ between freedom and security. This issue requires a reformation ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÌËfl ÔÓÒÔÂËÚÂÚ. of the principles and approaches of national and collective secu- Ö‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÒÂËÓÁÌËÚÂ Á‡‰‡˜Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ ‰ÌÂÒ ÒÚÓflÚ ÔÂ‰ ‰Â- rity. However, that may lead to restriction of some civil rights and ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ‚ Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ïïß ‚ÂÍ Â ÔÓÒÚË- liberties, guaranteed by the constitutions in the developed liber- „‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡. íÓÈ Â Ò‚˙- al democracies. Liberal-minded people have to respond to this Á‡Ì Ò˙Ò Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË Á‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÒËÒ- challenge, since on one hand, freedoms, interpreted too broad- ÚÂÏËÚÂ Á‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÂÚÓ ly, could make our societies vulnerable to terrorists, but on the Ó·‡˜Â ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ì‡ÎÓÊË Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡Î- other, excessive increase of security levels may harm democrat- ÌË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌË ÓÚ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËËÚÂ ic freedoms, pillars of our society. We believe that precisely the Ì‡ ‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËË. ãË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë- liberal approach can ensure this balance, which will guarantee ÚÂ ıÓ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ- protection of individual life, rights and property, without crossing ‚Ó, Ú˙È Í‡ÚÓ ÓÚ Â‰Ì‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ‡Á·‡ÌËÚÂ Ú‚˙‰Â ¯ËÓÍÓ the border, beyond which the meaning of human society is lost Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÔÂ‚˙Ì‡Ú Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ÌË ‚ ÎÂÒÌ‡ ÏË- and it is no longer democratic. ¯ÂÌ‡ Á‡ Ì‡Ô‡‰ÂÌËfl, ‡ ÓÚ ‰Û„‡ ÔÂÍÓÏÂÌÓÚÓ Û‚ÂÎË˜‡‚‡ÌÂ Relying on the principles and values of the liberal tradition, the Ì‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÛflÁ‚Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË- liberals of today demonstrate that in search for the right balance, ÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. Çfl‚‡ÏÂ, ˜Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ÏÓÊÂ democracy does not know boundaries. Because the freedom is ‰‡ ‰Ó‚Â‰Â ‰Ó ÓÌÁË ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÈ- not a possession of one nation or political system. It is a com- ÚÓ ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡, Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ë ËÏÛ- mon good, toward which we all should strive and protect it in a ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÂÏËÌ‡‚‡ ÓÌ‡ÁË „‡- way that not destroy the very freedom. And this is one worthy ÌËˆ‡, ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Â challenge. Ì‡Û¯ÂÌ Ë ÚÓ ÔÂÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ. èÓÁÓ‚‡‚‡ÈÍË ÒÂ Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ë ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡Î- Ì‡Ú‡ Ú‡‰ËˆËfl, Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú, ˜Â ‚ Ú˙ÒÂÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ËÎÌËfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÌÂ ÔÓÁÌ‡‚‡ „‡ÌËˆË. á‡˘ÓÚÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÌÂ Â ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÓÔ- Â‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ˆËfl ËÎË Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡. ífl Â ‚ÒÂ- Ó·˘Ó ·Î‡„Ó, Í˙Ï ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚ Í‡ÚÓ fl Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ Ì‡˜ËÌ, ÍÓÈÚÓ ÌÂ ‡ÁÛ¯‡‚‡ Ò‡Ï‡Ú‡ ÌÂfl, ‡ ÚÓ‚‡ Â Â‰ÌÓ ‰ÓÒÚÓÈÌÓ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó. ë˙‰˙Ê‡ÌËÂ ëÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ Á‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ë ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ì‡ íÂÓËfl Ë Ô‡ÍÚËÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë å‡È 2005 ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚˙‚ Ù‡ÍÚË Ë ‰‡ÚË 4

ç‡ ÙÓÍÛÒ ÑËÂÍÚÓ 53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ‚ ëÓÙËfl 10 çËÍÓÎ‡È è‡ÛÌÓ‚ ãËˆ‡ ÓÚ 53-Ëfl äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î 11 éÚ„Ó‚ÓÂÌ Â‰‡ÍÚÓ Ö‚ÂÎËÌ‡ ëÚÓflÌÓ‚‡ ÖÍÒÍÎÛÁË‚ÌÓ Á‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007” êÂ‰‡ÍˆËÓÌÂÌ ÂÍËÔ ãË‰Â˙Ú Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË ‚ å‡„‰‡ÎÂÌ‡ ëÚÓflÌÓ‚‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ – ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ à‚‡Ì íÓ‰ÓÓ‚ Ì‡ ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ 18 íÂÓ‰Ó‡ èÓÎËÏÂÌÓ‚‡ èÂ‚Ó‰ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Ö‚ÂÎËÌ‡ ëÚÓflÌÓ‚‡ ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡ - à‚‡Ì íÓ‰ÓÓ‚ Ñ‡ÌËÂÎ í‡Ì‡ı‡ÚÓÂ, èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl 20 2007 Â ËÁ‰‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓÎËÚÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÌ ËÌÒÚËÚÛ ãË·Â‡ÎÌË ÔÓÁËˆËË ãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ 21 ãË·Â‡ÎÂÌ ÔÓÎËÚÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÌ ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ëÓÙËfl 1124, ÛÎ. üÌÚ‡ 19 íÂÎ./î‡ÍÒ: +359 2 944 28 17 e-mail.: [email protected] http://www.lpi-bg.org Contents

Theory and Practice European Integration in the field of Freedom and Security – Magazine for politics, economics Facts and Dates 4 and civil society development May 2005 In Focus 53rd Liberal International Congress in Sofia 10 Faces from the 53rd Liberal International Congress 11 Director Nikolay Paunov Exclusive for “2007” magazine Executive Editor The Leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Evelina Stoyanova in the European Parliament – Mr. Graham Watson on the issues Contributing Editors of Freedom and Security 18 Magdalena Stoynova Ivan Todorov Liberal Europe Teodora Polimenova Freedom and Security, the Liberal perspective - Daniel Tanahatoe, Translation Political Advisor, European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party 20 Evelina Stoyanova Ivan Todorov Liberal positions 2007 is a publication of Liberalism, Freedom and Security 21 the Liberal Politological Institute

Liberal Politological Institute 19 Yantra Str., Sofia 1124 Tel./Fax: +359 2 944 28 17 e-mail.: [email protected] http://www.lpi-bg.org Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ European Integration ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËﬂ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ in the Field of ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Freedom and Security ‚˙‚ Ù‡ÍÚË Ë ‰‡Ú‡ Facts and Dates

22 flÌÛ‡Ë 1948 „. 22 January 1948 Ñ˙Ê‡‚ÌËflÚ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ö- The United Kingdom Foreign Secretary, Earnest Bevin proposes in a ÌÂÒÚ ÅÂ‚ËÌ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡, ‚ Â˜ ÔÂ‰ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ, speech before the House of Representatives, the creation of a Western Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÂÌ Ò˙˛Á. Union. 17 Ï‡Ú 1948 „. 17 March 1948 èÓ‰ÔËÒ‡Ì Â Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ë ÍÛÎ- The Brussels Treaty (Western Union Treaty) on Economic, Social and ÚÛÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Ò‡ÏÓÓÚ·‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÏËÌËÒÚË- Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defence is signed by the ÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„, î‡ÌˆËfl Defence Ministers of Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Ë ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚ ‚ ÌÂ„Ó Â ‡Ì„‡ÊËÏÂÌÚ˙Ú Á‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ Á‡- the United Kingdom. Its main feature is the commitment to mutual ˘ËÚ‡, ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ˜Â ÌflÍÓfl ÓÚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË ÒÚ‡ÌÂ ÊÂÚ‚‡ Ì‡ defence should any of the signatories be the victim of an armed attack in ‚˙Ó˙ÊÂÌ‡ ‡Ú‡Í‡. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú Â ÒÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ Á‡ ÒÓÍ ÓÚ 50 „Ó‰ËÌË. Europe. The treaty is signed for a period of 50 years. 27-28 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1948 „. September 1948 åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ÓÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Military co-operation is initiated in the Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡Ú é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌËfl ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÂÌ Ò˙˛Á. framework of the Brussels Treaty Organization. A plan for common 24 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1950 „. defence is adopted, involving the inte- åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎflÚ Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl êÂÌÂ èÎÂ‚ÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓ- gration of air defences and a joint ÂÍÚ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ ÔÂ‰ ÙÂÌ- command organization. ÒÍÓÚÓ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ. èÎ‡Ì˙Ú “èÎÂ‚ÂÌ” ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ- ÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ‡ÏËfl ÔÓ‰ Ó·˘Ó ÍÓÏ‡Ì‰‚‡ÌÂ, ‚ ÍÓflÚÓ ÙÂÌÒÍËÚÂ 24 October 1950 Ë „ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍË ˜‡ÒÚË ‰‡ Ò‡ ‡‚ÌË. The Prime Minister of France Rene Pleven presents a plan for establishing 15 ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 1951 „. a European Defence Community èÓ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÙÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ‚ è‡ËÊ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÍÓÌ- before the French Parliament. The so ÙÂÂÌˆËfl Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ‡ÏËfl. called Pleven Plan aims at the creation êÂÌÂ èÎÂ‚ÂÌ / Rene Pleven 27 Ï‡È 1952 „. of an integrated European army under î‡ÌˆËfl, îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë joint command, which will operate within the framework of the Alliance ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Á‡ Û˜Â‰fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ- and will replace national armies. ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (Öéé). íÓÈ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ‰‡ ÔÂı‚˙- 15 February 1951 ÎflÚ ‚˙ıÛ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌË- On the initiative of the French Government, in Paris begins a conference ÚÂÎÌ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ‰‡ Á‡Ô‡ÁflÚ Ò‡ÏÓ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË ÒËÎË. for the creation of a European Army. 10 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1952 „. 27 May 1952 Ç ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl, îÂ‰Â- Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and the Federal ‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ Republic of Germany sign in Paris a Treaty for setting up a European Â¯‡‚‡Ú ‰‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‡Ú ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡- Defence Community (EDC). The Treaty provides for Member States to Ì‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl, Á‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÛÎÂÒÌË ‡ÚËÙËˆË- transfer most of their defence powers to the new Alliance, while retaining ‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Öéé. èÓ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘- only limited powers. ÌÓÒÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÏÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂ‰ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. á‡ Â‡ÎËÁË‡ÌÂ- ÚÓ Ì‡ Ú‡ÁË Ë‰Âfl Â Ò‚ËÍ‡Ì‡ ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl Ò ¯ÂÒÚÏÂÒÂ˜ÂÌ Ï‡Ì- 10 September 1952 ‰‡Ú, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ Â ‚˙ÁÎÓÊÂÌÓ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚ‚Ë ÔÓÂÍÚ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚- In Luxemburg, the Foreign Ministers of France, Federal Republic of ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ. Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg take a decision to include the establishment of a common European defence in the process 9 Ï‡Ú 1953 „. of political integration, in order to facili- ÅÂÎ„ËÈÒÍËflÚ ‚˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ èÓÎ ÄÌË ëÔ‡‡Í, ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ tate the ratification of the EDC Treaty. ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl, ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÂÍÚ‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ For the realization of this idea, a spe- Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (Öèé), ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡Î‡„‡ Ì‡ ÙÂ‰Â- cial ad hoc Assembly is created with a ‡ÎËÁÏ‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl. èÓÂÍÚ˙Ú ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ- mandate of six months, which has to ‰‡ Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ‚˙„ÎË- put forward a project for establishing a ˘‡ Ë ÒÚÓÏ‡Ì‡ Ë Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓÓ‰Ë- political European community. ÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ë Â‡ÎËÁË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË Ô‡Á‡. é·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ˘Â ÔËÚÂÊ‡‚‡ ¯ËÓÍË Ô˙Î- 9 March 1953 ÌÓÏÓ˘Ëfl, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ËÒÍ‡ ÓÚ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÒÛ‚ÂÂÌË- The Belgium foreign minister Paul- ÚÂÚ‡ ÒË. íÓÁË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÔÓÂÍÚ Â Ô˙‚‡Ú‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡- Henri Spaak, President of the ad hoc ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘Ó Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ. Assembly, hands to G. Bidault, President of the ECSC (European Coal 30 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1954 „. èÓÎ ÄÌË ëÔ‡‡Í and Steel Community) Council, a draft ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ î‡ÌˆËfl ÓÚı‚˙Îfl ‡ÚËÙËÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Paul-Henri Spaak treaty instituting a political European

4 ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ. Community. Such Community will aim at safeguarding human rights and çÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ Ó·Ò˙Ê‰‡ÌÂ ÔËÍÎ˛˜‚‡ Ó˘Â Ì‡ ÔÂ‰‚‡ËÚÂÎÂÌ ÂÚ‡Ô Ò 319 guaranteeing security of Member States against aggression, at ensuring ÒÂ˘Û 264 „Î‡Ò‡. è‡ÍÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÓ‚‡ ‰Ó‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‰Ó ÔÓ‚‡ÎflÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ the co-ordination of Member States' external policy and at progressively Ô˙‚ËÚÂ ÓÔËÚË Á‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl ‚ Ö‚ÓÔ‡, Á‡- establishing the Common Market. Five institutions are foreseen in the draft ˘ÓÚÓ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‚ÎÂÁÂ ‚ ÒËÎ‡, ‡ÍÓ ‚ ÌÂ„Ó ÌÂ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡Ú treaty: a European Executive Council, a two-chamber Parliament, a ‚ÒË˜ÍË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ „Ó ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË. Council of National Ministers, a Court of Justice and an Economic and Social Committee. ëÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1954 ç‡ ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓ Ò‚ËÍ‡Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÂÂÌˆËfl ‚ ãÓÌ‰ÓÌ, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ÔËÒ˙ÒÚ‚‡Ú 30 August 1954 ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, ëÄô, ä‡Ì‡‰‡, îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ êÂ- The French National Assembly refuses to ratify the European Defence ÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë àÚ‡ÎËfl, ÒÂ Â¯‡‚‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ ‰‚Â ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓ- Community Treaty and as a result it collapses. This refusal to ratify the Í‡ÌÂÌË ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌflÚ Í˙Ï Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. treaty also means the end to the closely linked plan for a European Political Community. 20 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1954 àÁ‚Ó‰ËÚÂ ÓÚ ãÓÌ‰ÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÙÂÂÌˆËfl ‚ÎËÁ‡Ú ‚ ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËflÚ‡ September 1954 ÓÚ è‡ËÊ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓÏÂÌflÚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡Ú á‡- At a special Conference convened in London and attended by the Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á (áÖë) Í‡ÚÓ ÌÓ‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡- Brussels Treaty powers, the United States, Canada, the Federal Republic ˆËfl. èÂ‰‚Ë‰ÂÌÓ Â ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂ- of Germany and Italy, it has been decided to invite the latter two countries Ï‡ÌËfl Ë àÚ‡ÎËfl. to join the Brussels Treaty. ëÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËflÚ‡ ÓÚ è‡ËÊ, flÒÌÓ Á‡fl‚fl‚‡Ú ÓÒ- 20 October 1954 ÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÒË ˆÂÎË ‚ ÔÂ‡Ï·˛Î‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó: The conclusions of the London conference are formalized by the Paris • ‰‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‰‡Ú ‚ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Á‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ Agreements, which amend the Brussels Treaty, create Western European ‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ; Union (WEU) as a new international organization and provide for the • ‰‡ ÒË ÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ ÔË ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚flÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Federal Republic of Germany and Italy to join. ‚ÒflÍ‡ ‡„ÂÒË‚Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡; The signatories of the Paris Agreements clearly state their main objectives • ‰‡ Ì‡Ò˙˜‡‚‡Ú Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ë ÓÍÛ‡Ê‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ„ÂÒË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Â‚Ó- in the preamble to the modified Brussels Treaty: ÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl. • To create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recov- 1955 – 1973 ery; ëÎÂ‰ ÇÚÓ‡Ú‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡ ‚ÓÈÌ‡ áÖë Ë„‡Â ‚‡ÊÌ‡ ÓÎfl ‚ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ö‚- • To afford assistance to each other in resisting any policy of aggression; ÓÔ‡ Ë Ò˙‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡ Á‡ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ë ‡Á·Ë‡- • To promote the unity and encourage the progressive integration of ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ. íÓÈ Ò˙‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡: Europe. • ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl ‚ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡Ú- 1955 – 1973 Î‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl Ô‡ÍÚ; WEU plays an important role by promoting the development of consulta- • ‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó‚ÂËÂÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ tion and co-operation in Western Europe, in the aftermath of the Second ÒÚ‡ÌË ˜ÂÁ ÔÓÂÏ‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ì‡‰ ‚˙Ó˙- World War. Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ; It permits: • ÍÓÌÒÛÎÚ‡ˆËËÚÂ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÍË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ • the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into the Atlantic Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Ë é·Â‰ËÌÂÌÓÚÓ ä‡ÎÒÚ‚Ó. Alliance; 1973 – 1984 • the restoration of confidence among Western European countries by ÑÂÈÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ áÖë Í‡ÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÒ- assuming responsibilities for arms control; ÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ Ì‡Ï‡Îfl‚‡. Ä„ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ì‡‰ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ë • settlement of the Saar problem; èÓÒÚÓflÌÌËflÚ ÍÓÏËÚÂÚ ÔÓ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÔÓ‰˙ÎÊ‡‚‡Ú Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ • consultation between the European Community founding Member ‡·ÓÚ‡. àÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ë ÍÛÎÚÛÌËÚÂ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ì‡ States and the United Kingdom. áÖë ÒÂ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÓÚ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ 1973 - 1984 Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡. èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÎfl Ì‡ WEU’s activities as an intergovernmental organization gradual- ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ áÖë „Û·Ë Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÁÌ‡˜ËÏÓÒÚ Ò ‡Á‚ËÚËÂÚÓ ly slow down. The Agency for the Control of Armaments Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó. and the Standing Armaments Committee continue 12 ˛ÌË 1984 „. their work. WEU’s economic, social and cultural ç‡ ÒÂ˘‡ ‚ è‡ËÊ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ì‡ roles have been taken over by the ÒÂ‰ÂÏÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÚ áÖë Â¯‡‚‡Ú ‰‡ ‚˙- Organization for European Economic Co- ÁÓ·ÌÓ‚flÚ ‰ÂÈÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡. operation and the Council of Europe. The WEU Council’s political activities lose 26 – 27 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1984 „. much of their relevance with the develop- èÓ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡ ·ÂÎ„ËÈÒÍÓÚÓ Ë ÙÂÌÒ- ment of European Political Co-operation. ÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‚ êËÏ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ ÔÂ‰‚‡ËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ò˙‚ÏÂÒÚÌ‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡ 12 June 1984 ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ì‡ At a meeting in Paris, the Foreign ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ áÖë. ç‡ ÌÂfl ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ Ministers of the WEU member states take “êËÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl”, ÍÓflÚÓ ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‚‡ a decision to revive the organization. ‚˙Á‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ áÖë. ëÂ‰ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌËÚÂ 26 – 27 October 1984 ˆÂÎË Ò‡ ‰ÂÙËÌË‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÓÚ- On the initiative of the Belgian and French ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ Ë ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ Governments, a preliminary joint meeting of the ı‡ÏÓÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ Foreign and Defence Ministers within the WEU ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË. ÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂ “êËÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl” framework is held in Rome. It is marked by the adoption 14 ˛ÌË 1985 „. “Rome Declaration” adoption of the founding text of WEU’s reactivation: the "Rome î‡ÌˆËfl, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ Declaration". Work on the definition of a European security 5 ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú ‚ òÂÌ„ÂÌ (ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„) ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ÔÂ- identity and the gradual harmonization Ï‡ı‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ „‡ÌË˜ÌËfl ÍÓÌÚÓÎ ÔÓÏÂÊ‰Û ËÏ Ë Á‡ ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡ÒË- of its members’ defence policies are ÎÂÌ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ ÔÓ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ËÏ "‚˙Ì¯Ì‡" „‡ÌËˆ‡. íÓÁË ‡ÍÚ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ among the stated objectives. Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ì‡ ÔË‰‚ËÊ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂ 14 June 1985 ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË, ‰Û„Ë ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË ËÎË ÚÂÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓ- By the Agreement signed at Schengen ËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Ú‡Í‡ Ó·ÓÒÓ·ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ¯ÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍ‡ ÁÓÌ‡. (Luxembourg), Belgium, France, 19 ˛ÌË 1987 „. Germany, Luxembourg and the ÉÂÏ‡ÌÒÍËflÚ Í‡ÌˆÎÂ ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ Ó·‡ÁÛ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ Netherlands agreed that they would ÙÂÌÒÍÓ-„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍ‡ ·Ë„‡‰‡ Í‡ÚÓ Ô˙‚‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡ Í˙Ï ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ gradually remove their common border Ì‡ Ó·˘Ë Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‚˙Ó˙ÊÂÌË ÒËÎË. controls and introduce freedom of movement for all nationals of the signa- 27 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1987 „. tory Member States, other Member Ç˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÏËÌËÒÚË Ë ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ- ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ / Helmut Kohl States or third countries. ˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ áÖë ÔËÂÏ‡Ú Ú.Ì‡. ï‡„ÒÍ‡ ÔÎ‡ÚÙÓÏ‡ Á‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÒË- „ÛÌÓÒÚ. 19 June 1987 êÂ¯ÂÌÓ Â ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡Ú ÔÂ„Ó‚ÓË Ò èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl Ë àÒÔ‡ÌËfl Á‡ ÔË- The German Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposes the formation of a joint Ò˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ËÏ Í˙Ï ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. íÂÁË French-German brigade as a first step towards the creation of common ÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡Ú Ô˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÌË ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ áÖë Ì‡ 27 European armed forces. Ï‡Ú 1990 „. èÂÁ 1988 „. ‰Û„Ë ‰‚Â ÒÚ‡ÌË ÓÚ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡ÚÎ‡ÌÚË- 27 October 1987 ˜ÂÒÍËfl Ô‡ÍÚ, É˙ˆËfl Ë íÛˆËfl, ËÁ‡Áfl‚‡Ú ÊÂÎ‡ÌËÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰Ë- The Foreign and Defence Ministers of the WEU åember States adopt the ÌflÚ Í˙Ï Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡. so-called Hague Platform on European Security Interests. 22 flÌÛ‡Ë 1988 „. It is decided, negotiations to be opened with Portugal and Spain ë˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÒÂ ÒÏÂÒÂÌ ë˙‚ÂÚ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ regarding their accession to the modified Brussels Treaty. Those coun- îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë î‡ÌˆËfl. íÂ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú Ë ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛ- tries formally become full members of WEU on 27 March 1990. The fol- ÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ ÙÂÌÒÍÓ-„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍ‡ ‡ÏÂÈÒÍ‡ ·Ë„‡‰‡. lowing year, two other member countries of the Atlantic Alliance: 19 ˛ÌË 1990 „. Turkey and Greece express their wish to join the Organization. î‡ÌˆËfl, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ã˛ÍÒÂÏ·Û„ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡Ú äÓÌ- 22 January 1988 ‚ÂÌˆËfl Á‡ ÔËÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ, ÌÓ Úfl ÌÂ ‚ÎËÁ‡ A Joint Security Council is established between the governments of ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ‰Ó 1995„. ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ Ë ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ÔËÎ‡- Federal Republic of Germany and France. They sign an agreement for „‡ÌÂ, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔËÂÚËÚÂ ÓÚ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓ- the creation of a joint French-German arm brigade. ÚÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËË Ë Â¯ÂÌËfl, Ò˙‰˙Ê‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÍÓÏÔÂÌ- Ò‡ÚÓÌË ÏÂÍË, Â„ÛÎË‡˘Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ 19 June 1990 „‡ÌËˆË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ òÂÌ„ÂÌ. The Schengen Convention is signed by the same five èÓÚÓÍÓÎË Á‡ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ‰‚‡Ú‡ states (Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg ‡ÍÚ‡ Ò‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÌË Ò àÚ‡ÎËfl (1990 „.), àÒ- and the Netherlands) but does not enter into Ô‡ÌËfl Ë èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl (1991 „.), É˙ˆËfl force until 1995. It lays down the arrange- (1992 „.), Ä‚ÒÚËfl (1995 „.), Ñ‡ÌËfl, îËÌ- ments and guarantees for implementing Î‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë ò‚ÂˆËfl (1996 „.) Ë Ò àÒÎ‡Ì- freedom of movement. ‰Ëfl Ë çÓ‚Â„Ëfl (1996 „.). àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl Ë The Schengen area gradually expands: ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Ú ËÁ‚˙Ì Italy signs up in 1990, Spain and òÂÌ„ÂÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ. Portugal in 1991, Greece in 1992, 7 ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 1992 „. Austria in 1995 and Denmark, Finland Ç å‡‡ÒÚËıÚ Â ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡Ì ˆflÎÓÒ- and Sweden in 1996. Iceland and ÚÂÌ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Norway are also parties to the Ò˙˛Á, ÍÓÈÚÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÌÓ‚ ÂÚ‡Ô ‚ Convention. Ireland and the United ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡- Kingdom are not parties to the agree- ˆËfl. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÓÚ å‡‡ÒÚËıÚ ments. Ó·ı‚‡˘‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡˘Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘- 7 February 1992 ÌÓÒÚ, Á‡ÎÂ„Ì‡ÎË ‚ ÔÂ‰Ë¯ÌËÚÂ ‰Ó„Ó- The Treaty on European Union is signed in ‚ÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌË Í‡ÚÓ Ú.Ì‡ Maastricht by the Foreign and Finance "è˙‚Ë ÒÚ˙Î·". Ç ÌÂ„Ó ‚ÎËÁ‡Ú ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡- Ministers of the Member States. The Ú‡, Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ÏËÚÌË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË- Maastricht Treaty renamed the European ÍË. å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ Ë ‰‚‡ Community the European Union (EU) by forming what å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ÌÓ‚Ë ÒÚ˙Î·‡ ‚ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËÓÌÌËfl ÔÓˆÂÒ. "ÇÚÓË are known as the three pillars of the EU: the supranation- The Maastricht Treaty ÒÚ˙Î·" Ó·ı‚‡˘‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì- al EU pillar (Social, Regional and Custom Policies) along ¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ (éèéÇéë), ‡ "íÂÚË with the two intergovernmental pillars of a Common ÒÚ˙Î·" Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰ËÂÚÓ Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – “2nd pillar” and Justice Ë ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË (ëéèÇê). and Home Affairs – “3rd pillar”. Ç ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á ‚ ˜Î. 2 ‡Î. Ç Â Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ: “Ñ‡ ÛÚ‚˙‰Ë In Article 2 of the common provisions of the EU Treaty, the EU sets itself Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒË Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ÒˆÂÌ‡, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÔËÎ‡- the objective “to assert its identity on the international scene, in particular „‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜Ë- through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy ÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ˜ÂÁ Ó˜ÂÚ‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ ·˙‰Â˘‡ Ó·˘‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÓÚ·- including the progressive framing of a common defence policy, which ‡Ì‡, ÍÓflÚÓ Ò ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÂ‚˙ÌÂ ‚ Ó·˘‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡.” might lead to a common defence.”

6 19 ˛ÌË 1992 „. 19 June 1992 ç‡ ÏËÌËÒÚÂÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ áÖë, Ò˙ÒÚÓflÎ ÒÂ ‚ ıÓÚÂÎ èÂÚÂÒ·Â„, At the Ministerial Council of the WEU held at the Petersberg Hotel, not far ÌÂ‰‡ÎÂ˜ ÓÚ ÅÓÌ, ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl, Ò ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ‰‡‚‡ from Bonn are established the so-called Petersberg tasks. On this occa- ËÁ‡Á Ì‡ Â¯ËÚÂÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ áÖë Í‡ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÓÚ- sion, the WEU Member States declare their readiness to make available ·‡ÌËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Öë, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë Á‡ ÔÓ‰ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒ- military units from the whole spectrum of their conventional armed forces Í‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‡ÎË‡ÌÒ (çÄíé). Ç ÌÂfl Ò‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË for military tasks conducted under the authority of the WEU. The different ‚Ó‰Â˘ËÚÂ ÒÚ˙ÔÍË Á‡ ÔÓÌ‡Ú‡Ú˙¯ÌÓÚÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚Ó- types of military tasks which the WEU can undertake are defined: apart ÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á. ëÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ áÖë ‰ÂÍÎ‡Ë‡Ú „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ from contributing to the collective defence in accordance with Article 5 of ÒË ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚flÚ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÍÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌË ‚ÓÂÌÌË ÏÓ˘ÌÓÒÚË Á‡ the Washington Treaty and Article V of the modified Brussels Treaty, mili- ‚ÓÂÌÌË ‡ÍˆËË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡Ú ÔÓ‰ ˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌË- tary units of WEU Member States may be employed for: Á‡ˆËflÚ‡. éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË Ò‡ ‚Ë‰Ó‚ÂÚÂ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌË ‡ÍˆËË Ì‡ Ò˙˛Á‡ – ÓÒ‚ÂÌ • humanitarian and rescue tasks; ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡Ú‡ „ÓÚÓ‚ÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÔËÎ‡„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ˜ÎÂÌ V ÓÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡ Á‡ Ö‚- • peace-keeping tasks; ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á ‚ ÔÓÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÏÛ ‚Ë‰, Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌËÚÂ Â‰ËÌËˆË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡- • tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemak- ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ áÖë Ò‡ ÓÚÂ‰ÂÌË Ë ÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ Á‡‰‡˜Ë: ing. • ıÛÏ‡ÌËÚ‡ÌË ‡ÍˆËË ËÎË Â‚‡ÍÛ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÏÂÍË; These tasks are today expressly included in Article 17 of the Treaty on • ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡˘Ë ÏË‡ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡; European Union and form an integral part of the European Security and • Û˜‡ÒÚËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË „ÛÔË ‚ ÍËÁËÒÌË ‡ÈÓÌË, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ÏÂ- Defence Policy. ÍË Á‡ ‚˙ÁÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏË‡. 1 November 1993 1 çÓÂÏ‚Ë 1993 „. All ratification procedures are completed and the Treaty on the European ÇÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙˛Á. íÓÈ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Union enters into force. It marks the beginning of a common European Ì‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓÚÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÓÚÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ- area of freedom, security and justice, where the civil liberties are guaran- ‚Ó Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ô‡‚‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ teed and the fight against the organized crime and fraud is more effective. „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò˙˛Á‡ Ì‡‚ÒflÍ˙‰Â ‚ ÌÂ„Ó Ë ‰‡ ÒÂ ‡·ÓÚË ÔÓ-ÂÙÂÍÚË‚- 26 March 1995 ÌÓ ‚ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ Ë ÁÎÓÛÔÓÚÂ·ËÚÂ. Schengen Agreement comes into force for seven out of ten signatory 26 Ï‡Ú 1995 „. states: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal ÇÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ëÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ òÂÌ„ÂÌ Á‡ ÒÂ‰ÂÏ ÓÚ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎËÚÂ and Spain. The border control remains for the countries that have not „Ó 10 ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë - ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, àÒÔ‡ÌËfl, î‡ÌˆËfl, ã˛Í- signed the agreement: Denmark, Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom ÒÂÏ·Û„ Ë èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl. éÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎËÚÂ ÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË, àÚ‡ÎËfl, É˙ˆËfl Ë and Ireland. Ä‚ÒÚËfl, Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡Ú ‰‡ „Ó ÔËÎ‡„‡Ú ÔÓ-Í˙ÒÌÓ. á‡Ô‡Á‚‡ ÒÂ „‡ÌË˜ÌËfl 25 September 1995 ÍÓÌÚÓÎ Ò ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÌÂ Ò‡ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‡ÎË ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂÚÓ - Ñ‡- The EU Member States adopt a list of non-member countries, including ÌËfl, îËÌÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ò‚ÂˆËfl, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl Ë àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. Bulgaria, whose nationals must be in possession of a visa to enter the 25 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1995 „. European Union. Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÔËÂÏ‡ êÂ„Î‡ÏÂÌÚ 2317/95, Ò ÍÓÈÚÓ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎfl June 1996 ÒÔËÒ˙Í‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl, Á‡ ˜ËËÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÒÂ Within the EU begins a process of European identity building in relation to ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ‚ËÁ‡ Á‡ Ô˙ÚÛ‚‡ÌÂ ‚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë. security and defence. This process aims at improving the military and ûÌË 1996 „. defence potential of the Union and at increasing its capabilities for man- á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓÚÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜- aging potential crises and conflicts. It starts with an initiative of the ÌÓÒÚ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ Ö‚Ó- American administration for widening of the European responsibilities and ÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á. íÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ ËÏ‡ Á‡ ˆÂÎ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌËfl Ë ÓÚ·- identity in the defence field within the NATO. At the NATO Council held in ‡ÌËÚÂÎÂÌ ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡Î Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ Ë ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ ‰‡ ÒÂ Û‚ÂÎË˜‡Ú ÌÂ„Ó- Berlin in June a decision is taken for building of a European defence iden- ‚ËÚÂ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Á‡ Â„ÛÎ‡ˆËfl Ë ‚˙Á‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ tity. Until the end of 1998, the European cooperation in the field of defence ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡ÎÌË ÍËÁË Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË. íÓÈ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ Ò Â‰Ì‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡ and security is implemented strictly within the NATO. ‡ÏÂËÍ‡ÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËfl Á‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ June 1997 ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË Ë Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍË- The European Council meets in Amsterdam and reaches a consensus on ÚÂ Ì‡ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ëÂ‚ÂÌÓ‡ÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó (çÄíé). a draft Treaty, which updates the Maastricht Treaty. The Treaty of îÓÏ‡ÎÌÓ ÚÓ‚‡ ÒÚ‡‚‡ Ì‡ ÒÂ˘‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Amsterdam is signed on 2 October 1997 by the Foreign Ministers of the fif- Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ çÄíé (13 ˛ÌË), ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Â ‚ÁÂÚÓ Â¯ÂÌËÂ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡- teen Member States. A new position of High Representative for the com- ÌÂ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ Ë‰ÂÌÚË˜ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡. ÑÓ Í‡fl mon foreign and security policy has been created by the Treaty of Ì‡ 1998 „. Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ- Amsterdam. The new position is held by the Secretary-General of the Ú‡ Ë ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ ÒÚÓ„Ó ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ çÄíé. ä˙Ï Council, whose task is to assist the Presidency of the Union in matters ÚÓÁË ÏÓÏÂÌÚ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓÂ‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙˛Á Â ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Â‚- relating to the common foreign and security policy. ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ ‚ÓÂÌÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó. The main accents in the Treaty related to the freedom and security issue are: 18 ˛ÌË 1997 „. • Freedom, security and justice Ç ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡Ï (ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl) Ì‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÒÂ ÔÓÒ- With a view to the future enlargement of the EU, the Member States can ÚË„‡ ÍÓÌÒÂÌÒÛÒ ‚˙ıÛ ÔÓÂÍÚÓ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Ò ÍÓÈÚÓ ÒÂ ÓÒ˙‚ÂÏÂÌfl‚‡ lose some of their rights if they systematically violate the fundamental prin- Ë ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡ å‡‡ÒÚËıÚÒÍËflÚ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡Ï cipals of freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. ÒÂ ÔÓ‰ÔËÒ‚‡ Ì‡ 2 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1997 „. ÓÚ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ • Common Foreign and Security Policy ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË. ë ÌÂ„Ó ÒÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÔÓÒÚ‡ Ç˙ıÓ‚ÂÌ The Amsterdam Treaty adds a new foreign policy instrument to the existing ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Á‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒË„Û- ones (joint actions and common positions), namely common strategies. ÌÓÒÚÚ‡. éÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÏÓÏÂÌÚË ‚ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó‡, Á‡Òfl„‡˘Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË- The Treaty comes into force on 1 May 1999 after ratification by all Member „ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Ò‡: States. It writes a new Title IV into the EU Treaty, covering the following • ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰ËÂ fields: • free movement of persons;

7 ë Ó„ÎÂ‰ Ì‡ ·˙‰Â˘Ó ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á ÒÂ ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ- ‰‡ ÓÚÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË Ô‡‚‡ Á‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË, ‡ÍÓ ÒËÒÚÂÏÌÓ Ì‡Û- ¯‡‚‡Ú ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, Ô‡‚‡ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â- Í‡ Ë Ô‡‚Ó‚‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡. • é·˘‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„Û- ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË Ò‡ Ó·˘Ë ÒÚ‡ÚÂ„ËË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‚ÎflÁ‡Ú ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ÒÎÂ‰ Â¯ÂÌËÂ Ò Í‚‡ÎËÙËˆË‡ÌÓ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚Ó ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË. ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó˙Ú ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ Ì‡ 1 Ï‡È 1999 „. Ç ÌÂ„Ó ÒÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ÌÓ‚‡ ó‡ÒÚ ßV, ÍÓflÚÓ ÛÂÊ‰‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓÒÌÓ ‚ËÁË, Û·ÂÊË˘Â, ËÏË„‡- ˆËfl Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÎËˆ‡. 18 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 1997 „. åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÓÚ áÖë ÒÂ ÒÂ- íÓÌË ÅÎÂ˙ (ÓÚÎfl‚Ó) Ë Ü‡Í òË‡Í (ÓÚ‰flÒÌÓ) ˘‡Ú ‚ ÖÙÛÚ (ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl) Ë ÔÓÒÚË„‡Ú ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ Á‡ Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌÂ Tony Blair (on the left) and Jacques Chirac (on the right) Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Öë Ë áÖë. • controls on external borders; • asylum, immigration and safeguarding the rights of third-country nationals; 1998 „. • judicial cooperation in civil matters. Ç Í‡fl Ì‡ 1998 „. ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ ÔÓ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ 18 November 1997 ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ ÔÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÏÂÌfl. ç‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÓÁË The Foreign and Defence Ministers of the WEU meet in Erfurt, Germany ÔÓˆÂÒ Â ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÙÂÌÒÍËfl ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ü‡Í and reach an agreement for the sequence of EU Presidencies and WEU òË‡Í Ë ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍËfl ÏËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ íÓÌË ÅÎÂ˙. ÑÂÍÎ‡‡- Presidencies. ˆËflÚ‡, ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ‡ Í‡ÚÓ “ÑÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÓÚ ë‡Ì å‡ÎÓ”, ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë ‰‡ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÔÓ-„ÓÎÂÏË ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË ‚ ÒÙÂ- 1998 ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. íÂÁË ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚË Ó·‡˜Â Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ò‡ At the end of 1998, the politics on building a common European defence ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡ Á‡ Ó·˘‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ‡ begins to change. The start of this process sets a declaration of the French ÓÚ ëÄô Ë çÄíé. President Jacques Chirac and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair. This declaration, known as the “San Malo Declaration”, calls Member States to 3 – 4 ûÌË 1999 „. take greater responsibilities in the area of common defence. However, ç‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ ‚ ä¸ÓÎÌ ÒÚ‡ÚË‡ ÔÓÂÍÚ Á‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ these responsibilities ought to be in the field of common defence, Ì‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ‡ Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ autonomous from the USA and the NATO. (éÖèëé) Í‡ÚÓ Ó·ÓÒÓ·ÂÌ‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ (éèéÇéë) Ì‡ Öë. ñÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ 3 - 4 June 1999 Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ éÖèëé Â ‰‡ ‡Á¯ËË Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓflÚÂÎÌËÚÂ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒ- The European Council meeting is held in Cologne, Germany. It has been ÍË ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Á‡ ‚˙Á‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ ‚˙ıÛ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË Ë decided to develop further moves towards common European Security ÍËÁË. and Defence Policy (ESDP), as an integral part of the European Common Ç ÚÓÁË ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ Ò‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË Â‰Ëˆ‡ ‚‡ÊÌË ÔÓÏÂÌË ‚ ÑÓ„Ó‚Ó- Foreign and Security Policy. The aim is developing EU’s own capacity for ‡ ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡Ï, ÍÓÈÚÓ ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ ÔÂÁ 1999 „. íÓÁË ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ‰‡‚‡ autonomous actions in case of international conflicts and crises. Ë Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ éÖèëé ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ éèéÇéë. îÓÏ‡Î- In this context, a number of changes take place in the Treaty of ÌÓ ˛Ë‰Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÚÓ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ éÖèëé ÒÚ‡‚‡ Ù‡ÍÚ ‚ ÄÏÒÚÂ- Amsterdam. Formally, the common ESDP comes into being with the ‰‡ÏÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. Ç˙‚ ‚˙ÁÍ‡ Ò Â¯ÂÌËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÂ‰Ëˆ‡ ÓÚ Ö‚Ó- Amsterdam Treaty. The Helsinki European Council (December 1999) and ÔÂÈÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚË, Ë ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ÚÂÁË ‚ ïÂÎÁËÌÍË (‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 1999 „.) Ë çËˆ‡ the Nice European Council (December 2000) speed forward the process (‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2000 „.), ÔÓˆÂÒ˙Ú Ì‡ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ éÖèëé Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ- of establishing common ESDP and creation of respective management ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò˙ÓÚ‚ÂÚÌËÚÂ Ó„‡ÌË Á‡ ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ÒÂ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ ÛÒÍÓ- bodies. In parallel, efforts are made for improving EU capacities in the fields ÂÌÓ. íÓ‚‡ ÒÂ ÒÎÛ˜‚‡ Ô‡‡ÎÂÎÌÓ Ò ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·fl‚‡- of conflict prevention and crisis management. ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ ÔË ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË Ë 5 July 2000 ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍËÁË. The European Parliament passes a resolution for taking out Bulgaria and 5 ˛ÎË 2000 „. Romania from the so-called “Negative Visa List”. Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ „Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËfl Á‡ ËÁ‚‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ 15 March 2001 Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Ë êÛÏ˙ÌËfl ÓÚ Ú.Ì‡. ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚ÂÌ ‚ËÁÓ‚ ÒÔËÒ˙Í. The requirement for short-term visas for Bulgarian citizens is officially 15 Ï‡Ú 2001 „. removed at a meeting of the Home Affairs and Justice Ministers of the EU ç‡ ÒÂ˘‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰Ë- member states. Bulgaria is included in the “White List” of countries, whose ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Öë ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ Â ÓÚÏÂÌÂÌÓ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Á‡ citizens do not need visas for a period of stay up to three months. Í‡ÚÍÓÒÓ˜ÌË ‚ËÁË Á‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. Å˙Î„‡Ëfl Â ‚ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ‡ ‚ May 2001 "·ÂÎËfl" ÒÔËÒ˙Í Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ, ˜ËËÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÌflÏ‡Ú ÌÛÊ‰‡ ÓÚ ‚ËÁ‡ The temporary structures of the common ESDP, created with the Treaty of Á‡ ÔÂÒÚÓÈ ‰Ó 3 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ Ì‡ ÚÂËÚÓËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Öë. Amsterdam, start functioning on a permanent basis. å‡È 2001 „. 14 – 15 December 2001 ÇÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÒÚÛÍÚÛË Ì‡ éÖèëé, Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌË ÓÚ ÄÏÒÚÂ‰‡ÏÒÍËfl A European Council is held in Laeken, Belgium. It adopts a declaration on ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó, Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡Ú ‰‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡Ú ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ. the operational capability of the common European Security and Defence 14 – 15 ÑÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2001 „. Policy, stating that the EU is ready to carry out crisis management opera- Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÔËÂÏ‡ ‚ ã‡‡ÍÂÌ (ÅÂÎ„Ëfl) ‰ÂÍÎ‡‡ˆËfl Á‡ ÓÔÂ‡- tions. ÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚË Ì‡ éÖèëé, ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÔËÁÌ‡‚‡˘‡, ˜Â Öë Â The place of the common ESDP, as a part of the European Common ‚Â˜Â „ÓÚÓ‚ ‰‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ÓÔÂ‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÍËÁË. Foreign and Security Policy, is in the so-called EU global policies, which åflÒÚÓÚÓ Ì‡ éÖèëé Í‡ÚÓ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ éèéÇéë Â ‚ Ú. Ì‡. „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌË aim at the formation of a uniform EU policy on the world stage in the area ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ì‡ Öë, ÍÓËÚÓ ˆÂÎflÚ ‰‡ ÙÓÏË‡Ú Â‰ËÌÌ‡ Á‡ ˆÂÎËfl ë˙˛Á of trade policies and external economic relations, as well as in the area of 8 ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÒˆÂÌ‡ Í‡ÍÚÓ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ú˙„Ó‚ÒÍËÚÂ common foreign and security policy. ÔÓÎËÚËÍË Ë ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl, Ú‡Í‡ Ë ‚ ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ January 2002 Ì‡ Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ÉÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡- The WEU transfers the crisis management functions to the EU. Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ Öë Á‡ ‡ÁÎËÍ‡ ÓÚ Â„ÛÎ‡ˆËÓÌÌËÚÂ ÏÛ Ë ÔÂ‡ÁÔÂ- ‰ÂÎËÚÂÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚËÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú ˜ÂÁ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌË Ô‡Í- 17 September 2004 ÚËÍË, ÒÂ ÔËÂÏ‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÂÌË ÔÓˆÂ‰ÛË, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands agree on creating a Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ë˙‚ÂÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Öë Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËflÚ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌ Ë Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂ- European gendarmerie, numbering 800 men at first. ÎÂÌ Ó„‡Ì. 26 October 2004 üÌÛ‡Ë 2002 „. Foreign Ministers of the EU member states agree on introducing finger Öë ÔË‰Ó·Ë‚‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ áÖë ËÏ‡ ‚ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍËÁË. prints in the European passports. This will be the second biometric ele- ment in the European passports, after the introduction of digital photos. 17 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „. î‡ÌˆËfl, àÒÔ‡ÌËfl, àÚ‡ÎËfl, èÓÚÛ„‡ÎËfl Ë ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ÒÂ ‰Ó„Ó‚‡flÚ ‰‡ 22 November 2004 Ò˙Á‰‡‰‡Ú Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ Ê‡Ì‰‡ÏÂËfl Ò Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌ‡ ˜ËÒÎÂÌÓÒÚ ÓÍÓ- Defence Ministers of the EU Member States negotiate the creation of mil- ÎÓ 800 ‰Û¯Ë. itary units, comprising of 16 500 men, which can be located in hot spots across the world. 26 ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „. åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒ- 2 December 2004 ÍËfl Ò˙˛Á ÒÂ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏfl‚‡Ú Á‡ ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌË Ô˙ÒÚÓ- EU military forces (EUFOR) take over the official command of the NATO ‚Ë ÓÚÔÂ˜‡Ú˙ˆË ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË. íÓ‚‡ Â ‚ÚÓËflÚ ·ËÓ- Peace-keeping Mission in Bosnia at a ceremony in Sarajevo. ÏÂÚË˜ÂÌ ÂÎÂÏÂÌÚ ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ÒÎÂ‰ ‰Ë„ËÚ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÌËÏÍ‡. 2005 The European Constitution, currently being ratified, clearly states the goal of establishing a genuine common European defence. It updates the 22 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „. Petersberg tasks and inserts two clauses: a mutual defence clause and a åËÌËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË ÓÚ Öë ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓflÚ solidarity clause in the event of terrorist attacks or natural or man-made dis- Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË "·ÓÈÌË Â‰ËÌËˆË" Ò 1˜ËÒÎÂÌÓÒÚ 16 500 ‰Û¯Ë, asters. It also provides for military tasks to be assigned to a group of ÍÓËÚÓ ‰‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‡ÁÔÓÎ‡„‡ÌË ‚ „ÓÂ˘Ë ÚÓ˜ÍË ÔÓ ˆÂÎËfl Member States or the establishment of a "permanent structured coopera- Ò‚flÚ. tion" in the defence field. These measures would allow some Member States to move faster towards the goal of a common European defence. 2 ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2004 „. ÇÓÂÌÌËÚÂ ÒËÎË Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á /ûîéê/ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú ÓÙËˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÍÓÏ‡Ì‰‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÏËÓÓÔ‡Á‚‡˘‡Ú‡ ÏËÒËfl Ì‡ çÄíé ‚ ÅÓÒÌ‡ /Öë- å‡„‰‡ÎÂÌ‡ ëÚÓflÌÓ‚‡ îéê/ Ì‡ ˆÂÂÏÓÌËfl ‚ ë‡‡Â‚Ó. 2005 Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, ÍÓflÚÓ ‚ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ Â ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ Ì‡ ‡ÚË- ÙËÍ‡ˆËfl ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë, flÒÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Á‡ ˆÂÎ ËÁ„‡Ê‰‡- àÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌË ËÁÚÓ˜ÌËˆË / Sources: ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. ífl ÓÒ˙‚ÂÏÂÌfl‚‡ Ë ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡ Á‡‰‡˜ËÚÂ ÓÚ èÂÚÂÒ·Â„ Ë ‚Ï˙Í‚‡ ‰‚Â ÍÎ‡ÛÁË – ÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡ Á‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÌ‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ë Simon Duke "The EU and Crisis Management: Development and Prospects 2002", 2002, ÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡ Á‡ ÒÓÎË‰‡ÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡È Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌË ‡Ú‡ÍË ËÎË ÔËÓ‰- European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht, The Netherlands ÌË, ËÎË ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ÌË ÓÚ ˜Ó‚ÂÍ‡ ·Â‰ÒÚ‚Ëfl. ífl ÔÂ‰‚ËÊ‰‡ Ë ‚˙ÁÎ‡„‡- Marie-France Christophe Tchakaloff, “Les grandes etapes de I'organisation de I'Europe”, 1999, ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌË Á‡‰‡˜Ë Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ ÓÚ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë-˜ÎÂÌÍË ËÎË Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ- Presses Universitaires de France ÚÓ Ì‡ “ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó” ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ http://www.europa.eu.int ÓÚ·‡Ì‡Ú‡. íÂÁË ÏÂÍË ·Ëı‡ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÎË Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË ‰‡ ÒÂ http://www.weu.int ÔË‰‚ËÊ‚‡Ú ÔÓ-·˙ÁÓ Í˙Ï ˆÂÎÚ‡ – Ó·˘‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÓÚ·‡Ì‡. http://www.dadalos-europe.org/int

9 ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Freedom and Security 53 äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î 53rd Liberal International Congress 12-14 Ï‡È 2005„., ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl 12-14 May 2005, Sofia, Bulgaria

ãË·Â‡ÎÂÌ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Liberal International ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Â Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÎË·Â- Liberal International is the world federation of liberal political parties. ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ô‡ÚËË. éÒÌÓ‚‡Ì ÔÂÁ 1947 „., ÚÓÈ ÒÂ Founded in 1947 it has become the pre-eminent network for liberal par- ÔÂ‚˙˘‡ ‚ ÏÂÊ‡ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡ÚËË, ‡·Ó- ties and for the strengthening of liberal democracy around the world. ÚÂ˘‡ Á‡ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡. é·- There are a number of common principles which unite all liberal par- ˘ËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ó·Â‰ËÌfl‚‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË Ô‡ÚËË ties from Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe: human rights, free ÓÚ ÄÙËÍ‡, ëÂ‚ÂÌ‡ Ë ûÊÌ‡ ÄÏÂËÍ‡, ÄÁËfl Ë Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Ò‡: ˜Ó‚Â¯- and fair elections and multiparty-democracy, social justice, tolerance, ÍË Ô‡‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌË Ë ˜ÂÒÚÌË ËÁ·ÓË Ë ÏÌÓ„ÓÔ‡ÚËÈÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡- social market economy, free trade, environmental sustainability and a ˆËfl, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒÔ‡‚Â‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚ, ÚÓÎÂ‡ÌÚÌÓÒÚ, ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ strong sense of international solidarity. Naturally in the application of ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡ Ú˙„Ó‚Ëfl, Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ Ë ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ ÒÓÎË‰‡ÌÓÒÚ. these principles in different national circumstances there is diversity among liberal parties. äÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Congress äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú e ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆË- ÓÌ‡Î. íÓÈ ‰‡‚‡ Ì‡ÒÓÍË Á‡ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÓÚ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ÔÓÎËÚË- The Congress is the democratic authority of the organisation and Í‡. èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â ÒÂ Ò˙·Ë‡Ú Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË directs its policy. Every 18 months representatives of member parties 18 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰flÚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î‡, Í‡Í- assemble to establish the policy and monitor the work of Liberal ÚÓ Ë ‰‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎflÚ ÔËÓËÚÂÚËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡. International. Members discuss policy papers; debate and vote on res- óÎÂÌÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ó·Ò˙Ê‰‡Ú Ë ÒËÌıÓÌËÁË‡Ú Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÔÓÁËˆËË ÔÓ ‡Í- olutions submitted by member parties; elect the Bureau and other offi- ÚÛ‡ÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÂÏË, ‰Â·‡ÚË‡Ú Ë „Î‡ÒÛ‚‡Ú ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËË, cials; discuss membership issues and participate in workshops. The ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÂÌË ÓÚ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â, ËÁ·Ë‡Ú ÛÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡˘ËÚÂ Congress is held in different parts of the world by invitation of member Ó„‡ÌË Ì‡ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡, ‰ËÒÍÛÚË‡Ú ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌË ‚˙ÔÓÒË Ë parties and provides an excellent networking opportunity for liberals Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡Ú ‚ ‡·ÓÚÌË „ÛÔË. äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‚ ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË from around the world. ˜‡ÒÚË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚ‡ ÔÓ ÔÓÍ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ë ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚fl ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÚ ˆÂÎ Ò‚flÚ. The Congress this year takes place in Sofia, Bulgaria from 12th to 14th of May at the invitation of the Bulgarian parties, members of Liberal äÓÌ„ÂÒ˙Ú Ú‡ÁË „Ó‰ËÌ‡ ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ ‚ ëÓÙËfl, Å˙Î„‡Ëfl ÓÚ 12 International. The slogan of the 53rd Congress is Freedom and ‰Ó 14 Ï‡È ÔÓ ÔÓÍ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡ÚËË, ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ ãË·Â- ‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î. åÓÚÓÚÓ Ì‡ 53-Ëfl ÍÓÌ„ÂÒ Â ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë Security. ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. Å˙Î„‡ÒÍË Ô‡ÚËË – ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Bulgarian Parties – members of Liberal International àÏÂ: Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Á‡ è‡‚‡ Ë ë‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Name: Movement for Rights and Freedoms ëÚ‡ÚÛÚ: è˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÂÌ ˜ÎÂÌ (äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003 „.) Status: Member (Congress in Dakar, Senegal, October 2003) ãË‰Â: ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡Ì Leader: Ahmed Dogan àÌÚÂÌÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËˆ‡: http://www.dps.bg Website: http://www.dps.bg

àÏÂ: ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ II Name: National Movement Simeon II ëÚ‡ÚÛÚ: ÄÒÓˆËË‡Ì ˜ÎÂÌ (äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003 „.) Status: Observer (Congress in Dakar, Senegal, October 2003) ãË‰Â: ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË Leader: Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha àÌÚÂÌÂÚ ÒÚ‡ÌËˆ‡: http://www.ndsv.bg Website: http://www.ndsv.bg

àÌÙÓÏ‡ˆËﬂ Á‡ ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚË/Contact information:

Liberal International 1 Whitehall Place, London SW1A 2HD, United Kingdon Tel: +44 20 7839 5905, Fax: +44 20 7925 2685 E-mail: [email protected]

10 ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËﬂ ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î President of Liberal International

In 1980 Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck èÂÁ 1980„. ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌËfl ÍÓ- joined the PVV (Party for Freedom and ÏËÚÂÚ Ì‡ ·ÂÎ„ËÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ è‡ÚËfl Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÔÓ„ÂÒ (PVV), ‡ ÓÚ Progress) as a member of the standing 1985 ‰Ó 1989 „. Â Ë ÌÂËÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ. éÚ 1989„. Úfl Â ÔÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰- committee. She has been President of ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ PVV. É-Ê‡ çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡- the PVV from 1985 until 1989. She is Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÓÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1999„. èÂÁ 1999„. Úfl ÒÂ ÔËÒ˙Â‰ËÌfl‚‡ Í˙Ï Ô‡- Honorary Chairperson of the PVV since 1989. In 1981 Ms Neyts- ‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Å˛ÍÒÂÎ Í‡ÚÓ åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ë ‚˙Ì¯ÌË- Uyttebroeck was elected Member of Parliament and was Secretary of State ÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. éÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2000„. ‰Ó 2003„. Â ÏËÌËÒÚ˙, ÔËÍÂ- for Brussels until 1985. She was Member of the European Parliament from ÔÂÌ Í˙Ï ÏËÌËÒÚ˙‡ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË, ÓÚ„Ó‚‡fl˘ Á‡ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡Ú‡ 1994 until 1999. In 1999 she joined the government of Brussels as minister Ú˙„Ó‚Ëfl ‚˙‚ îÂ‰Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl. for finance and external relations. In October 2000, Ms Neyts became Minister, attached to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, charged with External èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ, „-Ê‡ çÂÈÚÒ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÓÚ Trade in the federal government of Belgium, a post she held until 2003. „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE) Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËËÚÂ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌË ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÔÓ ÒÂÎÒÍÓÒÚÓÔ‡Ì- Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck was Treasurer and Vice President of the ÒÍÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ èÓ‰ÍÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Liberal International and has been Deputy President from 1996 to 1999, ÓÚ·‡Ì‡, Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÑÂÎÂ„‡ˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚ- when she became acting President following the resignation of Frits ÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl Ò˙Ò ëÄô. Bolkestein. She was elected President of Liberal International by the Congress in Ottawa in October 2000 and re-elected at the Congress in ÄÌÂÏË çÂÈÚÒ-ûÚÂ·¸ÓÍ Â Á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂ- March 2002 in Budapest, Hungary and at the Congress in October 2003 Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 1999„. ífl Â ËÁ·‡Ì‡ Á‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡Î- in Dakar, Senegal. ÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ éÚ‡‚‡, ä‡Ì‡‰‡ ÔÂÁ 2000„. Ë ÔÂ- ËÁ·‡Ì‡ Ì‡ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ ÅÛ‰‡ÔÂ˘‡, ìÌ„‡Ëfl ÔÂÁ 2002 „. Ë Ì‡ äÓÌ„Â- At present Ms Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck is also Minister of State in Ò‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ 2003 „. Belgium and member of the European Parliament.

Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ Abdoulaye Wade èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î President of the Republic of Senegal ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËﬂ ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Vice-President of Liberal International

Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ ËÁÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚËÍ‡, ÙËÁËÍ‡, ıËÏËfl, ÔÒËıÓÎÓ„Ëfl, ÒÓˆËÓ- ÎÓ„Ëfl, ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ë Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚËÚÂ Besançon, ÑËÊÓÌ Ë Grenoble ‚ è‡ËÊ ÔÂÁ 50-ÚÂ „Ó‰ËÌË Ì‡ ÏËÌ‡ÎËfl ‚ÂÍ. ëÎÂ‰ Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓ- In the 1950s Abdoulaye Wade studies ÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍË ÒÚÂÔÂÌË ÔÓ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, ÚÓÈ ÒÂ ‚ÔÛÒÍ‡ ‚ mathematics, physics, chemistry, psy- ‡Í‡‰ÂÏË˜Ì‡ Í‡ËÂ‡ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ÈÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÓÒÚ˙Ì, chology, sociology, economics, and è‡ËÊ, Ñ‡Í‡ Ë ëÓ·ÓÌ‡Ú‡. íÓÈ ‡·ÓÚË Ë Í‡ÚÓ ‡‰‚ÓÍ‡Ú ‚ ÄÔÂÎ‡- law at the universities of Besançon, ÚË‚ÌËfl Ò˙‰ Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î Ë Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ Á‡ ÑÂÍ‡Ì Ì‡ î‡ÍÛÎÚÂÚ‡ ÔÓ Ô‡- Dijon and Grenoble in France. After qualifying as a lawyer and obtaining ‚Ó Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ñ‡Í‡ (ëÂÌÂ„‡Î). a doctorate in law and economics, he embarks on an academic career, teaching at the universities of Boston, Paris, Dakar, and the Sorbonne. ìÂÈ‰ Â ÔËÓÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÔÓÁËˆËÓÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ ‚ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î. ä‡ÚÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡- He also works as a barrister at the Court of Appeal in Senegal and is ÚÂÎ Ë ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡ÎÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl (‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍ‡ appointed Dean of the Faculty of Law and Economics at the University ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl), ÚÓÈ ÔÂÍ‡‚‡ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒ- of Dakar, Senegal. ÍËfl ÒË ÊË‚ÓÚ ÔÓ‚ÂÊ‰‡ÈÍË Í‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË ÒÂ˘Û ÒÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÛÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ Â‰ÌÓÎË˜ÌÓ ÓÚ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒË- Wade is a pioneer of opposition politics in Senegal. As founder and ÏÓÒÚÚ‡ ÓÚ î‡ÌˆËfl ÔÂÁ 1960„. èÂÁ ÚÓ‚‡ ‚ÂÏÂ Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ Â leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (African liberal party), he ·ËÎ ‚ ËÁ„Ì‡ÌËÂ Ë ÌÂÂ‰ÌÓÍ‡ÚÌÓ ı‚˙ÎflÌ ‚ Á‡Ú‚Ó‡, ÌÓ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ ÛÒ- spends much of his political life campaigning against the socialists who Ôfl‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÚ‡ÌÂ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ (1974 – 1980) Ë ‰ÓË have governed the country single-handedly since the independence ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ‰‚Â ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËÓÌÌË Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ Ì‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ 90-ÚÂ from France in 1960. In the course of this campaign he has been in exile „Ó‰ËÌË. É-Ì ìÂÈ‰ ÒÂ ·ÓË Á‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡‰ 20 „Ó‰ËÌË. íÓÈ and repeatedly imprisoned, but also serves as an MP in the National Á‡ Ô˙‚Ë Ô˙Ú Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡‰ÔÂ‚‡‡ ÔÂÁ 1978„. Ë Assembly and even as a minister in two coalition governments during ÒÎÂ‰ ÚË ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎÌË ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÌË Í‡ÏÔ‡ÌËË, Ì‡È-Ì‡Í‡fl Â ËÁ·- the 1990s. Wade contests the Office of the Presidency for over 20 years. ‡Ì Á‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ëÂÌÂ„‡Î ÔÂÁ Ï‡Ú 2000„. Ì‡ 74 „Ó- He first runs in the presidential race in 1978 and, following three subse- ‰Ë¯Ì‡ ‚˙Á‡ÒÚ. çÂ„Ó‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓ·Â‰‡ ‰Â Ù‡ÍÚÓ ÒÎ‡„‡ Í‡fl Ì‡ 40 „Ó‰Ë¯- quent polls, is finally elected President of the Republic of Senegal in ÌÓÚÓ Â‰ÌÓÔ‡ÚËÈÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ëÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl. March 2000, at the age of 74. His victory ends 40 years of de facto one- party rule by the Socialist Party. èÂ‰‡Ì Ô‡Ì-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌËÒÚ, Ä·‰ÛÎ‡ ìÂÈ‰ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ Û˜‡ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á, A committed pan-Africanist, Wade has actively participated in the work ‡ ÓÒ‚ÂÌ ÚÓ‚‡ Â èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ àÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰- of the Organisation of African Unity and the African Union, and is ÌÓ-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. íÓÈ Â Ë ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl President of the Economic Community of West African States. He is as ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ·‡ÁË‡ÌËfl ‚ ëË‡Ú˙Î (ëÄô) ñÂÌÚ˙ Á‡ ë‚Â- well Vice-President of Liberal International and a member of the Seattle- ÚÓ‚ÂÌ ÏË ˜ÂÁ Ô‡‚Ó Ë Ì‡ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl ÔÓ Ò‡‚ÌË- based Centre for World Peace through Law and the International ÚÂÎÌÓ Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ëÚÓÍıÓÎÏ (ò‚ÂˆËfl). Academy of Trial Lawyers based in Stockholm, Sweden.

11 èÓÙ. ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ Prof. Rajiva Wijesinha ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËﬂ àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Vice-President of Liberal International èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËﬂ Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ President of the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka

ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ éÍÒÙÓ‰ÒÍËfl ÛÌË- Rajiva Wijesinha read Classics at University ‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ. íÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ Corpus Christi College Oxford. He then obtained a doctor- College, ÒÎÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚË ‚ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ Ë ÍÓ- ate from Corpus Christi College. After that he Ó‰ËÌË‡ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ÌË‚Ó ÔÂ‰-ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ÍÛÒÓ‚Â ÔÓ taught at universities in Sri Lanka and coordi- ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Á‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ÒÛ·ÒË‰ËË. É-Ì ÇË‰ÊÂ- nated pre-University English courses nation- ÒËÌı‡ Â ·ËÎ ÓÒÂÏ „Ó‰ËÌË Ë äÛÎÚÛÌÓ ‡Ú‡¯Â Ì‡ ÅËÚ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ wide for the University Grants Commission. Mr. Wijesinha was also for eight ‚ äÓÎÓÏ·Ó. years Cultural Affairs Officer of the British Council in Colombo. A wide range of travel experiences includes two voyages round the world as Visiting èÓÙ. ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ Â ÑÂÍ‡Ì Ì‡ î‡ÍÛÎÚÂÚ‡ Professor on the University of Pittsburgh Semester at Sea Programme. ÔÓ ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ÂÁËˆË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Sabaragamuwa (òË ã‡ÌÍ‡). íÓÈ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌ‡ ÍÓ- Prof. Rajiva Wijesinha is now Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences & ÏËÒËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡, ÍÓÌÒÛÎÚ‡ÌÚ ÔÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Í˙Ï åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ- Languages at the University of Sabaragamuwa. He is also member of the ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÚÓ, ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏË˜ÂÌ ÍÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ„‡ÏË Sri Lankan National Education Commission, Consultant in English to the ÔÓ ‚ËÒ¯Â Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÇÓÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ Ë Ministry of Education, Academic Coordinator of the degree programme of èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÅÓ‰‡ ÔÓ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏË˜ÌËÚÂ ‚˙ÔÓÒË Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î- the Sri Lanka Military Academy, and Chairman of the Academic Affairs ÌËfl ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ÔÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÚÓ. Board of the National Institute of Education.

ê‡‰ÊË‚‡ ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ ËÏ‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ ÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ˆËË ‚ ‡ÁÌÓÓ·‡ÁÌË Ó·- Apart from his creative writing, Rajiva Wijesinha has published extensively in Î‡ÒÚË Í‡ÚÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ Ë ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ‡ Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÒÚÓËfl diverse fields such as English Language and Literature, and Political History Ë ÚÂÓËfl. èÛ·ÎËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ ÏÛ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ËÒÚÓ- and Theory. His publications include “Liberal Values for South Asia” and two Ëfl Ë ÚÂÓËfl ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡Ú “ãË·Â‡ÎÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Á‡ ûÊÌ‡ ÄÁËfl” Ë books of recent Sri Lankan political history; four novels including “Servants” ‰‚Â ÍÌË„Ë ÓÚ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ËÒÚÓËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡. which won in 1995 the Gratiaen Prize awarded by Michael Ondaatje for Sri Lankan writing in English. He has been a writing fellow at the Rockefeller É-Ì ÇË‰ÊÂÒËÌı‡ Â ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ òË ã‡ÌÍ‡ Ë Centre in Bellagio, Italy, and at Hawthornden Castle in Scotland. Â ·ËÎ ÌÂËÌ Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡Ú Á‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ËÁ·ÓËÚÂ ÔÂÁ 1999„. íÓÈ Â ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î, ‡ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â Mr. Wijesinha is the Leader of the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka and was its ·ËÎ Ë èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÁË‡ÚÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰Â- Presidential candidate at the 1999 election. He is Vice-President of Liberal ÏÓÍ‡ÚË. International and was Chairman of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats.

éÚÓ É‡Ù ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙ Dr Otto Graf Lambsdorff èÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Honorary President, ãË·Â‡ÎÌËﬂ ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î Liberal International èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÙÓÌ‰‡ˆËﬂ “îË‰Ëı ç‡ÛÏ‡Ì” President of the Friedrich Naumann Stiftung

éÚÓ É‡Ù ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙ Û˜Ë Ô‡‚Ó Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒË- Otto Graf Lambsdorff studies Law and ÚÂÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÓÌ Ë ä¸ÓÎÌ ‚ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl. íÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ì‡ ‡‰‚Ó- Political Science at the Universities of Í‡ÚÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ‡ ‚ ÏÂÒÚÌËÚÂ Ë Ó·Î‡ÒÚÌËÚÂ Ò˙‰ËÎË˘‡ Ì‡ Ñ˛ÒÂÎ- Bonn and Cologne in Germany. He is ‰ÓÙ ÔÂÁ 1960„. admitted to the bar at the local and district courts of Dusseldorf in 1960. èÂÁ 1951„. ÚÓÈ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÌÂÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl, ‡ ÔÂÁ 1972„. ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ„ÂÏ‡ÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. íÓÈ Â åËÌËÒ- In 1951 he becomes member of the German liberal party, Free Ú˙ Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡Ú‡ ‚ ÌflÍÓÎÍÓ Í‡·ËÌÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ä‡ÌˆÎÂ‡ ïÂÎÏÛÚ Democrats (FDP) and in 1972 Member of Parliament (Bundestag). He òÏË‰Ú Ë ä‡ÌˆÎÂ‡ ïÂÎÏÛÚ äÓÎ ÓÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1984„., ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË ÔÓ- is Minister of Economics in several cabinets under Chancellor Helmut ‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡. éÚ 1984 ‰Ó 1988„. ÚÓÈ Â è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÂÌ „Ó‚Ó- Schmidt and Chancellor Helmut Kohl from 1977 to June 1984, when he ËÚÂÎ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ ‚˙ÔÓÒË. íÓÈ Â ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ÌÂÏÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË- resignes as Federal Minister of Economics. From 1984 until 1988 he is ·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‰Ó 1993„. the Parliamentary Spokesman on Economic Affairs. He is leader of the FDP until 1993. Ñ- ã‡Ï·Ò‰ÓÙ Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÓÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1996„. èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ÚÓÈ Â ÌÂ„Ó‚ èÓ˜ÂÚÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ, Dr Otto Graf Lambsdorff is President of Liberal International from 1994 Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÙÓÌ‰‡ˆËfl “îË‰Ëı ç‡ÛÏ‡Ì”. until 1996. He is now its Honorary President, as well as President of the Friedrich Naumann Stiftung.

12 ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË Simeon Saxe-Coburg åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëﬂ Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria

ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË Â ÒËÌ Ì‡ ˆ‡ ÅÓËÒ III Ë ˆ‡Ëˆ‡ âÓ‡ÌÌ‡. ç‡ Simeon Saxe-Coburg is a son of King 28 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1943 „., Â‰‚‡ 6 „Ó‰Ë¯ÂÌ, ëËÏÂÓÌ II ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÍ‡˜‚‡ Ì‡ ÔÂÒ- Boris III of Bulgaria and Queen Joanna. ÚÓÎ‡. ëÎÂ‰ ÍÓÏÛÌËÒÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ÔÂ‚‡Ú Ì‡ 9 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1944 „. ëË- On August 28, 1943, barely six years old, ÏÂÓÌ II ÓÒÚ‡‚‡ Ì‡ ÚÓÌ‡, ÌÓ ÔÂÁ 1946 „., ÚÓÈ Ë ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÏÛ Ò‡ Simeon II accedes to the throne. ÔËÌÛ‰ÂÌË ‰‡ Ì‡ÔÛÒÌ‡Ú Å˙Î„‡Ëfl. íÂ ÒÂ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡Ú ‚ ÄÎÂÍÒ‡Ì‰Ëfl, Following the communist coup d'etat on Ö„ËÔÂÚ. í‡Ï ëËÏÂÓÌ ÒÂ Á‡ÔËÒ‚‡ ‚ ÔÓ˜ÛÚËfl “ÇËÍÚÓËfl ÍÓÎË‰Ê”. September 9, 1944 Simeon II remaines on the throne, but in 1946, King èÂÁ 1951 „. ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ÔÂ‰ÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ Simeon and his family are forced to flee Bulgaria. They settle in Alexandria, Û·ÂÊË˘Â Ì‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍÓ ˆ‡ÒÍÓ ÒÂÏÂÈÒÚ‚Ó. Ç å‡‰Ë‰ ëËÏÂÓÌ II Á‡- Egypt. Simeon is enrolled in the Victoria College in Egypt. In 1951 the ‚˙¯‚‡ îÂÌÒÍËfl ÎËˆÂÈ, ÒÎÂ‰‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË. èÂÁ ÔÂ- Spanish Government grantes asylum to the exiled Bulgarian royal family. In ËÓ‰‡ 1958 - 1959 „. ÚÓÈ Â ÍÛÒ‡ÌÚ ‚˙‚ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl “Ç‡ÎË Madrid Simeon graduates from the Lycee Francaise and read law and polit- ÙÓ‰Ê” - ëÄô. á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ò ˜ËÌ “ÏÎ‡‰¯Ë ÎÂÈÚÂÌ‡ÌÚ”. éÒ‚ÂÌ Ó‰ÌËfl ical science. In 1958 - 1959 he is enrolled at the Valley Forge Military ÒË ·˙Î„‡ÒÍË ÂÁËÍ, ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„„ÓÚÒÍË „Ó‚ÓË ÓÚÎË˜ÌÓ ‡Ì„- Academy in the United States and graduates as second lieutenant. In addi- ÎËÈÒÍË, ÙÂÌÒÍË, ÌÂÏÒÍË, ËÚ‡ÎË‡ÌÒÍË Ë ËÒÔ‡ÌÒÍË, ÔÓÎÁ‚‡ ‡‡·ÒÍË Ë tion to Bulgarian, Simeon Saxe-Coburg speaks fluent English, French, ÔÓÚÛ„‡ÎÒÍË. German, Italian and Spanish and a little Arabic and Portuguese. èÂÁ 1996 „. ëËÏÂÓÌ II ÒÂ Á‡‚˙˘‡ ‚ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl. ç‡ 6 ‡ÔËÎ 2001 „. ÚÓÈ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ II (çÑëÇ) Ë Í‡ÚÓ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ In 1996 Simeon II returnes to Bulgaria. On April 6, 2001 he founds a ÚÓ‚‡ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ÒÂ fl‚fl‚‡ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË Ì‡ 17 ˛ÌË 2001 National Movement Simeon II and as the leader of this Movement, he par- „. ëÎÂ‰ ÔÓ·Â‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ çÑëÇ, Ì‡ 24 ˛ÎË 2001 „. ëËÏÂÓÌ ë‡ÍÒÍÓ·Û„- ticipates in the parliamentary election on June 17, 2001. Having won a vic- „ÓÚÒÍË ÔÓÎ‡„‡ ÍÎÂÚ‚‡ Í‡ÚÓ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ tory for the National Movement, on July 24, 2001 Simeon Saxe-Coburg is Å˙Î„‡Ëfl. sworn in as Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria

ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡Ì Ahmed Dogan èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂÚÓ Á‡ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë President of the Movement for Rights and Freedom party, Bulgaria

ÄıÏÂ‰ ÑÓ„‡Ì Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl ‚ ëì "äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË" (1981„.) Ahmed Dogan graduates in Philosophy from Ë ÄÍ‡‰ÂÏËflÚ‡ Á‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ (1985„.). the University of Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridsky”, èÂÁ 1986„. ÒÚ‡‚‡ Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡Ú Ì‡ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÛÍË Ë Ì‡Û˜ÂÌ Ò˙Ú- Bulgaria in 1981 and from the Academy of Û‰ÌËÍ ‚ àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ‡ ÔÓ ÙËÎÓÒÓÙËfl Í˙Ï Å˙Î„‡ÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡ Social Sciences and Social Management in Ì‡ÛÍËÚÂ. íÓÈ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ÛÒÍË Ë ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ. 1985. In 1986 he gets a Doctor’s Degree in Philosophical Sciences and becomes a Research Associate at the ì˜Â‰ËÚÂÎ Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ‚ËÊÂÌËÂÚÓ Á‡ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Institute of Philosophy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He speaks (Ñèë) ÓÚ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÏÛ Ì‡ 4 flÌÛ‡Ë 1990 „. éÚ 1991 ‰Ó 1994 „. Â Bulgarian, Russian and English. ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ 36-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ ÓÚ Ñèë, ‡ ÔÂÁ 1991„. - ÔÂ‰- Founder and President of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF) ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ Ñèë. éÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1997 „. Â Party since its establishment on 4 January 1990. From 1991 to 1994 he is ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ 37-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ. èÂÁ 2001 „. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú Member of Parliament (MP) in the 36th National Assembly from the MRF ‚ 39-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ, ‡ ˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ÂÌÓÚÓ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Ñèë ÒÚ‡‚‡ and in 1991 - president of the MRF parliamentary group. From 1994 to 1997 ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËÓÌÂÌ Ô‡ÚÌ¸Ó Ì‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ ëËÏÂÓÌ II ‚ ÛÔ‡‚- is MP in the 37th National Assembly. In 2001 he becomes MP in the 39th ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡. National Assembly. The led by him party – MRF is a coalition partner in the present Bulgarian Government.

ëÓÎÓÏÓÌ è‡ÒË Solomon Passy åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëﬂ Republic of Bulgaria

In 1985 Mr. Passy gets a Doctor’s Degree in èÂÁ 1979 „. ëÓÎÓÏÓÌ è‡ÒË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂ- Mathematical Logics and Computer Science Ï‡ÚËÍ‡ ÓÚ ëì “ë‚. äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË”, ‡ ÔÂÁ 1985 „. – ‰ÓÍÚÓÒ- from the University of Sofia “St. Kliment Í‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÎÓ„ËÍ‡ Ë ÍÓÏÔ˛Ú˙ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ Ò˙˘Ëfl Ohridsky”. From 1984 to 1994 he is a ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ. íÓÈ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ Å˙Î„‡ÒÍË, ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ë ÛÒÍË ÂÁËÍ. Research Associate in mathematical logics á‡ ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ÓÚ 1984 „. ‰Ó 1994 „. Â Ì‡Û˜ÂÌ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌËÍ ÔÓ Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚË- and computer sciences at the University of ˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÎÓ„ËÍ‡ Ë ÍÓÏÔ˛Ú˙ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ëì “ë‚. äÎËÏÂÌÚ éıË‰ÒÍË” Ë ÅÄç. Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridsky” and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He éÚ 1991 „. ‰Ó 2001 „. Â ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ÍÎÛ· ‚ Å˙Î„‡- speaks Bulgarian, English and Russian languages. From 1991 to 2001 he is Ëfl, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ Â Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ. á‡ ÔÂËÓ‰‡ ÓÚ 1996 „. ‰Ó 1999 „. Â ‚Ë- President of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria of which he is the founder. From ˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÄÒÓˆË‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÄÚÎ‡ÌÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. 1996 to 1999 he is Vice President of the Atlantic Treaty Association. From éÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1991 Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚˙‚ ÇÂÎËÍÓÚÓ Ì‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ, Ò˙- 1990 to 1991 – Member of Parliament in the Grand National Assembly, ‡‚ÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ·˙Î„‡ÒÍ‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, ‡‚ÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ- and co-author of the new Bulgarian Constitution. He is the first to propose ÚÓ Á‡ ˜ÎÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Å˙Î„‡Ëfl ‚ çÄíé. éÚ ˛ÌË 2001 Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ÓÚ that Bulgaria should join NATO. Since June 2001 – Member of Parliament at çÑëÇ ‚ 39-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ; èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡- 39th National Assembly (National Movement Simeon the Second) and Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÓÚ·‡Ì‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee, Defence and Security. Since éÚ ûÎË 2001 Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ Å˙Î- July 2001- Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria. „‡Ëfl.

13 ÑÊËÈÒ ‰Â ÇËÒ Gijsbert Marius de Vries äÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Counter-Terrorism Co-ordinator Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËﬂ ë˙˛Á of the European Union

ÑÊËÈÒ ‰Â ÇËÒ ËÏ‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË ÓÚ Gijs de Vries has a master degree in ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ‚ ã‡È‰ÂÌ, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl (1981„.). íÓÈ ÔÓÒÂ˘‡‚‡ Ë ÒÎÂ‰‰ËÔ- Political Science from the University of ÎÓÏÌÓ ÎflÚÌÓ Û˜ËÎË˘Â, European University Institute ‚˙‚ îÎÓÂÌˆËfl, àÚ‡- Leiden, The Netherlands (1981). ÎËfl ÔÂÁ 1981„., Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÒÂÏËÌ‡ Á‡ ÎË‰ÂË, School of Foreign Service, From 1981 to 1984 Mr. de Vries is ÑÊÓ‰ÊÚ‡ÛÌÒÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ ‚˙‚ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ, ëÄô ÔÂÁ 1993„. éÚ Lecturer in International Relations at 1981„. ‰Ó 1984„. „-Ì ÑÂ ÇËÒ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‚ University of Leiden, as well as ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ‚ ã‡È‰ÂÌ, ‡ Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Â Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ É‡‰ÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ Member of the Leiden City Council. From 1984 to 1994 he is Member of ã‡È‰ÂÌ. éÚ 1984 ‰Ó 1994„. Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ (Öè), ‡ ÓÚ the European Parliament (EP) and from 1994 to1998: Leader of the 1994 ‰Ó 1998„. ÎË‰Â Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡- Liberal and Democratic Group in the EP. From 1998 to 2002: Deputy ÚË ‚ Öè; éÚ 1998 ‰Ó 2002„. Â á‡Ï.-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË, Minister of the Interior, The Hague; From 2002 to 2003: Representative of ï‡„‡; éÚ 2002 ‰Ó 2003„. – èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ- the Government of the Netherlands at the Convention on the Future of ‚Ó ‚ äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Á‡ ·˙‰Â˘ÂÚÓ Ì‡ Öë, Å˛ÍÒÂÎ; èÂÁ 2004„. Â èÓÒÎ‡ÌËÍ the European Union, Brussels; In 2004: Ambassador of the Netherlands Ì‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ‚ ï‡„‡. Ç ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡, „-Ì ÑÂ ÇËÒ Â Ô˙‚ËflÚ äÓÓ‰ËÌ‡ÚÓ (special assignment: creation of European Foreign Service), The Hague. Ì‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Ì‡ Öë. At present, Mr. de Vries is the first EU Counter-terrorism Co-ordinator.

çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒ Neelie Smit Kroes Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË äÓÏËÒ‡ ÔÓ ÍÓÌÍÛÂÌˆËﬂÚ‡ European Commissioner for Competition

çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ ÓÚ ìÌË- Neelie Smit Kroes obtains a masters ‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ö‡ÁÏÛÒ, êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl ÔÂÁ 1965„. éÚ 1965 ‰Ó 1971 degree in Economics from Erasmus Â ‡ÒËÒÚÂÌÚ ÔÓ àÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ì‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡ ‚ ìÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ö‡ÁÏÛÒ. University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands in éÚ 1969 ‰Ó 1971 - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ é·˘ËÌÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ 1965. From 1965 to 1971 she is Assistant í˙„Ó‚ÒÍ‡Ú‡ Í‡Ï‡‡ Ì‡ êÓÚÂ‰‡Ï. éÚ 1971 ‰Ó 1977 – ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰Ò- Professor in Transport Economics at ÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1981 – Ñ˙Ê‡‚ÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ ÔÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓ- Erasmus University. From 1969 to 1971 - Member of the Rotterdam Ú‡, ÔÛ·ÎË˜ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÛÌËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÚ 1982 Municipal Council and Member of the Rotterdam Chamber of ‰Ó 1989 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡, ÔÛ·ÎË˜ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÚÂÎÂÍÓÏÛ- Commerce. From 1971 to 1977 - Member of Dutch Parliament. From 1977 ÌËÍ‡ˆËËÚÂ Ì‡ ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl. éÚ 1989 ‰Ó 1991 – ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl to 1981 - State Secretary for Transport, Public Works and Telecommuni- ÍÓÏËÒ‡ ÔÓ Ú‡ÌÒÔÓÚ‡ ‚ Å˛ÍÒÂÎ, ÅÂÎ„Ëfl. éÚ 1991 ‰Ó 2000 - èÂÁË- cation, the Netherlands. From 1982 to 1989 - Minister of Transport, Public ‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ìÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Nyenrode. Works and Telecommunication, the Netherlands. From 1989 to 1991 - éÚ 2000„. „-Ê‡ ä¸ÓÒ ÒÂ Á‡ÌËÏ‡‚‡ Ò ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË ·ËÁÌÂÒ ‰ÂÈÌÓÒÚË Ë Â Ò˙- Advisor to the European Transport Commissioner, Brussels, Belgium. ‚ÂÚÌËÍ/ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ·Ó‰‡ Ì‡ ‰ËÂÍÚÓËÚÂ Ì‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË ÍÓÏ- From 1991 to 2000 - President of Nyenrode University. Ô‡ÌËË. çÂÎË ëÏËÚ ä¸ÓÒ Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ‡ Á‡ äÓÏËÒ‡ Ì‡ Öë, ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÂÌ Á‡ Since 2000 Ms. Kroes is involved in various business activities and acts ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÍÛÂÌˆËflÚ‡ ÔÂÁ ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2004„. as advisor/board member for a number of international companies. Neelie Smit Kroes is appointed EU Commissioner responsible for Competition in November 2004.

ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Graham Watson ãË‰Â Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Leader of the Alliance of Liberals Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE) ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËﬂ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ and Democrats for Europe in the European Parliament

Graham Watson gains an honours degree èÂÁ 1979„. ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ò ÓÚÎË˜ËÂ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Heriot- in Modern Languages from the Heriot-Watt Watt, Ö‰ËÌ·Û„, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌÓÒÚ ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË ÂÁËˆË. ÉÓ- University, Edinburgh, UK in 1979. He ‚ÓË ˜ÂÚËË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ÂÁËÍ‡. éÚ 1977 ‰Ó 1979„. ÚÓÈ Â ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË- speaks four European languages. Graham ‰ÂÌÚ, ‡ ÓÚ 1979 ‰Ó 1981„. Ë ÉÂÌÂ‡ÎÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡ Watson is Vice-President (1977 - 1979) and ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ‡‰ËÍ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÏÎ‡‰ÂÊ /IFLRY/, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë General Secretary (1979 - 1981) of the Liberal International's youth move- ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ åÎ‡‰ÂÊÍËfl ÙÓÛÏ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚ (1979 – ment /IFLRY/, and a founder of the European Communities' Youth Forum 1980). éÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1987„. Â ê˙ÍÓ‚Ó‰ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ˜‡ÒÚÌËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡ ë˙ ÑÂÈ- (1979 – 1980). From 1983 to 1987 he serves as Head of the Private Office ‚Ë‰ ëÚËÎ - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, ÚÓ„‡‚‡ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡- of the Rt.Hon. Sir David Steel MP, then Leader of the Liberal Party. From ÚËfl. éÚ 1988 ‰Ó 1994 ‡·ÓÚË ‚ ÎÓÌ‰ÓÌÒÍËfl Ë ıÓÌ„-ÍÓÌ„ÒÍËfl ÓÙËÒ Ì‡ 1988 to 1994 Mr. Watson works for the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bankinga ·‡ÌÍÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÍÓÔÓ‡ˆËfl HSBC Holdings PLC. Corporation /HSBC/ in their London and Hong Kong offices. éÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1993 „-Ì ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚Ó- From 1983 to 1993 Graham Watson is Member of the Council of ÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË. éÚ 1994 Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl European Liberals and Democrats Party. He is Member of the European Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. íÓÈ Â Ô˙‚ËflÚ ·ËÚ‡ÌÒÍË ÎË·Â‡Î ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡Ú, ËÁ·‡Ì ‚ Parliament since 1994. Mr. Watson is the first British Liberal Democrat Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1996 Â Ô‡ÚËÂÌ Ó„‡ÌËÁ‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ever to be elected to the European Parliament. Whip, ELDR Group Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË. (1994 - 1996). In January 2002 Graham Watson is elected as Leader of èÂÁ 2002„. ÉÂ˙Ï ìÓÚÒ˙Ì Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ÎË‰Â Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎË- the European Parliament's Liberal Democrat group, the Alliance of ÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ - ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎË- Liberals and Democrats for Europe. ÚÂ Ë ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE).

14 ä‡ÎËÌ äÓÌÒÚ‡ÌÚËÌ ÄÌÚÓÌ Calin Constantin Anton Popescu - èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ Tariceanu èÂÏËÂ Ì‡ êÛÏ˙ÌËﬂ Prime Minister of Romania

ä‡ÎËÌ èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ ËÏ‡ Ï‡„ËÒÚ˙ÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÁÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎ- Calin Popescu Tariceanu gains a M.Sc. ÒÍ‡ ËÌÙÓÏ‡ÚËÍ‡ Ë Ï‡ÚÂÏ‡ÚËÍ‡ ÓÚ ÅÛÍÛÂ˘ÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ ‚ êÛ- degree in Research Informatics and Ï˙ÌËfl. éÒ‚ÂÌ ÛÏ˙ÌÒÍË, „-Ì í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ÓÚÎË˜ÌÓ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË Ë Mathematics from Bucharest University in ÙÂÌÒÍË ÂÁËˆË. Romania. Besides Romanian, Mr. T‡riceanu èÂÁ 1990„. ä‡ÎËÌ í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚‡ ç‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡- has an excellent command of English and ÚËfl (çãè) ‚ êÛÏ˙ÌËfl, ‡ ÓÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1992„. Â Ë ÌÂËÌ àÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌ French languages. ÒÂÍÂÚ‡. É-Ì èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ì˜Â‰ËÚÂÎÌÓÚÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ In 1990 C‡lin Popescu T‡riceanu funds the National Liberal Party (PNL) in /è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡/ ÓÚ 1990 ‰Ó 1992„. éÚ 1993 ‰Ó 2004„. ÚÓÈ Â á‡Ï.- Romania. From 1990 to 1992 he is Secretary Executive of the PNL. He is ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ çãè. ä‡ÎËÌ èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÔÓ- Member of the Constituent Assembly (Parliament) from 1990 to 1992. From ÏË¯ÎÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ú˙„Ó‚ËflÚ‡ ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 1997„. íÓÈ Â ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú Ë 1993 to 2004 Mr. Popescu T‡riceanu is Vice-president of the PNL. He is ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÂÙÓÏ‡ Ë ÔË‚‡ÚË- State Minister and Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1996 to 1997. Á‡ˆËfl ÓÚ 1996 ‰Ó 2000„., ‡ ÓÚ 2000 ‰Ó 2004„. – á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ From 1996 to 2000 – Member of Parliament (MP), Commission for äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ·˛‰ÊÂÚ, ÙËÌ‡ÌÒË Ë ·‡ÌÍÓ‚Ó ‰ÂÎÓ. èÂÁ 2003„. ÒÚ‡‚‡ Economic Politics, Reform and Privatization and from 2000 to 2004 - MP and á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡ Ô‡- Vice-president of the Budget, Finance and Banks Commission. In 2003 Mr. ÚËfl. éÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „-Ì èÓÔÂÒÍÛ-í˙Ë˜‡ÌÛ Â ÇÂÏÂÌÂÌ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡- Popescu Tariceanu becomes Vice-president of the European Liberal and ÚÂÎ Ì‡ çãè. Democrat Party. Since October 2004 he is Ad interim president of the PNL.

ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Didier Reynders á‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Deputy Prime Minister and Ë åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëﬂ Minister of Finance, Belgium

ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â ËÁÛ˜‡‚‡ ıÛÏ‡ÌËÚ‡ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË („˙ˆÍË-Î‡ÚËÌÒÍË) ‚ Didier Reynders studies Humanities (Greek- “Institute Saint Jean Berchmans” ãËÂÊ (ÅÂÎ„Ëfl), ÒÎÂ‰ ÍÓÂÚÓ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Latin) at the “Institute Saint Jean Berchmans” Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ Ì‡ ãËÂÊ ÔÂÁ 1981„. èÂÁ 1985„. „-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Liège (Belgium), followed, in 1981, by law at the ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ò Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËÂÚÓ ÏÛ Á‡ ÉÂÌÂ‡ÎÂÌ ‰ËÂÍ- University of Liège. In 1985, Mr. Reynders gets ÚÓ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ç‡ÎÓÌÒÍËfl Â„ËÓÌ, ÔÓÒÚ ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡ÂÏ‡ ‰Ó involved in local politics with his Director-General 1988„. èÂÁ 1987„. ÚÓÈ ‚ÎËÁ‡ ‚ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ¯ÂÙ Ì‡ appointment at the Ministry of the Walloon Region, a position he holds until Í‡·ËÌÂÚ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎfl Ë åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙- 1988. In 1987 he enters national politics as Chief of staff of the Deputy Prime ‰ËÂÚÓ Ë ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÂÙÓÏË. ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Minister, Minister of Justice and Institutional Reforms. Didier Reynders joins ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl /Parti Réformateur Libéral - PRL/ the PRL (Parti Réformateur Libéral/ Liberal Reform Party in Wallonia). In ‚˙‚ Ç‡ÎÓÌfl. èÂÁ 1992„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ PRL Ë ÒÚ‡‚‡ 1992 he is elected Deputy Chairman of the PRL, becoming Member of ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡. É-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â Ì‡˜ÂÎÓ Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ PRL ‚ É‡‰Ò- Parliament. Mr. Reynders is Head of the PRL group in the Council of the City ÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ãËÂÊ (1995). èÂÁ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 1995„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ- of Liège (1995). In October 1995 he is elected Chairman of the Provincial ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ó·Î‡ÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ îÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ PRL. and District PRL Federation. He is also Chairman of the PRL-FDF group in èÂÁ 2002„. ÑË‰ËÂ ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÏÂÒÚÌ‡Ú‡ the Chamber from 1995 to 1999. ÙÂ‰Â‡ˆËfl Ì‡ Ù‡ÌÍÓÙÓÌÒÍÓÚÓ ÂÙÓÏËÒÚÍÓ ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ (Mouve- In 2002 Didier Reynders is elected Chairman of the Provincial Federation of ment Réformateur – MR) ‚˙‚ Ç‡ÎÓÌfl, ‡ ÓÚ ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2004 „. Â Ë èÂ‰- the Francophone Reformist Movement or MR /Mouvement Réformateur/ ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – MR. in Wallonia and since October 2004, Chairman of the liberal MR party. Mr. É-Ì ê‡ÈÌ‰Â Â åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÅÂÎ„Ëfl ÓÚ ˛ÎË 1999„., ‡ ÓÚ Reynders becomes Minister of Finance in July 1999 and since July 2004 he ˛ÎË 2004 „. Â Ë á‡Ï. åËÌËÒÚ˙-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ, ÓÚ„Ó‚‡fl˘ Á‡ ËÌÒÚË- is also Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Institutional Reforms. ÚÛˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÂÙÓÏË.

ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ Yukio Hatoyama Ç˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ÒflÌÍ‡ Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl Shadow Foreign Minister, Japan

ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÌÊÂÌÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ÓÚ Yukio Hatoyama earned his PhD in Engineering ëÚ‡ÌÙÓ‰ÒÍËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ (ëÄô) ÔÂÁ 1976„. ëÎÂ‰ ÚÓ‚‡ Â ‡ÒËÒ- from Stanford University (USA) in 1976. He has ÚÂÌÚ ‚ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ‡ ëÂÌ¯Û. worked as an Assistant Professor at Senshu íÓÈ Â ËÁ·‡Ì ‚ flÔÓÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔÂÁ 1986„. ÓÚ ÎËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ÑÊË- University. ÏËÌÚÓ (ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl). èÂÁ 1993„. Ì‡ÔÛÒÍ‡ ÑÊË- Mr. Hatoyama is elected in Diet in 1986 under the ÏËÌÚÓ Ë ÓÒÌÓ‚‡‚‡ òËÌÚÓ ë‡ÍË„‡ÍÂ Á‡Â‰ÌÓ Ò ä‡Ì ç‡ÓÚÓ. èÂÁ 1996„. banner of Jiminto (Liberal democratic party). In ÚÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ ‰Û„‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – åËÌ¯ÛÚÓ (ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl), 1993, he leaves Jiminto and founds Shinto ÓÚÌÓ‚Ó Ò ä‡Ì ç‡ÓÚÓ. ûÍËÓ ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÑÂ- Sakigake with Kan Naoto. In 1996, he founds another party, Minshuto ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl ÔÂÁ ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 1999„. Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚‡ (Democratic Party) with Kan Naoto. Yukio Hatoyama is elected President of Ì‡ ÚÓÁË ÔÓÒÚ ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2002, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË ÔÓ‰‡‚‡ ÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡. the Democratic Party of Japan in September 1999 and holds this position Ç ÏÓÏÂÌÚ‡ ÚÓÈ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÑÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ Í‡Ï‡‡ Ì‡ üÔÓÌÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ, ä‡- until December 2002, when he resigns from the post. Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ. íÓÈ Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡- At present he is member of Japan's Lower House of Parliament, the House ÌËÂ, ÍÛÎÚÛ‡, ÒÔÓÚ, Ì‡ÛÍ‡ Ë ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË Ë äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌË ‡·Ó- of Representatives. His policy expertise includes Trade and Commerce, Land ÚË. É-Ì ï‡ÚÓflÏ‡ Â Ò˙˘Ó Ú‡Í‡ Ç˙Ì¯ÂÌ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ÒflÌÍ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡ Development and Diet Affairs. He is member of Education, Culture, Sports, ÓÔÓÁËˆËÓÌÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl – ÑÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ üÔÓÌËfl. Science and Technology Committee, Foreign Affairs Committee, and Okinawa and Northern Problems Special Committee. Mr. Hatoyama is as well Shadow Foreign Minister of the main opposition Democratic Party of Japan.

13 ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Dr Grigory Alexeevich Yavlinsky èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÛÒÍ‡Ú‡ Chairman of the Russian ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËﬂ üÅãéäé Democratic Party YABLOKO

ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ èÎÂı‡ÌÓ‚ÒÍËfl ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ‚ Grigory Yavlinsky holds a PhD degree åÓÒÍ‚‡ Ò ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. éÚ 1984„. ÚÓÈ Á‡ÂÏ‡ ÛÔ- from the Moscow Plekhanov's Institute of ‡‚ÎÂÌÒÍË ÔÓÁËˆËË ‚ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÛ‰‡ Ë ‚ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÍËfl Economy. From 1984 he occupies senior Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ëëëê. èÂÁ 1989„. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Á‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒ- positions at the Labour Ministry and then ÍË ÂÙÓÏË Ì‡ ‡Í‡‰. Ä·‡ÎÍËÌ. the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In èÂÁ 1990„. ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Ò˙ÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ Á‡ ÔÂ- 1989 Mr. Yavlinsky becomes member of ıÓ‰ Í˙Ï Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡, Ì‡Â˜ÂÌ‡ “500 ‰ÌË”. á‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ the Academician Abalkin's Commission for economic reforms. Ì‡ Ú‡ÁË ÔÓ„‡Ï‡, ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Â Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ Á‡ á‡Ï.-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡- In 1990 Grigory Yavlinsky proposes a political programme for transition to ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êëîëê Ë èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl Ì‡ ëëëê Á‡ a market economy - "500 Days". To implement the programme, Yavlinsky ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÂÙÓÏË. èÂÁ 1991„. ÚÓÈ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ ‰Û„‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ - Á‡ is appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR ËÌÚÂ„Ë‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Í˙Ï Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚Ì‡Ú‡. èÂÁ 1992„. and Chairman of the State Commission of the USSR for Economic ÌÂ„Ó‚ËflÚ ÂÍËÔ Á‡ÔÓ˜‚‡ Â‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡ Á‡ ‡Á- Reform. In 1991 he puts forward another progamme for integration of the ‚ËÚËÂ ‚ Â„ËÓÌ‡ Ì‡ çËÊÌË çÓ‚„ÓÓ‰ – “êÂÙÓÏË ÓÚ‰ÓÎÛ”. Soviet economy into the world economy - "The Grand Bargain". Mr. É-Ì ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Â ‚ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÑÛÏ‡ ÓÚ 1993„. êÛÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡- Yavlinsky begins working in the State Duma in 1993. In 1995 Yabloko is ÚËfl "ü·ÎÓÍÓ" ÒÂ Û˜Â‰fl‚‡ ÔÂÁ 1995„. ç‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚÒÍËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË ÔÂÁ created, a Russian civil democratic party. Grigory Yavlinsky is a presi- 1996„. Ë 2000„., ÉË„ÓËÈ ü‚ÎËÌÒÍË Á‡ÂÏ‡ Ò˙ÓÚ‚ÂÚÌÓ ˜ÂÚ‚˙ÚÓ Ë ÚÂ- dential candidate in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections in Russia. ÚÓ ÏflÒÚÓ. èÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ, ÚÓÈ Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ He comes respectively fourth and third. At present, Mr. Yavlinsky is Head „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ “ü·ÎÓÍÓ” ‚ Ñ˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ÑÛÏ‡. of the Yabloko faction in the State Duma.

ÄÎ‡Ò‡Ì Ñ‡Ï‡Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ Alassane Dramane Ouattara ãË‰Â Ì‡ Rassemblement des Républicains, Leader of the Rally of the äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡ Republicans (RDR), Ivory Coast

ÄÎ‡Ò‡Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ ‚ËÒ¯ÂÚÓ ÒË Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ‚ èÂÌÒËÎ‚‡ÌÒÍËfl Alassane Quattara gains a PhD in ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ, îËÎ‡‰ÂÎÙËfl, ëÄô, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ‰ÓÍÚÓÒÍ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ Economics from the University of ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. çflÍÓË ÓÚ ÔÓ-ÁÌ‡˜ËÏËÚÂ ÔÓÒÚÓ‚Â, ÍÓËÚÓ „-Ì ì‡Ú‡‡ Á‡- Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Some of ÂÏ‡ Ò‡: ÉÎ‡‚ÂÌ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÒÚ ‚ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËfl ‚‡ÎÛÚÂÌ ÙÓÌ‰ (åÇî), Ç‡- the positions, which Mr. Quattara holds ¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ, 1968 – 1973; ÖÍÒÔÂÚ ‚ ÓÙËÒ‡ Ì‡ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎfl Ì‡ ñÂÌÚ‡Î- are: Chief Economist at the International Ì‡Ú‡ ·‡ÌÍ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰ÌÓ-‡ÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë /BCEAO/ ‚ è‡ËÊ, Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington DC, 1973 – 1975; á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ BCEAO ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î, 1983 – 1984; 1968 – 1973; Expert at the office of the Chairman of the West African ÑËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ ÄÙËÍ‡ÌÒÍËfl ‰ÂÔ‡Ú‡ÏÂÌÚ Ì‡ åÇî ‚˙‚ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ, Central Bank /BCEAO/ in Paris, 1973 – 1975; Deputy Chairman of the 1984 – 1988; èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ BCEAO ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î, 1988 – 1993; West African Central Bank in Dakar, Senegal, 1983 – 1984; Director of åËÌËÒÚ˙ ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡, ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 1990 – ‰Â- the African department at the IMF, Washington DC, 1984 – 1988; ÍÂÏ‚Ë 1993; ÄÒËÒÚÂÌÚ Ì‡ ìÔ‡‚Îfl‚‡˘Ëfl ‰ËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ åÇî – ˛ÎË Chairman of the West African Central Bank in Dakar, Senegal, 1988 – 1994, ˛ÎË 1999; éÚ 1 ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 1999 - èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ÌÒÍÓÚÓ 1993; Prime Minister of the Republic of Ivory Coast, November 1990 – Ó·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÂ /Rassemblement des Républicains/, ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‚ December 1993; As of August 1999 – Chairman of the Rally of the äÓÚ Ñ’à‚Ó‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ËÏ‡ ÒÚ‡ÚÛÚ Ì‡ Ô˙ÎÌÓÔ‡‚ÂÌ ˜ÎÂÌ ‚ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl Republicans /Rassemblement des Républicains/, Ivory Coast's political àÌÚÂÌ‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î (ÓÚ äÓÌ„ÂÒ‡ ‚ Ñ‡Í‡, ëÂÌÂ„‡Î – ÓÍÚÓÏ‚Ë 2003„.) party, member of Liberal International since the Dakar Congress in Senegal – October 2003.

ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Sam Rainsy óÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËﬂ MP, President of the Sam Rainsy ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË, ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ Party, Cambodia

ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Ì‡ÔÛÒÍ‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ ÔÂÁ 1965„. Ë ÒÂ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ ‚˙‚ î‡Ì- Sam Rainsy leaves Cambodia for France in ˆËfl. íÓÈ ÒÂ ‚˙˘‡ Ó·‡ÚÌÓ ‚ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ Â‰‚‡ ÔÂÁ 1992„. Ç˙‚ î‡ÌˆËfl 1965 and returns back in 1992. While in ÚÓÈ ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚÒÍË ‰ËÔÎÓÏË ÔÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ì‡ÛÍË, ËÍÓÌÓ- France, he receives university degrees in ÏËÍ‡, Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ë ·ËÁÌÂÒ ‡‰ÏËÌËÒÚ‡ˆËfl. èÂ‰Ë ‰‡ ‚ÎÂÁÂ ‚ ÔÓÎË- Political Science, Economics, Accounting ÚËÍ‡Ú‡, „-Ì êÂÈÌÁË ‡·ÓÚË Í‡ÚÓ ÙËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ÚÓ Ë ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËˆËÓ- and Business Administration. Prior to enter- ÌÂÌ ÏÂÌË‰Ê˙ ‚ ‡ÁÎË˜ÌË ÙËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚Ë ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË ‚ è‡ËÊ, Í‡ÚÓ ·‡Ì- ing politics, Mr. Rainsy serves as Bank Director at Paluel-Marmont (1985 ÍÓ‚ ‰ËÂÍÚÓ ‚ Paluel-Marmont, (1985 - 1988) Ë Í‡ÚÓ èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ë ÉÎ‡- - 1988), and also as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of DR Gestion ‚ÂÌ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÂÌ ‰ËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ DR Gestion (1988 - 1992). (1988 - 1992) in France. Sam Rainsy is a founding member of the FUNC- ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Â ˜ÎÂÌ-ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl FUNCINPEC, Û˜Â‰ÂÌ‡ ÔÂÁ INPEC Party, created in 1992, and serves as a member of their steering 1992„. Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÛÔ‡‚ËÚÂÎÌËfl È Ò˙‚ÂÚ ÓÚ 1992 ‰Ó 1995„. éÚ 1992 ‰Ó committee (1992 - 1995). From 1992 until 1993, he is a member of the 1993„. Â ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ç˙ıÓ‚ÌËfl Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÂÌ Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡, ‡ ÓÚ 1993 Supreme National Council of Cambodia and in 1993 is elected Member ‰Ó 1998„. - ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÌ ‡ÈÓÌ ëËÂÏ êËÔ. É-Ì of Parliament. Mr. Rainsy is Finance Minister of the Royal Government êÂÈÌÁË Â îËÌ‡ÌÒÓ‚ ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ ‚ ä‡ÎÒÍÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó- of Cambodia (1993 - 1994) and also President of the Khmer Nation Party ‰Ê‡ ÓÚ 1993 ‰Ó 1994„., ‡ ÓÚ 1995 ‰Ó 1998„. - èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ïÏÂÒÍ‡- (1995 - 1998). Since 1998 Sam Rainsy serves as President of the Sam Ú‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl. éÚ 1998„. ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Â èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÎË·Â- Rainsy Party (the Liberal Party of Cambodia) and is elected Member of ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Ì‡ ä‡Ï·Ó‰Ê‡ – è‡ÚËfl ë‡Ï êÂÈÌÁË Ë Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ˜ÎÂÌ Parliament for Kompong Cham province. Mr. Rainsy is now also the Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ËÁ·Ë‡ÚÂÎÂÌ ‡ÈÓÌ äÓÏÔÓÌ„ ó‡Ï. É-Ì êÂÈÌÁË Ò˙˘Ó leader of the opposition in Parliament, which is represented by 15 Ú‡Í‡ Â Ë ÎË‰Â Ì‡ ÓÔÓÁËˆËflÚ‡ ‚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡. National Assembly members and 7 Senators. 16 ÄÚÛ å‡Ò Artur Mas i Gavarró ãË‰Â Ì‡ Convergència Democràtica Leader of the Democratic de Catalunyaa Convergence of Catalonia /CDC/

ÄÚÛ å‡Ò ËÏ‡ ‚ËÒ¯Â Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ÔÓ ÙËÏÂÌË Ì‡ÛÍË Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. Artur Mas holds a post-graduate degree in èÂÁ 1987 „. ÔÓÎÛ˜‡‚‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Á‡ Û˜‡ÒÚËÂ ‚ ÎËÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ Í‡Ú‡- Management and Economics. In 1987 he ÎÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÍÓ‡ÎËˆËfl Convergencia i Unio /CiU/ Á‡ ËÁ·ÓËÚÂ Á‡ é·˘ËÌ- receives a proposal to participate in the ÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚ ‚ „‡‰ Å‡ÒÂÎÓÌ‡, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ Â ËÁ·‡Ì ÔÂÁ 1991 Ë ÔÂËÁ·‡Ì electoral lists of the Catalan coalition ÔÂÁ 1995 „. ëÎÂ‰ Ó·˘ËÌÒÍËÚÂ ËÁ·ÓË ÔÂÁ 1995 „. ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú ‚ Convergencia i Unio /CiU/ in the run for è‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ËÌˆËfl ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌËfl ÓÚ ÎËÒÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ CiU, ‡ ÔÂÁ Ò˙- Municipal Council elections in Barcelona. He is elected in the Municipal ˘‡Ú‡ „Ó‰ËÌ‡ èÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Convergència Democràtica de Council in 1991 and re-elected in 1995. After the municipal election in 1995, Catalunya „Ó Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ Á‡ ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ ÔÓ ÚÂËÚÓË‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ he becomes Member of Parliament in the Catalan Parliament as a repre- Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ‰ÂÎ‡. èÂÁ ÒÎÂ‰‚‡˘‡Ú‡ „Ó‰ËÌ‡ ÚÓÈ Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ èÂ- sentative of the CiU. The same year he is appointed by the Democratic ÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ îÂ‰Â‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ Å‡ÒÂÎÓÌ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Convergència Convergence of Catalonia /CDC/ party President, as Councillor in Democràtica de Catalunya. èÂÁ 1997 „. Á‡ÂÏ‡ ‰Î˙ÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ë˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ Territorial Policy and Public Works. In 1996 Mr. Mas is elected for President ÔÓ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡ Ë ÙËÌ‡ÌÒË. éÚ ÙÂ‚Û‡Ë 2000 „. ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2003„. Â of the Barcelona Federation of the CDC party. In 1997 he holds the posi- ÉÓ‚ÓËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌËfl. éÚ flÌÛ‡- tion of Councillor in Economy and Finance. From 2000 to 2003 Artur Mas Ë 2001„. ‰Ó ‰ÂÍÂÏ‚Ë 2003„. Â èÂÏËÂ-ÏËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ä‡Ú‡ÎÓÌÒÍÓÚÓ is Government Spokesperson of the Catalonia’s Autonomous ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó. ç‡ 12 ÌÓÂÏ‚Ë 2000„. Â ËÁ·‡Ì Á‡ ÉÂÌÂ‡- Government. From January 2001 to December 2003 Mr. Mas is Head of ÎÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya Ë ÔÓ- the Presidency Department of Catalonia’s Autonomous Government. He is Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ Â ÌÂËÌ ÎË‰Â. elected Secretary General of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia party in November 2000 and is currently its leader.

ÑÊÓÁË‡Ò ÙÓÌ Ä‡ÚÒÂÌ Jozias van Aartsen óÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡, ãË‰Â Ì‡ ç‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl MP, Leader of the People’s Party for Freedom Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl / VVD/, ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl and Democracy /VVD/, the Netherlands

ÑÊ. ÙÓÌ Ä‡ÚÒÂÌ Û˜Ë Ô‡‚Ó ‚ ë‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËfl ÛÌË‚ÂÒËÚÂÚ Ì‡ ÄÏÒÚÂ- J.J. van Aartsen reads Law at the Free University ‰‡Ï (ïÓÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl). éÚ 1971 ‰Ó 1974„. Â ëÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ of Amsterdam (the Netherlands). From 1971 to „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ç‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ô‡ÚËfl Á‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl (Volkspartij voor 1974 he is Official secretary of the People’s Party Vrijheid en Democratie/ VVD) ‚ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ Ì‡ ıÓ- for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Î‡Ì‰ÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ. éÚ 1974 ‰Ó 2002 – ÑËÂÍÚÓ Ì‡ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÚÓ Vrijheid en Democratie/ VVD) parliamentary ·˛Ó Ì‡ VVD - Prof. Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, ÓÚ 1979 ‰Ó 1983 – ç‡˜‡Î- party in the Dutch House of Representatives. ÌËÍ Ì‡ Í‡ÌˆÂÎ‡ËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌËfl ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ From 1974 to 2002 - Director of the Prof. Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, the sci- Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË; ÓÚ 1983 ‰Ó 1985 – á‡Ï.-ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÂÌ ÒÂÍÂ- entific bureau of the VVD; from 1979 to 1983 - Chief clerk to the permanent Ú‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË; ÓÚ 1985 ‰Ó 1994 secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1983 to 1985 - Deputy per- – èÓÒÚÓflÌÂÌ ÒÂÍÂÚ‡ Ì‡ åËÌËÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚˙ÚÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·Ó- manent secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1985 to 1994 - ÚË; ÓÚ 1994 ‰Ó 1998 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ÒÂÎÒÍÓÚÓ ÒÚÓÔ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÓÍÓÎÌ‡- Permanent secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs; from 1994 to 1998 - Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ Ë Ë·ÓÎÓ‚ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ; ÓÚ 1998 ‰Ó 2002 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯- Minister of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries; from 1998 to ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ë ÓÚ 2002 – ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ä‡Ï‡‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ 2002 - Minister for Foreign Affairs; and since May 2002 - Member of the Ì‡ ıÓÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ‡ÁÛÁÌ‡‚‡ÌÂ Ë ÒË- Dutch House of Representatives and Member of the Intelligence and „ÛÌÓÒÚ. Security Services Committee. äËÒÚËÌ‡ é˛Î‡Ì‰ Kristiina Ojuland óÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ MP, Estonian Reform Party ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl

äËÒÚËÌ‡ é˛Î‡Ì‰ Á‡‚˙¯‚‡ Ô‡‚Ó Ë ‰ËÔÎÓÏ‡ˆËfl ‚ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl. ífl Kristina Ojuland graduates in law from the Û˜Ë Ë ‚˙‚ ÇËÒ¯Ëfl ËÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ÔÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌË Ì‡ÛÍË ‚ ÜÂÌÂ‚‡ University of Tartu in 1990 and in diplomacy from (1992 „.) Ë ÑËÔÎÓÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËfl Ì‡ ÇËÂÌ‡ (1993). éÒ‚ÂÌ the Estonian School of Diplomacy in 1992. She ÂÒÚÓÌÒÍË, Úfl ‚Î‡‰ÂÂ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍË, ÛÒÍË, ÙÂÌÒÍË Ë ËÏ‡ Ì‡˜‡ÎÌË also studies at the Graduate Institute of ÔÓÁÌ‡ÌËfl ÔÓ ÙËÌÎ‡Ì‰ÒÍË. International Studies, Geneva (1992) and at the 1993 – 1994 – èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl ‚ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡; Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (1993). Besides Estonian, she speaks 1994 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 7-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 1995 English, Russian, French and elementary Finnish. – 2002 ëÂÍÂÚ‡ ÔÓ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡- 1993 - 1994 – Estonia's Representative in the Council of Europe; 1994 - ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl; 1995 – 2003 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 8-ÚÓ Ë 9-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌË Ò˙·‡- Member of the 7th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia; 1995 - 2002 – ÌËfl Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 1996 - 1997, 1999 – 2000 – óÎÂÌ Ì‡ É‡‰- Foreign Secretary of the Estonian Reform Party; 1995 - 2003 – Member of ÒÍËfl Ò˙‚ÂÚ Ì‡ í‡ÎËÌ; 1996 – 2002 – ÇËˆÂÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ Ì‡ è‡Î‡ÏÂÌ- the 8th and the 9th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia; 1996 - 1997 and Ú‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‡Ò‡Ï·ÎÂfl Ì‡ ë˙‚ÂÚ‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (èÄëÖ); 1999 – 2002 – 1999 - 2000 – Member of Tallinn City Council; 1996 - 2002 – Vice-President èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡- of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE); 1999 - ÚË˜Ì‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl (ÖãÑê) ‚ èÄëÖ; 1999 – 2002 – 2002 – Chairperson of the ELDR faction in the PACE; 1999 - 2002 Vice- á‡Ï.-ÔÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ ÖãÑê; 2003 – 2005 – åËÌËÒÚ˙ Ì‡ ‚˙Ì¯ÌËÚÂ Chairman of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR); ‡·ÓÚË Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl; 2005 - óÎÂÌ Ì‡ 10-ÚÓ ç‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙·- 2003 - 2005 – Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Estonia; 2005 - ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ êÂÔÛ·ÎËÍ‡ ÖÒÚÓÌËfl ÓÚ „ÛÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÖÒÚÓÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÂÙÓÏ‡- Member of the 10th Parliament of the Republic of Estonia (Estonian ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl, èÂ‰ÒÂ‰‡ÚÂÎ Ì‡ äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ÔÓ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‚˙ÔÓ- Reform Party faction), Chairman of the European Union Affairs Committee ÒË Ë ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ äÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËÓÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÏËÒËfl and member of the Constitutional Committee

17 ÖÍÒÍÎÛÁË‚ÌÓ Á‡ ÒÔËÒ‡ÌËÂ “2007”

ÉêÖöå ìéíëöç, ãË‰Â Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡- ÚËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ALDE) ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ GRAHAM WATSON ä‡Í‚Ó ÒÔÓÂ‰ ‚‡Ò Â Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ‚ Leader of the Alliance of Liberals Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË Ë Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ‚ Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ Ò ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÚÔÂ‰Ë ‰‚Â- and Democrats for Europe in the ÚË ‰ÂÒÂÚËÎÂÚËfl? European Parliament

é·˘‡Ú‡ Í‡ÚËÌ‡ ÌÂ Â Â‰ÌÓÁÌ‡˜Ì‡. Ç ÌflÍÓË ˜‡ÒÚË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚ‡ ÒÏÂ Ò‚Ë‰Â- ÑÓÍ‡ÚÓ Ò‡ Ì‡Ô˙ÎÌÓ ÚÂÎË Ì‡ Â‡ÎÌ‡ ÔÓÏflÌ‡, Ì‡ÔËÏÂ Ú‡Ï, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÛıÌ‡ı‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÒÚË˜ÂÒ- What in your view is the present ÍËÚÂ ÂÊËÏË ËÎË ‡‚ÚÓËÚ‡ÌË ‰ËÍÚ‡ÚÛË. ç‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ ÒÂ Ë ÌÓ‚‡ ‚˙ÎÌ‡ ‡Ì„‡ÊË‡ÌË Ò Ó·˘‡- situation of civil liberties on a European and on a world scale in Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÁ‡ˆËfl ·ÎËÁÓ ‰Ó Ì‡¯ËÚÂ „‡ÌËˆË ‚ ÄÁËfl, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ıÓ‡Ú‡ Ú‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÍÓÔÌÂflÚ Á‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, ‚˙ıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ë Ô‡Á‡Ì‡ ËÍÓÌÓÏËÍ‡. comparison with the situation of Ç˙ÔÂÍË ÚÓ‚‡, ÌËÂ ‚ÒÂ Ó˘Â ÒÂ Ò·Î˙ÒÍ‚‡ÏÂ Ò fl‚ÎÂÌËfl, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÂ‰Ë Ìfl- ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËfl ÚÂ- two-three decades ago? We have a mixed picture. In some ÍÓÎÍÓ ‰ÂÒÂÚËÎÂÚËfl ÒÂ Ì‡‰fl‚‡ıÏÂ, ˜Â ˘Â ·˙‰Â ÔÓ„Â·‡ÌË Ì‡Á‡‰ ‚ ËÒÚÓ- ÓËÁ˙Ï Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁË- ËflÚ‡. ëÚ‡‚‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒ Á‡ Ú‡ÙËÍ‡ Ì‡ ıÓ‡, ‰ÂÚÒÍËfl ÚÛ‰ ËÎË „ÂÌËÚ‡Î- parts of the world we have witnessed ÌÓ ÓÒ‡Í‡Úfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÊÂÌË (Ó·flÁ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ). ‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙Ô- real change, for instance with the fall of communist regimes or authoritarian Çfl‚‡Ï, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ë„‡Â ‚Ó‰Â˘‡ ÓÎfl. çËÂ Úfl·‚‡ Ò˙˘Ó ‰‡ ÌÓÒÚ, ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÂ Û‚ÂËÏ, ˜Â Ì‡¯ËÚÂ ÔÓÒÚËÊÂÌËfl ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó- dictatorships. There seems to be a ‰Ë ÌflÏ‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Á‡ÒÚ‡¯ÂÌË ÔÓ ÌËÍ‡Í˙‚ Ì‡˜ËÌ. ëÎÂ‰ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ ˘Â Ë Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÓÒ- new wave of democratisation close to 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÒÂ ÔÓfl‚Ëı‡ ÌÓ‚Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒ- Ú‡Ì‡Ú ‚ËÌ‡„Ë ·‰Ë- our borders in Asia where people are ÍËÚÂ ÌË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. èÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ longing for democracy, the rule of law ÒÙÂ‡ ËÎË Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Á‡‰˙Ê‡ÌËÚÂ, Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÏË„‡ÌÚËÚÂ, Ì‡ ÔÂ‰- ÚÂÎÌË ÒÂ˘Û Ì‡Í˙- and the market economy. ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎËÚÂ Ì‡ Ï‡ÎˆËÌÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÍÓÌÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Ì‡ ‡ÌÚËÒÂÏËÚËÁÏ‡, ‡ÒËÁ- Ìfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡- However, we can still see phenomena that we hoped that would be in the Ï‡ Ë ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·ËflÚ‡ Â flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ÌËÂ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂÏ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÎÂÊËÏ Ì‡ Î‡‚ËÚÂ ÒË. Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ èÓ Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡, ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ë ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, Á‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍËÚÂ dustbin of history some decades ago, Ô‡‚‡ ‚ËÌ‡„Ë Ò‡ ·ËÎË ÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ÂÎÂÏÂÌÚ, Ò‡ ÔÓ-‡‰ÂÍ‚‡ÚÌË ÓÚ ‚ÒflÍÓ„‡. such as trafficking in human beings, child labour or genital mutilation of women. åÌÓ„Ó ıÓ‡ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ‚ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ Ò˙Ò Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÂÌ I believe that Europe has to play a vanguard role. We also have to make ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ‚˙ÔÂÍË ˜Â ‚‡„˙Ú ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÍËÂ ÒÂ‰ Ì‡Ò, ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í sure that our achievements in terms of civil liberties are not jeopardized „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌË Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ in any way. There are new threats to our civil liberties in the post- 9/11 Ì‡ Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ä‡Í‚Ó Â ‚‡¯ÂÚÓ ÏÌÂÌËÂ? world. In terms of privacy or detainees rights, the rights of immigrants èË ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÔ‡- of people belonging to minorities, in the context of anti-semitism, ‚Â‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÓÔÛÒÌ‡ÚÓ ÏÂÍËÚÂ, racism and xenophobia it is clear that we cannot sit on our laurels. ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË Á‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Therefore, the liberal agenda - that has always had human rights ÓÚ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌË ËÎË ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌË ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÓÔ‡flÚ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Î- among its pivotal elements - is more relevant than ever. ÌËÚÂ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ë Ì‡ ÚÂÁË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË. åÂÍËÚÂ, ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ÔÓÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍÓÚÓ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó Á‡ ·Ó·‡ Ò ÚÂÓ- Many people think that in the fight against the new internation- ËÁÏ‡ Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á al terrorism, though the enemy could be hidden among us, still Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ò‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌË Ë Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌË, Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÈÍË the civil liberties should not be limited at the expense of secu- ÒÂ Ò˙Ò ÒÙÂ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÍÓÏÔÂÚÂÌÚÌÓÒÚ. èÓ Ò˙˘Ëfl Ì‡˜ËÌ Úfl·- rity strengthening measures. What is your opinion? ‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÓ, ˜Â ‚ÒflÍÓ ÒÔÓ‡ÁÛÏÂÌËÂ, ÒÍÎ˛˜ÂÌÓ ÏÂÊ‰Û Öë Ë To ensure a balance between the principles of freedom, justice and ÚÂÚË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌÂÌËÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÒ˙‰Ì‡Ú‡ ËÎË security, measures taken to defend the values of democracy and free- ‚˙ÚÂ¯Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ ÌË‚Ó, ÒÂ ÔË‰˙Ê‡ Í˙Ï Á‡ÍÓ- dom against criminal or terrorist acts cannot be allowed to undermine ÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ë˙˛Á‡ Ë Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌÓ Ë Ò˙„Î‡ÒÛ‚‡ÌÓ. the fundamental aspects of those values. Measures to fight terrorism and serious and organised crime inside the European Union through ÇÒÂ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ EU legislation or cooperation must be necessary, legitimate, and pro- Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÂÏÂÒÚ‚‡ „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ ÏÛ Í˙Ï, ‚ ËÁ‚ÂÒ- portionate, respecting the proper sphere of national competence. ÚÌ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÔÓ-ÌÂÒÚ‡·ËÎÌË ‡ÈÓÌË Ë ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ-·Â‰ÌË Similarly, it must be ensured that any agreement reached between ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë ‚ ÌÂ„Ó, ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ ÙË- the EU and any third country in the implementation of justice and ÁË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. àÏ‡Ú ÎË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË home affairs policy at international level complies with existing EU leg- ‚ËÁËfl Á‡ ÒÔ‡‚flÌÂ Ò˙Ò Á‡‡Ê‰‡˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·Ëfl Ë Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ- islation and is necessary, legitimate, and proportionate. ÚÓ Ì‡ Í‡ÈÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÒÌË Ì‡ÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë? Growing number of EU citizens believe that the EU enlargement, çËÂ ÛÒÂ˘‡ÏÂ, ˜Â ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ‰ÓÍ‡Á‡, ˜Â ÒÏÂ Ô‡‚Ë: ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ ‚ which consequently shifts EU borders towards more unstable ÒÚ‡Ëfl Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÂÌ Ó„‡Ì ·Â¯Â Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ „ÛÔ‡, regions and includes poorer countries, increases the threat for ÍÓflÚÓ Â‰ËÌÓ‰Û¯ÌÓ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔfl¯Â ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ò˙˛Á. their physical and social security. Do the European liberals and ëÚ‡ı˙Ú Ë ˜ÂÒÚÓ ËÒÚÂËflÚ‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò˙Ô˙ÚÒÚ‚‡ı‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ democrats have a vision for dealing with the rising xenophobia Ì‡ ËÁÚÓÍ ÒÂ ÓÍ‡Á‡ı‡ ÌÂÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌË. çflÏ‡¯Â Ï‡ÒÓ‚‡ ÏË„‡ˆËfl Í˙Ï á‡- and spreading of ultra-right sentiments across the EU? Ô‡‰‡ ÓÚ ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ë Öë ÌÂ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓ-Ï‡ÎÍÓ ÒÚ‡·ËÎÂÌ ÔÓ- ‡‰Ë Ò‚ÓÂÚÓ ‡Á¯ËÂÌËÂ ‚ ñÂÌÚ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë àÁÚÓ˜Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡. We feel that time has proved us right: the liberal group in the old leg- äÎ˛˜˙Ú Í˙Ï ÚÓÁË ÛÒÔÂı ·Â¯Â, ˜Â ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ ÒÚ‡ÌË Úfl·‚‡¯Â ‰‡ ËÁÔ˙Î- islature had been the only political group that supported the enlarge- ÌflÚ ÒÂËÓÁÌË ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ë ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ÍËÚÂËË ÔÂ‰Ë ÔËÒ˙Â‰Ë- ment unanimously. Ìfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÒË Í˙Ï ë˙˛Á‡ Ë ÚÂ ÒÂ ÒÔ‡‚Ëı‡ Ò˙Ò Á‡‰‡˜‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆË- The fear and often hysteria that surrounded the enlargement to the flÚ‡. é˜Â‚Ë‰ÌÓ Â, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ ‚Â˜Â ÌÂ Â ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡ Ë àÁÚÓ˜Ì‡, east has proved to be unfounded. There was no mass migration to the ‡ ÔÓ ÒÍÓÓ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËÂÚÓ Â ÏÂÊ‰Û ÚÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ Á‡ ÔÓ-ÒËÎÌ‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ Ë west from the new countries and the EU has not become less stable ÚÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÊÂÎ‡flÚ Ì‡ “Ì‡ÒÚ˙ÔflÚ ÒÔË‡˜ÍËÚÂ” Ë ‰‡ ÔÂÍ˙ÒÌ‡Ú ÔÓˆÂ- due to its expansion to Central and Eastern Europe. 18 Exclusive for “2007” Magazine

Ò‡ Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ„‡ˆËfl Ë Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ-‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡, ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌ‡, Whilst fully committed to the common fight against ÂÙÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Ë ÔÓÁ‡˜Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ Â ÔÂ‰‚Ë‰ÂÌÓ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒ- international terrorism and Í‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl. Çfl‚‡Ï, ˜Â ÌÓ‚‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl, Á‡Â‰ÌÓ Ò ·˙‰Â˘ÓÚÓ ‰Ó·‡‚flÌÂ Ì‡ ï‡Ú‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Â organised crime, Liberals will and should remain for- ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎÌ‡ Í‡˜Í‡ Ì‡ÔÂ‰. ever vigilant against the erosion ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Ò‡ ÌÂÔÓ- of personal freedom ÍÓÎÂ·ËÏË ‚ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ‡ÒËÁÏ‡ Ë ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·ËflÚ‡. ç‡- ¯‡Ú‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ì‡ ËÌËˆË‡ÚË‚‡ ·Â¯Â ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËfl ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÓÏËÚÂ, ÍÓflÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜Ë The key to this success was that the new countries have to meet rigid ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ˆflÎ‡Ú‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ÄãÑÖ. political and economic criteria before joining the Union and they have çËÂ ÒÚÓËÏ Á‡‰ „ÓÎflÏ ·ÓÈ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl, ˆÂÎfl˘Ë ËÁ‡·ÓÚ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ risen to the task of integration. It is apparent that Europe is no longer Ì‡ ÔÓ-Ó·ı‚‡ÚÌ‡ Ë ‡Á¯ËÂÌ‡ ËÌÚÂÔÂÚ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ë ÓÒ˙Ê- divided by geographical frontiers between West and East, rather the ‰‡ÏÂ ‚ÒflÍ‡ ÙÓÏ‡ Ì‡ ‰ËÒÍËÏËÌ‡ˆËfl. çflÍÓË ÓÚ ÒÚ˙ÔÍËÚÂ ÌË ‚ cleavages are between those who are for a stronger Europe and those Ú‡ÁË ÔÓÒÓÍ‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡Ú ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ ‚ ÍÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Á‡ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰ ÔÓ Ï‡Î- who wish to step on the brakes and halt the process of integration and ˆËÌÒÚ‚‡Ú‡; ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ ÂÁÓÎ˛ˆËflÚ‡ ÔÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ 60 „Ó‰Ë¯ÌËÌ‡Ú‡ the creation of a more democratic, accountable, effective and transpar- ÓÚ ïÓÎÓÍÓÒÚ‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ Ë ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ä„ÂÌˆËfl Á‡ ent Europe as envisaged in the draft Constitution. I believe that the new ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ò˙Ò ÒËÎÌË Ô‡‚ÓÏÓ˘Ëfl. Constitution, with the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, åÌÓÁËÌ‡ ËÁÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ‚ á‡Ô‡‰- is a considerable step forward. ÌËfl Ò‚flÚ ÒÂ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ “Ú˙„Û‚‡ÌÂ” Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÒÏÂÚ- Liberals and Democrats in the European Parliament are unflinching in Í‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡, ˜Â Í‡Í‚ËÚÓ Ë ‰‡ Ò‡ their fight against racism, and xenophobia. Our latest initiative has been ÏÂÍËÚÂ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË ÓÚ ÚÛÍ Ì‡Ú‡Ú˙Í, a resolution on the situation of the Roma in the European Parliament, ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ò˜ËÚ‡, ˜Â ‚‡„Ó‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Á‡Ô‡‰Ì‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl which won the support of the full ALDE group. Ò‡ ÛÒÔÂÎË. ä‡Í ˘Â ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓflÚ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ì‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ- We have been behind a number of proposals aimed at creating a more ‚ËÍ‡ÚÂÎÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ? inclusive and wider interpretation of rights and we condemn any form of íÂÓËÒÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Ë ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ Ú‡ÁË ÒÎÂ‰ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ discrimination. Among others, we have given our support in committee 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2001, ÌË Ì‡Í‡‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡ÏËÒÎËÏ ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ ‰‡ÎË ˘Â to a report on minorities; have been supportive of a resolution on the 60th ‚ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‰‡ ÔÓÊÂÚ‚‡ÏÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‚ ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ Á‡ÒËÎ‚‡ÌÂ anniversary of the Holocaust and support the setting up of the Agency of Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í, ‡Á Ú‚˙‰Ó ‚fl‚‡Ï, ˜Â ‰ÓÍ‡ÚÓ Ò‡ Ì‡Ô˙Î- Fundamental Rights with a strong mandate. ÌÓ ‡Ì„‡ÊË‡ÌË Ò Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËfl ÚÂÓË- Á˙Ï Ë Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ, ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ˘Â Ë Úfl·‚‡ Many researchers believe that in the western world nowadays is ‰‡ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ‚ËÌ‡„Ë ·‰ËÚÂÎÌË ÒÂ˘Û Ì‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ observed “trading” of freedom for security, which means that Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡. ë‡ÏÓ ÚÓ„‡‚‡, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÔÂ‰‡‰ÂÏ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ‚‡- whatever measures against terrorist threats are put in place from „˙Ú ˘Â Â ÔÓ·Â‰ËÎ. íÓ‚‡ ·flı‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ, ‚˙ıÛ ÍÓËÚÓ ·Â¯Â ÓÒ- now on, it can be considered that the enemies of the western ÌÓ‚‡Ì ÏÓflÚ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡, ÔËÂÚ ÔÂÁ democracy have succeeded. How the Liberals will respond to this ÂÒÂÌÚ‡ Ì‡ 2001. challenge? The terrorist threat, and especially after the terrorist attacks of 11 äÓË ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÌËfl Ò‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË, September 2001, has forced us to consider if we will need to sacrifice ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ‚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó- freedom to ensure strengthened security. However, I strongly believe that ‰ÂÌ ÔÎ‡Ì ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡? ä‡Í ÒÔÓ- whilst fully committed to the common fight against international terrorism Â‰ ‚‡Ò ÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂÌË? and organised crime, Liberals will and should remain forever vigilant Ç ÂÁÛÎÚ‡Ú Ì‡ ÔËÎ‡„‡Ì‡Ú‡ ‚ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡, ÙÓÍÛÒË- against the erosion of personal freedom. Only when we accept giving up ‡Ì‡ ‚˙ıÛ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë, Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ personal freedom has the enemy won. These were the principles on Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ-˜ÎÂÌÍË ‚ÒÂ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚ ‰‡ ÔÓÍ‡‡Ú Ó„‡- which my report on terrorism, adopted in the autumn of 2001, was based. ÌË˜ËÚÂÎÌË ÔÓÎËÚËÍË ˜ÂÁ Öë, ‡ ÔÓÒÎÂ ‰‡ „Ë ÔËÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚Â- ÌËÚÂ ÒË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. Ö‰ÌÓ ÓÚ ÏÓËÚÂ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÔËÚÂÒÌÂÌËfl Â ÒÂË- Which are in liberal terms the main threats, which the excessive ÓÁÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ striving for security on an international scale poses before the indi- ÒÙÂ‡. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, àÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ò‚ÂˆËfl Ë ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl vidual freedom? How do you think these threats can be overcome? ÌÂÓÚ‰‡‚Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔËı‡ ÏÂÍË, ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl‚‡˘Ë ÒÎÂ‰ÂÌÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÍ‡- In the wake of the security focused policy environment of post ˆËËÚÂ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ Öë, ‡ ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ÒÂ ÓÔËÚ‚‡ ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰Â September 11, the member states governments are increasingly seek- Ë Ë‰ÂÌÚËÙËÍ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÎË˜ÌË Í‡ÚË ˜ÂÁ ééç. ÑÛ„ ÔËÏÂ ‚ ÚÓ‚‡ ing to push through repressive policies through the EU, and then bring- ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Ì‡ ëÄô Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰‡Ú ing them back home. One of my main concerns is the serious threat to ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË Ì‡ ÌË‚Ó ééç (˜ÂÁ åÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ó- the right to privacy. As an example, the UK, Ireland, Sweden and „‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËfl Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍ‡ ‡‚Ë‡ˆËfl). ÅËı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎËÎ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ Á‡ Germany have recently supported communications surveillance policies Ô‡‚ÂÌÂ Ì‡ ÔÓÎËÚËÍ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ÌÂÁ‡ÍÓÌÂÌ, ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÚÓÈ ÔÂÒÍ‡˜‡ through the European Union and the UK is seeking to get ID cards Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËfl ‰Â·‡Ú Ë ÓÒÚ‡‚fl Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ ËÁ·- through the United Nations. Other examples concern the U.S. and the UK ‡Ì‡ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËfl ‚ ë˙˛Á‡ – Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ – ‰‡ ÒÂ ·ÓË pushing for biometric passports at the UN-level (the International Civil Á‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ÒÙÂ‡. Aviation Organisation). I would consider this way of doing politics illicit, as á‡ ‰‡ ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎÂflÚ ÚÂÁË Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË, ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Á‡- it bypasses the national debate, and leaves the only democratically elect- ÂÏ‡Ú ‡ÍÚË‚Ì‡ ÔÓÁËˆËfl, Ì‡ÒÚÓfl‚‡ÈÍË Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Ó·ÂÍÚË‚- ed institution in the Union, the European Parliament, to fight for the right ÌÓ ‰‡ ‰ÓÍ‡Ê‡Ú Ô‡‚ÓÚ‡Ú‡ Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË- to privacy. ÚÂ ‰‡ÍÓÌÓ‚ÒÍË ÏÂÍË. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏflÚ ‰‡ ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡Ú To overcome these threats, the Liberals and Democrats have taken a ÚÓ‚‡ ˜ÂÁ Ò˙·ÛÊ‰‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÚÓ Ò˙ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ Ë ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂ very active stance, insisting that the governments objectively justify these Ì‡ Ô˙ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÍÓÌÓ‰‡ÚÂÎÌ‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ, Á‡ draconian policy initiatives, seeking to raise public awareness and using ‰‡ ·˙‰Â „‡‡ÌÚË‡ÌÓ, ˜Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËflÚ‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ ÔËÂÚË ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ıÓ- the full legislative powers of the European Parliament to ensure that the ‰fl˘‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡ Ò‡ÌÍˆËfl. proposals are not adopted without proper democratic scrutiny. 19 ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. Ñ‡ÌËÂÎ í‡Ì‡ı‡ÚÓÂ èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ò˙‚ÂÚÌËÍ ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡. Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ “ÇÒÂ ÔÓ-˜ÂÒÚÓ ‚ Ì‡¯ËÚÂ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë Ô‡ÚËfl ‰ÓÒÚÓÈÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ÓÚ‰ÂÎÂÌ Ï˙Ê Ë ÊÂÌ‡ Â ÔÓ‰ Â‰Ì‡ ÔÓ˜ÚË Daniel Tanahatoe ÌÂÛÎÓ‚ËÏ‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡. éÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÔÓ‰ ÔÂÚÂÍÒÚ‡ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë Political Advisor Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, Ò‡Ï‡Ú‡ Úfl Â ÊÂÚ‚‡Ì‡ ËÎË Ì‡È-Ï‡ÎÍÓÚÓ European Liberal, Democrat ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÂÌ‡ Ì‡ ËÒÍ” Á‡fl‚fl‚‡ ÌÂÓÚ‰‡‚Ì‡ ÔÂÁË‰ÂÌÚ˙Ú Ì‡ and Reform Party Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ë ÂÙÓÏ‡ÚÓÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl (ÖãÑê) ‰- ÇÂÌÂ ïÓÈÂ ‚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ ËÁÍ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ. ÑÛÏË, ÍÓËÚÓ flÒÌÓ ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í˙Ï ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ ‚˙ÁÍ‡Ú‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û Freedom and Security, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡. Ç Ì‡¯‡Ú‡ Ó·˘‡ ·Ó·‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ Ë the Liberal perspective ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ÖãÑê ‚ËÌ‡„Ë Â ·ËÎ‡ ·‰ËÚÂÎÌ‡ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍ‡ “But, too often, freedom, the dignity of each and every woman or man is Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. èÂÁ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌËÚÂ „Ó‰ËÌË under a more subtle threat in our modern societies. Not least when behind Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡ÚË ÓÚ ÖãÑê ÛÒÔÂ¯ÌÓ ÔË‚ÂÊ‰‡Ú ‰Ó‚Ó‰Ë, ˜Â the pretext of security and the defence of liberty, liberty itself is sacrificed ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎÂÌÓ Ì‡ ·Ó·‡Ú‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Ë or, at least, put at risk”, stated ELDR Party President Dr. Werner Hoyer, MdB Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÓÔ‡Â ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ë in a recent political event, clearly identifying the liberal approach to the ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡. Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡Î- question of the relationship between freedom and security. ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË Ë„‡flÚ ‚Ó‰Â˘‡ ÓÎfl Ë ÒÎÂ‰flÚ Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ, In our common fight against international crime and terrorism, the ELDR Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï Ò˙·Ë‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ËÌÙÓÏ‡ˆËfl Ë ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË ‰‡ÌÌË ‰‡ ÌÂ has always remained vigilant against any erosion of citizens’ freedoms. In ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ÔÂÍÓÏÂÌË Ë Ú‡Í‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÂ„ÌÂ Ì‡ ÎË˜Ì‡Ú‡ recent years ELDR MEP’s have successfully argued that the fight against ÌÂÔËÍÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ. terrorism and organised crime cannot be allowed to undermine the val- á‡ ‰‡ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚË‡ÏÂ ‚˙ıÛ Â‰ËÌ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ÓÚ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍËfl ues of freedom and democracy. They have played a major role in making ‰ÌÂ‚ÂÌ Â‰, Ì‡¯‡Ú‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡ „ÛÔ‡ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ ÒÂ sure that measures on data retention and biometrics are not dispropor- ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡ ÔË·˙Á‡ÌËÚÂ ÏÂÍË Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï tionate and invasive. ‚˙‚ÂÊ‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË Ò ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË ‰‡ÌÌË. ÑÓÍ‡ÚÓ ëÄô To focus on one particular issue of interest to today’s political situation, our Á‡ÔÎ‡¯‚‡Ú ‰‡ Ì‡ÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ËÁÓ‚Ë Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËfl Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ Öë, Parliamentary group has taken an active approach to slow down the hasty ÍÓËÚÓ ÌÂ ÔËÚÂÊ‡‚‡Ú ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ approach to introduce biometric passports. Whilst the USA is threatening Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ Â¯Ë ‰‡ Ò˜ÂÚÂ ÚÓÁË ‡ÍÚ Í‡ÚÓ ÔÂ˜Í‡ ÔÂ‰ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ to impose visa requirements on EU citizens who do not possess biometric ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ıÓ‡. passports from October 2005, the European Parliament decided to con- èËÂÏ‡ÈÍË Ò „ÓÎflÏÓ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚Ó ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰‡ Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡Ú sider this as an obstacle to the free movement of persons. ïÂÌËÍ ã‡ÍÒ (ò‚Â‰ÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡Ó‰Ì‡ Ô‡ÚËfl)* Á‡ ÂˆËÔÓ˜ÌËfl ‚ËÁÓ‚ Adopting by a large majority the report by MEP Henrik Lax (Swedish ÏÂı‡ÌËÁ˙Ï, Ì‡ Å˛ÍÒÂÎÒÍ‡Ú‡ ÒË ÒÂÒËfl ‚ Í‡fl Ì‡ ‡ÔËÎ, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ People’s Party, Finland) on the visa reciprocity mechanism, the European Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ËÁÔ‡ÚË ÓÒÚ˙ ÒË„Ì‡Î Ì‡ ëÄô ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ Parliament at its Brussels plenary session in the end of April, sent a strong ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌÓ ÂÒÚËÍÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ÒÚ˙ÔÍË Ì‡ ÔÓ„‡Ï‡Ú‡ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ì‡ ‚ËÁ‡”. signal to the US over the excessively restrictive steps of the "free visa" pro- ÑÓÍÎ‡‰˙Ú ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‚‡, ˜Â ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÒÂÚÚÂ ÌÓ‚Ë gramme. The report notes not only are citizens of the 10 new EU Member ÒÚ‡ÌË-˜ÎÂÌÍË Ì‡ Öë ˘Â ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓÚ˙ÔÂ‚¯Ë ÓÚ ÚÓÁË ÂÊËÏ ÔË States submitted to this regime until 2007 when visiting the US but those ÔÓÒÂ˘ÂÌËÂ ‚ ëÄô ‰Ó 2007, ÌÓ Ë ÏÌÓ„Ó ÓÚ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ of many of the EU-15 countries, including France and UK, will suffer the ÓÚ Öë-15, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ î‡ÌˆËfl Ë ÇÂÎËÍÓ·ËÚ‡ÌËfl, ˘Â ·˙‰‡Ú same restrictions due to the inability of their governments to introduce bio- ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÂÌË Ì‡ Ò˙˘ËÚÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËfl, ÔÓ‡‰Ë ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ metric passports by this autumn as required by Washington. ÚÂıÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡ ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰‡Ú ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ‰Ó In following the liberal rapporteur, Parliament invites the EU to introduce a Ú‡ÁË ÂÒÂÌ, Í‡Í‚ÓÚÓ Â ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ç‡¯ËÌ„ÚÓÌ. "reciprocity clause" against third countries (such as the US) if bilateral ÇÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ ËÁÌÂÒÂÌËfl ÎË·Â‡ÎÂÌ ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ negotiations over 3 months between the two sides fail to resolve the prob- Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ÔËÍ‡Ì‚‡ Öë ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰Â “ÂˆËÔÓ˜Ì‡ ÍÎ‡ÛÁ‡” ÒÂ˘Û lem, the Commission would have 6 months to negotiate on behalf of the ÚÂÚË ÒÚ‡ÌË (Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Í‡ÚÓ ëÄô), ‡ÍÓ ‰‚ÛÒÚ‡ÌÌËÚÂ ÔÂ„Ó‚ÓË EU as a whole and the third country in question for lifting the visa require- ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚Â ÒÚ‡ÌË ÌÂ ‡ÁÂ¯‡Ú ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ ‚ ‡ÏÍËÚÂ Ì‡ ÚË ment or else imposing a reciprocal requirement. ÏÂÒÂˆ‡, äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ ˘Â ËÏ‡ 6 ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ„Ó‚‡fl ÓÚ ËÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ Öë Henrik Lax reminded that "the Commission has requested a deadline of Í‡ÚÓ ˆflÎÓ Ò ÚÂÚ‡Ú‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓ ‚˙ÔÓÒ‡ Á‡ ÓÚÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ‚ËÁÓ‚ËÚÂ August 2006 for the entry into force of the biometric passport require- ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËfl ËÎË ‚ ÔÓÚË‚ÂÌ ÒÎÛ˜‡È ‰‡ ‚˙‚Â‰Â ÂˆËÔÓ˜ÌË ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËfl. ments, which the US is currently refusing". By adopting the liberal report, ïÂÌËÍ ã‡ÍÒ Ì‡ÔÓÏÌË, ˜Â “äÓÏËÒËflÚ‡ Â ÔÓËÒÍ‡Î‡ Í‡ÈÌËflÚ ÒÓÍ Á‡ the EP is lending its backing to that request in the hope that the Council ‚ÎËÁ‡ÌÂ ‚ ÒËÎ‡ Ì‡ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ÌËflÚ‡ Á‡ ·ËÓÏÂÚË˜ÌË Ô‡ÒÔÓÚË ‰‡ ·˙‰Â will take account of the view expressed by the democratically elected rep- ‡‚„ÛÒÚ 2006, ÏÓÎ·‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ÔÓÌ‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏ ëÄô ÓÚı‚˙ÎflÚ.” óÂÁ resentatives of Europe's citizens who will become victims of this discrimi- ÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ‰ÓÍÎ‡‰, Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ ‰‡‚‡ nation. By remaining vigilant, liberals can contribute to have freedom not Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÔÓ‰ÍÂÔ‡ Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡ ËÒÍ‡ÌÂ Ò Ì‡‰ÂÊ‰‡Ú‡, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËflÚ be undermined by measures that try to defend that very freedom. Ò˙‚ÂÚ ˘Â ÒÂ Ò˙Ó·‡ÁË Ò ÏÌÂÌËÂÚÓ, ËÁ‡ÁÂÌÓ ÓÚ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ Furthermore liberal democrat MEP’s have co-authored Parliament’s pro- ËÁ·‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ËÚÂÎË Ì‡ Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË, ÍÓËÚÓ ˘Â posals for the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, and played a key ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú ÊÂÚ‚Ë Ì‡ Ú‡ÁË ‰ËÒÍËÏËÌ‡ˆËfl. éÒÚ‡‚‡ÈÍË ·‰ËÚÂÎÌË, role in the Convention that drafted it. The Charter sets out the values and ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‰ÓÔËÌÂÒ‡Ú Á‡ ÚÓ‚‡, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÌÂ ·˙‰Â rights common to all European states and aims to safeguard the citizen Ì‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÏÂÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÛÊ ÒÂ ÓÔËÚ‚‡Ú ‰‡ fl Á‡˘ËÚflÚ. from abuse of power. éÒ‚ÂÌ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌÓÚÓ ÔÓ-„ÓÂ, ‰ÂÔÛÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ÓÚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ - ÎË·Â‡Î-‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË Ò‡ Ò˙‡‚ÚÓË Ì‡ Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËfl Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍ‡ ı‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÙÛÌ‰‡ÏÂÌÚ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ËÁË„‡‚‡Ú ÍÎ˛˜Ó‚‡ ÓÎfl ‚ ËÁ‡·ÓÚ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÌÂÈÌËfl ÔÓÂÍÚ. ï‡Ú‡Ú‡ ËÁ‡Áfl‚‡ * èÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Ô‡ÚËfl ‚˙‚ îËÌÎ‡Ì‰Ëfl, ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ ÄÎË‡ÌÒ‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚËÚÂ Ë ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚËÚÂ Ë Ô‡‚‡Ú‡, ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË ÓÚ ‚ÒË˜ÍË Â‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë Ë ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Á‡ Ö‚ÓÔ‡ (ÄãÑÖ) – Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡ „ÛÔ‡ Ì‡ ÖãÑê ‚ Ö‚ÓÔÂÈÒÍËfl ˆÂÎË ‰‡ Á‡˘ËÚË „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ ÁÎÓÛÔÓÚÂ·‡ Ò ‚Î‡ÒÚ. Ô‡Î‡ÏÂÌÚ.

20 ãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï, Liberalism, freedom Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ and security

ä‡flÚ Ì‡ ëÚÛ‰ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ‚ÓÈÌ‡ Ò˙Á‰‡‰Â ÛÒÂ˘‡ÌÂÚÓ ÒÂ‰ ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡, ÌÂ ëÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë Ë 11 Ï‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡ flÒÌÓ, ˜Â Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ÒÂ‰ËÚÂ Ì‡ Û·Â‰ÂÌËÚÂ ÓÔÚËÏËÒÚË, ˜Â ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡Î- ‡ÍÚÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚flÌÂ Ë Ì‡ ÔÂÏ‡ÌÂÌÚÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÒÂ˘Û ËÌ‰Ë- „ÛÔËÒ‡Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌËÌÂÒ‡ÏÓÒÂ˘ÛÊË‚ÓÚ‡, ‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â Á‡‚˙¯ËÎÓ. ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÌÓ Ë Í˙Ï êÛı‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ë‰ÂÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËfl ‡ÌÚ‡„ÓÌËÒÚ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·- ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ‚ ÎËˆÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍÓÏÛÌËÁÏ‡, ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ Ë ÏÌÂÌËfl, ˜Â Ë ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ÍÂÔflÚ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl Â ÔÓ·Â‰ËÎ‡ ‚ Ú‡ÁË ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ- Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. ‚ÂÍÓ‚Ì‡ Ì‡‰ÔÂ‚‡‡ Ë ‚Â˜Â ÌË˘Ó ÌÂ Á‡ÒÚ‡¯‡‚‡ ÌÂÈÌËÚÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË. éÍ‡Á‡ ÒÂ, ˜Â ÚÓ‚‡ Á‡ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌËÂ Â ·ËÎÓ ÔË·˙Á‡ÌÓ Ë Ó˜‡Í‚‡- The end of the Cold war made many believe, not Ì‡Ú‡ Â‡ Ì‡ ÏËÌÓ, Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜- only among the hard optimists, that the time of ÌÓ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÌÂ Ì‡Ò- the global confrontation and permanent threat Ú˙ÔË. ÅÂ‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ against individual and collective freedom and „ÓÎÂÏË „ÛÔË ÓÚ ıÓ‡, ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍ‡Ú‡ security has finished. The collapse of the ide- ËÁÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎÓÒÚ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚ËÚÂ ÓÚ íÂÚËfl ological antagonist of the free societies, the Ò‚flÚ, Ì‡ÎË˜ËÂÚÓ Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌÂ communism, provoked opinions, that the liber- Ì‡ ·ËÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÌË Ë ‰Û„Ë Ó˙ÊËfl Á‡ Ï‡ÒÓ‚Ó ÛÌË- al democracy has won in this half-century long ˘ÓÊ‡‚‡ÌÂ, Ó„‡ÌËÁË‡Ì‡Ú‡ ÔÂÒÚ˙ÔÌÓÒÚ, race and nothing anymore threatens its values ÂÚÌË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ì‡ÔÂÊÂÌËfl Ë Á‡Ï˙Òfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ and principles. It turned out that such a conclusion ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ ÔÓ‰˙ÎÊËı‡ ‰‡ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡Ú has been premature and the awaited era of a peace- Í‡ÚÓ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌË ÔÓ·ÎÂÏË. ful, free and democratic existence on a world scale did Ç Í‡fl Ì‡ ÏËÌ‡ÎËfl Ë Ì‡˜‡ÎÓÚÓ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘Ëfl ‚ÂÍ Í˙Ï ÚÂÁË not happen. The poverty and marginalization of large Ù‡ÍÚÓË Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡ ÌÂÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ ÒÂ ÔË·‡‚Ë Ë Ó˘Â Â‰ËÌ. çfl- groups of people, economic underdevelopment of the third world ÍÓÎÍÓ ÔÓÂ‰ÌË ‡ÍÚ‡ Ì‡ Ï‡˘‡·ÌÓ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ ÔÓÏÂÌËı‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌÓÚÓ countries, threat of biological and other weapons of mass destruction, ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ï ÔÓ·ÎÂÏËÚÂ Ì‡ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰Ì‡Ú‡ Ë Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ organized crime, ethnic conflicts and the environmental pollution continue ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. è˙‚ËflÚ Ë Ì‡È-Í˙‚ÓÔÓÎËÚÌËflÚ, ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚËÚÂ ‚ ëÄô to be a world concern. ÓÚ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë 2001, ÔÓÍ‡Á‡, ˜Â Ò‚ÂÚ˙Ú Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌ ÔÂ‰ ÌÂÒË- At the end of past and the beginning of present century to these factors ÏÂÚË˜Ì‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÓÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÏÂÍË Á‡ Á‡- of global instability has added one. Several consecutive acts of massive ˘ËÚ‡ ÌÂ Ò‡·ÓÚËı‡ ‚ Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ Ì‡È-ÏÓ˘ÌËÚÂ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ë ‚ÓÂÌÌË violence changed the world attitude towards the problems of national and Ò‚˙ıÒËÎË. éÍ‡Á‡ ÒÂ, ˜Â ‚‡„˙Ú ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÔÎ‡ÌË‡ Ò‚Ófl Û‰‡, ÔÓ‰„ÓÚ- international security. The first and the bloodiest one of these acts, the ‚flÈÍË ÒÂ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡Ú‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ‚˙ÁÌ‡ÏÂfl‚‡ ‰‡ ÚÂÓËÁË‡. íÓ‚‡ Ì‡- attacks from September 11, 2001, showed that the world is faced with Í‡‡ ‡ÏÂËÍ‡ÌˆËÚÂ ‰‡ Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡Ú ÔÓˆÂÒ Ì‡ ÔÂÓÒÏËÒÎflÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡- asymmetric threat of terrorism. Conventional security measures did not ÚÂ„ËflÚ‡ ÒË Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ‡ÁÍË ÔÂ‰ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎËÚÂ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌË Ô‡- work even in the most politically and military powerful country. It turned out ‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡, ˜Â ÒÂ Á‡‡Ê‰‡ Â‰Ì‡ ÌÓ‚‡ „ÂÓÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ Â‡ÎÌÓÒÚ Ë that the enemy can get ready for an attack in the country, where the ter- ÌÓ‚ ‚Ë‰ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ ËÏ. rorist act is to take place. This forced Americans to start a process of çflÍÓÎÍÓ ÏÂÒÂˆ‡ ÒÎÂ‰ Ú‡„Ë˜ÌËÚÂ Ò˙·ËÚËfl ‚ ëÄô, Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡ Ú.Ì‡. rethinking of their security strategy and also made other governments “ÇÓÈÌ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡”, ÍÓflÚÓ Ò ÚÂ˜ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‚ÂÏÂÚÓ ‰Ó‚Â‰Â ‰Ó around the world aware, that a new geopolitical reality and a new kind of ÌÂÒ˙„Î‡ÒËfl ‚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ Ë ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‡ ‚ÎÓ¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËflÚ‡ threat for the life and security of their citizens have come into being. ÏÂÊ‰Û ÄÏÂËÍ‡ Ë Ö‚ÓÔ‡. íÓ˜ÌÓ ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Ì‡ ëÚ‡Ëfl ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ Á‡- Few months after the tragic events in the USA the so-called “War against ÔÓ˜Ì‡ı‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ˜Û‚‡Ú „Î‡ÒÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ó·‚ËÌfl‚‡ı‡ ‡ÏÂ- terrorism” began, which in the course of time led to disagreements about ËÍ‡ÌˆËÚÂ ‚ Ô‡‡ÌÓfl ‚ ÚÂıÌËfl ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ‚ÒÂÓ·ı‚‡ÚÌ‡ ÒË„Û- the approach and worsened the relations between America and Europe. ÌÓÒÚ, ÒÂ ÒÎÛ˜Ëı‡ Ï‡‰Ë‰ÒÍËÚÂ ‡ÚÂÌÚ‡ÚË ÓÚ 11 Ï‡Ú 2004. ÇË‰fl And exactly when the voices of many on the old continent, accusing the ÒÂ, ˜Â Ö‚ÓÔ‡ ÌÂ Â ËÏÛÌËÁË‡Ì‡ ÒÂ˘Û ·ÂÁÛÏÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ë Á‡ÔÎ‡- Americans in paranoia, started to be heard, the attacks in Madrid from ıË Ì‡ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌËfl ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. êÛÒËfl, ‰Û„‡ ‚ÓÂÌÌ‡ Ò‚˙ıÒËÎ‡, Ò˙˘Ó March 11, 2004 happened. It was seen that Europe was not immunized ÛÒÂÚË ÔÓ Ú‡„Ë˜ÂÌ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ- against the crazy acts and threats of the world terrorism. Russia also felt in Ú‡ È, Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ú‡ÁË Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. a tragic way the threat against its national and civil security. ëÎÂ‰ 11 ÒÂÔÚÂÏ‚Ë Ë 11 Ï‡Ú ÒÚ‡Ì‡ flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ‡ÍÚÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ After September 11 and March 11 it was clear, that the acts of violence car- ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ „ÛÔË Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ÒÂ˘Û ried out by terrorist groups were aimed not only at the life, property and ÊË‚ÓÚ‡, ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÌÓ Ë Í˙Ï ‰Â- health of people, but also at the democratic institutions, values and princi- ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË, ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl, ‚˙ıÛ ÍÓËÚÓ ples, on which the free societies are based. In that sense the threats ÒÂ ÍÂÔflÚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î Á‡ÔÎ‡ıËÚÂ ÒÂ˘Û against security, caused by the modern international terrorism, turned out ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌË ÓÚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÂÌ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï to be not only physical, but moral as well. ÒÂ ÓÍ‡Á‡ı‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ÙËÁË˜ÂÒÍË, ÌÓ Ë ÏÓ‡ÎÌË. Ç ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚ËÂ ‰ÓË Ë Ì‡È-„ÓÎÂÏËÚÂ ÒÍÂÔÚËˆË ·flı‡ Û·Â‰ÂÌË, ˜Â Â ÌÛ- After September 11 and March 11 it was clear, that the acts ÊÂÌ ÌÓ‚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Ë ÌÓ‚Ë ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ ÔÓˆÂÒ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡- of violence carried out by terrorist groups were aimed not ·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ. Ç ÚÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ ·Â¯Â flÒÌÓ, ˜Â ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ (‚ only at the life, property and health of people, but also at the ÌÂÈÌ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ ÙÓÏ‡ ËÎË ‚˙‚ ÙÓÏ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ Ì‡‰Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ó·Â- democratic institutions, values and principles, on which the ‰ËÌÂÌËÂ) Â Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ËÏ‡ ÂÒÛÒ‡ Ë ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‰‡ free societies are based ÓÒË„ÛË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÚÓ ÌË‚Ó Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ. ëÚ‡ı˙Ú, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ ÓÚ Ì‡‰‚ËÒÌ‡Î‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡, Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌÓ Ì‡Í‡‡ ÏÌÓÁËÌÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ·ÂÁÛÒ-

21 ÎÓ‚ÌÓ ‰‡ ÔËÂÏÂ, ˜Â ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÒÚ˙ÔÍË, ËÌËˆËË‡ÌË ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ Subsequently even the biggest skeptics were convinced that a new ‚ Ú‡ÁË Ì‡ÒÓÍ‡, Ò‡ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË Ë ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË. ãË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂ˘ËÚÂ approach and new measures were needed in guaranteeing security. In ıÓ‡ Ó·‡˜Â Á‡ÔÓ˜Ì‡ı‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÓ ÚÓÁË Ì‡˜ËÌ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚- the process of ensuring stability and security was clear that the state (in ÌËflÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï ÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, its national form or in the form of supranational union) is the only credible ‚Â‰Ì˙Ê Á‡ÒÚ‡¯‡‚‡ÈÍË ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË Ë ‚ÚÓË Ô˙Ú ‰‡‚‡ÈÍË Ì‡ institution, which has the resources and capacity to guarantee the ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡, ÔÓ‰ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÚÂÎÌËfl ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„ Á‡ ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Ë ÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚Ì‡ desired level of security. The fear, caused by the overhanging threat, ini- ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ‰‡ Ì‡‚ÎÂÁÂ ÔÓ-‰˙Î·ÓÍÓ ‚ ÌflÍÓË ÚËÔË˜ÌÓ ˜‡ÒÚÌË Ë ÎË˜ÌË tially made the majority unconditionally to accept that all steps, undertook ÒÙÂË. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ì‡Ô˙ÎÌÓ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ·flı‡ Ô˙‚ËÚÂ, ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓÔË- by governments were necessary and legitimate. However, liberal-thinking Ú‡ı‡ ‰‡ÎË ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Á‡ÏÂÌË Î˛- people began warning that in this way, international terrorism puts in dan- ·Ó‚Ú‡ Í˙Ï Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ÍÂÔË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËflÚ Ò‚flÚ. çË- ger personal freedom, on one hand by endangering everyone’s life and ÍÓÈ ÌÂ ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Ë ÔÓ‰ Ò˙ÏÌÂÌËÂ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚÚ‡ ÓÚ ÚÓ‚‡, Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎ- on the other, by paving the way for the state to intervene deeper in some ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÔÓÎÓÊ‡Ú ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË ÛÒËÎËfl Á‡ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒË- typically private and personal spheres, under the pretext for prevention and „ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. çÓ ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËflÚ ÎË·Â‡- preventive security. Unsurprisingly, Liberals were the first to ask whether ÎÂÌ ‚˙ÔÓÒ ·Â: ‡ÍÓ ÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚ÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡ the unconditional strive for security can replace the love for freedom, on ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ‰Ó‚Â‰‡Ú ‰Ó ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ Á‡ ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÚÂÓ- which the democratic world is build. Nobody doubted the necessity gov- ËÒÚË˜Ì‡ ‡Ú‡Í‡ ‚ ÌÂÈÌËfl ÙËÁË˜ÂÒÍË ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ, ÌÓ ÌflÍÓË ËÒÍÓÌÌË ÎË·Â- ernments to make their best for ensuring the security of their citizens. But ‡ÎÌË Ô‡‚‡, Ì‡ ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÂ ‡‰‚‡Ú ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË ‚ yet the logical liberal question was – if the preventive actions, aimed at ÚÓÁË ÔÓˆÂÒ, ÌÂ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ ÎË ÚÓ‚‡, ˜Â ‚‡„Ó‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ò‡ grater security, lead to inability of terrorist attack realization, in its physical ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÎË ÔÓ·Â‰‡ ‚ ÏÓ‡ÎÌËfl ‡ÒÔÂÍÚ Ì‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ – Ó„‡ÌË- aspect, but on the other hand cause infringement of personal rights and ˜ËÎË Ò‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë Ò‡ ‰Ó‚ÂÎË ‰Ó ÔÂÌÂ·Â„‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË ÎË·Â‡Î- liberties in the process, does not that mean that the enemies of democra- ÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË. Ç˙ÔÓÒ˙Ú Á‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË- cy have won in the moral aspect of their threat – limited freedom and dis- „ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl Ò‚flÚ ·Â ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÂÌ Ì‡ ‰ÌÂ‚ÂÌ Â‰. regard for fundamental liberal values. The issue of proper balance between freedom and security was put on the agenda. Ç ÒÎÂ‰‚‡˘ËÚÂ Â‰Ó‚Â ˘Â ·˙‰Â ‡Á„ÎÂ‰‡Ì ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Á‡ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡ Ò˙ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, Below will be examined the liberal way for achieving such a balance of ÍÓÂÚÓ ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ò˙˘Â‚- freedom and security, which will guarantee protection of the people and ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ÌÂ Ì‡Í˙Ìfl‚‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, at the same time will not infringe the liberal civil rights and freedoms, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ÂÒÂÌˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡. èÓÒÎÂ‰- which are the essence of the democratic state. The following ‚‡˘ÓÚÓ ËÁÎÓÊÂÌËÂ ËÁıÓÊ‰‡ ÓÚ Û·ÂÊ‰ÂÌËÂÚÓ, ˜Â expose is based on the conviction that precisely by abiding ËÏÂÌÌÓ ˜ÂÁ ÔË‰˙Ê‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÎË·Â‡ÎÌËÚÂ ˆÂÌ- to the liberal values and principles an answer can be ÌÓÒÚË Ë ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ‰‡‰Â ÓÚ„Ó‚Ó given to the “Freedom – Security” dilemma. Ì‡ ‰ËÎÂÏ‡Ú‡ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”.

íÂÓÂÚË˜ÌË ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË Ì‡ Theoretical premises of the ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ï liberal approach to Freedom ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ and Security

ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Í˙Ï ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ‚˙ÔÓÒËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ËÏ‡ ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„Û- Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÍÓÂÌË ‚ Ú‡‰ËˆËflÚ‡, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ‡ Ë ÔÓ- ÌÓÒÚ ·ÂÁ Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÌÂ Ò ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡Ì‡ ÓÚ Ë‰ÂÈÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Â‰Ëˆ‡ ÚÓÁË ÒÚÂÏÂÊ, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ÏËÒÎËÚÂÎË. èÂ‰Ë ‰‡ ‡Á„ÎÂ- ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë „‡Ê‰‡Ì- ‰‡ÏÂ ÓÚ„Ó‚Ó‡, ÍÓÈÚÓ ‰ÌÂ¯ÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÔÂ‰Î‡- ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÂÌ‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ „‡Ú ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û „‡Ê‰‡Ì- ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰‡ Í˙Ï Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ ÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÌÂÏ Í˙Ï ÚÂÓÂÚË˜- ÓÚ Ú‡Ï „‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ ‰Ó Á‡„Û·‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÌËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÍË, ÍÓËÚÓ ‰ÂÚÂÏËÌË‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ. Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÏÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÎÍ‡. àÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ˆÂÎË ÔË ÍÓÌÒÚË- ÚÛË‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó. íÛÍ ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ·˙Í‡ ÓÌÁË The present-day liberal approach to the issues of Freedom and Security ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÔÓÓ‰ÂÌ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡ı‡, Í‡ÍÚÓ „Ó ÓÔËÒ‚‡ íÓ- has its roots in the tradition, based on the ideological heritage of a num- Ï‡Ò ïÓ·Ò, ‡ ÔÓ-ÒÍÓÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ‚˙ÔÓÒ Á‡ ÊÂÎ‡ÌËÂ Á‡ Â‰, ÍÓÈÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ ber of classical liberal thinkers. Before examining the answer, which mod- ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡ ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ‰‡ ÔÂÒÎÂ‰‚‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ ÎË˜ÌË ern Liberals propose with regard to proper balance between Freedom ÔÎ‡ÌÓ‚Â Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ Ë ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÌ‡- and Security, we ought to go back to the theoretical premises, which Í˙ÌËÏË ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Í‡ÚÓ determine the liberal thinking. ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó - Ú‡‰ËˆËfl Ë‰‚‡˘‡ ÓÚ ÑÊÓÌ ãÓÍ. ëÔÓÂ‰ ÌÂ„Ó ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Personal security is one of the main objectives in building the human soci- ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Á‚‡Ú ÓÚ Ò‚ÓÂÚÓ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁË‡˘Ó ety. It should not be confused with the strive for security, triggered by the ÒÂ Ò Ô˙ÎÌ‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ ÓÚ ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÌÓ Ë ÌÂ fear (as Thomas Hobbes describes it), but rather it is about desire for ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡˘Ó ÌËÍ‡Í‚‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ÓÚ Â‚ÂÌÚÛ‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ò‚ÓÂ‚ÓÎËfl Ì‡ Úflı Ò‡- order, which should guarantee the ability of everyone to pursue his/ her ÏËÚÂ, Á‡ ‰‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ÒÓ·ÒÚ- own conceptions of the good life and which should protect the natural ‚ÂÌÓÒÚ – ‡Á·Ë‡Ì‡ ÓÚ ÌÂ„Ó Í‡ÚÓ Ò˙˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÊË‚ÓÚ Ë and irrevocable human rights. Liberals view the society as a contract – ËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó. í‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ Í‡‡ ıÓ‡Ú‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ò˙„Î‡ÒflÚ ‰‡ ÓÚ˜ÛÊ‰flÚ tradition, coming from John Locke. In his view, individuals give up their ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÔÂı‚˙ÎflÈÍË fl Ì‡ Â‰ËÌ Ó·˘ÓÔËÂÚ Ë ÎÂ„Ë- state of nature, characterized by full freedom and independence from ÚËÏÂÌ ‡„ÂÌÚ Ì‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÚÓ ‚ ÎËˆÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡. É‡ÌËˆËÚÂ social factors (but at the same time not offering any protection against Ì‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ Ò‡ flÒÌÓ ‰ÂÙËÌË‡ÌË ÓÚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ÏÂÊ‰Û ËÌ- possible intrusions from other individuals) in order to protect their per- ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ. íÂ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÚË‡Ú ‰Ó Ú‡Ï, ˜Â ‰‡ ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÓÚÂÍˆËfl Ì‡ ÓÒ- sonal property, interpreted as a combination of life, freedom and proper- ÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÌÂÂ„Î‡ÏÂÌÚË‡ÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÒÂ„‡ÚÂÎÒÚ- ty. That is way people agree to give up part of their personal freedom, ‚Ó ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ Â‰ÌË ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Ë ÒÂ˘Û ‰Û„Ë. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î ˜Ó‚Â¯- transferring it to a commonly accepted and a legitimate agent of gover-

22 ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‰Ó·Ó‚ÓÎÌÓ Â ÔËÂÎÓ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËÂ, Í‡ÚÓ ËÌÒÚËÚÛ- Liberals warn that the excessive aspiration for security ˆËËÚÂ Ò‡ ËÁÍÛÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ Ò˙Á‰‡‰ÂÌË ÓÚ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ıÓ‡. àÌÒÚËÚÛˆË- without considering the aim of this aspiration, namely ËÚÂ Ì‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡, ÒÔÓÂ‰ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ãÓÍ Ë ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó- the protection of democratic principles and civil rights, ‚‡ÚÂÎË, Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ Ô‡ÁflÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ‰ÓÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡, lead to redirection of attention from the individual to the ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl‚‡Ú, ÌÓ ÌË˘Ó ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÚÓ‚‡. çÂ˘Ó ÔÓ‚Â˜Â, ‚ÒflÍÓ ÔÓ-Ì‡Ú‡Ú˙¯ÌÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ, ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡˘Ó Á‡- community and from there the lost of personal freedom ‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌ‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡, Â ÌÂÔ‡‚ÓÏÂÌÓ Ë ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ is only a step away ÔËÂÏÂ Í‡ÚÓ Ì‡Û¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó‡, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ ÒÂ ·‡ÁË‡ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂ- ÌËÂÚÓ. Ç ÚÓÁË ÒÏËÒ˙Î, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, Ò˙Ó·‡ÁÂÌË Ò Ì‡‡ÒÚ‚‡˘‡Ú‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Ë Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ- ÂÙÂÍÚË‚Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË, ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÓ ÌËÍ‡Í˙‚ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÌÂ nance such as the state. The limits of power are clearly defined in the ÔÓÚË‚ÓÂ˜Ë Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó ÏÂÊ‰Û Úflı. ÄÍÓ ‚ ıËÔÓÚÂÚË˜- social contract between individuals. These limits stretch as far as it is nec- Ì‡Ú‡ Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌ‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚‡flÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÚ‡ ÏÛ Â Ò˙- essary for protection of the fundamental human rights. In this sense ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡Î‡ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì‡ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ, ÚÓ ÚÂ Ò˙Ò ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ·Ëı‡ ÒÂ Ò˙„- human society has voluntarily accepted limitations and created institutions Î‡ÒËÎË ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Ê‡Ú ‚ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ ÌflÍÓË Ò‚ÓË Ô‡‚‡ Ë of power, which should protect the fundamental rights and freedoms as far Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡Î‡Ú‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ ÚflıÌÓÚÓ ‡‚- as the social conditions allow it but not further. Moreover, any further ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó. action, using the compulsory power of the state, is illegitimate and can be ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í „‡ÌËˆËÚÂ, ‚ ÍÓËÚÓ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ Ì‡ÏÂÒË Ë ‰‡ Ó„‡- interpreted as a violation of the contract, on which the governance is ÌË˜Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ·ÂÁ ‰‡ ÒÂ Á‡„Û·Ë ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ Ò˙- based. In this sense, when the state power undertakes actions, relevant to ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Â ÎËÏËÚË‡Ì‡. ëÔÓÂ‰ the growing level of danger and oriented towards more effective protection ÑÊÓÌ ëÚ˛‡Ú åËÎ , ‰Û„ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÂÌ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍË ÚÂÓÂÚËÍ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡- of its citizens, this is in no way an infringement of the social contract ÎËÁÏ‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÔÓÁËˆËfl Â Ú‡ÁË, ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÂ ÔÓÚË- between them. If such a danger has existed in the first place, when con- ‚ÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚fl Ì‡ ÔËÌÛ‰‡Ú‡ ‰ÓË ÒÂ˘Û ÌÂ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌËÚÂ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, tract conditions have been negotiated, then for certainty the citizens would ÒÚË„‡ ÚÂ ‰‡ ÌÂ Ò‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ‰ÂÒÚÛÍÚË‚ÌË, ‰‡ ÌÂ Á‡Òfl„‡Ú Ë ‰‡ have agreed to give up to a larger extent some of their rights and free- Ò‡ Ò˙‚ÏÂÒÚËÏË Ò ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÚÓ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰Û„ËÚÂ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë- doms at the expense of the protection of the remaining part of their ‰Ë. Ç Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÚÓ Ó·‡˜Â ‚ÒÂÍË ·Ë ÒÂ Ò˙„Î‡ÒËÎ, ˜Â ÚÂÓËÒÚË˜Ì‡Ú‡ autonomous space. Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ËÏ‡ Ô‡„Û·ÌÓ ‚ÎËflÌËÂ ‚˙ıÛ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ However, the extent to which public power can intervene and restrict per- ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ. ÇÒÂ Ô‡Í, Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎÂÌ Á‡˘ËÚ- sonal freedom without endangering the very meaning of the democratic ÌËÍ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ åËÎ Â Ì‡Ô˙ÎÌÓ ÔÓÚË‚ Ô‡ÚÂÌ‡ÎËÒ- society, is limited. According to John Stuart Mill, another classic theorist of ÚÍ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ÏÂÒ‡, ÓˆÂÌfl‚‡˘‡ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ ÔÓÎÁ‡ Ë ËÌÚÂÂÒ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë- liberalism and freedom, the liberal position withstands compulsory meas- ‰‡ Ë Ì‡Î‡„‡˘‡ ÏÛ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ‚ Ì‡ÒÓÍ‡ Ì‡ ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Â‡ÎË- ures, except in cases when there are socially destructive actions or ÁË‡ÌÂ. íÓÈ ÒÏflÚ‡, ˜Â ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ì‡È-‰Ó·Â ÁÌ‡flÚ Í‡Í‚Ó Â ‰Ó·Â actions, affecting the autonomous existence of other individuals. However, Á‡ Úflı, ÌÓ ‰ÓË Ë ÚÓ‚‡ ‰‡ ÌÂ Â Ú‡Í‡, ‡ÎÚÂÌ‡ÚË‚‡Ú‡ ‰‡ Ô‡‚flÚ today everyone would agree that the terrorist threat has a destructive effect „Â¯ÍË Ì‡ ·‡Á‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌËÚÂ ÒË ‡Á·Ë‡ÌËfl Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ on the free functioning of individuals and society. And yet, as a true Â ÔÓ-‰Ó·‡, ÓÚÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ‰‡ ËÏ‡Ú ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‰‡ ËÏ Ì‡Î‡„‡ defender of personal freedom, Mill is totally against the paternalism. He Â‰Ì‡ ˜ÛÊ‰‡ Ì‡ Úflı ÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ ÎË˜ÌÓÚÓ ËÏ ·Î‡„Ó. íÂÁË Ë‰ÂË Ò‡ ÁÌ‡- thinks that individuals know best what is good for them, but even if that is ˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ú‡ÌÒÙÓÏË‡ÌË ‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ, ÌÓ not so, the alternative to make mistakes on the grounds of their own ÓÚ Úflı Â ÓÒÚ‡Ì‡ÎÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂÚÓ, ˜Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë believes for good life is better than to have a governance, which imposes ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËflÚ‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ÓÚ ‚Î‡ÒÚÚ‡ ‚ ÔÓÒÓÍ‡ Ì‡ ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÓÒË„Û- on them an alien concept for their own good. These ideas are consider- fl‚‡ÌÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÒÚË„Ì‡Ú Ò‡ÏÓ ‰Ó Ú‡Ï, ‰ÓÍ˙‰ÂÚÓ ÚÂ Á‡˘ËÚ‡‚‡Ú ably transformed in today’s liberal thinking, but remains the understanding Ó·˘‡Ú‡ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡ ÓÚ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ Ò‡ ‰Ó„Ó‚ÓÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û that the strive for security and the actions, undertaken by the authorities for ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚ÂÚÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ. Ñ˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ì‡Î‡„‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë- its guaranteeing can only go as far as they protect the common system of ‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ú‡ÍÓ‚‡ Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ÚflıÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó rights and freedoms, which are negotiated among the society members. ‡ÁÛ¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÏËÒ˙Î‡ Ë ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍÓÚÓ Ó·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÂ. ãË·Â- The state cannot impose on individuals such limitations of their freedom, ‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÔÂÍ‡ÎÂÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ which lead to destruction of the sense and purpose of human society. ·ÂÁ Ò˙Ó·‡Áfl‚‡ÌÂ Ò ˆÂÎÚ‡ Ì‡ ÚÓÁË ÒÚÂÏÂÊ, ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Liberals warn that the excessive aspiration for security without considering ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÂÌ‡- the aim of this aspiration, namely the protection of democratic principles ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂÚÓ ÓÚ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰‡ Í˙Ï Ó·˘ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ ÓÚ Ú‡Ï and civil rights, lead to redirection of attention from the individual to the „‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ ‰Ó Á‡„Û·‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÏÌÓ„Ó Ï‡ÎÍ‡. community and from there the lost of personal freedom is only a step àÒÚÓËflÚ‡ ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡, ˜Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ú‡Í‡, ‡ÍÓ ÌÂ ÒÂ ‚ÌËÏ‡‚‡ Ë „‡Ê‰‡Ì- away. The history proves that this is the way to the formation of totalitarian ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ ÒÂ ÔËÒÔË, ÒÂ ÙÓÏË‡Ú ÚÓÚ‡ÎËÚ‡ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. é„- societies. Liberals take the position that the restriction of personal freedom ‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÒÏflÚ‡Ú ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ, beyond certain limits, no matter of the pretext, is unallowable. Nazi ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË „‡ÌËˆË, ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ÔÓ‰ Í‡Í˙‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„ Â ÌÂ‰Ó- Germany, as well as the ex-socialistic countries might have been more ÔÛÒÚËÏÓ. ç‡ˆËÒÚÍ‡ ÉÂÏ‡ÌËfl Ë ÒÚ‡ÌËÚÂ ÓÚ ·Ë‚¯Ëfl ÒÓˆË‡ÎËÒÚË- secure than they are today, but despite that they were too far from the ˜ÂÒÍË ·ÎÓÍ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ Ò‡ ·ËÎË ÔÓ-ÒË„ÛÌË, ÓÚÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ Ò‡ ÚÂÁË ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë democratic ideal and only few would prefer to live in such societies. ‚ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÓ ‚˙ÔÂÍË ÚÓ‚‡ ÚÂ Ò‡ Ú‚˙‰Â ‰‡ÎÂ˜ ÓÚ ‰Â- Although security and order are important for the free societies, they still ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËfl Ë‰Â‡Î Ë Ï‡ÎˆËÌ‡ Ò‡ ÓÌÂÁË, ÍÓËÚÓ ·Ëı‡ ÔÂ‰ÔÓ˜ÂÎË ÊË- are not the main objectives. Liberal-minded people are convinced that ‚ÓÚ‡ ‚ ÓÌÂÁË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. á‡˘ÓÚÓ Ï‡Í‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë Â‰‡ ‰‡ Ò‡ absolute security can be achieved only in a totalitarian police sate. ‚‡ÊÌË ˆÂÎË Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÚÂ ‚ÒÂ Ô‡Í ÌÂ Ò‡ Ô˙‚ÓÒÚÂ- ÔÂÌÌËÚÂ ˆÂÎË. ïÓ‡Ú‡ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë ÔÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎÂÌ Ì‡˜ËÌ ÁÌ‡flÚ Ë Ò‡ Û·Â- Liberals believe that freedom is a fundamental personal and public value. ‰ÂÌË, ˜Â ‡·ÒÓÎ˛ÚÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔÓÒÚË„ÌÂ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ÚÓ- Freedom is the space where individuals can choose among the infinite Ú‡ÎËÚ‡Ì‡ ÔÓÎËˆÂÈÒÍ‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡. concepts of good life. However, the liberal pursuit of freedom is not unconditional. The personal freedom is limited by the condition that its practicing èÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Úfl Â ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡ ËÌ- should not in any way restrict or infringe the freedom of another individual. ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ. ífl ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚‡ ÓÌÓ‚‡ ÔÓÒÚ- Here precisely comes the role of state as a “night guard”, laying down and ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÍÓÂÚÓ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ËÁ·Ë‡Ú ÓÚ ·ÂÁ·ÓÈÌËÚÂ controlling the observance of commonly valid and accepted formal rules ÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËË Á‡ ‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ. ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ Í˙Ï Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ó·‡- of behavior. The Rule of Law is fundamental in building of democratic soci-

23 ˜Â ÌÂ Â ·ÂÁÛÒÎÓ‚ÂÌ, ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ ÒÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ ÓÚ ÛÒÎÓ- ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ú˙„‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡, ˜Â ‚ËÂÚÓ, ˜Â ÌÂÈÌÓÚÓ ÛÔ‡ÊÌfl‚‡ÌÂ ÌÂ ·Ë‚‡ ‰‡ ÔÂ˜Ë Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰Û„ËÚÂ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Ë. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÚÛÍ ÒÂ ÔÓfl‚fl‚‡ Ë ÓÎflÚ‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Í‡ÚÓ “ÌÓ˘ÂÌ ÒÚ‡Ê”, ÙÓÏÛÎË‡˘ Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎË‡˘ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·- ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË ‚ Ì‡È-„ÓÎflÏ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÌÂ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ ˘Ó‚‡ÎË‰ÌËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÓÔËÂÚËÚÂ ÙÓÏ‡ÎÌË Ô‡‚ËÎ‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‚Â‰ÂÌËÂ. èËÌˆËÔ˙Ú Ì‡ ‚˙ıÓ‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó Ì‡ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÔÓÎ‡„‡˘ ÔË ËÁ„- Í˙Ï Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Í‡ÚÓ Â‰‡ ‡Ê‰‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË- ËÎË ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ „ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ì‡ ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚Â. ÅÂÁ ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡- ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â ÌÂ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌ‡. Í˙Ï Á‡Ô‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡. ãË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Â ÒÏÂÒ ÓÚ ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ë ÔÓÁËÚË‚Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ (“Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÓÚ” Ë “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‰‡”)1. Ç˙ÁÌËÍ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÁÏ‡ eties and guaranteeing the security of their members. Without its obser- Í‡ÚÓ ÔÓÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÌÂ, ‡ÎÚÂÌ‡ÚË‚‡ Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍ‡ ‡·ÒÓÎ˛ÚÌ‡ ‡‚ÚÓ- vance, ensuring of personal and public security is impossible. ËÚ‡ÌÓÒÚ, ÔÂ‰ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎfl ÌÂ„Ó‚ÓÚÓ ‡ÍˆÂÌÚË‡ÌÂ ‚˙ıÛ ÌÂ„‡ÚË‚Ì‡- Liberal freedom is a combination of negative and positive freedom (“free- Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ÓÚ ÔËÌÛ‰‡. ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ó·‡˜Â dom from” and “freedom to”)1. The emergence of Liberalism as a political Ó·˙˘‡Ú ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÓ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ ÔÓÁËÚË‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ – ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ- concept, alternative to any absolute authoritarianism, predetermines its Ú‡ Á‡ ‡ÁÛÏÂÌ ËÁ·Ó. íÂ ˜ÂÒÚÓ ÔËÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó- accent on negative freedom – compulsory freedom. However, modern ·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Â ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ˆË‚ËÎËÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, ËÁ‚˙Ì Úflı Ú‚˙‰Â Liberals pay special attention to the positive freedom – the possibility for ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚˙Ì¯ÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË Í‡ÚÓ ÌËÒÍÓ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ‰ÓıÓ‰Ë, ÌÂ·Î‡„ÓÔË- a rational choice. They often confess that the existence of freedom is only flÚÌË Ó·ÒÚÓflÚÂÎÒÚ‚‡, Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ ÓÚ ‚ÒflÍ‡Í˙‚ ı‡‡ÍÚÂ Ë Ú.Ì ‚ÎËflflÚ Ì‡ possible in civilized environment. Out of this environment, there are num- ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍËfl ËÁ·Ó. íÓ‚‡ Â ÔË˜ËÌ‡Ú‡, Í‡‡˘‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ‰‡ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ber of factors, which influence human choice, such as the low incomes, Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ·ÓËÏ Ò ÌÂ‚ÂÊÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ÌÂ„‡ÏÓÚÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ·ÓÎÂÒÚËÚÂ, lack of education, ignorance, illnesses, environmental pollution, terrorist ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡, Á‡Ï˙Òfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡, ÚÂ- threats and so on. Which is way, the Liberals believe that we have to fight ÓËÒÚË˜ÌËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË Ë ‚ÒË˜ÍË ‚˙Ì¯ÌË Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ Í‡‡Ú ËÌ‰Ë- all these external factors, which prevent individuals from acting ‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ‰‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚‡Ú ÌÂ‡‚ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓ. íÛÍ ‚ËÊ‰‡ÏÂ, ˜Â Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËÚÂ autonomously. It can be seen that present-day Liberals allow more space ÎË·Â‡ÎË ‚ ÚÓ‚‡ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ ÔËÌˆËÔÌÓ ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒ- for extending the limits of state intervention, in contrast to the classical Ú‚Ó Á‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ „‡ÌËˆ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡Ú‡ Ì‡ÏÂÒ‡, Á‡ ‡ÁÎËÍ‡ and neoclassical liberal followers. Today’s Liberals believe that if we try to ÓÚ ÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ Ë ÌÂÓÍÎ‡ÒË˜ÂÒÍËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌË ÔË‚˙ÊÂÌËˆË. ÑÌÂ¯- maintain an adequate civilized environment, then if needed, a concept of ÌËÚÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎË ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ÒÂ ÒÚÂÏËÏ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰‰˙Ê‡ÏÂ ÌÛÊÌËÚÂ “good life” can be imposed on individuals. In other words, under certain ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl, Á‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ ‡‰ÂÍ‚‡ÚÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ, conditions some liberties can temporally be restricted at the expense of ÚÓ Ó˜Â‚Ë‰ÌÓ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ, ÔË ÌÛÊ‰‡, ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ì‡ÎÓÊÂÌ‡ ÍÓÌ- the common good of all individuals. The accent is on “under certain con- ˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ “‰Ó·˙ ÊË‚ÓÚ.” ë ‰Û„Ë ‰ÛÏË ÔË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl ÌflÍÓË ditions” and “temporally”, which means that besides that the level of state Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÏÓ„‡Ú ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÌË Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ ˆflÎÓÒÚ- intervention is restricted, it should be brought back in its normal limits, ÌÓÚÓ ·Î‡„Ó‰ÂÌÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ. ÄÍˆÂÌÚ˙Ú ÚÛÍ Â ‚˙ıÛ “ÔË ÓÔ- once the danger is gone. However, a problem arises – who and how will Â‰ÂÎÂÌË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl” Ë “‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ”, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡‚‡ ÓÒ‚ÂÌ, ˜Â ÌË‚Ó- be determined that the danger does not exist any more. ÚÓ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ì‡ ËÌÚÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Â ÎËÏËÚË‡ÌÓ, ÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ Precisely that is way the vigilant civil society is sine qua ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‚˙Ì‡ÚÓ ‚ ÌÓÏ‡ÎÌËÚÂ ÒË „‡ÌËˆË ÒÎÂ‰ Í‡ÚÓ non (an obligatory condition) for the liberal and dem- ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÔÂÏËÌÂ. Ç˙ÁÌËÍ‚‡ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÂÌ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ocratic public order. Í‡Í Ë ÍÓÈ ˘Â ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎË, ˜Â Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Â ÔÂÓ‰ÓÎflÌ‡ Ë ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡ÚÓ‚‡ ·Û‰ÌÓÚÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ- Liberalism, Freedom and ‚Ó Â sine qua non (Á‡‰˙ÎÊËÚÂÎÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÂ) Ì‡ ÎË- ·Â‡ÎÌÓ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËfl Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ Â‰. Security – Contemporary Dimensions ãË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï, ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚ – In the first place, it should be mentioned that Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl one of the main advantages of the contemporary liberal approach is that Freedom and Security are not interpreted as antithetical (oppo- ç‡ Ô˙‚Ó ÏflÒÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÒÔÓÏÂÌÂ, ˜Â Â‰ÌÓ site) terms. Liberals believe that civil rights and ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËfl ÎË- security are complementary to one another and are a ·Â‡ÎÌËfl ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Â, ˜Â ë‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ëË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÌÂ necessary condition for the existence of the social con- ÒÂ ‡Á·Ë‡Ú Í‡ÚÓ ‡ÌÚËÚÂÚË˜ÌË (ÔÓÚË‚ÓÒÚÓfl˘Ë ÒË) tract. Conventional thinkers look at the issue of balance as a ÔÓÌflÚËfl. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë ÒË„Û- dilemma, for whose solution the democratic government should choose ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ÒÂ ‰ÓÔ˙Î‚‡Ú ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ Ë Ò‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏË ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëfl Á‡ Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û- between two competing values – freedom and order2. In other words, ‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌËfl ‰Ó„Ó‚Ó. äÓÌ‚ÂÌˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÏËÒÎÂÌÂ ÔËÂ- many think that as more freedoms one civil society enjoys, as closer to an Ï‡ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ Á‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ Í‡ÚÓ ‰ËÎÂÏ‡, ÔË Â¯‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ, Ì‡ ÍÓflÚÓ ‰Â- anarchy it comes, so far as it becomes more vulnerable to acts of vio- ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚ËÚÂÎÒÚ‚Ó Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ËÁ·Ë‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚Â ÍÓÌÍÛË- 2 lence. And on the other hand, any action, directed to prevention of violent ‡˘Ë ÒÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË – Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ ËÎË Â‰ . ë ‰Û„Ë ‰ÛÏË ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÔËÂ- behavior in the society, leads to a risk of sacrificing some of the freedoms, Ï‡Ú, ˜Â Ì‡ ÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÔÓ‚Â˜Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÒÂ ‡‰‚‡ Â‰ÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍÓ Ó·- which justify its existence. In this dilemma Conservatives without hesita- ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ ÔÓ-·ÎËÁÓ ‰Ó ‡Ì‡ıËflÚ‡ Â ÚÓ, ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÒÚ‡‚‡ ÔÓ- tion give their preferences to the order, which for them is one of the main ÛflÁ‚ËÏÓ Á‡ ÔÎ‡ÌÛ‚‡ÌÂ Ë ÓÒ˙˘ÂÒÚ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ. éÚ values of society. And security is the means for maintaining the order. The ‰Û„‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ‚ÒflÍÓ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌÓ Í˙Ï ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl Ë Ó·ÛÁ‰‡‚‡ÌÂ conservative point of view is that when the situation requires so, and the Ì‡ Ì‡ÒËÎÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÔÓ‚Â‰ÂÌËÂ ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ‚Ó‰Ë ‰Ó ÔÓfl‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÒÍ present situation is precisely such, individuals have to give up some of ÓÚ ÊÂÚ‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, ÍÓËÚÓ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡‚‡Ú their civil rights and freedoms at the expense of extending the role of state Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂÚÓ ÏÛ. Ç Ú‡ÁË ‰ËÎÂÏ‡ ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚÓËÚÂ ·ÂÁ ÍÓÎÂ·‡ÌËÂ in guaranteeing and maintaining security and stability. They believe that ÓÚ‰‡‚‡Ú ÔÂ‰ÔÓ˜ËÚ‡ÌËÂ Ì‡ Â‰‡, ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡ Úflı Â Â‰Ì‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌË- lack of security prevents society members to take advantage to a full ÚÂ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË ‚ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ, ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ËÂ, extent of their autonomy, guaranteed by the civil rights and freedoms any- 24 ÍÓÂÚÓ „Ó ÔÓ‰˙Ê‡. ëÔÓÂ‰ ÍÓÌÒÂ‚‡ÚË‚ÌÓÚÓ ‡Á·Ë‡ÌÂ, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ÒË- Liberals start from the assumption that security ÚÛ‡ˆËflÚ‡ „Ó ËÁËÒÍ‚‡, ‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘‡Ú‡ ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl Â ËÏÂÌÌÓ Ú‡Í‡‚‡, ËÌ- ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÓÚÍ‡Ê‡Ú ÓÚ ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ Ò‚ÓËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË measures can be justified to a largest extent Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë, Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ ‡Á¯Ëfl‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ ÓÎfl Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ not by aspiration for public values such as order ‚ ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ë ÔÓ‰˙Ê‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ. íÂ ÒÏflÚ‡Ú, ˜Â ÎËÔÒ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÔÂ˜Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒÂÍË ˜ÎÂÌ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ- and stability, but instead by aspiration ‚ÓÚÓ, Ú‡Í‡ ËÎË ËÌ‡˜Â ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ ‚ Ô˙ÎÌ‡ ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÓÚ Ò‚ÓflÚ‡ ‡‚- ÚÓÌÓÏÌÓÒÚ, „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ì‡ ÏÛ ÓÚ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë. for preservation of freedom éÚ ‰Û„‡ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ ÌflÍÓË ÔÓ-Í‡ÈÌË ÎË·Â‡ÎË Ë ÎË·ÂÚ‡Ë‡ÌˆË ·Ëı‡ Á‡fl‚ËÎË, ˜Â Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË- ÚÂ Ò˙Á‰‡‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÂ˜Ë Ì‡ ÔËÌˆËÔËÚÂ Ì‡ ÒÓˆË- how. On the other hand, some more extreme Liberals and Libertarians ‡ÎÌËfl ÍÓÌÚ‡ÍÚ Ë ‚ ÍÓÂÚÓ ÌÂ ÒË ÒÚÛ‚‡ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÊË‚ÂÂ. íÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú would say that the restriction of civil rights and freedoms creates a society Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÚÓÎÍÓ‚‡ ‚‡ÊÌ‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚ, ˜Â Úfl ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ that contradicts to the principles of social contract and where it is not worth ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌ‡ Ì‡ ÌËÚÓ Â‰Ì‡ ‰Û„‡. íÓ‚‡, ÍÓÂÚÓ ÔËÚÂÒÌfl‚‡ ÔË- living. For them the freedom is of such immense public value, that it can- ‚˙ÊÂÌËˆËÚÂ Ì‡ „ÓÌÓÚÓ ÏÌÂÌËÂ Â, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ÒÂ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎË Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡ not be dependent on any other value. What concerns the supporters of ‰‡ ÒÂ ‡ÁÔÓÒÚÂ ‚ ÒÙÂË, ÔËÂÏ‡ÌË Ú‡‰ËˆËÓÌÌÓ Á‡ ÌÂÌ‡Í˙ÌËÏÓ the above view is that if the state once is allowed to extent its influence in ÎË˜ÌÓ ÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó Ë Ó„‡ÌË˜Ë ÌflÍÓË ÓÚ Ô‡‚‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌËÚÂ areas, which traditionally are perceived as inviolable personal space and ÒË, ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ˜Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„˙Ú Â Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÊË‚ÓÚ‡ ËÏ, ÚÓ ÌÂÈÌ‡- to restrict some of the civil rights, no matter that the pretext is the defence Ú‡ ËÌÚÂ‚ÂÌˆËfl ˘Â ‰ÓÒÚË„ÌÂ ‰Ó ÌË‚‡, ÓÚ ÍÓËÚÓ ÔÓ-Í˙ÒÌÓ ÌflÏ‡ ‰‡ of life of its citizens, then state intervention will reach such levels from ÒÂ ÓÚÚÂ„ÎË, ‰ÓË Ë ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËflÚ‡ ‚Â˜Â ‰‡ ÌÂ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÂÍÒÎÛÁË‚Ì‡Ú‡ È which the state will not withdraw, even if the situation has improved and Ì‡ÏÂÒ‡. à ‰‚‡Ú‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰‡ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â Û‚ÂÎË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÒË„Û- does not require any more state’s exclusive intervention. Both approaches ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â Á‡ ÒÏÂÚÍ‡ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ë Ó·‡ÚÌÓ. assume that the increased security is at the expense of the restricted civil ë˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌËflÚ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÁ˙Ï Ì‡ÏË‡ ‰Û„ ÓÚ„Ó‚Ó Ì‡ ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡ “Ò‚Ó- liberties and visa versa. ·Ó‰‡-ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ú˙„‚‡Ú ÓÚ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÒÚ‡‚Í‡Ú‡, ˜Â Present-day Liberalism finds another answer to the issue of the balance ÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌË ‚ Ì‡È-„ÓÎflÏ‡ “Freedom – Security”. Liberals start from the assumption that security ÒÚÂÔÂÌ ÌÂ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ Í˙Ï Ú‡ÍË‚‡ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË Í‡ÚÓ measures can be justified to a largest extent not by aspiration for public Â‰‡ ËÎË ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ‡ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÓÚ ÒÚÂÏÂÊ‡ Í˙Ï Á‡Ô‡Á‚‡- values such as order and stability, but instead by aspiration for preserva- ÌÂ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÏ‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ tion of freedom. Exactly for this reason, special security measures should ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎÌË ÏÂÍË Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ËÁ‚˙¯‚‡ÌÓ Ò Â‰ËÌ- be adopted with the only purpose of defending democratic principles of ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÏÂÂÌËÂ Ë flÒÌ‡ ˆÂÎ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú Á‡˘ËÚÂÌË Ë Á‡Ô‡ÁÂÌË ‰Â- society and its institutions. However, Liberals warn against the maxim “The ÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó Ë ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ purpose justifies the means”, because without rational evaluation of each ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË. é„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍËÚÂ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë ÓÚ ÒÚ‡- step on the way towards ensuring security and thorough consideration of Ì‡ Ì‡ ‰˙Ê‡‚‡Ú‡ Â ÓÔ‡‚‰‡ÌÓ, ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Â ËÁÔ‡‚ÂÌÓ measures to be employed, the means can destroy the purpose. Then ÔÂ‰ ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏ‡Ú‡ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚ, Í‡Í‚‡ÚÓ ‚ ÒÎÛ˜‡fl ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl‚‡ ÏÂÊ- security measures, undertaken with the intention of protecting the free ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËflÚ ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï, ‡ÍÓ ÌÂ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË ËÁ‚˙ÌÂ‰ÌË Ë institutions and principles of liberal democracy, will achieve the same ÔÂ‚‡ÌÚË‚ÌË ÏÂÍË ÚÓ ‰‡ ÌÂ ËÁÔ˙ÎÌfl‚‡ ÙÛÌÍˆËËÚÂ, Á‡ ÍÓËÚÓ Â Ò˙Á- effect, which the enemies of democracy want – its destruction. ‰‡‰ÂÌÓ – ‡ ËÏÂÌÌÓ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡, ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÊË‚Ó- Ú‡. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÓ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ‡ÍÓ ˆÂÎÚ‡ Â Á‡- As it was already mentioned, Liberals believe that freedom can exist only ˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ÚÂÁË Ô˙‚ÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌË ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË ˆÂÌÌÓÒÚË, ÚÓ ‚ under certain circumstances in a civilized environment. Otherwise, individ- ÒÎÛ˜‡fl ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÔËÂÏÂ ÈÂÁÛËÚÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ï‡ÍÒËÏ‡ “ˆÂÎÚ‡ ÓÔ‡‚‰‡- uals will not be able to take full advantage of the rights and freedom, they ‚‡ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡”. á‡˘ÓÚÓ ·ÂÁ ‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡ Ë ÚÂÁ‚‡ ÔÂˆÂÌÍ‡ Ì‡ ‚Òfl- are entitle to. That is way liberal concept of security is not limited only to Í‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡ ÔÓ Ô˙Úfl Í˙Ï ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Á‡˘ËÚ‡ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌ‡ ÒÚ‡- the absence of conflicts and violence and prevention from terrorist acts. ·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë ‚ÌËÏ‡ÚÂÎÌÓ Ó·ÏËÒÎflÌÂ Ì‡ ËÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡ÌËÚÂ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰Ë Ë ÏÂ- Today, Liberals assume that the striving for security should include also the ÍË, ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡Ú‡ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ‡ÁÛ¯‡Ú ˆÂÎÚ‡. à ÚÓ„‡‚‡ ÏÂÍËÚÂ Á‡ efforts for democracy and human rights, poverty reduction, better educa- ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÔÂ‰ÔËÂÚË Ò Ô˙‚ÓÌ‡˜‡ÎÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÏÂÂÌËÂ ‰‡ ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú Á‡ tion and healthcare, early warning system against natural disasters, pre- ÔÓÚÂÍˆËfl Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ËÌÒÚËÚÛˆËË Ë ÔËÌˆËÔË Ì‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ vention of the dissemination of lethal weapons, and larger assistance for ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl, ˘Â ÔÓÒÚË„Ì‡Ú Ò˙˘Ëfl ÂÙÂÍÚ, ÍÓÈÚÓ ˆÂÎflÚ ‚‡„Ó‚Â È – developing countries. The liberal approach calls for a change in the accent ÌÂÈÌËflÚ ÛÔ‡‰˙Í. in the contemporary security concept – from emphasizing extensively on national security towards greater attention to personal security, from secu- ä‡ÍÚÓ ‚Â˜Â ÒÔÓÏÂÌ‡ıÏÂ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â Ò˙˘ÂÒÚ‚Û‚‡ÌÂ- rity through militarization towards security through economic and social ÚÓ Ì‡ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Â ‚˙ÁÏÓÊÌÓ Ò‡ÏÓ ‚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌË ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËÓÌÌË ÛÒ- development, from territorial security towards achieving security through ÎÓ‚Ëfl. ÅÂÁ Úflı ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ ÌÂ ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ÒÂ ‚˙ÁÔÓÎÁ‚‡Ú ‚ Ô˙ÎÌ‡ ÒÚÂ- the fight against poverty, unemployment, environmental pollution and so ÔÂÌ ÓÚ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡Ú‡, ÍÓËÚÓ Ú‡ÁË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡ Ë ÔÓÎ‡„‡˘ËÚÂ ËÏ ÒÂ forth. One of the main appeals in the Liberal Manifesto, adopted at the „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍË Ô‡‚‡ ËÏ ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡Ú. àÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÎË- 48th Liberal International Congress, reads: “to redirect public spending ·Â‡ÎÌÓÚÓ ÔÓÌflÚËÂ Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ÌÂ ÒÂ Ó„‡ÌË˜‡‚‡ Ò‡ÏÓ ‰Ó ÓÚÒ˙Ò- from military expenditure towards investment in social capital, sustainabili- Ú‚ËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË Ë Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÔÂ‚ÂÌˆËflÚ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÚÂÓËÒ- ty, and the alleviation of poverty”3. ÚË˜ÌË ‡ÍÚÓ‚Â. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ‰ÌÂÒ ÔËÂÏ‡Ú, ˜Â ÒÚÂÏÂÊ˙Ú Í˙Ï ˜Ó- ‚Â¯Í‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ‚ÍÎ˛˜‚‡ Ë ÛÒËÎËfl Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ- The Liberals express the view that wide spread poverty and social mar- ‰Ó·Ó Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ë Á‰‡‚ÂÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ, ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ˆËfl Ë ˜Ó‚Â¯ÍË Ô‡‚‡, ginalization of large groups of people in the Third world, low levels of edu- Á‡˘ËÚ‡ ÒÂ˘Û ÔËÓ‰ÌË Í‡Ú‡ÍÎËÁÏË, ÒÂ˘Û ‡ÁÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ Ì‡ cation and healthcare are factors, which pose a threat for the security on ÒÏ˙ÚÓÌÓÒÌË Ó˙ÊËfl, ·Ó·‡ Ò ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Ë ÔÓÏÓ˘ Á‡ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘Ë- a global scale. Without addressing these factors, all measures, undertaken ÚÂ ÒÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë. ãË·Â‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡ Á‡ ÔÓÏflÌ‡ Ì‡ ‡ÍˆÂÌ- for ensuring collective and individual security will be partial and with a lim- Ú‡ Ì‡ Ò˙‚ÂÏÂÌÌ‡Ú‡ ÍÓÌˆÂÔˆËfl Á‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ - ÓÚ Ì‡·Îfl„‡ÌÂ ËÁ- ited effect. Liberals realize that when on a world scale is witnessed con- ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ì‡ Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Í˙Ï ÔÓ-„ÓÎflÏÓ ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ centration of power, wealth and knowledge in the hands of a small group Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÓÚ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂ of people and when there a very few examples of actions, showing respon- Í˙Ï ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ËÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌÓ ‡Á‚ËÚËÂ, ÓÚ ÚÂË- sibility on the part of developed countries, a wide spreading feeling of marginalization can be provoked, which in turn can lead to terrifying conse- 25 ÚÓË‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Í˙Ï ÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ ˜ÂÁ ·Ó·‡ Ò ë‡ÏÓ ˜ÂÁ ÍÓÓÔÂË‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÌËÚÂ ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡, ·ÂÁ‡·ÓÚËˆ‡Ú‡, ÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÓÍÓÎÌ‡Ú‡ ÒÂ‰‡ Ë Ú.Ì. Ç ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë Ë ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl Ï‡ÌËÙÂÒÚ, ÔËÂÚ Ì‡ 48-fl ÍÓÌ„ÂÒ Ì‡ ãË·Â‡ÎÌËfl ËÌÚÂ- Ì‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î ÒÂ‰ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËÚÂ ‡ÔÂÎË Â Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÓ “ÔÂÌ‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ Ó·˘ÂÒ- ÏË Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ, ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‰ÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÚË Ú‚ÂÌËÚÂ ‡ÁıÓ‰Ë ÓÚ ı‡˜ÂÌÂ Á‡ ‚˙Ó˙Ê‡‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï ËÌ‚ÂÒÚËˆËË ‚ ÒÓ- ÓÌÂÁË ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓËÚÓ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú Á‡˘Ë- 3 ˆË‡ÎÌËfl Í‡ÔËÚ‡Î Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ Ë Ì‡Ï‡Îfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ·Â‰ÌÓÒÚÚ‡” . Ú‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜- òËÂ˘‡Ú‡ ÒÂ ÏËÁÂËfl Ë ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl Ì‡ „ÓÎÂÏË „Û- ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡. ÔË ÓÚ ıÓ‡ ‚ íÂÚËfl Ò‚flÚ Ë ÌËÒÍËÚÂ ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Ë Á‰‡‚Â- ÓÔ‡Á‚‡ÌÂ Ò‡ Ù‡ÍÚÓË, ÍÓËÚÓ ÒÔÓÂ‰ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ Ò‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Í˙Ï ÒË- Only through the cooperative efforts of all countries and „ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡·. ÅÂÁ ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ÛÒËÎËfl Á‡ Úflı- their direction towards the achivement of peace and ÌÓÚÓ ÒÔ‡‚flÌÂ, ‚ÒË˜ÍË ÏÂÍË Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÓÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÍÓÎÂÍÚË‚- Ì‡ Ë ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ ˘Â ·˙‰‡Ú ˜‡ÒÚË˜ÌË Ë ‚ÂÏÂÌÌË. ãË·Â- stability, can be reached these levels of security, which ‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÒ˙ÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ‚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÂÌ Ï‡˘‡· ÒÂ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡ Ò˙Ò- will guarantee the defence of personal rights and free- Â‰ÓÚÓ˜‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‚Î‡ÒÚ, ·Î‡„ÓÒ˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ë ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ ‚ ˙ˆÂÚÂ Ì‡ Â‰Ì‡ doms for all citizens around the world. ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂÎÌÓ Ï‡ÎÍ‡ ˜‡ÒÚ ÓÚ Ò‚ÂÚÓ‚ÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÂÎÂÌËÂ Ë ÍÓ„‡ÚÓ ËÏ‡ Ï‡ÎÍÓ ÔËÏÂË Á‡ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÔÓÍ‡Á‚‡˘Ë ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚ ÓÚ ÒÚ‡Ì‡ Ì‡ ‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë, ÚÓ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ËÁ‚ËÍ‚‡ ¯ËÓÍÓ ‡ÁÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËÂ Ì‡ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ Á‡ Ï‡„ËÌ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËfl, ÍÓÂÚÓ ‚ Â‰ËÌ ÏÓÏÂÌÚ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‰Ó‚Â- ‰Â ‰Ó ÛÊ‡Òfl‚‡˘Ë ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ËˆË. ÇÒË˜ÍË ÚÂÁË Ù‡ÍÚÓË Ì‡ ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ- quences. All these factors of insecurity, including also the cultural inse- Ú‡, ‚ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎÌÓ Ë ÓÌ‡ÁË ÍÛÎÚÛÌ‡ ÌÂÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓflÚÓ ˜ÂÒÚÓ ‚Ó‰Ë curity, which often leads to the so-called “Islamophobia” or any other kind ‰Ó Ú.Ì‡. “ËÒÎflÏÓÙÓ·Ëfl" ËÎË ‚ÒflÍ‡Í˙‚ ‰Û„ ‚Ë‰ ÍÛÎÚÛÌ‡ ÍÒÂÌÓÙÓ·Ëfl, of cultural xenophobia, witnessed in the western societies, create addi- Ì‡·Î˛‰‡‚‡˘‡ ÒÂ ‚ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌËÚÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÔÓ‡Ê‰‡Ú ‰ÓÔ˙ÎÌËÚÂÎÌÓ tional tension in the developing societies. And from here it is very easy a Ì‡ÔÂÊÂÌËÂ ‚ ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘ËÚÂ ÒÂ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡. Ä ÓÚ Ú‡ÁË ÚÓ˜Í‡ Â ÏÌÓ„Ó step towards violence and terrorism to be taken. Precisely for that reason, ÎÂÒÌÓ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â Ì‡Ô‡‚ÂÌ‡ ÒÚ˙ÔÍ‡Ú‡ Í˙Ï Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÚÂÓËÁ˙Ï. àÏÂÌ- Liberals call for social responsibility, and as far as the responsibility is a ÌÓ ÔÓ‡‰Ë Ú‡ÁË ÔË˜ËÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔËÁÓ‚‡‚‡Ú Í˙Ï ÒÓˆË‡ÎÌ‡ ÓÚ„Ó- typical liberal feature, their appeal is directed toward the developed west- ‚ÓÌÓÒÚ Ë ‰ÓÍÓÎÍÓÚÓ ÓÚ„Ó‚ÓÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ‡ ÎË·Â‡ÎÌ‡ ˜Â- ern societies, which ought to assist the developing ones in their way Ú‡, ÚÂıÌËflÚ ‡ÔÂÎ Â Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌ Í˙Ï ‡Á‚ËÚËÚÂ Á‡Ô‡‰ÌË Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, ÍÓ- towards establishing of democratic principles and improving the welfare ËÚÓ Úfl·‚‡ ‰‡ ÔÓ‰ÔÓÏÓ„Ì‡Ú ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˘ËÚÂ ÒÂ ÔÓ ÚÂıÌËfl Ô˙Ú Í˙Ï ÛÒ- of their citizens. In this way, the efforts will be directed towards the very Ú‡ÌÓ‚fl‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌËÚÂ ÔËÌˆËÔË Ë ÔÓ‚Ë¯‡‚‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ·Î‡„Ó- roots of terrorism and violence, instead towards their consequences, an ‰ÂÌÒÚ‚ËÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÚÂıÌËÚÂ „‡Ê‰‡ÌË. í‡Í‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ ˘Â Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË approach, which requires greater efforts but consequently can be more Í˙Ï Ò‡ÏËÚÂ ÍÓÂÌË Ì‡ ÚÂÓËÁÏ‡ Ë Ì‡ÒËÎËÂÚÓ, ‡ ÌÂ Í˙Ï ÌÂ„Ó‚ËÚÂ effective and the funds and resources spent will be directed towards ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌËÂ – ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰, ÍÓÈÚÓ, ‚˙ÔÂÍË ˜Â ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÔÓ-„ÓÎÂÏË ÛÒËÎËfl, more human and democratic purposes. ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ‰‡‰Â ÔÓ-ÂÙÂÍÚË‚ÌË ÂÁÛÎÚ‡ÚË, ‡ ËÁ‡ÁıÓ‰‚‡ÌËÚÂ ÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚‡ Ë ÂÒÛÒË ˘Â Ò‡ Ì‡ÒÓ˜ÂÌË Í˙Ï ÔÓ ıÛÏ‡ÌÌË Ë ‰ÂÏÓÍ‡ÚË˜ÌË ˆÂÎË. Guaranteeing security cannot be achieved without international cooperation. Again in the Liberal Manifesto is stressed that “Liberals are commit- éÒË„Ûfl‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌ‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ Â Á‡‰‡˜‡, ÍÓflÚÓ ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ted to strengthen global governance through the United Nations and ·˙‰Â ËÁÔ˙ÎÌÂÌ‡ ·ÂÁ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó. éÚÌÓ‚Ó ‚ ãË·Â- through regional cooperation”4. Partnership is the fundamental principle, ‡ÎÌËfl Ï‡ÌËÙÂÒÚ Â ÓÚ·ÂÎflÁ‡ÌÓ, ˜Â “ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÓÂÏ‡Ú Á‡‰˙ÎÊÂÌË- on which the liberal approach in international relations, is based. Only ÂÚÓ ‰‡ ÛÍÂÔflÚ ÒËÒÚÂÏ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ „ÎÓ·‡ÎÌÓ ÛÔ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ ÔÓÒÂ‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ through the cooperative efforts of all countries and their direction towards é„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËflÚ‡ Ì‡ é·Â‰ËÌÂÌËÚÂ Ì‡ˆËË Ë ˜ÂÁ Â„ËÓÌ‡ÎÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË- the achivement of peace and stability, can be reached these levels of ˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó”4. è‡ÚÌ¸ÓÒÚ‚Ó Â ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌËflÚ ÔËÌˆËÔ, Ì‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ Á‡Î‡„‡ ÎË·Â- security, which will guarantee the defence of personal rights and free- ‡ÎÌËflÚ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ ‚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌËÚÂ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl. ë‡ÏÓ ˜ÂÁ ÍÓÓÔÂË- doms for all citizens around the world. Many describe this approach as ‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÛÒËÎËflÚ‡ Ì‡ ÓÚ‰ÂÎÌËÚÂ ‰˙Ê‡‚Ë Ë ÚflıÌÓÚÓ Ì‡ÒÓ˜‚‡ÌÂ Í˙Ï too idealistic and unable to deal with the new threats. However, Liberals ÔÓÒÚË„‡ÌÂ Ì‡ ÏË Ë ÒÚ‡·ËÎÌÓÒÚ, ÏÓ„‡Ú ‰‡ ·˙‰‡Ú ‰ÓÒÚË„Ì‡ÚË ÓÌÂ- warn that the lack of international cooperation poses the threat of a world, ÁË ÌË‚‡ Ì‡ ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ, ÍÓËÚÓ „‡‡ÌÚË‡Ú Á‡˘ËÚ‡Ú‡ Ì‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰Û‡Î- dominated by violence and conflicts, where international law will be vio- ÌËÚÂ Ô‡‚‡ Ë Ò‚Ó·Ó‰Ë Ì‡ ‚ÒË˜ÍË „‡Ê‰‡ÌË ÔÓ Ò‚ÂÚ‡. åÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÓÔÂ‰Â- lated by the law, imposed by the “power of the day”. ÎflÚ ÚÓÁË ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í‡ÚÓ Ú‚˙‰Â Ë‰Â‡ÎËÒÚË˜ÂÌ Ë ÌÂÒÔÓÒÓ·ÂÌ ‰‡ ÒÂ ÒÔ‡‚Ë Ò ÌÓ‚ËÚÂ Á‡ÔÎ‡ıË, ÌÓ ÎË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â ÓÚÍ‡- The issue of the proper “Freedom – Security” balance is quite wide and Á˙Ú ÓÚ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡Ó‰ÌÓ Ò˙ÚÛ‰ÌË˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÌË ËÁÔ‡‚fl ÔÂ‰ ÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚÚ‡ complicated to be covered in a few pages. However, it is a fact that the ÓÚ Â‰ËÌ Ò‚flÚ, ‰ÓÏËÌË‡Ì ÓÚ Ì‡ÒËÎËÂ Ë ÍÓÌÙÎËÍÚË, Í˙‰ÂÚÓ ÏÂÊ‰ÛÌ‡- debate on this issue has already started and many thinking people are Ó‰ÌÓÚÓ Ô‡‚Ó ˘Â ·˙‰Â ÔÓÚ˙ÔÍ‚‡ÌÓ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ÓÚÓ Ì‡ ÔÓ-ÒËÎÌËfl. concerned for the future of this balance. And this is encouraging. Liberals realize that freedom requires efforts, and the ghost of “Hobbesian íÂÏ‡Ú‡ Á‡ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰fl˘Ëfl ·‡Î‡ÌÒ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡Ú‡ Ë ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚÚ‡ Â Leviathan” will always be a real threat for individuals and societies. And Ú‚˙‰Â Ó·¯ËÌ‡ Ë ÒÎÓÊÌ‡, Á‡ ‰‡ ÏÓÊÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ËÁ˜ÂÔ‡Ì‡ ‚ ÌflÍÓÎÍÓ precisely the civil and intellectual vigilance can protect us from crossing ÒÚ‡ÌËˆË. î‡ÍÚ Â, ˜Â ‰Â·‡Ú˙Ú ÔÓ ÌÂfl Â ‚Â˜Â ËÌËˆËË‡Ì Ë ÚÓ‚‡, ˜Â that fragile border in the balance of Freedom and Security, beyond which ÏÌÓÁËÌ‡ ÏËÒÎÂ˘Ë ıÓ‡ Ò‡ Á‡„ËÊÂÌË Á‡ ·˙‰Â˘ÓÚÓ Ò˙ÒÚÓflÌËÂ Ì‡ the very sense of human society will be lost and it will no longer be dem- ÚÓÁË ·‡Î‡ÌÒ Â Ó·Ì‡‰ÂÊ‰‡‚‡˘Ó. ãË·Â‡ÎËÚÂ ÓÒ˙ÁÌ‡‚‡Ú, ˜Â Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡- ocratic, and the “The road to serfdom”, which F.A. Hayek warns about, will Ú‡ ËÁËÒÍ‚‡ ÛÒËÎËfl, ‡ ÔËÁ‡Í˙Ú Ì‡ ïÓ·ÒÓ‚Ëfl ãÂ‚Ë‡Ú‡Ì (Hobbesian be walked all the way. Leviathan) ‚ËÌ‡„Ë ˘Â Â Â‡ÎÌ‡ Á‡ÔÎ‡ı‡ Á‡ ËÌ‰Ë‚Ë‰ËÚÂ Ë Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚‡- Ú‡. à ËÏÂÌÌÓ „‡Ê‰‡ÌÒÍ‡Ú‡ Ë ËÌÚÂÎÂÍÚÛ‡ÎÌ‡Ú‡ ·‰ËÚÂÎÌÓÒÚ ÏÓ„‡Ú Ivan Todorov ‰‡ ÌË ÔÂ‰Ô‡ÁflÚ ÓÚ ÔÂÏËÌ‡‚‡ÌÂÚÓ Ì‡ ÓÌ‡ÁË ÍÂıÍ‡ „‡ÌËˆ‡ ‚ Ò˙ÓÚ- ÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÚÓ “Ò‚Ó·Ó‰‡-ÒË„ÛÌÓÒÚ”, ÓÚ‚˙‰ ÍÓflÚÓ ÒÏËÒ˙Î˙Ú Ì‡ ˜Ó‚Â¯- 1. See Isaiah Belin, “Two concepts of liberty” in Four Essays on Liberty, 2000, University Press ÍÓÚÓ Ó·˘ÂÒÚ‚Ó ˘Â ·˙‰Â Ì‡Û¯ÂÌ, ÚÓ ˘Â ÔÂÒÚ‡ÌÂ ‰‡ ·˙‰Â ‰ÂÏÓÍ- “St. Kliment Ohridsky”, Sofia ‡ÚË˜ÌÓ, ‡ “Ô˙ÚflÚ Í˙Ï Ó·ÒÚ‚ÓÚÓ”, Á‡ ÍÓÈÚÓ ÔÂ‰ÛÔÂÊ‰‡‚‡ î.Ä. 2. Fernando R. Tesón, Liberal Security, in Richard Wilson, ed., Human Rights in an Age of ï‡ÈÂÍ, ˘Â ·˙‰Â ËÁ‚˙‚flÌ. Terror, Cambridge University Press 3. The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century: The Liberal Manifesto, adopted by the 48th Congress of Liberal International on 27-30 November 1997 in The Town Hall in Oxford, UK à‚‡Ì íÓ‰ÓÓ‚ 4. Ibid 26