Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

4. LITHOCARPUS Blume, Bijdr. 526. 1826. 柯属 ke shu Pasania Oersted. Trees or rarely shrubs, evergreen. Winter buds terminal, ovoid to ellipsoid, scales spirally imbricate. Stipules extrapetiolar. Leaves spirally arranged. Inflorescences male, female, or androgynous, in leaf axils toward base of branchlets or in a dense paniculate cluster on subterminal shoots, ± erect. Male inflorescences erect, simple or branched; flowers usually 3–5(–7) in dichasial clusters; perianth 4–6-lobed; stamens 10–12; rudimentary pistil small, enclosed by hairs. Female flowers solitary or in clusters of (2 or)3(–5), 1 or 2(or 3) well developed; perianth 6-lobed; staminodes 10–12; ovary 3(–6) loculed; styles (2 or)3(–5), (0.5–)1–2(–3) mm; stigmas a terminal pore. Cupules grouped together in cymes on rachis but often many aborted, corky, horny, woody, or crustaceous, completely or partly enclosing nut; bracts variously shaped. Nut 1 per cupule. Germination hypogeal; cotyledons flat-convex (although surface between cotyledons may not be completely flat). About 300 species: mainly in Asia, one species in W North America; 123 species (69 endemic) in China. The northern limit of Lithocarpus is on the S flank of the Qinling Mountains. Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan have the highest diversity and the most primitive of the Chinese species. 1a.Nut scar convex (± concave or impressed at margin but conspicuously convex at center in L. cinereus, L. crassifolius, L. handelianus, L. laetus, L. pachyphyllus, and L. variolosus). 2a. Cupules mostly completely enclosing nut. 3a. Scar covering less than 3/4 of nut. 4a. Cupule bracts triangular, inconspicuous, fused with cupule and often apically in 2–4 rings. 5a. Scar covering 1/2–3/4 of nut; leaf blade apex falcate; petiole 1.5–2 cm ...... 14. L. damiaoshanicus 5b. Scar covering ca. 1/4 of nut; leaf blade apex not falcate; petiole less than 1 cm ...... 15. L. irwinii 4b. Cupule bracts triangular but subulate from middle to apex of cupule, conspicuous, obliquely spreading. 6a. Leaf blade secondary veins 8–12 on each side of midvein; young shoots and petioles with tawny to grayish waxy scalelike trichomes ...... 19. L. craibianus 6b. Leaf blade secondary veins more than 12 on each side of midvein; young shoots and leaf blades at least abaxial midvein hairy. 7a. Petiole rarely longer than 1 cm; leaf blade on fruiting branches 9–20 cm wide, secondary veins 21–26 on each side of midvein ...... 18. L. tephrocarpus 7b. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade on fruiting branches 4–9 cm wide, secondary veins 12–19 on each side of midvein. 8a. Bracts of young cupules subulate, 4-angled; styles with short hairs ...... 16. L. handelianus 8b. Bracts of young cupules linear, subterete; styles glabrous ...... 17. L. amoenus 3b. Scar covering more than 3/4 of nut. 9a. Cupules solitary along rachis ...... 13. L. fenzelianus 9b. Cupules in clusters of 3–5 or more, often clusters scattered along rachis. 10a. Cupules entirely covered by bracts. 11a. Cupule bracts spiny; cupules 7–9 cm in diam., including bracts; leaf blade 25–40 cm 1. L. xizangensis 11b. Cupule bracts not spiny; cupules less than 5 cm in diam.; leaf blade rarely to 30 cm. 12a. Cupule bracts straight, multiangular in cross section; wall of nut ca. 4 mm thick ...... 2. L. jenkinsii 12b. Cupule bracts curved, ± round in cross section; wall of nut 2–3 mm thick. 13a. Cupules subglobose; cupule bracts 2–3 mm; nut subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, scar covering 4/5–5/6 of nut ...... 3. L. xylocarpus 13b. Cupules globose; cupule bracts ca. 10 mm; nut turbinate, scar covering ca. 2/3 of nut 4. L. pseudoxizangensis 10b. Cupules sparsely covered by bracts. 14a. Cupule bracts clawlike ...... 5. L. howii 14b. Cupule bracts not clawlike. 15a. Cupules corky or spongy and with smooth concentric lines outside. 16a. Rachis of inflorescences 1–2 cm thick; cupule wall 2–5 mm thick ...... 6. L. pasania 16b. Rachis of inflorescences 0.6–1 cm thick; cupule wall 5–15 mm thick ...... 7. L. balansae 15b. Cupules covered with squamose or scurfy bracts and with raised concentric ridges outside. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

17a. Cupules with bracts conspicuous or inconspicuous, spirally arranged, sometimes scalelike and overlapping. 18a. Cupules flat at apex ...... 12. L. lepidocarpus 18b. Cupules rounded at apex ...... 11. L. amygdalifolius 17b. Cupules with bracts united into 4–8 thin concentric ridges. 19a. Cupules ellipsoid, narrowed to 1 or both ends, 1.2–1.6 cm in diam...... 10. L. levis 19b. Cupules globose to subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam. 20a. Wall of cupule ca. 1.5 mm thick; branchlets of current year blackish when dry .... 8. L. laoticus 20b. Wall of cupule ca. 1 mm thick; branchlets of current year dark brown when dry ..... 9. L. chifui 2b. Cupules mostly not completely enclosing nut. 21a. Wall of cupule more than 3 mm thick or rarely thinner; leaf blade concolorous or with scalelike glands (like tiny drops of water and visible only under high magnifying lens), margin dentate or if entire then abaxially covered with long or stellate hairs. 22a. Nut conspicuously wider than long; cupules ± flat to discoid ...... 41. L. pachylepis 22b. Nut ± as long as wide; cupules cupular. 23a. Leaf blade glabrous or with short hairs only along midvein or at axils of secondary veins 40. L. corneus 23b. Leaf blade abaxially hairy. 24a. Hairs simple ...... 38. L. uvariifolius 24b. Hairs stellate or branched. 25a. Leaf blade abaxially densely covered with stellate hairs; secondary veins (15–)20–28 on each side of midvein ...... 39. L. fordianus 25b. Leaf blade sparsely covered with stellate or branched hairs; secondary veins rarely more than 16 on each side of midvein ...... 40. L. corneus 21b. Wall of cupule rarely to 2 mm thick; leaf blade not concolorous (concolorous in L. truncatus and sometimes in L. dealbatus) abaxially covered with tightly adherent waxy or lax pulveraceous scalelike trichomes, margin entire or rarely undulate. 26a. Scar usually covering more than 2/3 of nut; cupules enclosing most of nut. 27a. Petiole 3–4 cm ...... 24. L. tabularis 27b. Petiole less than 2.5 cm. 28a. Leaf blade hairy at least abaxially on midvein ...... 20. L. talangensis 28b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially covered with tightly adherent waxy scalelike trichomes. 29a. Cupules 3–3.5 cm ...... 21. L. truncatus 29b. Cupules less than 3 cm. 30a. Cupules outside glaucous; bracts imbricate or united into interrupted ring ...... 21. L. truncatus 30b. Cupules outside grayish brown or grayish tawny; bracts (except for subulate tip) fused to cupule, rarely united into concentric rings. 31a. Leaf secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein; branches of 2nd- or 3rd-year growth with grayish lamelliform waxy scalelike trichomes ...... 22. L. cleistocarpus 31b. Leaf secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein; branches without waxy scalelike trichomes ...... 23. L. tenuilimbus 26b. Scar covering at most 1/2 of nut; cupules enclosing 1/3–3/4 of nut. 32a. Nut glabrous. 33a. Petiole 0.2–0.5 cm; leaf blade apex rounded, obtuse, or rarely shortly acute ...... 25. L. crassifolius 33b. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade apex acuminate to caudate. 34a. Leaf blade secondary veins conspicuous, abruptly curving, and fusing near margin, secondary and tertiary veins adaxially impressed ...... 26. L. pachyphyllus 34b. Leaf blade secondary veins inconspicuous and not fusing, secondary and tertiary veins adaxially not or only slightly impressed. 35a. Young leaf blades abaxially covered with reddish brown to yellowish brown pulverulous scalelike trichomes ...... 27. L. apricus Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

35b. Young leaf blades abaxially without pulverulous scalelike trichomes. 36a. Leaf buds, young branchlets, and female flower buds without resin; leaf blade abaxially glaucous when dry ...... 28. L. variolosus 36b. Leaf buds, young branchlets, and female flower buds with dark brown ± translucent resin; leaf blade abaxially not glaucous when dry ...... 22. L. cleistocarpus 32b. Nut hairy at least with pulverulent minute hairs around base of styles. 37a. Leaf blade abaxially hairy. 38a. Nut with hairs only around stylopodium ...... 29. L. dealbatus 38b. Nut (except for scar) hairy throughout. 39a. Leaf blade margin usually undulate ...... 30. L. thomsonii 39b. Leaf blade margin entire (sometimes shallowly undulate in L. cucullatus). 40a. Leaf blades of current year pubescent or rusty scurfy; wall of cupule 2–4 mm thick . 31. L. laetus 40b. Leaf blades of current year abaxially grayish brown tomentose and with waxy scalelike trichomes; wall of cupule ca. 1.5 mm thick ...... 32. L. cucullatus 37b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous. 41a. Leaf blades of current year abaxially with tightly adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes. 42a. Nut concave around stylopodium; petiole 2–2.5 cm ...... 36. L. triqueter 42b. Nut flat/convex around stylopodium; petiole 1–1.5 cm ...... 37. L. cinereus 41b. Leaf blades of current year covered with early glabrescent, loose, pulveraceous scalelike trichomes. 43a. Branchlets of current year puberulent ...... 33. L. chrysocomus 43b. Branchlets of current year glabrous. 44a. Nut conspicuously concave around stylopodium; petiole 1.5–2 cm ...... 34. L. lycoperdon 44b. Nut flat/convex around stylopodium; petiole 2–3 cm ...... 35. L. paihengii 1b. Nut scar concave (margin concave or impressed but center ± convex in L. carolineae, L. cyrtocarpus, L. echinophorus, L. grandifolius, L. gymnocarpus, L. konishii, and L. quercifolius). 45a. Cupules mostly solitary along rachis but sometimes a few in clusters of 2 or 3. 46a. Cupules completely enclosing nut. 47a. Cupules stalked; nuts white farinose; bracts inconspicuous, triangular; petiole 1.5–3 cm . 42. L. attenuatus 47b. Cupules sessile; nuts with appressed hairs; bracts linear or clawlike; petiole less than 1.5 cm. 48a. Cupules abruptly narrowed and ± elongate at apex; bracts clawlike; petiole less than 1 cm 43. L. tubulosus 48b. Cupules not elongated at apex; bracts linear; petiole 1–1.5 cm ...... 44. L. echinotholus 46b. Cupules not completely enclosing nut. 49a. Cupules stalked. 50a. Cupules enclosing only base or to 1/2 of nut. 51a. Nut ± white farinose; petiole 1–1.5 cm; stalk of cupule 3–5 mm ...... 48. L. longipedicellatus 51b. Nut not farinose; petiole less than 1 cm; stalk of cupule 4–7 mm in fruit ...... 49. L. brachystachyus 50b. Cupules usually enclosing 1/2–3/4 of nut. 52a. Nut covered with appressed minute hairs ...... 45. L. pseudoreinwardtii 52b. Nut glabrous. 53a. Stalk of mature cupules ca. 1.5 cm; petiole 3–4 cm ...... 46. L. caudatilimbus 53b. Stalk of mature cupules less than 0.8 cm; petiole 1–1.5 cm ...... 47. L. shinsuiensis 49b. Cupules sessile. 54a. Nut covered with minute yellowish gray appressed hairs. 55a. Cupule bracts linear; petiole 10–20 mm ...... 50. L. leucodermis 55b. Cupule bracts triangular to rhomboid; petiole 2–5 mm ...... 51. L. quercifolius 54b. Nut glabrous. 56a. Leaf blade margin with 3–6 obtuse teeth; nut scar margin impressed but center ± convex 52. L. konishii 56b. Leaf blade margin entire; nut scar concave. 57a. Cupule bracts inconspicuous or ± united into a few concentric rings; nut scar rarely more than 6 mm in diam. 58a. Leaf blade abaxially covered with lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes, apex acuminate to caudate; secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein; cupule discoid, 1.2–1.5 cm 53. L. nantoensis 58b. Leaf blade abaxially covered with punctiform waxy scalelike trichomes, apex acuminate to rarely acute; secondary veins 6–10 on each side of midvein; cupule bowl-shaped, 0.5– 0.8 cm ...... 54. L. iteaphyllus Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

57b. Cupule bracts imbricate or ± spirally arranged (basal bracts usually united into 3 or 4 concentric rings and obscure in L. pakhaensis); nut scar (7–)8–19 mm in diam. 59a. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; nuts 2.5–3 cm in diam...... 55. L. elmerrillii 59b. Petiole rarely to 2 cm; nuts 1–2.2 cm in diam. 60a. Petiole 0.4–0.8 cm; leaf blade 1–2 cm wide ...... 56. L. dodonaeifolius 60b. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade 1.5–4 cm wide. 61a. Leaf blade 2–3 cm wide, apex rounded ...... 57. L. formosanus 61b. Leaf blade more than 3 cm wide, apex acuminate. 62a. Leaf blade lanceolate; inflorescence ca. 4 cm; basal bracts usually united into 3 or 4 concentric rings ...... 58. L. pakhaensis 62b. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic; inflorescence 5–15 cm; bracts imbricate 59. L. yongfuensis 45b. Cupules in clusters of 3–5 or more scattered along rachis (solitary or 3 together in L. cyrtocarpus). 63a. Cupules stalked. 64a. Nut glabrous. 65a. Nut 0.7–1.2 cm in diam., scar 4–5 mm in diam...... 66. L. farinulentus 65b. Nut 1.2–1.6 cm in diam., scar 7–10 mm in diam...... 67. L. propinquus 64b. Nut covered with appressed minute hairs. 66a. Cupules enclosing more than 2/3 of nut. 67a. Cupules completely enclosing nut, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; bracts triangular ...... 60. L. sphaerocarpus 67b. Cupules enclosing 2/3–4/5 of nut, wall 1.5–2.5 mm thick; bracts reduced to concentric rings 61. L. magneinii 66b. Cupules enclosing up to 1/2 of nut. 68a. Nut scar 8–12 mm in diam...... 65. L. bacgiangensis 68b. Nut scar 4–6 mm or more in diam. 69a. Leaf secondary veins 16–22 on each side of midvein; petiole 1–1.5 cm ...... 62. L. microspermus 69b. Leaf secondary veins 9–15 on each side of midvein; petiole rarely to 1 cm. 70a. Nut broadly conical, 1.6–2 cm in diam.; leaf blade oblanceolate, sometimes oblong 63. L. pseudovestitus 70b. Nut depressed globose, 1.1–1.4 cm in diam.; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic 64. L. mekongensis 63b. Cupules sessile. 71a. Nut (3–)4–5 cm in diam., wall 10–14 mm thick. 72a. Leaf blade margin lobate-dentate ...... 68. L. cyrtocarpus 72b. Leaf blade margin entire or rarely with 1–3 teeth near apex ...... 69. L. gymnocarpus 71b. Nut rarely over 3.5 cm in diam., wall less than 5 mm thick. 73a. Cupules enclosing at least 1/2 to all of nut; wall of nut crustaceous. 74a. Cupules enclosing less than 3/4 of nut. 75a. Petiole less than 1 cm. 76a. Branchlets tomentose; secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein ...... 82. L. fangii 76b. Branchlets with crispy hairs; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein 84. L. elaeagnifolius 75b. Petiole 1–2 cm. 77a. Leaf secondary veins 6–8 on each side of midvein; bracts, except for apex, fused to cupule ...... 78. L. longanoides 77b. Leaf secondary veins 10–22 on each side of midvein; bracts not fused to cupule. 78a. Leaf secondary veins abruptly arcuate apically near margin, apical ones often fusing. 79a. Cupules 1.6–1.8 cm in diam., bracts 2–3 mm; nut scar 0.8–0.9 cm in diam...... 79. L. bonnetii 79b. Cupules 2–2.5 cm in diam., bracts 4–6 mm; nut scar 0.9–1.2 cm in diam. .... 80. L. garrettianus 78b. Leaf secondary veins not curving nor fusing. 80a. Leaf tertiary veins abaxially numerous and conspicuous, apex caudate ...... 81. L. rosthornii 80b. Leaf tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous or not visible, apex acuminate. 81a. Branches and leaves pilose ...... 74. L. oleifolius 81b. Branches and leaves glabrous. 82a. Leaf blade narrowly oblong to lanceolate; rachis of infructescence 4–6 mm thick 71. L. elizabethiae 82b. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic; rachis of infructescence ca. 12 mm thick 72. L. echinophorus 74b. Cupules completely or sometimes almost completely enclosing nut. 83a. Branchlets of current year, leaf blades, and rachis of inflorescences glabrous, glabrescent, or sparsely pubescent. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

84a. Petiole 2–3 cm; nut scar ca. 1 cm in diam...... 70. L. cryptocarpus 84b. Petiole 0.5–2 cm; nut scar 1–1.8 cm in diam. 85a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent along midvein; secondary veins abruptly arcuate apically near margin, apical ones often fusing; tertiary veins abaxially evident . 85. L. fenestratus 85b. Leaf blade glabrous; secondary veins not curving nor fusing; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. 86a. Rachis of infructescence 4–6 mm thick; cupule apically elongated into a nipple 71. L. elizabethiae 86b. Rachis of infructescence ca. 12 mm thick; cupule apically flat ...... 72. L. echinophorus 83b. Branchlets of current year and leaf blades abaxially hairy; rachis of inflorescences pilose to tomentose (puberulent in L. trachycarpus). 87a. Mature leaf blades abaxially densely hairy. 88a. Leaf blade 2–4 cm wide, widest at or from base to middle, abaxially covered with appressed hairs ...... 74. L. oleifolius 88b. Leaf blade 4–6 cm wide, widest usually from middle to apex, abaxially pilose 75. L. rhabdostachyus 87b. Mature leaf blades abaxially glabrous, pilose on midvein, or with scalelike trichomes. 89a. Rachis of inflorescences and branchlets of current year sparsely pilose or subglabrous, oily and shiny when dry; leaf blade tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous ...... 76. L. trachycarpus 89b. Rachis of inflorescences and branchlets of current year densely hairy, not oily and shiny when dry; leaf blade tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. 90a. Leaf secondary veins 6–8 on each side of midvein; bracts, except for apex, fused to cupule ...... 78. L. longanoides 90b. Leaf secondary veins 10–16 on each side of midvein; bracts not fused to cupule. 91a. Leaf secondary veins abruptly curving apically; nut broadly conical ...... 83. L. paniculatus 91b. Leaf secondary veins not curving; nut depressed globose. 92a. Petiole 8–12 mm; rachis of inflorescences 6–8 mm thick ...... 77. L. chiungchungensis 92b. Petiole 5–8 mm; rachis of inflorescences 2–3 mm thick. 93a. Branchlets tomentose; petiole base not thickened; nut 1.4–2.2 cm in diam. 73. L. skanianus 93b. Branchlets with crispy hairs; petiole base thickened; nut 1.2–1.4 cm in diam. 84. L. elaeagnifolius 73b. Cupules usually enclosing less than 1/2 of nut (sometimes to 2/3 of nut in L. grandifolius); wall of nut thick and woody. 94a. Cupule bracts linear, usually curved downward. 95a. Nuts with 3 longitudinal obtuse ridges near apex ...... 123. L. areca 95b. Nuts without ridges. 96a. Petiole 2–3.5 cm; nut height ± same as width ...... 121. L. haipinii 96b. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; nut height less than width ...... 122. L. qinzhouicus 94b. Cupule bracts triangular to rhomboid, imbricate or united into continuous or interrupted concentric rings. 97a. Cupules enclosing almost 1/2 of nut. 98a. Cupule bracts fused with wall or basal bracts connate into concentric rings. 99a. Branchlets glabrous; petiole 0.5–1 cm; leaf blade secondary veins 13–20 on each side of midvein 13–20 ...... 100. L. grandifolius 99b. Branchlets pilose; petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade secondary veins 10–12 on each side of midvein ...... 112. L. silvicolarum 98b. Cupule bracts imbricate. 100a. Leaf blade abaxially with tufts of stellate hairs at axils of veins, margin serrate from middle to apex, apex caudate; cup shortly stalked ...... 89. L. carolineae 100b. Leaf blade abaxially without tufts of stellate hairs, margin entire, apex not caudate; cup sessile. 101a. Branches lenticellate; leaf blade base rounded to auriculate ...... 102. L. obscurus 101b. Branches not lenticellate; leaf blade base cuneate. 102a. Petiole 1.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade 12–22 cm ...... 111. L. henryi 102b. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade 4–11 cm. 103a. Rachis of inflorescences covered with scalelike trichomes; leaf blade secondary veins 6–10 on each side of midvein ...... 86. L. mairei 103b. Rachis of inflorescences tomentose; leaf blade secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein ...... 87. L. melanochromus 97b. Cupules enclosing basal part or at most 1/3 of nut. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

104a. Leaf blade 5–10 × as long as wide. 105a. Cupules 1.2–1.8 cm in diam.; nut scar 8–12 mm in diam...... 90. L. naiadarum 105b. Cupules 0.5–0.8 cm in diam.; nut scar 3–4 mm in diam...... 92. L. ithyphyllus 104b. Leaf blade rarely 5 × as long as wide. 106a. Leaf blade when young abaxially variously pubescent. 107a. Leaf blade abaxially with stellate hairs. 108a. Petiole 2.5–4 cm; cupule 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., wall 3–6 mm thick; nut subglobose, 2.5–3.8 cm in diam...... 95. L. eriobotryoides 108b. Petiole 1–2 cm; cupule 1.8–2.2 cm in diam., wall to 2 mm thick; nut conical to ellipsoid, 1–1.5 cm in diam...... 94. L. petelotii 107b. Leaf blade abaxially without stellate hairs. 109a. Leaf blade less than 3 cm wide; petiole ca. 1 cm. 110a. Leaf blade midvein at least basally adaxially raised ...... 98. L. obovatilimbus 110b. Leaf blade midvein at least from base to middle adaxially impressed. 111a. Leaf blade with tufts of minute crisp hairs on both surfaces when young, abaxially scurfy; nuts not white farinose; styles less than 1 mm ...... 96. L. macilentus 111b. Leaf blade abaxially minutely scalelike glands and floccose-tomentose when young; nuts white farinose; styles to 2 mm ...... 97. L. floccosus 109b. Leaf blade usually over 3 cm wide (sometimes ca. 2 cm wide in L. taitoensis); petiole longer than 1 cm. 112a. Leaf blade usually broadest from middle to apex ...... 99. L. glaber 112b. Leaf blade usually broadest at middle. 113a. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf secondary veins 14–20 on each side of midvein .. 101. L. collettii 113b. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf secondary veins 11–15 on each side of midvein. 114a. Leaf blade 4–6 cm wide, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole; petiole 1.5–2 cm; rachis of inflorescences 1–1.3 cm thick ...... 104. L. mianningensis 114b. Leaf blade 5–8 cm wide, base broadly cuneate to subrounded; petiole 2–3 cm; rachis of inflorescences ca. 0.9 cm thick ...... 105. L. gaoligongensis 106b. Leaf blade when young abaxially glabrous or with scalelike glands. 115a. Branchlets of current year and leaf blades abaxially hairy (hairs on leaf blades wiped off easily) 116a. Leaf blade tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous; branchlets with tawny minute lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes ...... 114. L. taitoensis 116b. Leaf blade tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous; branchlets without waxy scalelike trichomes. 117a. Leaf blade rigidly leathery; petiole 2.5–5 cm; male catkins less than 3 cm; cupule 1.5–2.5 cm in diam...... 93. L. calophyllus 117b. Leaf blade papery to subleathery; petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; male catkins to 25 cm; cupule 0.8–1.5 cm in diam...... 113. L. litseifolius 115b. Branchlets of current year and leaf blades abaxially glabrous or with scalelike glands. 118a. Leaf blade margin obtusely lobate-dentate from middle to apex or near apex. 119a. Nut 2.2–2.8 cm (longer than wide); leaf tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous 106. L. harlandii 119b. Nut 1.6–2.2 cm (shorter than or ± as long as wide); leaf tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident ...... 107. L. kawakamii 118b. Leaf blade margin entire. 120a. Leaf blade base auriculate or rounded ...... 108. L. brevicaudatus 120b. Leaf blade base neither auriculate nor rounded. 121a. Leaf blade secondary veins adaxially impressed. 122a. Leaf blade broadest at or slightly from base to middle; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous ...... 114. L. taitoensis 122b. Leaf blade broadest from middle to apex; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. 123a. Bracts ± connate into concentric and ± raised rings ...... 88. L. fohaiensis Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

123b. Bracts imbricate. 124a. Leaf blade 6–13 cm wide ...... 110. L. megalophyllus 124b. Leaf blade 4–7 cm wide. 125a. Leaf blade secondary veins 12–25 on each side of midvein; nuts 1.6–2.2 cm, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick ...... 107. L. kawakamii 125b. Leaf blade secondary veins 9–11 on each side of midvein; nuts 2.4–3 cm, wall 1–1.5 mm thick ...... 109. L. oblanceolatus 121b. Leaf blade secondary veins adaxially flat. 126a. Petiole less than 1 cm. 127a. Mature leaf blades abaxially without waxy scalelike trichomes. 128a. Leaf blade 5–10 cm; rachis of infructescences 0.2–0.3 cm thick ...... 91. L. hancei 128b. Leaf blade 10–18 cm; rachis of infructescences 1–1.4 cm thick ... 115. L. nitidinux 127b. Mature leaf blades with waxy scalelike trichomes. 129a. Leaf blade firmly leathery, apex rounded; secondary veins 10–12 on each side of midvein; petiole 3–5 mm ...... 116. L. phansipanensis 129b. Leaf blade papery, apex shortly acuminate to obtuse; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein; petiole to 10 mm ...... 117. L. confinis 126b. Petiole 1–5 cm. 130a. Leaf blade 20–35 × 8–12 cm ...... 119. L. listeri 130b. Leaf blade 5–20 × 2–8 cm. 131a. Leaf secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein. 132a. Nut scar 1.2–1.5 cm in diam...... 120. L. calolepis 132b. Nut scar 0.5–1 cm in diam. 133a. Rachis of infructescences 0.8–1.8 cm thick; leaf blade secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein ...... 103. L. arcaulus 133b. Rachis of infructescences 0.2–0.3 cm thick; leaf blade secondary veins 6–13 on each side of midvein ...... 91. L. hancei 131b. Leaf secondary veins 6–11 on each side of midvein. 134a. Leaf blade oily shiny when young ...... 114. L. taitoensis 134b. Leaf blade not oily shiny when young. 135a. Leaf blade not glaucous ...... 91. L. hancei 135b. Leaf blade glaucous. 136a. Tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, lax, and reddish to yellowish brown when dry; basal bracts of cupule connate into concentric rings ...... 113. L. litseifolius 136b. Tertiary veins inconspicuous; cupule bracts spirally arranged 118. L. hypoglaucus

1. Lithocarpus xizangensis C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang in C. conical, ca. 2.5 × 2.8 cm, covered with minute hairs, C. Huang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 70. 1978. base slightly narrowed, apex flat or slightly convex, 西藏柯 xi zang ke wall 1–2 mm thick; scar covering ca. 2/3 of nut, convex. Trees to 30 m tall. Branchlets of last year growth, Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. petioles, and abaxial leaf blade surface pubescent. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1700 –2000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Petiole 2–4 cm, stout, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to Xian). obovate-elliptic, 25–40 × 9–15 cm, papery, abaxially 2. Lithocarpus jenkinsii (Bentham) C. C. Huang & Y. T. pubescent, base cuneate, margin entire or sometimes Chang, Guihaia 8: 36. 1988. apically undulate, apex acute; secondary veins 11–16 on each side of midvein, adaxially impressed when 盈江柯 ying jiang ke young, pubescent, covered with adherent scurfy Quercus jenkinsii Bentham, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 14: 8. scalelike trichomes, grayish when dry; tertiary veins 1880; Lithocarpus parkinsonii A. Camus. abaxially conspicuous. Male inflorescences solitary, ca. Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets of current year sturdy, 25 cm. Infructescence to 20 cm, rachis lenticellate, base lenticellate, glabrous. Petiole ca. 3 cm, base ca. 4 mm 1–1.2 cm thick; cupules in clusters of 3–5. Cupule thick; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 25–30 × 8–10 globose, (5–)7–9 cm in diam. including bracts, com- cm, leathery, concolorous, abaxially covered with pletely enclosing nut; bracts subulate, completely minute scalelike trichomes, base broadly cuneate and covering cupule, 1.5–2.5 cm, straight or apical ones symmetric, margin entire, apex acute and oblique; slightly curved, ± woody, pubescent. Nut broadly secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. adaxially slightly impressed, abruptly curving apically, turbinate, ca. 2.5 × 2.8 cm, appressed tomentulose, base obscure near margin; tertiary veins subparallel. Female narrow, apex depressed; scar covering ca. 2/3 of nut, inflorescences ca. 3; cupules solitary, scattered on convex. rachis. Infructescence ca. 15 cm, rachis lenticellate, 800–2000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian). glabrescent, base 0.9–1.4 cm thick. Cupule subglobose, 3.5–4.5 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, wall 4– 5. Lithocarpus howii Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: 235. 1947. 6 mm thick and ± woody when dry; bracts subulate, 6– 梨果柯 li guo ke 10 mm, woody and multiangular, base 4–8 mm in diam., Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets of current year terete, apex shortly pointed. Nut subglobose but flat at apex, densely pubescent; branchlets of 2 or 3 year's growth 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., wall ca. 4 mm thick; scar covering more than 3/4 of nut, convex. Fr. Jun–Aug. with scars of bud scales and leaf blades, sparsely Moist places in broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1500 m. SW lenticellate. Petiole 1.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade obovate- Yunnan [NE India, NE Myanmar]. elliptic to oblong, 12–20 × 4–7 cm, thickly papery, The nuts were originally described as being separate from the cupules concolorous, when young abaxially with stellate hairs except for the basal part, but the authors found a considerable portion especially on axils of veins, base cuneate, margin of the nut to be adnate to the cupule. shallowly undulate to obtusely dentate, apex obtuse to 3. Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. acute; secondary veins 15–18 on each side of midvein, 59: 66. 1924. ending in teeth; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. 木果柯 mu guo ke Inflorescences androgynous, spicate; ca. 10 cm. Female Quercus xylocarpa Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Pt. 2, inflorescence with cupules in clusters of 3(–5), rarely Nat. Hist. 44: 196. 1875; Lithocarpus shunningensis Hu; solitary. Infructescence 2–3 cm; rachis 6–8 mm thick. Pasania xylocarpa (Kurz) Hickel & A. Camus; Cupule pear-shaped to subglobose, 5–6 × 4.5–5.5 cm Synaedrys xylocarpa (Kurz) Koidzumi. including bracts, completely enclosing nut, wall 1–2 Trees to 30 m tall. Young branchlets sulcate, tawny to- mm thick; bracts clawlike, basally reflexed, apically mentose. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong erect. Nut subglobose, 3–3.5 × ca. 4 cm, apex ± flat, to sometimes lanceolate, 9–15 × 2–5 cm, leathery, wall 6–10 mm thick but basally ca. 1.5 cm thick, horny; abaxially pilose when young and glaucous with age, scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. May, fr. adaxially lustrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex Jul–Aug. acute; midvein ± flat to slightly raised on both surfaces Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1000 –1400 m. SW Guangdong and usually pubescent; secondary veins 12–15 on each (Yangchun Xian), Hainan. side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially very slender, 6. Lithocarpus pasania C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia evident or not visible. Male inflorescences often partly 8: 35. 1988. androgynous, solitary, 5–10 cm; rachis tomentose. 石柯 Female inflorescence rachis 5–8 cm, ca. 3 mm thick; shi ke cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule subglobose but Pasania lithocarpaea Oersted, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk apically slightly narrowed, 3–4.5 cm in diam., Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1866: 84. 1867. completely enclosing nut, wall 3–5 mm thick; bracts Trees to 20 m tall. Leaves not seen. Infructescences 14– linear, 2–3 mm, curved inward, densely and completely 28 cm; rachis terete, light brownish gray, 1–2 cm thick, covered by minute hairs. Nut subglobose to broadly epidermis flaky, reticulate, sparsely lenticellate; ellipsoid, 2–3 cm in diam.; scar covering 4/5–5/6 of nut, lenticels slightly raised. Cupules 5–9 fused in clusters, convex. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. Dry mixed mesophytic forests; 1800–2300 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan only 1 or 2 developed, globose or nearly so, 3.5–5 cm [NE India, N Laos, NE Myanmar, Vietnam]. in diam., completely enclosing nut, apically flat or rounded, wall 2–5 mm thick and spongy; bracts ± 4. Lithocarpus pseudoxizangensis Z. K. Zhou & H. Sun, imbricate in young cupules and squamose but united Acta Bot. Yunnan. 18: 216. 1996. into 8–12 concentric rings and inconspicuous with age. 假西藏柯 jia xi zang ke Nut broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, adnate to cupule Trees ca. 20 m tall. Petiole ca. 2 cm; leaf blade elliptic, except apically, apex flat, wall 1.5–4 mm thick and 15–25 × 10–12 cm, abaxially with sparse appressed firmly woody. hairs, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to broadly Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 800 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian) cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex [NE India]. cuspidate; midvein flat above or slightly impressed; An incompletely known species which Oersted described as Pasania lithocarpaea, based merely on 3 cupules. Only three infructescences secondary veins ca. 11 on each side of midvein. have been seen by the authors. Infructescence rachis 7–12 cm, ca. 1 cm thick. Cupule globose, completely enclosing nut, wall 4–6 mm thick; 7. Lithocarpus balansae (Drake) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: bracts ca. 1 cm, curved, sericeous-puberulent. Nuts 39. 1931 [1932]. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

猴面柯 hou mian ke bract scars between ridges, wall ca. 1.5 mm thick; Quercus balansae Drake, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 152. 1890; bracts scalelike. Nut subglobose, 2–2.5 × 1.6–2.2 cm in Castanopsis balansae (Drake) Schottky; Lithocarpus diam., glabrescent, apex rounded, wall less than 1 mm eremiticus Chun & C. C. Huang ex Y. C. Hsu & H. W. thick; scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Jen; L. luchunensis Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen; L. Mar, fr. Sep of following year. lutchuensis Koidzumi; Pasania balansae (Drake) Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1500–2200 m. SE Yunnan [N Laos, Hickel & A. Camus; Synaedrys balansae (Drake) Vietnam]. Koidzumi. According to A. Camus (Chênes 3: 587. 1953), the typical mature leaf Trees to 30 m tall. Branches of last-year growth blades are leathery and adaxially oily when dry, the tertiary veins are abaxially inconspicuous, and the nut apex is flat. yellowish gray, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels slightly 9. Lithocarpus chifui Chun & Tsiang, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: raised. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm, base thickened; leaf blade 320. 1947. oblong to obovate-oblong, 10–38 × 5–13 cm, ± rigidly papery, abaxially glaucous when dry and with waxy 粤北柯 yue bei ke scalelike trichomes, base cuneate and ± decurrent on Trees to 20 m tall. Young branchlets slightly sulcate, petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins dark brown when dry. Petiole 1.5–2.8 cm; leaf blade 9–12 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically elliptic to oblanceolate, 15–30 × 6–12 cm, leathery, near margin but not fusing; tertiary veins reticulate, abaxially with lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes and conspicuous on both surfaces. Male inflorescences grayish brown when dry, base attenuate and decurrent paniculate; rachis tawny pubescent. Female on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary inflorescence with cupules in clusters of 5–7 scattered veins 10–14 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving on rachis. Infructescences ca. 15 cm; rachis base 6–10 apically, often fusing near margin; tertiary veins mm thick. Cupule obovoid, subglobose, or irregularly abaxially slender, evident, subparallel. Male shaped, to 5 × 8 cm, completely enclosing nut, wall inflorescences paniculate, basal spike 3–4 cm; rachis 0.5–1.5 cm thick and corky; bracts reduced to spiral or tawny scurfy. Female inflorescences 10–18 cm; cupules concentric lines. Nut subglobose, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 cm, in clusters of 3–5. Infructescences to 17 cm; rachis base wall 2–3 mm thick; scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, 6–10 mm thick, basal part lenticellate and without fruit. convex. Cotyledons plicate. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Sep–Nov Cupule globose, 2.5–3 cm in diam., completely of following year. enclosing nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts squamose Broad-leaved evergreen forests by streams; 400–1900 m. SE Yunnan when young, in 3–5 thin concentric ridges on mature [N Laos, Vietnam]. cupule. Nut subglobose, 1.8–2 cm in diam., apex with Possibly conspecific with Lithocarpus pasania, but additional minute tawny hairs, wall 2–2.5 mm thick and woody; specimens are needed to confirm this. scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. May– Jun, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. 8. Lithocarpus laoticus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 41. 1931 [1932]. Mixed mesophytic forests in valleys; 1200–1400 m. NE Guangdong (Ruyuan Yaozu Zizhixian), S Guizhou. 老挝柯 lao wo ke 10. Lithocarpus levis Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 2. 1988. Pasania laotica Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., 滑壳柯 hua qiao ke Bot., sér. 10, 3: 402. 1921. Trees 10–15 m tall. Young branchlets sulcate; branches Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets of current year blackish of last year's growth dark brown, sparsely lenticellate. when dry; branches of previous year growth and rachis Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic, of infructescences conspicuously lenticellate. Petiole 13–20 × 4–7 cm, ± rigidly papery, abaxially with 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, 12–20 × 4– adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes and grayish when 9 cm, ± rigidly papery, abaxially light gray and with dry, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially dark gray entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 12–16 on each when dry, base broadly cuneate to acute, margin entire, side of midvein, abruptly curving apically near margin apex narrowly acuminate to acute; secondary veins 10– but not fusing; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, 13 on each side of midvein, sometimes fusing near subparallel. Male inflorescences axillary, solitary, 6–9 margin on apical part of leaf; tertiary veins abaxially ± cm; rachis pubescent. Female inflorescence with visible. Male inflorescences terminal clusters on cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 6–8 cm; branchlets of current year, 4–10 cm; rachis pubescent. rachis 7–8 mm thick, lenticellate. Cupule ellipsoid, 0.5– Female inflorescences 10–15 cm; cupules in clusters of 2 × 1.2–1.6 cm, completely enclosing nut, outside with ca. 3. Infructescence rachis base 4–6 mm thick. Cupule yellowish brown to dark gray, waxy scalelike trichomes, subglobose, ca. 3.5 × 2–2.5 cm, completely enclosing both ends narrowed, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts united nut, with many concentric ridges and inconspicuous into concentric lines. Nut broadly ellipsoid to Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. subglobose, 1–1.4 cm in diam., apex with appressed veins abaxially slender, evident. Female inflorescence minute hairs, wall 1.5–3 mm thick and thickened with cupules in clusters of 2 or 3, rarely solitary. gradually from apex to base; scar covering more than Cupule subglobose, 3–3.2(–5) × 2.9–3(–3.8) cm, 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct of fol- completely enclosing nut, apically flat; bracts imbricate lowing year. to spirally arranged apically on cupule, rhomboid, Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 900–1500 m. S Guizhou. squamose, with grayish waxy scalelike trichomes; 11. Lithocarpus amygdalifolius (Skan) Hayata, Icon. Pl. midvein slightly raised and conspicuous. Nut Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam.; scar covering more than 杏叶柯 xing ye ke 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Aug–Dec of Quercus amygdalifolia Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, following year. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 506. 1899; Lithocarpus Mixed mesophytic forests; (300–)1000–2800 m. C to S Taiwan. amygdalifolius var. praecipitiorum Chun; Pasania This species has been reported from Vietnam (P. H. Ho, Ill. Fl. amygdalifolia (Skan) Schottky; Synaedrys Vietnam 2(2): 786. 1993), but it is probably a misidentification. amygdalifolia (Skan) Koidzumi. 13. Lithocarpus fenzelianus A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Trees to 30 m tall; young shoots and young leaf blades Nat., sér. 2, 7: 912. 1932. abaxially densely covered with tawny crisp hairs, 红柯 hong ke glabrescent. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 8–15 × 2.5–4cm,ca.20×9cmon Quercus fenzeliana (A. Camus) Merrill. young shoots, thickly leathery, abaxially often oily Trees to 30 m tall. Young branchlets sulcate. Petiole 2– when young and dry, grayish and covered with waxy 3 cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or obovate- scalelike trichomes in mature leaf blades, base cuneate, elliptic, 10–18 × 3–6 cm, leathery, leaf blades of last margin entire or rarely undulate near apex to obtusely year abaxially brownish gray to grayish and with undulate-dentate, apex narrowly acuminate to acute; adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, base cuneate and secondary veins 10–16 on each side of midvein; tertiary decurrent on petiole, margin entire or undulate from veins abaxially not visible or obscure. Male middle to apex, apex caudate to shortly acuminate; inflorescencess solitary or in a panicle; rachis densely secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein, usually pubescent. Female inflorescence with cupules in impressed adaxially; tertiary veins abaxially obscure. clusters of ca. 3, sometimes solitary. Infructescences 3– Male inflorescences solitary or in a panicle; rachis 5 cm; rachis 2–4 mm thick. Cupule subglobose, 2–2.5 pubescent. Female inflorescence ca. 15 cm; cupules cm in diam., smooth, completely enclosing nut, wall 1– solitary, scattered on rachis. Infructescence ca. 10 cm; 2 mm thick; bracts usually fused with cupule into rachis 3–4 mm thick. Cupule globose to depressed intercepted concentric rings, triangular to multilateral. globose, 1.6–2.2 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, Nut subglobose 1.8–2 cm in diam., puberulent at apex, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts triangular when young, wall 1.5–2 mm and slightly thicker than wall of cupule; fused into 6–8 concentric rings on mature cupules, scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Mar– squamose. Nut subglobose, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., apex Sep, fr. Aug–Dec of following year. puberulent, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; scar covering more than 2/3 of nut, convex. Fl. Feb–Apr, fr. Aug–Sep of Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–2300 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, following year. S Guangxi, Hainan, C to S Taiwan [Vietnam]. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, commonly in association with 12. Lithocarpus lepidocarpus (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Dacrydium pectinatum and Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus; Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. 300–1000 m. Hainan. 14. Lithocarpus damiaoshanicus C. C. Huang & Y. T. 鬼石柯 gui shi ke Chang, Guihaia 16: 301. 1996. Quercus lepidocarpa Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. 大苗山柯 da miao shan ke Tokyo 30(1): 291. 1911; Lithocarpus castanopsifolius Trees 5–9 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate; (Hayata) Hayata; Pasania lepidocarpa (Hayata) branchlets of last-year growth dark gray to blackish Schottky; Q. castanopsifolia Hayata; Synaedrys when dry, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels tawny. Petiole lepidocarpa (Hayata) Koidzumi. 1.5–2 cm, white farinose when dry; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong, 5.5–13 × 2–6 cm, often Trees tall. Branchlets of last-year growth with a thin asymmetric, thickly leathery, abaxially with adherent, layer of grayish wax, conspicuously lenticellate near waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially white farinose nodes. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to when dry, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, obovate, 15–32 × 4–10 cm, leathery, abaxially grayish, margin entire, apex narrowly acuminate and falcate; base broadly cuneate, margin entire or undulate-dentate secondary veins 6–9 on each side of midvein, abruptly from middle to apex, apex acuminate to shortly caudate; curving apically near margin but not fusing; tertiary secondary veins 13–17 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially very slender, evident to inconspicuous. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Male inflorescences solitary; rachis covered with lax, scalelike trichomes, and pale yellowish gray, usually rust-colored, lamellate scalelike trichomes. Female oily, and shiny when dry, adaxially pubescent on inflorescence: cupules in clusters of ca. 3 but usually 1 midvein or glabrous, base broadly cuneate to acute, or 2 developed. Infructescences rarely over 10 cm; margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins rachis 4–8 mm thick, basally without fruit and sparsely 12–19 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially lenticellate. Cupule broadly turbinate, 2–2.5 × 2–3 cm, subparallel. Male inflorescences terminal or rarely completely or almost completely enclosing nut, apically axillary, solitary, ca. 20 cm; rachis covered with flat, wall 3–5 mm thick in middle; basal bracts reduced appressed short hairs. Female inflorescence with to scars but apically imbricate to ± arranged in rings, cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence rachis stout. triangular, appressed. Nut broadly depressed turbinate, Cupule subglobose, 2–3 cm in diam., completely ca. 1.5 cm in diam., puberulent, wall 1–2 mm thick; enclosing nut, apex narrowed, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; scar covering 1/2–3/4 of nut, convex. Fl. Nov–Dec, fr. bracts imbricate, triangular-subulate, 2–4 mm, Oct–Dec of following year. thickened, apex ± curved. Nut conical, 1.6–1.7 cm in Dense forests; 1500–1900 m. Guangxi (Damiao Shan). diam., with tawny appressed minute hairs, apex 15. Lithocarpus irwinii (Hance) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: narrowed; scar ca. 1.2 cm in diam., covering base of nut, 127. 1919. ± concave at margin but conspicuously convex at center. 广南柯 guang nan ke Fl. May and Aug–Oct, fr. summer–autumn of following Quercus irwinii Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18: year. 229. 1862; Pasania irwinii (Hance) Oersted; Synaedrys Moist sites of broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–1000 m. Hainan. irwinii (Hance) Koidzumi. 17. Lithocarpus amoenus Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Trees ca. 10 m tall. Young branchlets sulcate, densely Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 12. 1988. tawny pilose, glabrescent; lenticels raised. Petiole 愉柯 yu ke usually less than 1 cm; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate; 7–12 × 2–4 cm, thickly and rigidly leathery, abaxially branchlets and inflorescences densely tawny to grayish with reddish brown, scurfy, waxy scalelike trichomes brown tomentose. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade elliptic to and when young sparsely pilose on midvein, adaxially ovate-elliptic, 12–18 × 4–8 cm, thickly leathery, dark brown and often oily when dry, base cuneate and abaxially covered with ± loose, lamellate, waxy decurrent on petiole, margin entire or undulate from scalelike trichomes, adaxially tomentose and with middle to apex and ± recurved, apex acute to acuminate; pulveraceous scalelike trichomes when young, base secondary veins 10–15 on each side of midvein; tertiary broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acute to narrowly veins abaxially very slender, evident to inconspicuous. acuminate; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of Male inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves, or 2 or 3 midvein, slightly impressed adaxially, abruptly curving in panicles; rachis tawny pubescent. Female apically near margin but not fusing; tertiary veins inflorescence with cupules in clusters of ca. 3, abaxially usually conspicuous, subparallel. Male sometimes solitary. Infructescences 2–5 cm; rachis 5–8 inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves or 3 in a mm thick. Cupule turbinate, 2–2.6 × 1.8–2.4 cm, panicle. Cupule globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., usually completely enclosing nut, apically broadest and ± flat, completely enclosing nut; bracts of young cupules wall 2–4 mm thick; bracts imbricate, triangular, center linear, 3–6 mm, slightly incurved, cross section terete to and margin thickened in ridges. Nut subglobose, ca. 1.5 nearly so, grayish puberulent, wall ca. 1 mm thick; cm in diam., densely covered with appressed minute bracts of mature cupules reduced to scars or apical ones hairs, wall 2–2.5 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/4 of nut, to shortly linear scales. Nut subglobose, 1.6–2.2 × 1.6– convex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. 2 cm, densely covered with tawny appressed minute Sparse forests, common in hilly regions S of the Tropic of Cancer; hairs; scar at most covering ca. 1/4 of nut, convex. Fl. below 400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. 16. Lithocarpus handelianus A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Natl. Mixed mesophytic forests; 300–1000 m. SW Fujian, Guangdong, S Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 6: 93. 1934. Guizhou, SW Hunan. 瘤果柯 liu guo ke 18. Lithocarpus tephrocarpus (Drake) A. Camus, Rivièra Trees to 28 m tall. Branchlets of current year stout, con- Sci. 18: 42. 1932. spicuously sulcate, grayish brown pubescent; branchlets 灰壳柯 hui qiao ke of previous year with yellowish brown, thick, waxy Quercus tephrocarpa Drake, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 151. scalelike trichomes. Leaves congested at apex of 1890; Pasania tephrocarpa (Drake) Hickel & A. branchlets; petiole 2–3 cm, sturdy with yellowish Camus; Synaedrys tephrocarpa (Drake) Koidzumi. brown, thick, waxy scalelike trichomes; leaf blade Trees 10–15 m tall; branchlets, bud scales, young leaf elliptic to rarely ovate, 15–20 × 6–9cm,ca.45×17cm blades, and rachis of inflorescences densely covered on stump sprouts, thickly leathery, abaxially pubescent with ± rough brown long hairs. Branches stout, when young, with yellowish brown, thick, waxy conspicuously lenticellate. Petiole rarely longer than 1 Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. cm, 5–7 mm thick; leaf blade spatulate, obovate-oblong, year growth glabrescent, conspicuously lenticellate. or oblong, 30–50 × 9–10 cm, leathery to thickly papery, Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, 12–20 × 4–7 cm, ± glaucous and abaxially with adherent, waxy scalelike leathery, abaxially covered with dark gray, minute, trichomes when mature, base rounded to auriculate, waxy scalelike trichomes, base cuneate, margin entire, margin entire or with a few teeth from middle to apex, apex shortly acuminate; midvein slightly raised and apex acute with a blunt tip; secondary veins 21–26 on pilose; secondary veins 10–14 on each side of midvein, each side of midvein, adaxially slightly impressed, adaxially impressed; tertiary veins abaxially ± abruptly curving apically near margin but not fusing; conspicuous. Male inflorescences paniculate, to 27 cm; tertiary veins subparallel. Infructescences 8–12 cm; rachis pubescent. Female inflorescences 2–4 congested rachis basally ca. 1 cm thick, hairy. Cupules in clusters above middle of branches, 5–15 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3 but 1 or 2 developed, subglobose, 3–4 cm in of ca. 3. Infructescence rachis 5–8 mm thick. Cupule diam., completely enclosing nut, apically narrowed and turbinate, 2–2.4 × 1.8–2.6 cm, broadest slightly apical nipple-shaped, wall 3–5 mm thick; bracts imbricate, from middle, enclosing more than 1/2 of nut; bracts ovate-triangular, brownish pubescent. Nut subglobose, triangular to rhomboid, from base to middle of cupule ca. 2.5 cm in diam., sparsely covered with appressed fused with wall, grayish puberulent and with waxy hairs, wall ca. 2 mm thick; scar covering base of nut, scalelike trichomes. Nut subglobose, 1.5–1.8 × 1.6–2.6 slightly convex. Fr. Aug. cm, with appressed minute hairs, apex flat or concave; Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1100 m. SE Yunnan [NE scar covering 1/2–2/3 of nut, convex. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Vietnam]. Oct–Nov of following year. 19. Lithocarpus craibianus Barnett, Bull. Misc. Inform. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 2000 –2400 m. S Yunnan. Kew 1938: 103. 1938. 21. Lithocarpus truncatus (King ex J. D. Hooker) Rehder & 白穗柯 bai sui ke E. H. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 207. 1916. Trees to 20 m tall; young branchlets, leaf blades abaxially, and rachis of female inflorescences covered 截果柯 jie guo ke with tawny to grayish, waxy scalelike trichomes. Trees to 30 m tall. Branchlets of last year growth lenti- Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 12– cellate; lenticels yellowish gray, ± raised. Petiole 1–1.5 19 × 4–7 cm, leathery, adaxially oily when young and cm, basally dark brown to blackish when dry; leaf blade dry, base acute to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 10–25 × 3–7 cm, thinly acuminate; secondary veins 8–12 on each side of leathery, concolorous, abaxially glaucous and with midvein, adaxially impressed; tertiary veins abaxially adherent waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxial surface of inconspicuous to very slender. Male inflorescences young leaves glossy when dry, base cuneate to axillary or rarely paniculate, to 15 cm. Female or narrowly so, margin entire, apex narrowly attenuate androgynous inflorescences to 30 cm; cupules in with apiculate-caudate tip; secondary veins 11–15 on clusters of 5–7. Cupule globose to slightly depressed, each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially visible. 1.5–2 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, apically Male inflorescences solitary in leaf axils or congested at with a short, convex nipple, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; apex of branches; rachis pubescent. Female bracts imbricate, triangular, subulate, appressed, with inflorescences solitary or congested; cupules in clusters tawny, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut of 3–5(–7). Infructescence rachis base 4–7 mm thick. subglobose, 1.3–1.8 cm, 1.3–1.8 cm in diam., sparsely Cupule turbinate to obconic, 2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3 cm, covered with appressed minute hairs especially at apex, enclosing most of nut, apically usually flat; bracts con- wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut, spicuous, imbricate and triangular or united into convex. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep of following year. interrupted rings, appressed, from base to middle of cupule, densely tawny puberulent. Nut subglobose, ca. Mixed mesophytic forests, usually on dry slopes; 1500–2700 m. SW 3 × 2.6 cm, with tawny appressed minute hairs, apex ± Sichuan, S to SW Yunnan [Laos, N Thailand]. flat or slightly convex, wall ca. 1 mm thick on sides and Possibly conspecific with the Vietnamese Lithocarpus ollus (Kurz) A. Camus, which name has priority but is based on a fruiting specimen ca. 1.5 mm thick near apex; scar covering 2/3–4/5 of only. More material is needed to confirm this synonymy. nut, convex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. 20. Lithocarpus talangensis C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 21. 1988. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, common on sides of valleys; 700– 2200 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan [NE India, NE Myanmar, N Thailand, 石屏柯 shi ping ke N Vietnam]. Lithocarpus dealbatus (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex 1a. Cupules to 3.5 cm ...... 21a. var. truncatus Miquel) Rehder var. yunnanensis A. Camus. 1b. Cupules ca. 2.5 cm ...... 21b. var. baviensis Trees 15–25 m tall; branchlets of current year and leaf 21a. Lithocarpus truncatus var. truncatus blades abaxially densely pubescent. Branchlets of last- 截果柯(原变种) jie guo ke (yuan bian zhong) Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Quercus truncata King ex J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India F. H. Chen; Pasania cleistocarpa (Seemen) Schottky; 5: 618. 1890; Lithocarpus cathayanus (Seemen) Rehder; Q. fragifera Franchet; Q. wilsonii Seemen; Synaedrys L. grandicupulus Y. C. Hsu & al.,; Pasania truncata cleistocarpa (Seemen) Koidzumi. (King ex J. D. Hooker) Schottky; Q. cathayana Seemen. Young leaves usually with oily resin when dry. Cupule globose, enclosing most of nut, wall with tawny Cupule to 3.5 cm; bracts imbricate, triangular, scalelike trichomes. Nut hairy; scar covering more than squamose. 2/3 of nut. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. autumn and winter of Broad-leaved evergreen forests, common on sides of valleys; 700– following year. 2200 m. SE Xizang, SW Yunnan [NE India, NE Myanmar, N Broad-leaved evergreen forests; mixed mesophytic forests; 1000– Thailand, N Vietnam]. 1900 m. Anhui, Fujian, NE Guizhou, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S 21b. Lithocarpus truncatus var. baviensis (Drake) A. Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang. Camus, Chênes, Atlas 3: 63. 1948. 22b. Lithocarpus cleistocarpus var. omeiensis W. P. Fang, 小截果柯 xiao jie guo ke Ic. Pl. Omeien. 2(1): t. 117a. 1945. 峨眉包果柯 Quercus baviensis Drake, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 150. 1890; e mei bao guo ke Lithocarpus cleistocarpus (Seemen) Rehder & E. H. Pasania baviensis (Drake) Schottky; Synaedrys baviensis (Drake) Koidzumi. Wilson var. fangianus A. Camus. Young leaves without oily resins when dry. Petiole 1–2 Cupule ca. 2.5 cm; bracts triangular, except for subulate tip, fused with wall of cupule or united into concentric cm or rarely longer. Cupule turbinate, enclosing 2/3– 4/5 of nut, wall with grayish brown scalelike trichomes. rings near cupule apex. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1500 m. S to SE Yunnan [N Nut glabrous; scar covering 1/2 to essentially all of nut. Vietnam]. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep of following year. Mixed mesophytic forests; 1500–2400 m. NW Guizhou, W Sichuan 22. Lithocarpus cleistocarpus (Seemen) Rehder & E. H. (Emei Shan), NE Yunnan. Wilson in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 205. 1916. 23. Lithocarpus tenuilimbus H. T. Chang, Acta Sci. Nat. 包果柯 bao guo ke Univ. Sunyatseni 1960(1): 31. 1960. Trees 5–10 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate. 薄叶柯 bao ye ke Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong, 9– Trees to 25 m tall; apex of young branchlets, petioles, 16 × 3–5 cm, leathery, abaxially with adherent, waxy and young leaf blades sparsely covered with early scalelike trichomes, base attenuate and decurrent on glabrescent long hairs. Branchlets of last-year growth petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins sparsely lenticellate; lenticels conspicuously raised. 7–10 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically, Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, obscure near margin; tertiary veins abaxially slender, 12–20 × 4–7 cm, rigidly papery, abaxially ± glaucous evident, laxly spaced. Male inflorescences solitary in a when dry and with lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes paniculate cluster; rachis with lamellate waxy scalelike and usually sparsely pilose from base to middle of mid- trichomes. Female and androgynous inflorescences with vein when young, base cuneate and usually asymmetric, cupules in clusters of 3–5 scattered on rachis. Infructes- margin entire, apex acute; secondary veins 12–16 on cences 7–10 cm; rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically and subglobose or turbinate, 2–2.5 cm in diam., enclosing gradually obscured; tertiary veins abaxially visible, 2/3 to most of nut, apically flat, wall ca. 1.5 mm thick at subparallel. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of middle; basal bracts fused to wall and reduced to scars, leaves or paniculate; rachis densely tawny puberulent. apically triangular, appressed, and covered with tawny Female inflorescence with cupules in clusters of 3–5. or grayish brown, minute, waxy scalelike trichomes. Infructescence rachis 8–10 mm thick, lenticellate. Nut turbinate, sparsely puberulent or glabrous, apex Cupule turbinate, 2–3 × 2–2.8 cm, broadest apically, slightly concave, ± flat, or arcuate-convex; scar usually enclosing most of nut, outside pubescent when covering 1/2–3/4 of nut, convex. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. young, basally narrowed into a stalk, wall 2–3.5 mm summer to winter of following year. thick; bracts basally enclosing and ± fused with cupule, Broad-leaved evergreen forests, mixed mesophytic forests; 1000– apically triangular and thick. Nut subglobose, 1.5–2.2 2400 m. Anhui, Fujian, N Guizhou, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S cm in diam., with appressed minute hairs, apex ± flat, Shaanxi, Sichuan, NE Yunnan, Zhejiang. wall 1–2 mm thick on sides and ca. 3 mm near apex; 1a. Young leaves usually with oily resins scar covering 3/4–5/6 of nut, convex. Fl. May–Jun, fr. when dry; nuts hairy ...... 22a. var. cleistocarpus Sep–Oct of following year. 1b. Young leaves without oily resins Broad-leaved evergreen forests, 700–1200 m. Guangdong, S Guangxi, when dry; nuts glabrous ...... 22b. var. omeiensis SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam]. 24. Lithocarpus tabularis Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta 22a. Lithocarpus cleistocarpus var. cleistocarpus Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 83. 1976. 包果柯 原变种 ( ) bao guo ke (yuan bian zhong) 平头柯 ping tou ke Quercus cleistocarpa Seemen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(Beibl. 57): 52. 1897; Lithocarpus kiangsiensis Hu & Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Trees to 30 m tall; branchlets and petioles sparsely midvein, adaxially impressed, abruptly curving apically, covered with brownish early glabrescent long hairs fusing near margin. Male inflorescences solitary in axils when young. Branchlets of current year and petioles of leaves or terminal panicles. Female inflorescences in dark brown when dry; branchlets of last-year growth clusters of 2 or 3, to 15 cm; cupules in clusters of 3–5. lenticellate; lenticels raised. Petiole 3–4 cm; leaf blade Infructescences 3–6 mm. Cupule cupular, 0.5–2.5 × oblong, 15–25 × 6–8 cm, leathery, adaxially with dense, 1.5–4.6 cm, variable in size, enclosing most of nut or tawny, puberulent scalelike trichomes, base cuneate and sometimes only 1/3–1/2 when mature, wall 2–4 mm decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate to thick; bracts fused with cupule and reduced to scars or acute; secondary veins 8–14 on each side of midvein. triangular, irregularly multilateral, with rust-colored, Male inflorescences axillary, solitary. Female inflores- lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut depressed cences 8–10 cm, sometimes androgynous and to 16 cm; globose, 1.2–2 × 1.5–3 cm, glabrous, apex rounded to cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 6–10 cm; slightly pointed, wall 1–1.2 mm thick; scar 1.2–1.5 cm rachis 7–9 mm thick, lenticellate. Cupule broadly in diam., convex with impressed margin. Fl. May–Jun, turbinate, 1.5–2 × 2.5–2.8 cm, broadest apically, fr. Aug–Sep of following year. enclosing most of nut, wall 2–5 mm thick; bracts Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed forests, mixed mesophytic forests; triangular, thickened, usually ridged in center. Nut ± 800–2000(–3200) m. SE Xizang, SW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, NE depressed globose, 1.2–1.5 × 1–2 cm, with appressed Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim]. minute hairs, apex ± flat; scar covering 2/3–3/4 of nut, The two varieties are not very distinct and could be treated as a single species. convex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. 1a. Leaf blade thinly leathery; scar confined Broad-leaved evergreen forests in moist places; ca. 1500 m. SE to nut base ...... 26a. var. pachyphyllus Yunnan (Pingbian Miaozu Zizhixian). 25. Lithocarpus crassifolius A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. 1b. Leaf blade thickly leathery; scar covering France 86: 155. 1939. 1/3–1/2 of nut ...... 26b. var. fruticosus 硬叶柯 ying ye ke 26a. Lithocarpus pachyphyllus var. pachyphyllus Lithocarpus pachyphylloides Y. C. Hsu & al. 厚叶柯(原变种) hou ye ke (yuan bian zhong) Trees to 10 m tall. Branchlets dark brown when dry, Quercus pachyphylla Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, lenticellate. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade broadly elliptic Nat. Hist. 44: 197. 1875; Lithocarpus woon-youngii Hu; to obovate, 5–9 × 3–5 cm, rigidly leathery, yellowish Pasania pachyphylla (Kurz) Schottky; Synaedrys brown when dry, abaxially covered with appressed pachyphylla (Kurz) Koidzumi. hairs on midvein and with waxy scalelike trichomes Leaf blade thinly leathery. Cupule 1.5–4.6 cm in diam., when young, base broadly cuneate, margin entire and enclosing most of nut when young but only 1/3–1/2 slightly recurved, apex rounded, obtuse, or rarely acute; when mature; bracts fused with cupule and reduced to secondary veins 6–9 on each side of midvein, adaxially scars or triangular, irregularly multilateral. Scar only at slightly impressed, sometimes ramified near margin; base of nut. tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident to inconspicuous. Infructescences 3–5 cm; rachis 4–6 mm Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed forests; 800–1000(–3200) m. SE Xizang, SW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, NE Myanmar, Nepal, thick, glabrous, lenticellate; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Sikkim]. Cupule cupular, 0.8–1.2 × 1.5–2.2 cm, enclosing 1/3– 1/2 of nut, wall ca. 2 mm thick; bracts imbricate, In Yunnan, this variety is found in mixed mesophytic forests from 2400–3200 m. triangular, appressed, with loose, rust-colored, waxy 26b. Lithocarpus pachyphyllus var. fruticosus (G. Watt ex scalelike trichomes. Nut depressed, 1–1.2 × 1.5–1.8 cm, King) A. Camus, Chênes 3: 624. 1953. glabrous; scar covering 1/4–1/3 of nut, convex but margins ± impressed. Fr. Aug. 顺宁厚叶柯 shun ning hou ye ke Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 2700 m. S Yunnan [N Laos, Quercus pachyphylla Kurz var. fruticosa G. Watt ex Vietnam]. King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: 45. 1889; 26. Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 129. 1919. Lithocarpus dulongensis H. Li & Y. C. Hsu; L. hypoviridis Y. C. Hsu & al.; L. variolosus (Franchet) 厚叶柯 hou ye ke Chun subsp. shunningensis A. Camus. Trees to 25 m tall. Young branchlets covered with lamellate, rust-colored, waxy scalelike trichomes, Leaf blade thickly leathery. Cupule 2.2–2.8 cm in diam., sulcate. Petiole 1.2–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate- enclosing most of nut; bracts united into 3–5 continuous elliptic, 10–20 × 4–7 cm, thinly or thickly leathery, or interrupted rings, basal ones almost completely fused abaxially dark red when young, glaucous with age, and with cupule. Scar covering 1/3–1/2 of nut. with minute lamellate waxy scalelike trichomes, base Mixed mesophytic forests; ca. 2000 m. SW Yunnan [NE Myanmar]. broadly cuneate and ± decurrent on petiole, margin 27. Lithocarpus apricus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, entire and usually emarginate, apex caudate with tip Guihaia 8: 40. 1988. blunt to rounded; secondary veins 9–15 on each side of Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

向阳柯 xiang yang ke Mixed mesophytic forests, usually in association with Picea, Abies, Trees 2–5 m tall. Branchlets grayish puberulent at apex, and subalpine Quercus; 2500–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan blackish when dry, densely lenticellate; lenticels gray. [Vietnam] Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 8–15 × 29. Lithocarpus dealbatus (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex Mi- 3.5–6 cm, subleathery, with reddish brown, lamellate, quel) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 124. 1919. glaucous, pulverulous scalelike glands when young, 白柯 bai ke base acute, margin entire, apex narrowly acuminate to caudate; secondary veins 8–12 on each side of midvein, Quercus dealbata J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex Miquel, adaxially slightly impressed, usually fusing near margin; Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 107. 1863; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. Male Lithocarpus tapintzensis A. Camus; L. viridis (Schottky) inflorescences racemose or rarely paniculate, 8–12 cm. Rehder; Pasania dealbata (J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex Infructescences 5–12 cm; rachis 6–12 mm thick; Miquel) Oersted; P. viridis Schottky p.p. (syntype A. cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule cupular, 0.6–1.2 × Henry 9636); P. yenshanensis Hu; Q. thalassica Hance 1.4–2.2 cm, enclosing 1/2 or slightly more of nut, wall var. vestita Franchet; Synaedrys dealbata (J. D. Hooker 2–4 mm thick; bracts imbricate, broadly triangular, & Thomson ex Miquel) Koidzumi. appressed, with reddish, lamellate scalelike glands and Trees rarely to 20 m tall; bud scales, branchlets, short hairs. Nut depressed globose, 1.1–1.6 × 1.4–2.2 petioles, leaf blades abaxially, rachis of inflorescences, cm, usually with longitudinal fissures, glabrous, apex ± and scales of cupule tawny tomentose with short hairs. flat, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar at basal part of nut, Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or 1.2–1.6 cm in diam., slightly convex. Fr. Aug–Sep. lanceolate, 7–14 × 2–5 cm, thickly papery to leathery, Sunny dry slopes, usually associated with shrubs, bamboo, and concolorous or abaxially grayish and with waxy scale, ferns; ca. 2500 m. C Yunnan (Jingdong Xian, Xinping Yizu Daizu base cuneate, margin entire or rarely apically shallowly Zizhixian). 28. Lithocarpus variolosus (Franchet) Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. undulate, apex acuminate to acute; midvein adaxially 9: 153. 1928. slightly raised and usually sparsely pubescent; secondary veins (8–)10–13 on each side of midvein; 麻子壳柯 ma zi qiao ke tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, ± parallel. Male Quercus variolosa Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 13: 156. inflorescences clustered at apex of branches, rarely to 1899; Lithocarpus chienchuanensis Hu; L. hui A. 15 cm. Female inflorescences sometimes androgynous, Camus; L. leucostachyus A. Camus; Pasania hui (A. rarely to 20 cm; cupules in clusters of 3(–5). Camus) Hu; P. variolosa (Franchet) Schottky; Infructescences usually 5–8 cm. Cupule cupular, 0.8– Synaedrys variolosa (Franchet) Koidzumi. 1.4 × 1–1.8 cm, enclosing 1/2 to most of nut; bracts Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets blackish when dry, imbricate, triangular, appressed or a few spreading. Nut sparsely lenticellate; lenticels grayish brown. Petiole depressed globose to subglobose, slightly smaller than 1(–1.5) cm; leaf blade broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic, or cupule, apex rounded, ± flat, or rarely convex, wall ca. lanceolate, 6–15(–24) × 3–5(–7) cm, leathery to thickly 1 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 (–1/2) of nut, convex. papery, abaxially with thick adherent, waxy scalelike Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. trichomes and ± glaucous when dry, base subrounded to broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate and Mixed mesophytic forests, usually in association with Pinus yun- usually falcate; secondary veins 6–10 on each side of nanensis, Picea, and other species of Fagaceae; 1000–2800 m. Gui- midvein, adaxially ± impressed, fusing near margin; zhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, N Laos, tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous to slender, NE Myanmar, N Thailand, Vietnam]. 30. Lithocarpus thomsonii (Miquel) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. evident. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves 1: 132. 1919. or paniculate. Female inflorescences usually terminal 潞西柯 lu xi ke clusters, 3–6(–10) cm; rachis stout, usually twisted, Quercus thomsonii Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno- with tawny scalelike trichomes; cupules in clusters of Batavi 1: 109. 1863; Pasania thomsonii (Miquel) ca. 3. Infructescences 4–7 cm; rachis ca. 3 mm thick. Hickel & A. Camus; Q. turbinata Roxburgh (1832), not Cupule cupular, 0.6–1.8 × 1.5–2.5 cm, usually broadest Blume (1825); Synaedrys thomsonii (Miquel) Koidzumi. slightly apically from middle, enclosing 1/2 to most of Trees 8–10 m tall; branchlets, petioles, young leaf nut, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; bracts reddish to dark grayish blades abaxially, and inflorescences densely covered brown, basal bracts usually united in continuous or with grayish, crisp minute hairs. Branches of last year interrupted rings and obscurely broadly ovate or dark brown to blackish when dry, glabrescent, multilateral, apically triangular and small. Nut lenticellate; lenticels gray. Petiole rarely longer than 1 depressed globose, 1–2 × 1.2–2.6 cm, glabrous, wall ca. cm; leaf blade ovate to broadly elliptic or sometimes 0.5 mm thick; scar covering 1/5–1/3(–1/2) of nut, obovate to obovate-elliptic, 9–20 × 4–6.5 cm, thickly convex but concave at margin. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep papery, abaxially glaucous and with adherent, waxy of following year. scalelike trichomes, base acute to cuneate, margin Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. usually undulate, apex obtuse to acuminate; secondary separate from wall by a subulate apex, appressed, and veins 10–13 on each side of midvein, ramified near ovate-triangular, tawny puberulent and with waxy margin but rarely fusing; tertiary veins abaxially scalelike trichomes when young, glabrescent. Nut slender, evident. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of broadly conical, ca. 1.4 cm in diam., with appressed leaves, 5–10 cm. Female inflorescences 5–10 cm; minute hairs, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 cupules in clusters of ca. 3; young cupules depressed of nut, convex. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug of following globose, apically flat. Infructescence ca. 10 cm. Cupule year. cupular, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., outside and nut densely Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–1200 m. N Guangdong, Hunan. covered with grayish crisp minute hairs and scurfy 33. Lithocarpus chrysocomus Chun & Tsiang, J. Arnold scalelike trichomes. Nut 1.3–1.4 × 1.4–1.6 cm; scar Arbor. 28: 321. 1947. covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug– 金毛柯 jin mao ke Oct of following year. Lithocarpus chrysocomus var. zhangpingensis Q. F. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–3000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Zheng. Xian), S and W Yunnan [NE India, Myanmar, N Thailand, Vietnam]. Trees to 20 m tall; branchlets of current year and rachis 31. Lithocarpus laetus Chun & C. C. Huang ex Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 83. 1976. of inflorescences densely tawny puberulent and with scurfy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade 屏边柯 ping bian ke ovate, oblong, or rarely lanceolate, (6–)8–15 × (1.5– Trees to 30 m tall. Branchlets of current year tawny )2.5–5.5 cm, rigidly leathery, abaxially densely covered pubescent. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong- with lax yellowish brown to reddish brown, scurfy lanceolate, 7–11 × 1.5–3 cm, subleathery, abaxially scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base broadly pubescent, glabrescent, and with lax, rust-colored cuneate and sometimes asymmetric, margin entire, apex scalelike trichomes, adaxially pubescent when young acuminate to acute; secondary veins 9–13 on each side but glabrescent except for midvein with age, base of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Male broadly cuneate and sometimes asymmetric, margin inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves or in paniculate entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 13–16 on each clusters, usually androgynous. Female inflorescences in side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences less than 5 cm; Infructescence ca. 4 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. developed cupules 2–6. Cupule subglobose, 2–2.5 cm Cupule obconic to cupular, 1–1.2 × 2–2.2 cm, enclosing in diam., enclosing most of nut, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; ca. 2/3 of nut, wall 2–4 mm thick; bracts imbricate, bracts imbricate, triangular, puberulent and with rust- triangular, appressed. Nut broadly conical, 1.8–2 × 1.6– colored scalelike trichomes when young, apex subulate 1.8 cm, with appressed, rust-colored minute hairs, base and spreading. Nut subglobose but broadest apically, broadest, gradually narrowed apically, apex pointed, 1.7–1.8 × 1.2–2 cm, densely covered with tawny, wall 1–2 mm thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex appressed minute hairs, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar but margin ± impressed. Fr. Oct. covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug– Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1700 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian Oct of following year. Miaozu Zizhixian). Broad-leaved evergreen and mixed mesophytic forests, often a 32. Lithocarpus cucullatus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, dominant species of broad-leaved evergreen forest; 600–1400 m. N Guihaia 8: 23. 1988. Guangdong, NE Guangxi, S Hunan (Yizhang Xian). 风兜柯 feng dou ke 34. Lithocarpus lycoperdon (Skan) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. Trees ca. 15 m tall;young branchlets and youngleaf 18: 41. 1931 [1932]. blades tawny tomentose. Branchlets of last-year growth 香菌柯 xiang jun ke blackish, obscurely lenticellate. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf Quercus lycoperdon Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, J. blade narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 6–11 × 1.5–3 cm, Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 518. 1899; Lithocarpus elatus rigidly papery, adaxially with a thick layer of tawny, (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus; L. krempfii (Hickel & waxy scalelike trichomes and sometimes with minute A. Camus) A. Camus; Pasania elata Hickel & A. wrinkles when dry, base cuneate, margin entire or Camus; P. krempfii Hickel & A. Camus; P. lycoperdon sometimes shallowly undulate, apex acuminate; secon- (Skan) Schottky; Synaedrys lycoperdon (Skan) dary veins 10–14 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins Koidzumi. abaxially not visible or very slender, evident. Trees to 30 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate, Androgynous inflorescence to 18 cm; rachis densely dark brown when dry. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, dark brown to tawny tomentose with short hairs. Female blackish when dry, base ± thickened; leaf blade oblong inflorescences 6–10 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. to sometimes ovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 4–6 cm, rigidly Infructescences 4–5 cm. Cupule obconic, ca. 1.7 cm, leathery, abaxially rust-colored to tawny pulverulent- enclosing most of nut, wall ca. 1.5 mm thick; basal scurfy, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate and decurrent bracts fused to wall and reduced to scars, apically on petiole, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein, each side of midvein, curving apically, obscure near sometimes ramified near margin; tertiary veins margin. Male inflorescences in a panicle, to 20 cm. abaxially not visible or very slender, evident. Male Female inflorescences 8–10 cm; cupules in clusters of inflorescences in a panicle, rarely solitary in leaf axils. ca. 3. Infructescence rachis stout, base ca. 1 cm thick. Female inflorescences sometimes androgynous, 8–20 Cupule subglobose, ± asymmetric, 2.2–2.6 cm in diam., cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences usually enclosing nut; bracts imbricate, triangular, squamose, less than 10 cm; rachis base 7–12 mm thick; lenticels gray to light brown when dry, densely scurfy. Nut yellowish brown. Cupule turbinate to cupular, 2–2.5 × subglobose, 1.6–2.4 cm, depressed on 1 or 2 sides, 2.4–2.8 cm, broadest at middle, enclosing most of nut, obtusely ridged from middle to apex, wall ca. 1 mm wall 2–3 mm thick; bracts triangular-subulate, thick; scar covering ca. 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. Jun, fr. appressed, puberulent and scurfy. Nut depressed Sep–Oct of following year. globose to subglobose, ca. 1.5 × 2 cm, appressed Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1200 m. SE Yunnan [N puberulent and scurfy, apex narrowed, wall 2–2.5 mm Vietnam]. thick; scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex. Fl. May–Jun, 37. Lithocarpus cinereus Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. fr. Sep–Oct of following year. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 11. 1988. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1000–1500 m. W Guangxi, SE 炉灰柯 lu hui ke Yunnan [Laos, N Vietnam]. Trees. Branches glabrous; branchlets of current year 35. Lithocarpus paihengii Chun & Tsiang, J. Arnold Arbor. sulcate. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to 28: 322. 1947. lanceolate, 8–11 × 2–3.5 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially 大叶苦柯 da ye ku ke grayish green, dark grayish brown when dry, and with Trees to 15 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole 2–3 cm, waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base stout, sometimes white farinose; leaf blade ovate- cuneate, margin entire or obscurely undulate near apex elliptic, oblong, or rarely obovate-elliptic, 15–25 × 4–9 and ± recurved, apex narrowly acuminate; secondary cm, thickly leathery, abaxially tawny to reddish brown veins 11–15 on each side of midvein, adaxially ± scurfy when young, adaxially dark brown to reddish impressed; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. brown, glabrous, and often glossy, base broadly cuneate Infructescences 8–10 cm; rachis 6–8 mm thick, basally and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate lenticellate; lenticels brown; cupules in clusters of ca. 3 to shortly acute; secondary veins 8–13 on each side of but only 1 developed. Cupule cupular, 1.6–2.2 × 2–2.5 midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible or very cm, broadest slightly from middle to apex, enclosing ca. slender, evident. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of 2/3 of nut, basally narrowed, wall 2–4 mm thick; basal leaves or in a panicle, to 20 cm; rachis sparsely tawny bracts fused to wall except for a subulate tip, triangular, pubescent. Androgynous inflorescences 7–13 cm, with with lax dark grayish brown waxy scalelike trichomes, a few male flowers at apex. Female inflorescence with apical ones smaller, imbricate. Nut broadly conical, cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 6–10 cm; 1.6–2 × 1.6–2 cm, densely covered with tawny rachis 6–8 mm thick, lenticellate. Cupule globose to appressed minute hairs, wall 1–1.5 mm; scar covering depressed globose, 2–2.8 cm in diam., enclosing most ca. 1/3 of nut, convex but margin impressed. Fr. Nov. of nut, outside grayish scurfy, wall 1.5–2.5 mm thick; basal bracts obscure, sometimes united into concentric Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Guangxi, SE Yunnan. rings but with a subulate tip, apical ones triangular, 38. Lithocarpus uvariifolius (Hance) Rehder, J. Arnold appressed. Nut depressed globose to broadly conical, Arbor. 1: 132. 1919. 1.2–2 × 1.4–2.4 cm, covered with tawny minute hairs; 紫玉盘柯 zi yu pan ke scar covering ca. 1/3 of nut, convex. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Trees 10–15 m tall or shrubs 1–4 m tall; young Oct–Nov of following year. branchlets, petioles, and rachis of inflorescences Mixed mesophytic forests; 700–1600 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Hunan, S Jiangxi. densely with tawny to rust-colored, ± coarse long hairs. 36. Lithocarpus triqueter (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, Branches with large and conspicuous bud scars. Petiole Rivièra Sci. 18: 42. 1932. 1–3.5 cm; leaf blade 4–22 × 2–10 cm, leathery to 棱果柯 leng guo ke thickly papery, concolorous, base subrounded, margin Pasania triquetra Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., dentate to undulate near apex or entire, apex acute, Bot., sér 10, 3: 400. 1921. shortly caudate, or rarely shortly acuminate; secondary Trees tall; Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong veins 22–35 on each side of midvein, abaxially pilose, to oblanceolate-elliptic, 15–25 × 5–7 cm, thickly papery, abruptly curving apically, fusing near margin; tertiary leaf blades abaxially and rachis of inflorescences with veins abaxially conspicuous, subparallel, pilose. Male lamellate, appressed, waxy scalelike trichomes, inflorescences spicate, solitary in axils of leaves or abaxially grayish brown, adaxially dark brown when clustered at apex of branchlets; rachis stout. Female dry, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin flowers usually borne on base of male inflorescence entire, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins 8–11 on rachis, in clusters of ca. 3 or sometimes solitary. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Infructescence with 1–4 developed cupules. Cupule Trees usually less than 10 m tall; branchlets, leaf blades cupular to subglobose, 2–3.5 × 3.5–5 cm, enclosing abaxially, and inflorescences rachis tawny pilose and more than 1/2 of nut, outside puberulent and scurfy or with stellate hairs. Petiole 1–3 cm; leaf blade oblong to rarely glabrescent, wall 2–5 mm thick; bracts narrowly obovate-elliptic, 10–25 × 3–9 cm, thickly papery, oblong to lanceolate when young, rhomboid to concolorous, base cuneate and sometimes asymmetric, multilateral with age. Nut subglobose, densely covered margin at least near apex remotely dentate, apex acute, with appressed minute hairs, apex rounded, flat, or caudate, or rarely acuminate; secondary veins (15–)20– rarely concave, wall 4–8 mm thick; scar covering more 28 on each side of midvein, basal ones fusing near than 1/2 of nut, convex. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Oct–Dec of margin, apical ones ending in teeth; tertiary veins following year. abaxially slender, evident, subparallel. Inflorescences usually androgynous, 3–10 cm; male flower on distal Broad-leaved evergreen forests or in association with Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis or Pinus massoniana, dry, hilly areas; 200–1000 1/2. Female inflorescence cupules fewer than 10, in m. Fujian, N to NE Guangdong, Guangxi. clusters of ca. 3 or sometimes solitary. Infructescence 1a. Trees; leaf blade 9–22 × 5–10 cm, apex rachis ca. 5 mm thick. Cupule cupular, 2–3 × 2.5–3.5 rounded, obtuse, abruptly acute, or cm, enclosing 2/3–3/4 of nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick; sometimes shortly caudate; secondary veins bracts triangular to rhomboid, center and margin ridged, 25–35 tawny puberulent and scurfy or rarely glabrescent. Nut on each side of midvein ...... 38a. var. uvariifolius turbinate, ca. 2 × 3 cm, hairy, apex rounded or flat, wall 1b. Shrubs or small trees; leaf blade 4–10 × 2– 4–10 mm thick; scar covering more than 1/2 of nut, 4.5 cm, apex acuminate; secondary veins convex. Fl. May–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. 14–20 Broad-leaved evergreen forests, frequent in moist sites; 700–1500 m. on each side of midvein ...... 38b. var. ellipticus SW Guizhou, S Yunnan [Vietnam]. 38a. Lithocarpus uvariifolius var. uvariifolius 40. Lithocarpus corneus (Loureiro) Rehder in Bailey, Stand. 紫玉盘柯(原变种) zi yu pan ke (yuan bian zhong) Cycl. Hort. 3569. 1917. Quercus uvariifolia Hance, J. Bot 22: 227. 1884; 烟斗柯 yan dou ke Pasania uvariifolia (Hance) Schottky; Synaedrys Trees usually less than 15 m tall. Branchlets light tawny, uvariifolia (Hance) Koidzumi. dark gray, or silver-gray, glabrous or pubescent, Trees 10–15 m tall. Leaf blade obovate, obovate-elliptic, sparsely lenticellate; lenticels raised. Leaves usually or rarely elliptic, 9–22 × 5–10 cm, abaxially with 2–4- congested at apex of branches; petiole 0.5–4.5 cm; leaf branched, stellate, short hairs, margin dentate to blade (5–)10–15 × 2–4.5 cm, papery to leathery, undulate near apex or rarely entire, apex rounded, concolorous, with ± translucent, minute (visible under obtuse, abruptly acute, or sometimes shortly caudate; hand lens) scalelike glands, base cuneate to subrounded secondary veins 25–35 on each side of midvein. Cupule and symmetric or oblique, margin dentate, shallowly apically 3.5–4.5 cm in diam. undulate, or rarely entire, apex acuminate to acute; Broad-leaved evergreen forests or in association with Castanopsis secondary veins 9–26 on each side of midvein, ending and Cyclobalanopsis or Pinus massoniana; 200–800 m. SW Fujian, in teeth; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, N to NE Guangdong, Guangxi. subparallel. Male inflorescences often with female 38b. Lithocarpus uvariifolius var. ellipticus (F. P. Metcalf) flowers borne at base of rachis; Female inflorescences C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 16. 1988. less than 10 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3 or sometimes solitary. Infructescences 5–7; rachis 3–4 mm 卵叶玉盘柯 luan ye yu pan ke thick. Cupule cupular to subglobose, 2.2–4.5 × 2.5–5.5 Lithocarpus ellipticus F. P. Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 20: cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, wall (1–)2–3 mm thick, 218. 1942; L. kwangtungensis H. T. Chang. woody, and basally thickened; bracts triangular to rhomboid, center and margin ridged or fused with Shrubs or small trees, 1–4 m tall. Leaf blade ovate, 4– cupule and ± united into concentric rings. Nut 10 × 2–4.5 cm, abaxially with short hairs, margin entire, subglobose to turbinate, rarely glabrous, apex rounded, apex acuminate. Cupule rarely over 3.5 cm in diam. flat, or slightly concave, wall ± horny and usually Dry, hilly areas; 400–1000 m. C to S Fujian, NE Guangdong. thicker than wall of cupule; scar covering 1/2 to most of 39. Lithocarpus fordianus (Hemsley) Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. nut, convex. Cotyledons 4–8-lobed. Fl. almost all year 8: 21. 1927. around but mainly May–Jul, fr. maturing on 1-year-old branchlets. 密脉柯 mi mai ke Quercus fordiana Hemsley, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 27: t. Broad-leaved evergreen forests, frequent on sunny slopes and in dry places, coastal regions; below 1000 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, 2664. 1901; Synaedrys fordiana (Hemsley) Koidzumi. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Guangxi, S Guizhou, Hainan, S Hunan, Taiwan, EC and SE Yunnan 环鳞烟斗柯 huan lin yan dou ke [NE Vietnam]. Lithocarpus hemisphaericus (Drake) Barnett; Pasania A widespread and variable species. A critical review of the pattern of hemisphaerica (Drake) Hickel & A. Camus; Quercus variation within Lithocarpus corneusmay show that the acceptance hemisphaerica Drake (1890) not W. Bartram ex of most of the varieties below is unjustified. Willdenow (1805); Synaedrys hemisphaerica (Drake) 1a. Leaf blade abaxially hairy .... 40e. var. hainanensis Koidzumi. 1b. Leaf blade glabrous or abaxially with Petiole 2–4.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly short hairs only along midvein or at oblong, variable in size, large blades ca. 20 × 6 cm, axils of secondary veins. small blades ca. 7 × 2 cm, sparsely pubescent on 2a. Bracts on cupule mostly reduced and midvein or sometimes abaxially at axils of veins. often united into a few concentric Cupule 3.5–4.5 × 4–5 cm. Nut with appressed minute rings, slightly convex ...... 40b. var. zonatus hairs, glabrescent, apex flat but with center slightly im- 2b. Bracts triangular to rhomboid, center pressed, wall rigidly horny and 2–4 × thicker than wall and margin ridged and interweaved. of cupule. 3a. Cupules 2–5.5 cm in diam. Guangdong, Guangxi [NE Vietnam]. 4a. Leaf blade elliptic, obovate- 40c. Lithocarpus corneus var. angustifolius C. C. Huang & oblong, or ovate; secondary Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 15. 1988. veins less than 20 on each 窄叶烟斗柯 zhai ye yan dou ke side of midvein ...... 40a. var. corneus Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong to oblan- 4b. Leaf blade narrowly oblong ceolate, 2.5–3.8 × 1–2.3 cm, abaxially with branched, to oblanceolate; secondary short hairs when young, usually sparsely pilose on veins 20–26 on each midvein, occasionally with tuft of hairs at axils of veins. side of midvein 40c. var. angustifolius Cupule 2–3 cm in diam. Nut hairy at apex, wall thicker 3b. Cupules to 2 cm in diam.. than that of cupule. 5a. Leaf blade secondary veins W Guangxi, SE Yunnan. flat or adaxially slightly 40d. Lithocarpus corneus var. fructuosus C. C. Huang & Y. impressed; fruit to 16 per T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 15. 1988. infructescence ...... 40d. fructuosus 多果烟斗柯 duo guo yan dou ke 5b. Leaf blade secondary and Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade abaxially with tuft of tertiary veins adaxially hairs at axils of veins. Cupule 1.5–2.5 cm in diam. Nut conspicuously impressed; fruit rounded, 1.5–2 cm in diam., apex pointed, wall 2–4 mm ca. 5 per infructescence 40f. var. rhytidophyllusthick and slightly thicker than wall of cupule. Guangxi. 40a. Lithocarpus corneus var. corneus 40e. Lithocarpus corneus var. hainanensis (Merrill) C. C. 烟斗柯 原变种 ( ) yan dou ke (yuan bian zhong) Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 14. 1988. Quercus cornea Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 572. 1790; 海南烟斗柯 hai nan yan dou ke Lithocarpus ellipticus F. P. Metcalf var. glabratus F. P. Quercus hainanensis Merrill, Philipp. J.Sci. 23: 239. Metcalf; L. kodaihoensis (Hayata) Hayata; L. tsangii A. 1923. Camus; Pasania cornea (Loureiro) Oersted; Q. Petiole 1–2(–3.5) cm; leaf blade obovate, obovate- kodaihoensis Hayata; Synaedrys cornea (Loureiro) oblong, or rarely elliptic, abaxially sparsely covered Koidzumi. with short, early glabrescent stellate hairs, sometimes Petiole 0.5–4 cm; leaf blade elliptic, obovate-oblong, or short hairs remaining on midvein and secondary veins. ovate, 4–20 × 1.5–7 cm, with ± translucent, minute Cupule apically flat or slightly convex, outside densely (visible under hand lens) scalelike glands. Cupule 2.2– hairy. Nut wall much thicker than cupule wall. 4.5 × 2.5–5.5 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, wall woody Coastal regions. S and SW Guangdong, Hainan. and basally thickened; bracts triangular to rhomboid, 40f. Lithocarpus corneus var. rhytidophyllus C. C. Huang center and margin ridged. Nut subglobose to turbinate, & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 15. 1988. rarely glabrous, apex rounded, flat, or slightly concave, 皱叶烟斗柯 zhou ye yan dou ke wall ± horny and usually thicker than wall of cupule; Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade adaxially bullate. scar covering ca. 1/2 to most of nut. Cupule less than 2 cm in diam. Nut convex at apex. Forests on dry slopes. EC Yunnan (Mile Xian). Broad-leaved evergreen forests, frequent on sunny slopes and in dry 41. Lithocarpus pachylepis A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. places. S Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Hunan, Taiwan, France 82: 437. 1935. SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam]. 厚鳞柯 hou lin ke 40b. Lithocarpus corneus var. zonatus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Quercus wangii Hu & W. C. Cheng. Chang, Guihaia 8: 14. 1988. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Trees 10–20 m tall; branchlets of current year, petioles, 43. Lithocarpus tubulosus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, and rachis of inflorescences covered with short stellate Rivièra Sci. 18: 42. 1931 [1932]. hairs. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong to 壶嘴柯 hu zui ke oblong, 20–35 × 6–11 cm, rigidly papery, concolorous, Pasania tubulosa Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., abaxially covered with short, stellate hairs along veins Bot., sér. 10, 3: 405. 1921; Cyclopasania tubulosa and sometimes with tuft of hairs on axils of veins, base (Hickel & A. Camus) Nakai. broadly cuneate, margin serrate-dentate, apex obtuse to acute; secondary veins 25–30 on each side of midvein, Trees ca. 15 m tall; branchlets, bud scales, and ending in teeth; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, infructescences densely grayish brown tomentose. subparallel. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of Petiole rarely to 1 cm, stout, hairy; leaf blade elliptic, leaves or in a panicle. Female inflorescences 3–5 cm; 20–25 × 7–10 cm, both surfaces with simple and cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence ca. 7 cm; branched hairs but more densely so on midvein and rachis ca. 5 mm thick. Cupule turbinate when young, secondary veins, base rounded, apex shortly caudate discoid when mature, 1.5–3 × 4.5–6 cm, covering base and falcate; secondary veins 12–15 on each side of of nut, wall 7–9 mm thick and woody; bracts ovate- midvein, abruptly curving near margin, apical ones triangular to oblique rhomboid margin and midvein often fusing; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, ridged, apex subulate and incurved. Nut broadly conical subparallel. Male inflorescences paniculate. Female and when young and densely tawny puberulent, depressed androgynous inflorescences 6–8 cm; rachis ca. 5 mm globose when mature, 1.5–2.5 × 4–6.5 cm, apex flat but thick, tawny tomentose. Cupules solitary, scattered on slightly concave in center, wall horny and 7–10 mm rachis, ca. 3.5 × 2.5–3 cm, completely enclosing nut, thick; scar covering ca. 1/2 of nut, ± convex. Fl. Apr– apically abruptly narrowed and ± elongate, wall less Jun, fr. Oct–Dec of following year. than 1 mm thick; bracts clawlike, reflexed. Nut chestnut Broad-leaved evergreen forests, also on dry slopes; 900–1800 m. W brown, depressed globose, 1.2–1.7 × 2–2.3 cm, with Guangxi, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam]. appressed minute hairs, apex shortly pointed, wall ca. 1 42. Lithocarpus attenuatus (Skan) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. mm thick; scar 1–1.3 cm in diam., concave Fl. Apr– 1: 123. 1919. May, fr. Sep–Oct. 尖叶柯 jian ye ke Mixed mesophytic forests; ca. 1000 m. SE Yunnan [Laos, N Thailand, Quercus attenuata Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, J. NE Vietnam]. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 506. 1899; Pasania attenuata 44. Lithocarpus echinotholus (Hu) Chun & C. C. Huang ex (Skan) Schottky; Synaedrys attenuata (Skan) Koidzumi. Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 74. 1976. Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets of last-year growth 刺壳柯 ci qiao ke white farinose. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade ovate- Pasania echinothola Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., elliptic to lanceolate, 7–13 × 2–4 cm, thinly leathery, Bot. 10: 96. 1940; Lithocarpus echinocupula Hu ex A. abaxially glaucous when dry and with adherent, waxy Camus; L. hamatus A. Camus. scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate Trees 10–20 m tall; young branchlets and leaf blades and decurrent on petiole, margin entire or sometimes abaxially covered with adherent waxy scalelike undulate, apex narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 9– trichomes. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to rarely 13 on each side of midvein, slender, evident; tertiary obovate-elliptic, 15–35 × 5–11 cm, rigidly papery, veins abaxially not visible or obscure. Male brown to brownish gray when dry, base acute, margin inflorescences axillary, paniculate or racemose, 10–14 entire, apex narrowly acuminate to acute; secondary cm; rachis with grayish, waxy scalelike trichomes. veins 11–14 on each side of midvein, adaxially slightly Female inflorescences racemose, 10–12 cm; rachis impressed, abruptly curving apically near margin but sulcate, with grayish, waxy scalelike trichomes; cupules not fusing; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident or often solitary, scattered. Cupule globose, 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 not visible. Male inflorescences axillary, 8–12 cm. cm, completely enclosing nut, basally slightly narrowed Female inflorescences 10–15 cm; rachis slender, into a stalk, wall less than 0.5 mm thick and crustaceous; densely pubescent, sometimes with a few male flowers basal bracts united into concentric rings, triangular, near apex; cupules solitary, scattered on rachis. apical ones reduced to a subulate tip or a wartlike Infructescence rachis 4–6 mm thick. Cupule depressed appendage, small and obscure. Nut subglobose, 2–2.5 × globose, 1–2 × 2–3 cm, completely enclosing nut, often 1.8–2.8 cm, white farinose, base flat, apex slightly apically split, wall less than 1 mm thick and crustaceous; narrowed and obtuse, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 7–12 bracts linear, curved, 3–5 mm, tawny appressed mm in diam., concave to 1–1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Oct, fr. pubescent. Nut depressed globose, 1.2–1.5 × 2–2.8 cm, Jun–Oct of following year. with tawny appressed ± glossy long hairs, wall ca. 1 Broad-leaved evergreen forests, in coastal mountains; below 1000 mm thick; scar 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Mar, m. S Guangdong, SW Guangxi. fr. Sep–Oct. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–1200 m. SE Yunnan [N 1.2–1.4 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Oct–Dec, fr. Oct–Dec Vietnam]. of following year.

45. Lithocarpus pseudoreinwardtii A. Camus, Chênes, Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 700 m. SW Guangdong Atlas 3: 72. 1948. (Yangchun Xian), Hainan.

单果柯 dan guo ke 47. Lithocarpus shinsuiensis Hayata & Kanehira in Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10: 30. 1921. Lithocarpus gagnepainianus A. Camus. 浸水营柯 jin shui ying ke Trees ca. 20 m tall; branchlets of current year and young leaf blades brownish black and oily glossy when Lithocarpus ternaticupulus (Hayata) Hayata var. dry. Branches sulcate. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade shinsuiensis (Hayata & Kanehira) Nakai; Pasania ovate to ovate-elliptic, 8–15 × 4–6 cm, papery, shinsuiensis (Hayata & Kanehira) Nakai; Synaedrys abaxially with waxy scalelike trichomes and glaucous shinsuiensis (Hayata & Kanehira) Kudo. when dry, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, Trees. Branchlets grayish brown, densely lenticellate. margin entire, apex abruptly acute with a tip blunt to Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 8–18 × caudate; secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein; 2–5 cm, abaxially glaucous, base cuneate and decurrent tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, subparallel. on petiole, margin entire, apex caudate-acuminate; Male inflorescences 10–15 cm. Female inflorescences midvein raised on both surfaces; secondary veins 6–12 to 20 cm; rachis and cupule stalks grayish scurfy; on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially cupules solitary, rarely in clusters of 2, stalk 2–4 mm conspicuous. Female inflorescence with cupules in but 8–10 mm in fruit. Young cupules shortly tubular, clusters of 1–3, usually only 1 developed. Cupule concave in center, apex flat; mature cupules basin- subglobose, ca. 1.8 × 2.2 cm, enclosing 1/2–2/3 of nut, shaped, 1–1.2 × 1.6–2.4 cm excluding stalk, enclosing basally narrowed into a stalk to 7 mm, wall thin and more than 3/4 of nut, with ca. 8 concentric rings, tawny crustaceous; basal bracts imbricate or in concentric scurfy, wall ca. 1 mm thick. Nut depressed globose, ca. rings, squamose, tawny puberulent. Nut subglobose, ca. 1 × 1.4–1.8 cm, with tawny appressed minute hairs, 2 cm in diam.; scar concave. Fl. Feb–Apr, fr. Oct–Dec base flat, apex rounded; scar ca. 1 cm in diam., concave. of following year. Fl. Mar–Jun, fr. Mar–Jun of following year. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 300–1000 m. S Taiwan. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1200 m. S Yunnan [Laos, C to 48. Lithocarpus longipedicellatus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. NW Vietnam]. Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 41. 1931 [1932]. 柄果柯 bing guo ke 46. Lithocarpus caudatilimbus (Merrill) A. Camus, Notul. Pasania longipedicellata Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Syst. (Paris) 6: 185. 1938. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 34: 365. 1928; Lithocarpus 尾叶柯 wei ye ke podocarpus Chun. Trees to 20 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole, 1–1.5 cm; Quercus caudatilimba Merrill, Sunyatsenia 2: 212. leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or ovate-elliptic, 8–15 × 3–6 1935; Pasania caudatilimba (Merrill) Chun. cm, subleathery, abaxially with adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes and glaucous when dry, adaxially Trees 15–25 m tall. Young branchlets sulcate. Petiole 3–4 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to suborbicular, 7–14 glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or sometimes undulate, apex acuminate to acute with tip × 3–8 cm, rigidly papery, abaxially with adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base broadly obtuse to rounded; secondary veins 9–14 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically near margin but cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex abruptly acute, shortly caudate, or rarely acuminate; usually not fusing; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident or not visible. Male inflorescences in a panicle secondary veins 6–10 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident or not visible. Male or solitary in axils of leaves; rachis light yellowish gray scurfy. Female inflorescence 3–5 mm; cupules solitary, inflorescences in a panicle, 6–10 cm. Female inflores- cences solitary or in pairs, terminal on branches; scattered on rachis soon after anthesis. Infructescence rachis base 8–10 mm thick, thicker than branches. cupules stalked, often solitary, scattered on rachis. Infructescences 5–10 mm; rachis ca. 4 mm thick. Cupule discoid, 1.2–1.5 cm in diam., enclosing basal part or rarely to middle of nut, wall less than 1 mm Cupule subglobose, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 cm including stalk, enclosing 1/2–3/4 of nut, wall (0.5–)1 mm thick and thick; bracts sometimes entirely or partly united into concentric rings, triangular, tiny but visible under lens, crustaceous; bracts triangular, wartlike, apical ones reduced to scars. Nut depressed globose, 1.4–1.8 × 1.8– tawny scurfy. Nut depressed globose to subglobose, 1– 1.4 × 1.2–2.2 cm, ± white glaucous, base flat, wall 0.5– 2.3 cm, glabrous, base flat, wall. ca. 1 mm thick; scar Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

1 mm thick; scar 0.7–1.8 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Oct– broadly cuneate, margin with a few acute teeth, apex Jan, Fl. Oct–Jan of following year. acute; secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein, Scattered in broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1200 m. W branched near margin with outer branch ending in a Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam]. marginal tooth; tertiary veins conspicuous, slender. 49. Lithocarpus brachystachyus Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: Male inflorescences ca. 5 cm. Female flowers solitary, 230. 1947. scattered above middle of male inflorescence rachis; 短穗柯 duan sui ke rachis tawny pubescent. Infructescences 2–3 cm; rachis Trees 3–8 m tall; bud scales and young leaf blades often ca. 2 mm thick. Cupule discoid, 2–5 mm × 2–2.5 cm, with brown ± translucent resin when dry. Branchlets enclosing basal part of nut; bracts imbricate, lanceolate dark brown to blackish when dry, glabrous, sparsely when young, rhomboid to broadly triangular when lenticellate. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade ovate to mature, appressed, midvein ridged. Nut depressed ovate-elliptic, 3–7 × 1–3 cm, rigidly leathery, dark globose, 1.2–1.6 × 2–2.4 cm, covered with appressed brown when dry, abaxially with grayish adherent waxy minute hairs; scar 1.6–2 cm in diam., margin concave scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base sometimes but center ± convex. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct. asymmetric, margin entire, apex acute to caudate- Secondary forests or scrub; ca. 600 m. Guangdong (Huiyang Xian), acuminate with tip obtuse to rounded. Male inflo- Jiangxi (Suichuan Xian). rescences axillary, solitary, rarely in clusters of 2–4, 3– 52. Lithocarpus konishii (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. 5 cm; rachis slender, 1–2 mm thick. Female Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. inflorescences rarely over 5 cm; rachis grayish scurfy; 油叶柯 you ye ke cupules 3–10, solitary; cupule stalks ca. 1 mm, 4–7 mm Quercus konishii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo in fruit. Cupule discoid, 2–5 mm × 1–1.5 cm, enclosing 25(19): 201. 1908; Pasania konishii (Hayata) Schottky; ca. 1/3 of nut; bracts ± united into concentric rings from Q. cornea Loureiro var. konishii (Hayata) Hayata; base to middle of cupule, triangular, obscure. Nut Synaedrys konishii (Hayata) Koidzumi. depressed globose to conical, 1–1.4 × 1.2–1.6 cm, Trees usually less than 5 m tall. Spring shoots glabrous, glabrous, base flat; scar 7–10 mm in diam., concave. Fl. autumn shoots tawny pubescent. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; Oct–Nov or Feb, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. leaf blade ovate, obovate, elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, Mixed mesophytic forests; 800–1000 m. SW Guangdong, Hainan 4–9 × 1–4 cm, papery and slightly rigid, concolorous, (Changjiang Xian). abaxially with tufts of hairs at axils of veins, base 50. Lithocarpus leucodermis Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. cuneate, margin with 3–6 obtuse teeth, apex acute to Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 18. 1988. caudate-acuminate; midvein puberulent adaxially; 白枝柯 bai zhi ke secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein, Trees to 25 m tall. Branches of last-year growth adaxially slightly impressed; tertiary veins slender, evi- covered with a ± translucent, longitudinally splitting, dent. Female flowers borne on basal part of thin waxy layer. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade narrowly androgynous inflorescences; rachis tawny tomentose; oblong, 14–20 cm, leathery, concolorous, glabrous, cupules 1(or 2). Infructescences 2–3 cm; rachis 1.5–2 base cuneate, apex acuminate with tip obtuse; mm thick, lenticellate. Cupule discoid, 4–8 mm × 1.5– secondary veins 8–10 on each side of midvein, curving 2.5 cm, enclosing basal part of nut, wall 1.5–2 mm apically near margin, apical ones fusing. Inflorescences thick; bracts imbricate, broadly triangular, covered with unknown. Fruit solitary, sessile; rachis 4–5 mm thick, grayish brown, shortly tomentose hairs, midvein ridged. grayish, glabrous or glabrescent. Cupule bowl-shaped, Nut depressed globose, 1–1.8 × 2–3 cm, glabrous, apex 5–8 mm × 1.8–2.5 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, basally rounded or flat, wall 3–6 mm thick and horny; scar 1.3– ± flat, wall less than 1 mm thick and crustaceous; bracts 2.4 cm in diam., margin impressed but center ± convex. linear, 1–3 mm, ± curved. Nut depressed globose, 1.6–2 Fl. Apr and Aug, fr. Jul–Oct of following year. × 1.7–2.4 cm, densely covered with appressed, short hairs; scar 1–1.2 cm in diam., concave; stylopodium to Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 300–1600 m. E Hainan, C to S Taiwan. 4 mm. Fr. Oct. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1600 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian 53. Lithocarpus nantoensis (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Miaozu Zizhixian). Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. 51. Lithocarpus quercifolius C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, 南投柯 nan tou ke Guihaia 8: 16. 1988. Quercus nantoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. 栎叶柯 li ye ke Tokyo 30: 293. 1911; Pasania nantoensis (Hayata) Trees 5–6 m tall. Branchlets of current year pubescent. Schottky; Synaedrys nantoensis (Hayata) Koidzumi. Leaves usually congested at apex of branches; petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade oblong to obovate-elliptic, 4–11 × Trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets chestnut brown, glabrous, 1–3 cm, rigidly papery, concolorous, abaxially usually conspicuously lenticellate. Petiole usually less than 1 with tuft of hairs in axils of veins, base rounded to cm; leaf blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 7–14 × 2– Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

4.5 cm, subleathery, abaxially glaucous to light green 9–12 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically; and with adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, base tertiary veins slender, evident. Female inflorescences cuneate and decurrent on petiole, apex acuminate to rachis 6–7 mm thick; cupules solitary, scattered above caudate; midvein abaxially slender, evident and middle of rachis. Cupule bowl-shaped, 0.6–1 × 1.7–2.5 adaxially conspicuously raised; secondary veins 10–15 cm, basally narrowed into a stalk, wall woody; basal on each side of midvein. Male inflorescences arising bracts usually united into concentric rings, others near apex of branchlets of current year; rachis with imbricate, triangular, appressed, apical ones smaller. scalelike glands, sparsely waxy. Female inflorescences Nut subglobose to depressed globose, 2–2.5 × 2.5–3 cm, 10–16 cm; cupules solitary, scattered, glabrous. glabrous, apex pointed, wall to 2.5 mm thick; scar 1.4– Infructescence rachis ca. 3 mm thick. Cupule enclosing 1.6 cm in diam., concave. Fr. Sep–Oct. ca. 1/2 of nut when young; discoid when mature, 1.2– Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–800 m. Hainan (Baoting Xian). 1.5 cm in diam., enclosing only basal part of nut, basally narrowed; bracts reduced and united into 56. Lithocarpus dodonaeifolius (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. concentric rings, with tawny, waxy scalelike glands. Nut conical, 1–2 cm; scar 5–8 mm in diam., concave. Fl. 柳叶柯 liu ye ke Jun–Aug, fr. Oct–Dec of following year. Quercus dodonaeifolia Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 300–1500 m. C to S Taiwan. 54. Lithocarpus iteaphyllus (Hance) Rehder, J. Arnold 181. 1913; Pasania dodonaeifolia (Hayata) Hayata; Arbor. 1: 127. 1919. Synaedrys formosana (Hayata) Koidzumi f. 鼠刺叶柯 shu ci ye ke dodonaeifolia (Hayata) Kudo. Quercus iteaphylla Hance, J. Bot. 22: 229. 1884; Litho- Trees ca. 10 m tall. Young shoots ± sulcate; branchlets carpus iteaphylloides Chun; Pasania iteaphylla (Hance) of last year growth obscurely lenticellate. Petiole 4–8 Schottky; Synaedrys iteaphylla (Hance) Koidzumi. mm, base ± thickened; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to Trees 5–10 m tall. Branchlets of current year conspic- oblanceolate, 5–14 × 1–2 cm, rigidly leathery, base uously sulcate, dark reddish brown, glabrous. Petiole 5– cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex 8 mm, sometimes to 3 cm, base ± thickened; leaf blade obtuse, rounded, or acute and usually slightly recurved; narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 8–13 × 2.5–4.5 cm, secondary veins 8–12 on each side of midvein, thick to rigidly papery, base broadly cuneate and abaxially inconspicuous, adaxially slightly impressed; decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; tertiary veins not visible. Male inflorescences unknown. midvein raised on both surfaces; secondary veins 6–10 Infructescences 3–5 cm; rachis slender, 1.5–3 mm thick, on each side of midvein, slender, conspicuous on both conspicuously lenticellate. Cupules solitary, scattered surfaces; tertiary veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence on rachis, discoid, 3–6 mm × 1–1.4 cm, enclosing basal solitary or congested at apex of branches of last-year part of nut, wall thickly woody; bracts spirally arranged growth, usually androgynous; rachis with early or basal ones united into concentric rings, triangular, glabrescent, tawny minute hairs. Male flowers above small, appressed, tawny tomentose. Nut broadly conical, middle of inflorescence, solitary, scattered on rachis. 1–1.5 × 1–1.4 cm, base flat, apex pointed; scar 7–10 Infructescences 5–8 cm; rachis ca. 2 mm thick, mm in diam., concave. Fl. Feb–May, fr. Oct–Dec. lenticellate. Cupule bowl-shaped, 5–8 mm × 1–1.4 cm, Mixed mesophytic forests; 500–1500 m. S Taiwan. enclosing 1/8–1/5 of nut, wall 0.5–1 mm thick with basal part woody; bracts reduced and united into 6–8 57. Lithocarpus formosanus (Skan) Hayata, Icon. Pl. irregular concentric rings, with tawny, waxy scalelike Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. glands and sparsely puberulent. Nut ellipsoid, 1–1.8 × 台湾柯 tai wan ke 1–1.4 cm, glabrous, apex pointed to rounded, wall 0.2– Quercus formosana Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, J. 0.5 mm thick; scar 5–6 mm in diam., concave. Fl. Apr– Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 513. 1899; Pasania formosana May, fr. Jul–Oct of following year. Stream banks, sunny slopes; ca. 500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, S (Skan) Schottky; Synaedrys formosana (Skan) Hunan, S Jiangxi, Zhejiang. Koidzumi. 55. Lithocarpus elmerrillii Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: 232. Trees tall. Young shoots ± sulcate, glabrous. Petiole 1– 1947. 1.3 cm, base ± thickened; leaf blade elliptic to 万宁柯 wan ning ke sometimes obovate-elliptic and ± recurved, 5–8 × 2–3 Trees to 25 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate, cm, thickly leathery, rigid and crustaceous when dry, glabrous, dark brown when dry. Petiole 2–2.5 cm; leaf abaxially glaucous, turning grayish brown when dry, blade oblong to rarely obovate-elliptic, 10–17 × 3–6 cm, and with adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially thinly leathery, abaxially with adherent waxy scale and glabrous, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin glaucous when dry, base attenuate and decurrent on entire, apex rounded; secondary veins 7–11 on each petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins side of midvein, abaxially slightly raised or not; tertiary Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. veins not visible or very slender, evident. Male flat, apex pointed; scar 0.7–1.9 cm in diam., concave. Fl. inflorescences congested at apex of branches, 3–6 cm. Jul–Aug, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. Female inflorescence with cupules solitary, scattered on Mixed mesophytic forests; 800–900 m. Fujian (Zhangping Xian). rachis. Infructescence ca. 3 cm; rachis equaling 60. Lithocarpus sphaerocarpus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. branches in thickness. Cupule discoid, ca. 3 mm × 1.2 Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 42. 1931 [1932]. cm; bracts imbricate, triangular, small, appressed, grayish tomentose. Nut broadly conical, ca. 1.3 × 1.6 球壳柯 qiu qiao ke cm, glabrous, apex pointed; scar ca. 8 mm in diam., Pasania sphaerocarpa Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Mus. concave. Fl. Feb–Mar, fr. Sep–Nov. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29: 603. 1923. Mixed mesophytic forests; 100–500 m. S Taiwan. Trees 10–20 m tall. Branchlets dark gray when dry, gla- 58. Lithocarpus pakhaensis A. Camus, Chênes, Atlas 3: 65. brous. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate- 1948. elliptic, 12–20 × 4–7 cm, thickly leathery, abaxially 滇南柯 dian nan ke glaucous and with adherent, waxy scalelike trichomes, Trees to 25 m tall; branchlets of current year and adaxially glabrous and surface of young leaves oily petioles dark brown to blackish and slightly white glossy when dry, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, farinose when dry, glabrous. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; secondary veins blade lanceolate, 7–12 × 1.5–3 cm, thinly leathery, 14–18 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially concolorous, adaxial surface of young leaves oily slender, evident to inconspicuous, subparallel. Male glossy when dry, base narrowly cuneate and decurrent inflorescences in a panicle, sometimes solitary in axils on petiole, margin entire, apex narrowly acuminate; of leaves. Female inflorescences 10–20 cm; cupules in secondary veins 8–12 on each side of midvein; tertiary clusters of (2 or)3, rarely solitary near base of rachis; veins not visible. Female inflorescences rachis 4–6 mm stalk of cupule clusters 3–7 mm, with tiny triangular thick, tomentose and with small. waxy scalelike bracts. Infructescence rachis 7–12 mm thick. Cupule trichomes; cupules mostly solitary, scattered on rachis, globose to ± depressed globose, 1.5–2 cm in diam., sometimes in clusters of ca. 3 near apex of rachis. completely enclosing nut, outside grayish puberulent, Infructescence ca. 4 cm; rachis ca. 3 mm, thick; with 2– wall ca. 0.5 mm thick and crustaceous; bracts triangular, 5 fruit. Cupule discoid, 0.8–1.2 × 1.5–2 cm, enclosing small, lax. Nut depressed globose, 1.2–1.6 × 1.4–1.9 cm, basal part of nut, basally abruptly narrowed, wall to 3 densely tawny scurfy; scar 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., mm near base; basal bracts usually united into 3 or 4 concave. Fl. Dec–Jan, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. concentric rings, triangular, lax and obscure, appressed. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1300 m. W Guangxi, S Yunnan Nut conical, rarely depressed globose, 1.5–2 × 1.6–2 [Vietnam]. cm, glabrous, apex pointed, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar 61. Lithocarpus magneinii (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, 1–1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Feb–Mar, fr. Sep–Oct Rivièra Sci. 18: 41. 1931 [1932]. of following year. 黑家柯 hei jia ke Pasania magneinii Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Dense forests in moist places; 1000–1400 m. SE Yunnan [N Vietnam]. Bot., sér. 10, 3: 405. 1921. Trees 5–25 m tall. Young parts with oily resin when dry; 59. Lithocarpus yongfuensis Q. F. Zheng, Acta Phytotax. branchlets and petioles drying blackish. Petiole 1–1.5 Sin. 23: 149. 1985. cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong to elliptic, 8–15 × 4–6 永福柯 yong fu ke cm, papery, abaxially with waxy scalelike trichomes Trees to 16 m tall; bud scales, branchlets, and rachis of and glaucous when dry, base broadly cuneate, margin inflorescences with sparse and lax, waxy scalelike entire, apex abruptly acute with a blunt tip to caudate; glands. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate- secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein; tertiary elliptic, 7–13 × 2–4 cm, thinly leathery, abaxially veins abaxially slender, obscure, subparallel. Male scurfy, base cuneate to acute, margin entire, apex inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves or in a panicle. acuminate; secondary veins 10–14 on each side of Female inflorescences usually 6–10 cm; cupules in midvein, abaxially slightly raised, adaxially slightly clusters of ca. 3, rarely solitary, scattered on basal part impressed; tertiary veins not visible. Female and of rachis; stalk of cupule clusters 3–8 mm × 3–4 mm, to androgynous inflorescences sometimes congested at 7 mm thick in fruit. Infructescence rachis thicker than apex of branches, 5–15 cm; cupules solitary, scattered branches from which it arises, sparsely lenticellate; on rachis. Infructescences 5–10 cm; rachis base 3–5 lenticels conspicuous. Cupule bowl-shaped, 1–1.5 × mm thick. Cupule discoid, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., 1.6–2.2 cm, enclosing 2/3–4/5 of nut, with 6–8 linear covering basal part of nut, basally narrowed into an concentric rings, wall 1.5–2.5 mm thick. Nut broadly elongated stalk; bracts imbricate, triangular, appressed. conical to depressed globose, 1.2–1.6 × 1.8–2 cm, Nut broadly conical, 1.6–1.8 × 2–2.2 cm, glabrous, base covered with tawny, appressed, silky minute hairs, wall Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

ca. 1.5 mm thick; scar 1.2–1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fl. 64. Lithocarpus mekongensis (A. Camus) C. C. Huang & Y. Feb–Apr, fr. Feb–Apr of following year. T. Chang, Guihaia 12: 2. 1992.

Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–1200 m. SE Yunnan [Laos, N 澜沧柯 lan cang ke Vietnam]. Lithocarpus microspermus A. Camus subsp. 62. Lithocarpus microspermus A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. mekongensis A. Camus, Chênes, Atlas 3: 116. 1948. France 81: 818. 1934 [1935]. Trees ca. 10 m tall. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade 小果柯 xiao guo ke elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–15 × 4–5 cm, papery, Pasania microsperma (A. Camus) Hu. abaxially with waxy scalelike trichomes and glaucous when dry, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin Trees 10–15 m tall. Branches and leaf blades. Petiole entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 12–15 on each 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong, 15–25 × 5–8 cm, abaxially side of midvein, apical ones fusing near margin; tertiary with adherent waxy scalelike trichomes and ± glaucous veins abaxially slender, evident. Male inflorescences when dry, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, solitary, axillary, 8–15 cm; rachis scurfy, puberulent, or margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; midvein raised glabrous. Female inflorescences 8–15 cm; cupules of ca. adaxially; secondary veins 16–22 on each side of 3, sometimes solitary. Infructescence rachis 5–6 mm midvein; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, thick, lenticellate; lenticels small. Cupule bowl-shaped, subparallel. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of 3–5 mm × 1–1.2 cm, enclosing basal part of nut; bracts leaves or 3–5 arranged in a panicle; rachis densely imbricate, triangular, small. Nut depressed globose, 5–8 scurfy. Female inflorescence with cupules in clusters of mm × 1.1–1.4 cm, sparsely puberulent, apex ± flat or 2 or 3. Infructescences 10–18 cm; rachis ca. 5 mm thick. sometimes concave; scar ca. 6 mm in diam., concave. Cupule shallowly bowl-shaped, 3–5 × 8–10 mm, Fl. Oct–Dec, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. enclosing 1/4–1/3 of nut, wall 0.2–0.5 mm thick; bracts inconspicuous, imbricate or united into rings at base of Broad-leaved evergreen forests, frequent on dry slopes; ca. 1000 m. S Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam]. cupule, triangular. Nut depressed globose, 5–7 mm, rarely over 1 cm in diam., sparsely pulverulous, apex 65. Lithocarpus bacgiangensis (Hickel & A. Camus) A. flat, wall 0.2–0.5 mm thick; scar 4–6 mm in diam., Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 39. 1931 [1932]. concave. Fl. Oct–Dec, fr. Oct–Dec of following year. 茸果柯 rong guo ke Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–1500 m. S Yunnan [Laos, N Pasania bacgiangensis Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Vietnam]. Nat., Bot., sér. 10, 3: 396. 1921; P. tomentosinux Hu. 63. Lithocarpus pseudovestitus A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. Trees 10–15 m tall. Branches glabrous, lenticellate. France 86: 155. 1939. Petiole rarely longer than 1 cm, leaf blade elliptic, 毛果柯 mao guo ke ovate-elliptic, or occasionally ovate, 10–15 × 3–6 cm, Trees to 25 m tall. Branches glabrous. Petiole rarely papery, ± rigid, abaxially with adherent, waxy scalelike longer than 1 cm, leaf blade lanceolate to rarely oblong, trichomes and glaucous when dry, adaxially glabrous, 8–18 × 2–4 cm, thickly papery, abaxially gray and with base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex narrowly a thick layer of waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially acuminate to acute; secondary veins 10–15 on each side glabrous, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. Male entire, apex obtuse, subrounded, or rarely acute; inflorescences solitary in axils of leaves or 3–5 secondary veins 9–14 on each side of midvein, arranged in a panicle; rachis densely scurfy. Female and adaxially sometimes slightly impressed, not fusing; androgynous inflorescences with cupules in cluster of 2 tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Male inflorescences or 3. Infructescences 8–18 cm; rachis 6–8 mm thick. solitary in axils of leaves or in a panicle; rachis scurfy. Cupule bowl-shaped, 0.5–1 × 1.2–2 cm, enclosing Female inflorescences with cupules in clusters of 2 or 3, rarely 1/2 of nut, basally with a stalk 3–5 mm, wall to 2 rarely solitary; base of cupule clusters narrowed, mm and woody near base; bracts triangular, small, stalklike, to 5 mm. Infructescence rachis to 1 cm thick, densely tawny scurfy. Nut depressed globose to conical, sparsely lenticellate. Cupule discoid, 2–5 mm × 1–2 mc, 1–2 × 1.2–2.5 cm, densely covered with tawny minute covering base of nut, wall 0.2–0.5 mm thick; basal hairs, apex rounded to pointed; scar 0.8–1.2 cm in bracts united into concentric rings, small, tawny diam., concave. Fl. Dec–Mar, fr. Oct–Dec. puberulent. Nut broadly conical, 1.2–1.5 × 1.6–2 cm, Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 200–1700 m. Guangxi, Hainan, SE tawny puberulent, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 4–6 mm Yunnan [N Vietnam]. in diam., concave. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct of 66. Lithocarpus farinulentus (Hance) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. following year. 18: 40. 1931 [1932]. 易武柯 yi wu ke Broad-leaved evergreen forests in valleys; 200–900(–1500) m. SW Guangdong, SW Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [N Vietnam]. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Quercus farinulenta Hance, J. Bot. 13: 365. 1875; Trees 10–18 m tall. Branchlets densely pubescent and Pasania farinulenta (Hance) Hickel & A. Camus. with early glabrescent, brown long hairs. Petiole 1–2 Trees 6–12 m tall. Branches glabrous, light brown, ± cm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or oblong, 5–10 × oily when dry. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade broadly 2–4 cm, papery, concolorous, abaxially covered with ovate to elliptic, 8–15 × 3–7 cm, thinly leathery, stellate, minute scalelike trichomes and sparsely pilose abaxially ± glaucous and with appressed, lamellate, on midvein, adaxially crisply pubescent when young, waxy scalelike trichomes, adaxially glabrous, base base acute and sometimes ± asymmetric, margin with a broadly cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, few undulate teeth, apex acute to acuminate; secondary apex obtuse to shortly acuminate; secondary veins 8–11 veins 8–12 on each side of midvein, ending in teeth; on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically, tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident. Male inflo- obscure near margin; tertiary veins abaxially not visible rescences axillary, solitary, 3–6 cm; rachis slender, or very slender, evident. Female inflorescences often sparsely pubescent. Female inflorescences 2–5 cm; with a few male flowers above middle of rachis, 8–22 cupules solitary or in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule disc- to cm; rachis 1.5–2.5 mm thick, glabrous or pulverulous; bowl-shaped, 1–2 × 3.5–4.5 cm, enclosing basal part of cupules in clusters of 2 or 3 but often solitary on basal nut, wall thickly woody; bracts clawlike, woody when part of rachis. Infructescences to 20 cm; rachis 3–4 mm dry, apex curved. Nut depressed globose, 1.5–2.2 × 4–5 thick. Cupule discoid, 3–5 × 8–10 mm, enclosing basal cm, densely tawny pubescent, apex flat, wall 1–1.5 cm part of nut, basally with a stalk 3–4 × 3–4 mm, wall ca. thick and horny; scar 2.5–3.5 cm in diam., concave but 0.5 mm thick; bracts almost fused with cupule wall, with center conspicuously convex. Fl. Apr and Sep–Oct, basal ones united into 6–8 concentric rings, triangular, fr. Oct–Dec. small. Nut broadly conical, 7–10 × 7–12 mm, glabrous, Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–900 m. SW Guangdong, SW apex pointed, wall ca. 5 mm thick; scar 4–5 mm in Guangxi [NE Vietnam]. diam., concave. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Oct–Nov of following 69. Lithocarpus gymnocarpus A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. year. France 81: 818. 1934 [1935]. Broad-leaved evergreen forests in mountains; below 1000 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam]. 假鱼篮柯 jia yu lan ke 67. Lithocarpus propinquus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Trees 10–15 m tall. Branches and glabrous. Petiole ca. Guihaia 8: 19. 1988. 1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to sometimes obovate-elliptic, 三柄果柯 san bing guo ke 11–13 × 3–5 cm, papery, concolorous, abaxially with Trees 10–15 m tall. Branches glabrous, dark brown early glabrescent stellate hairs, adaxially glabrous, base when dry, lenticellate with age. Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin usually entire blade oblong, 10–15 × 3–4.5 cm, thinly leathery, or rarely apically with 1–3 obtuse teeth, apex acuminate; abaxially with scurfy, waxy scalelike trichomes and ± secondary veins 16–18 on each side of midvein; tertiary glaucous, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin veins abaxially conspicuous. Female inflorescence with entire, apex narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 10– cupules in clusters of 3(–5). Infructescences to 18 cm; 13 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially rachis base 7–10 mm thick, scurfy. Cupule shallowly slender, evident. Male inflorescences solitary in axils of bowl-shaped, ca. 3 cm in diam., covering basal 1/4 of leaves or arranged in a panicle; rachis scurfy. Female nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick and basally thickened; bracts inflorescence with cupules in clusters of ca. 3; clusters imbricate, appressed, warty, grayish brown when dry. stalked. Infructescences 8–12 cm; stalk of fruit clusters Nut slightly depressed globose, 2–2.5 × (3–)4.5 cm, 3–6 mm. Cupule bowl-shaped, 5–7 mm × 1.2–1.5 cm; glabrous, wall ca. 5 mm thick; scar concave but rarely basal bracts united into obscure concentric rings, with convex center, ca. 2 cm in diam. Fr. Aug–Oct. triangular, small, with scurfy, waxy scalelike trichomes. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–1000 m. SW Guangdong, SW Nut depressed globose, 0.8–1.1 × 1.2–1.6 cm, glabrous, Guangxi, SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam]. base flat, apex rounded; scar 7–10 mm in diam., con- 70. Lithocarpus cryptocarpus A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. cave. Fl. Dec–Jan, fr. Dec–Jan of following year. France 81: 816. 1934 [1935]. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1300 –1700 m. SE Yunnan 闭壳柯 bi qiao ke (Pingbian Miaozu Zizhixian, Xichou Xian). Trees 10–15 m tall; branches and leaf blades glabrous. 68. Lithocarpus cyrtocarpus (Drake) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade elliptic to sometimes 18: 40. 1931 [1932]. obovate-elliptic, 18–25 × 6–8 cm, papery, concolorous 鱼篮柯 yu lan ke or abaxially ± glaucous, base cuneate and decurrent on Quercus cyrtocarpa Drake, J. Bot. (Morot) 4: 150. 1890; petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins Lithocarpus anisobalanos Chun & F. C. How; L. 10–12 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially uncinatus A. Camus; Pasania cyrtocarpa (Drake) conspicuous. Female inflorescence with cupules in Schottky; Synaedrys cyrtocarpa (Drake) Koidzumi. clusters of 3(–5). Infructescences to 18 cm; rachis base 7–10 mm thick, scurfy. Cupule depressed globose, 1.5– Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

2 cm in diam., completely enclosing nut, wall ca. 2.5 1a. Leaf blade glabrous ...... 72b. var. chapensis mm thick; bracts imbricate, broadly triangular, 1b. Leaf blade (at least on midvein when young) appressed, grayish brown when dry. Nut slightly abaxially pubescent, glabrescent. depressed globose, 1.2–1.6 cm in diam., glabrous, wall 2a. Cupules completely enclosing ca. 1 mm thick; scar slightly concave, ca. 1 cm in diam. nut ...... 72a. var. echinophorous Fr. Aug–Oct. 2b. Cupules enclosing ca. 1/2 of Broad-leaved evergreen forests by streams, at low elevations. Yunnan nut ...... 72c. var. bidoupensis (Hekou Yaozu Zizhixian) [C to NE Vietnam]. 71. Lithocarpus elizabethiae (Tutcher) Rehder, J. Arnold 72a. Lithocarpus echinophorus var. echinophorus Arbor. 1: 125. 1919. 壶壳柯(原变种) hu qiao ke (yuan bian zhong) 厚斗柯 hou dou ke Quercus elizabethiae Tutcher, J. Bot. 49: 273. 1911; Pasania echinophora Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Pasania elizabethiae (Tutcher) Schottky; Synaedrys Natl. Hist. Nat. 34: 364. 1928. elizabethiae (Tutcher) Kudo. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to Trees 9–15 m tall; branches and leaf blades glabrous. lanceolate, 9–15 × 1.5–3 cm, abaxially pubescent at Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong to least on midvein when young, glabrescent, glaucous, lanceolate, 9–17 × 2–4 cm, thickly papery, concolorous and with adherent waxy scalelike trichomes; secondary to ± glaucous abaxially, base cuneate and decurrent on veins 13–17 on each side of midvein. Cupule usually petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins enclosing all of nut; bracts imbricate, linear, ± curved, 13–16 on each side of midvein, slender, evident; basal ones ca. 1.5 mm, apical ones 3–4 mm, scurfy. Nut tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. Male depressed globose, 1–1.2 × 1.4–1.8 cm. Fr. Nov. inflorescences 3–many in a panicle, sometimes solitary Sparse forests in dry places; ca. 2000 m. S Yunnan (Yuanjiang Xian) in axils of leaves; rachis sparsely pubescent. Female [Laos, Myanmar, N Vietnam]. inflorescences 2–4 congested at apex of branches; cupules usually in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence 72b. Lithocarpus echinophorus var. chapensis A. Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 266. 1948. rachis 4–6(–10) mm thick. Cupule subglobose,1.5–3 × 1.5–2.8 cm, usually enclosing nut, apically abruptly 沙坝柯 sha ba ke narrowed and slightly elongated into a nipple, wall Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 10–12 apically ca. 2 mm thick and basally to 4 mm thick; × 3 cm, glabrous; secondary veins 10–15 on each side bracts imbricate, broadly triangular to rhomboid, apical of midvein, obscure near margin. Cupule depressed ones incurved. Nut depressed globose to subglobose, globose, 1.5–2 × 3–3.5 cm including bracts, enclosing 1.4–2.4 cm in diam., wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar 1.3–1.6 ca. 3/4 of nut, wall crustaceous; bracts many, curved cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Nov of linear, 5–8 mm. Nut depressed globose, 2.2–2.5 cm in following year. diam.; scar 1.5–1.8 cm in diam. Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent in moist places; 100–1200 m. SW Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, SE Guizhou, SE Yunnan. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1900 m. SE Yunnan (Pingbian 72. Lithocarpus echinophorus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Miaozu Zizhixian) [NE Vietnam]. Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 40. 1932. 72c. Lithocarpus echinophorus var. bidoupensis A. Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 13: 267. 1948. 壶壳柯 hu qiao ke 金平柯 jin ping ke Leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 10–14 × 2–4 cm, Trees ca. 15 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and rachis of abaxially with sparse and slender hairs; secondary veins inflorescences covered with early glabrescent, short 12–14 on each side of midvein, not fusing. Cupule hairs. Branchlets blackish when dry, inconspicuously depressed globose, 2–2.5 cm in diam., enclosing ca. 1/2 lenticellate. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, of nut; bracts linear to subulate, 2–3 mm, curved to narrowly elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 9–15 × 1.5–4 appressed, with tawny waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut cm, subleathery, base cuneate, margin entire, apex glabrous, apex ± flat; scar concave, 1.5–2 cm in diam. acuminate; secondary veins 10–17 on each side of Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Infructescences ca. 10 cm; rachis ca. 1.2 cm thick; SE Yunnan [N Vietnam]. immature cupules in clusters of ca. 3, oblong when 73. Lithocarpus skanianus (Dunn) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. young, apically flat. Cupule enclosing all of nut or 1: 131. 1919. occasionally only 1/2, wall ca. 3 mm thick; bracts linear 滑皮柯 hua pi ke to subulate, ± curved. Nut depressed globose; scar con- cave but center ± convex. Fr. Oct–Nov. Quercus skaniana Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 366. 1908; Pasania skaniana (Dunn) Schottky. Sparse forests in dry places, broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1900– 2000 m. S and SE Yunnan [Laos, Myanmar, N and NE Vietnam]. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Trees to 20 m tall; bud scales, branchlets, petioles, and to obovate-elliptic on sterile shoots, sometimes elliptic rachis of inflorescences tawny tomentose. Petiole rarely on fruiting branches, 16–30 × 5–12 cm, subleathery, to 1 cm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, oblanceolate, or rusty pilose, adaxially with hairs crisp and early rarely elliptic to oblong, 6–20 × 4–9 cm, thickly papery, glabrescent, base broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex abaxially pilose on midvein but otherwise pubescent acute; secondary veins 11–17 on each side of midvein, with simple and branched hairs, base cuneate, margin abruptly curving apically near margin, apical ones entire or ± undulate near apex, apex shortly caudate- fusing; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, acute to acuminate; secondary veins 9–14 on each side subparallel. Male panicle terminal or rarely solitary of midvein, adaxially usually slightly impressed; ter- spikes in axils of leaves, to 25 cm. Female inflo- tiary veins abaxially conspicuous, subparallel. Male rescences to 30 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. panicle terminal or rarely solitary spikes in axils of Infructescence rachis to 1 cm thick. Cupule depressed leaves, to 25 cm. Female inflorescence with cupules in globose, 1.5–2 × 2.5–3 cm, entirely or almost clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 1–1.2 cm; rachis 2–3 completely enclosing nut, wall 0.5–1.5 cm thick; bracts mm thick. Cupule depressed globose to subglobose, imbricate, ovate-triangular, appressed, puberulent. Nut 1.4–2 × 1.5–2.5 cm, almost completely enclosing nut, depressed globose, 2.2–2.7 cm in diam., glabrous, wall wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts subulate to linear and 2–3 0.5–1 mm thick; scar 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., ± concave. mm or triangular-squamiform and appressed, Fl. Sep–Oct, fr. Oct–Dec of following year. puberulent and scurfy. Nut depressed globose to Broad-leaved evergreen forests, 900–2200 m. W Guangxi, SE broadly conical, 1.2–1.8 × 1.4–2.2 cm, glabrous, wall Yunnan [C to N Vietnam]. ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 1.1–1.3 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Lithocarpus rhabdostachyus subsp. rhabdostachyus occurs in Laos and Vietnam. Sep–Oct, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. 76. Lithocarpus trachycarpus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Ca- Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–1000 m. C and S Fujian, mus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 42. 1931 [1932]. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Jiangxi, SE Yunnan. 糙果柯 cao guo ke 74. Lithocarpus oleifolius A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France Pasania trachycarpa Hickel & A. Camus, Bull. Mus. 94: 271. 1947. Natl. Hist. Nat. 29: 604. 1923; Lithocarpus trachycarpus var. jakhuangensis Hu ex A. Camus; 榄叶柯 lan ye ke Pasania yui Hu. Trees 8–15 m tall; branchlets, petioles, leaf blades Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets sulcate, sparsely covered abaxially, and rachis of inflorescences rusty pilose. with early glabrescent long hairs. Leaf blade lanceolate Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 8–16 to elliptic, 8–15 × 2–6 cm, rigidly papery, base cuneate, × 2–4 cm, rigidly papery, abaxially with appressed margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; midvein hairs and waxy scalelike trichomes, base cuneate, abaxially covered with early glabrescent long hairs; margin entire or rarely ± undulate on apical part, apex secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 11–14 on each abruptly curving near margin but not fusing; tertiary side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. veins abaxially slender, evident to conspicuous, Male inflorescences 3–many in a panicle, rarely solitary. subparallel. Male inflorescences paniculate, 5–9 cm. Female inflorescence with cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Female inflorescences to 20 cm; rachis puberulent; Infructescences 8–12 cm; rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule globose to globose, depressed globose, or pear-shaped, 2.6–3.2 cm depressed, 1.5–2 cm, completely enclosing nut, outside in diam., completely enclosing nut or sometimes 3/4 of with oily scalelike glands, reddish brown when dry, nut, wall to 2 mm thick near base; bracts imbricate, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; bracts subulate, 1–1.5 mm. Nut triangular, appressed, with lanceolate, ± lax scalelike ± depressed globose, 1–1.3 × 1.6–1.8 cm, glabrous, trichomes. Nut depressed globose to subglobose, 2–2.5 wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar at basal part of nut, ca. 1 cm cm in diam., glabrous; scar 1.4–2 cm in diam., concave. in diam., slightly concave. Fl. Nov–Mar, fr. Nov–Mar Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. of following year. Mixed mesophytic forests; 500–1200 m. S Fujian, Guangdong, Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–1300 m. S to SW Yunnan [Laos, Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Hunan, S Jiangxi [Vietnam]. N Thailand, Vietnam]. Very close to Lithocarpus echinophorus, and additional work is needed. 77. Lithocarpus chiungchungensis Chun & P. C. Tam, Acta 75. Lithocarpus rhabdostachyus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Phytotax. Sin. 10: 207. 1965. Camus subsp. dakhaensis A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 琼中柯 92: 84. 1945. qiong zhong ke 毛枝柯 mao zhi ke Trees 5–10 m tall; branchlets and rachis of Trees 8–15 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and rachis of inflorescences densely tawny pubescent. Petiole 0.8–1.2 inflorescences densely covered with rust-colored simple cm; leaf blade obovate, ovate-elliptic, or oblong, 6–15 and branched hairs. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade obovate × 2–5 cm, rigidly papery, pubescent but early Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. glabrescent, abaxially ± glaucous and with waxy acute; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, scalelike trichomes, base cuneate and decurrent on adaxially impressed, apical ones abruptly curving petiole, margin entire or undulate, apex caudate- apically, fusing near margin; tertiary veins abaxially in- acuminate; midvein pilose abaxially; secondary veins conspicuous, ± parallel. Infructescences 6–13 cm; 10–14 on each side of midvein, obscure near margin; rachis tawny tomentose. Cupules in clusters of ca. 3 but tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous or not visible. only 1 or 2 devel- oped, 0.8–1 × 1.6–1.8 cm, enclosing Male inflorescences sometimes androgynous, 2–5 cm; slightly more than 1/2 of nut, wall less than 1 mm thick; rachis with short, tomentose hairs. Female inflorescence bracts linear, 2–3 mm, puberulent. Nut depressed with cupules in clusters of 3–5. Infructescences 9–15 conical, 1.2–1.4 × 1.4–1.6 cm, apex narrowed, wall less cm; rachis 6–8 mm thick. Cupule globose to ± than 0.5 mm thick; scar 8–9 mm in diam., deeply depressed, 1.5–2 cm in diam., usually completely concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug of following year. enclosing nut, wall less than 1 mm thick and Mixed mesophytic forests in mountain valleys; 700–1300 m. SW crustaceous when dry; bracts triangular to shortly Hainan, SE Yunnan [C to NE Vietnam]. subulate, small. Nut depressed globose, 0.7–1.2 × 1.2– Very close if not the same as Lithocarpus garrettianus; the only difference is the length of the cupule bracts. 1.8 cm, glabrous, apex flat; scar ± concave. Fl. Jul, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. 80. Lithocarpus garrettianus (Craib) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 800 m. Hainan. 18: 40. 1931 [1932]. 78. Lithocarpus longanoides C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, 望楼柯 wang lou ke Guihaia 8: 26. 1988. Quercus garrettiana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 龙眼柯 long yan ke 1911: 471. 1911; Pasania garrettiana (Craib) Hickel & Trees 8–18 m tall. Young branchlets covered with A. Camus. tawny, crisp, short hairs, blackish when dry. Branches Trees ca. 20 m tall. Branchlets stout, densely tawny to- of last-year growth densely lenticellate; lenticels visible mentose. Petiole 1–2 cm, stout, hairy; leaf blade only under lens. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, oblanceolate to sometimes ovate, 12–22 × 4–8 cm, elliptic, or lanceolate, 4–10 × 1.5–3.5 cm, rigidly leathery, tawny tomentose when young, abaxially papery, abaxially at least along midvein densely glabrescent but with tawny, waxy scalelike trichomes covered with tawny, early glabrescent, short hairs and with age, base cuneate, apex acute; midvein abaxially with tiny, grayish glandular dots, adaxially reddish pilose; secondary veins 10–13 on each side of midvein, brown to dark brown when dry, base decurrent on adaxially ± impressed, abruptly curving apically near petiole, margin entire or rarely ± undulate near apex, margin, apical ones fusing; tertiary veins abaxially apex narrowly acuminate to caudate; secondary veins conspicuous, subparallel. Male inflorescences spicate or 6–8 on each side of midvein, abruptly curving apically paniculate; rachis tomentose. Female and androgynous near margin but not fusing; tertiary veins abaxially not inflorescences to 20 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. visible or very slender, evident. Male inflorescences in Cupule ca. 1.5 × 2–2.5 cm including bracts, enclosing ± a panicle, 8–15 cm; rachis densely tawny puberulent. 2/3 of nut, outside hairy, wall less than 1 mm thick; Androgynous inflorescences often with male flowers bracts 4–6 mm, squamose when young but elongating above middle; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule after flowering and linear and curved in fruit. Nut globose to ± depressed, 1–1.8 cm in diam., usually depressed globose, 0.8–1.2 × 1.2–1.5 cm, apex ± almost completely enclosing nut, wall less than 1 mm pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 0.9–1.2 cm in thick and crustaceous when dry; bracts fused to cupule diam., concave. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. in Autumn of except for subulate apex ca. 1 mm, triangular, reddish following year. brown when dry. Nut depressed globose to subglobose, Mixed mesophytic forests; above 1000 m. SW Yunnan [Laos, 0.8–1.6 cm in diam., glabrous; scar 6–12 mm in diam., Myanmar, N Thailand, Vietnam]. concave. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Jul–Oct of following year. 81. Lithocarpus rosthornii (Schottky) Barnett, Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 34: 179. 1944. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, 南川柯 SE Yunnan. nan chuan ke 79. Lithocarpus bonnetii (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, Pasania rosthornii Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 674. Rivièra Sci. 18: 39. 1931 [1932]. 1912; Lithocarpus dictyoneuron Chun; Synaedrys 帽柯 mao ke rosthornii (Schottky) Koidzumi. Pasania bonnetii Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Trees 10–15 m tall; branchlets and petioles covered Bot., sér. 10, 3: 402. 1921. with crisp, early glabrescent hairs and tawny, lamellate Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets stout, terete, tawny waxy scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade tomentose. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, thick; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, oblanceolate, or sometimes elliptic, oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, 15–24 × 6–9 cm, 12–30 × 4–10 cm, ± thickly papery, abaxially pilose leathery, abaxially tawny tomentose when young, base along midvein when young but soon glabrescent, narrowed, margin entire or ± undulate near apex, apex margin entire, apex abruptly narrowed and caudate; Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. secondary veins 14–22 on each side of midvein, 4–7 mm thick. Cupule depressed globose to subglobose, adaxially conspicuously impressed; tertiary veins 0.8–1.8 × 1.8–2.5 cm, enclosing most of nut or abaxially conspicuous, numerous, subparallel. Male occasionally completely enclosing nut, wall 0.2–0.5 inflorescences paniculate or rarely spicate, to 15 cm. mm thick and crustaceous; bracts imbricate, triangular, Female inflorescences usually with a few male flowers rarely longer than 1 mm. Nut broadly conical to slightly near apex; cupules in cluster of ca. 3. Infructescences depressed, 1.6–2.3 cm in diam., apex pointed to 10–12 cm; rachis 4–5 mm thick. Cupule 1–1.6 × 2–3 rounded, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 1–1.4 cm in diam., cm, enclosing 1/2–3/4 of nut, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick and concave. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Jul–Sep of following year. crustaceous; bracts imbricate, triangular, small, covered Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1200 m. N Guangdong, NE with tawny waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut depressed Guangxi, S Hunan, SW Jiangxi. globose, 1.4–2 × ca. 2.8 cm, glabrous, apex ± narrowed 84. Lithocarpus elaeagnifolius (Seemen) Chun, J. Arnold and pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; scar 1–1.5 cm in Arbor. 9: 151. 1928. diam., concave. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct of following 胡颓子叶柯 hu tui zi ye ke year. Quercus elaeagnifolia Seemen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23 (Beibl. 57): 51. 1897; Pasania elaeagnifolia (Seemen) Mixed mesophytic forests; 300–900 m. EC to SW Guangdong, S to Schottky; Synaedrys elaeagnifolia (Seemen) Koidzumi. SW Guangxi, NE Guizhou, Hunan, SE Sichuan. 82. Lithocarpus fangii (Hu & W. C. Cheng) C. C. Huang & Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets of current year covered Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 32. 1988. with early glabrescent, tawny crisp hairs; branches of 川柯 chuan ke last-year growth blackish brown, with gray to pale Pasania fangii Hu & W. C. Cheng, Acta Phytotax. Sin. yellowish brown, lamellate wax layer, densely and 1: 118. 1951; Lithocarpus glaber (Thunberg) Nakai var. minutely lenticellate. Petiole 5–8(–10 or more) mm, szechuanicus W. P. Fang. base thickened; leaf blade narrowly oblong to Trees 8–15 m tall. Branchlets ± sulcate, tawny sometimes narrowly oblanceolate, 7–15 × 1–2.5 cm, tomentose. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade obovate, rigidly papery, with tawny crisp hairs on both surfaces elliptic, oblanceolate, or oblong, 5–10(–16) × 2–3(–4) when young, soon glabrescent, adaxially with waxy cm, ± thickly papery, abaxially covered with appressed scalelike trichomes and grayish brown when dry, base hairs more densely along midvein, base cuneate, margin cuneate, margin entire or ± undulate near apex, apex entire, apex abruptly acute and shortly caudate; narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 12–16 on each secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein, abruptly side of midvein, obscure near margin; tertiary veins curving apically, obscure near margin; tertiary veins abaxially very slender, evident or not visible. Male abaxially not visible. Male inflorescences congested at inflorescences terminal panicles, 3–7 cm; rachis tomen- apex of branches, to 12 cm. Female and androgynous tose with tawny, short hairs. Female and androgynous inflorescences terminal, to 15 cm. Female inflorescence inflorescences to 18 cm. Female inflorescence with with rachis 3–4 mm thick; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. rachis 2–3 mm thick; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule bowl-shaped, 7–9 mm × 1.8–2 cm, enclosing ca. Cupule depressed globose to subglobose, 1–1.2 × 1.4– 1/2 of nut, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; bracts imbricate, 1.7 cm, enclosing 3/4–4/5 of nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick triangular, squamose, appressed, tawny scurfy. Nut and crustaceous; bracts triangular, squamose, appressed, subglobose, glabrous, apex ± narrowed, wall ca. 1 mm tawny scurfy. Nut ± depressed globose, 1–1.2 × 1.2–1.4 thick; scar 1–1.2 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Oct–Dec, fr. cm, glabrous, apex ± pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 1–1.1 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Jul– Oct–Dec of following year. Sep of following year. Mixed mesophytic forests; 800–1000 m. Guizhou, SW to W Sichuan. Mixed mesophytic forests in valleys; below 300 m. C to S Hainan 83. Lithocarpus paniculatus Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. [Vietnam]. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 59: 51. 1922. 85. Lithocarpus fenestratus (Roxburgh) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 126. 1919. 圆锥柯 yuan zhui ke 泥柯 ni ke Pasania paniculata (Handel-Mazzetti) Chun. Quercus fenestrata Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 633. Trees to 15 m tall; bud scales, branchlets, and rachis of 1832; Lithocarpus fenestratus var. brachycarpus A. inflorescences hairy. Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf blade Camus; Pasania fenestrata (Roxburgh) Oersted; oblong to obovate-oblong, 6–15 × 2.5–5 cm, rigidly Synaedrys fenestrata (Roxburgh) Koidzumi. papery, abaxially hairy along midvein when young, Trees 25–30 m tall. Branchlets of current year base cuneate, margin entire, apex abruptly acute to pubescent or with tawny lamellate waxy scalelike caudate; secondary veins 10–14 on each side of trichomes. Petiole 5–10 mm, pilose; leaf blade midvein, abruptly curving apically, obscure near margin; lanceolate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-elliptic, 5–22 × 2–7 tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Male inflorescences cm, papery to thickly papery, abaxially with yellowish paniculate. Female and androgynous inflorescences to gray to gray, adherent, waxy or lamellate scalelike 20 cm; cupules in clusters of 3–5. Infructescence rachis Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. trichomes, base cuneate to narrowly so and decurrent scalelike trichomes, adaxially tawny pilose when young, on petiole, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, margin entire secondary veins 12–17 on each side of midvein, and ± recurved, apex acuminate to abruptly acute and sometimes adaxially impressed, abruptly arcuate with a blunt tip; secondary veins 10–15 on each side of apically near margin, apical ones often fusing; tertiary midvein, slender, inconspicuous to ± conspicuous; veins abaxially slender, evident, numerous, subparallel. tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Male inflorescences Male inflorescences usually in a panicle. Female in a panicle, 3–5 cm; rachis pubescent. Female inflorescences to 25 cm. Infructescences to 18 cm; inflorescences 3–8 cm; rachis ca. 3 mm thick; cupules rachis 5–8 mm thick; cupules in clusters of ca. 3, only 1 in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule cupular, 5–8 mm × 1.2–1.8 or 2 developed. Cupule depressed globose, 1–2.8 cm in cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, wall 1–1.5 mm thick and diam., enclosing most of nut, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; basally thickened; bracts imbricate, triangular, bracts imbricate, triangular, appressed, sparsely covered squamose, appressed. Nut covered with tawny, with minute hairs and brown waxy scalelike trichomes. lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes, apex pointed, wall Nut depressed globose to broadly conical, wall 0.4–1 0.5–1 mm thick; scar 8–11 mm in diam., concave. Fl. mm thick; scar 1–1.8 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Aug– May–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. Oct, fr. Aug–Dec of following year. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1200 m. SW Guangdong, SW Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1700 m. C to S Guangdong, Guangxi. SW Guangxi, Hainan, SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), Yunnan [Bhutan, 88. Lithocarpus fohaiensis (Hu) A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. NE India, Laos, NE Myanmar, Sikkim, N Thailand, NE Vietnam]. France 94: 271. 1947. 86. Lithocarpus mairei (Schottky) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 勐海柯 meng hai ke 1: 128. 1919. Pasania fohaiensis Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 光叶柯 guang ye ke 10: 97. 1940; Lithocarpus cheliensis (Hu) A. Camus; P. Pasania mairei Schottky, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 47: 665. cheliensis Hu. 1912; Synaedrys mairei (Schottky) Koidzumi. Trees to 25 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences Trees rarely to 10 m tall, glabrous except branchlets and and nuts. Petiole 1–3 cm, base thickened; leaf blade inflorescences covered with tawny, waxy scalelike narrowly oblong to rarely obovate-oblong, 15–24 × 5–8 trichomes. Petiole 0.8–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to cm, thickly papery, concolorous, base broadly cuneate, elliptic, 5–10 × 1.5–4 cm, leathery to papery, yellowish decurrent on petiole, and often asymmetric, margin brown when dry, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, entire, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins 11–16 margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially slender, on each side of midvein, slender, evident, adaxially evident. Male inflorescences solitary or clustered; slightly impressed; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. rachis densely tawny pubescent or sometimes Male inflorescences paniculate, 4–8 cm, sometimes glabrescent. Female inflorescences in clusters of 2 or 3 spicate. Female inflorescences 5–8 cm; rachis covered at apex of branches, to 25 cm; cupules in clusters of 3–5. with tawny, lamellate, waxy scalelike trichomes; Infructescence rachis 6–8 mm thick. Cupule shallowly cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 3–5 cm. bowl-shaped, 0.8–1.3 × 2–2.5 cm, enclosing less than Cupule bowl-shaped, 5–8 mm × 1–1.8 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, wall woody and basally thickened; bracts ± 1/2 of nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick; bracts imbricate, connate into concentric and ± raised rings, broadly triangular, squamose, appressed, covered with tawny, triangular, densely rusty puberulent. Nut depressed waxy scalelike trichomes. Nut broadly conical to ± globose to conical, 1.4–3 × 1.5–2.5 cm, densely tawny depressed globose, 1–1.5 × 1.1–1.8 cm, glabrous, apex to rusty farinose. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Aug of following ± flat, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; scar 6–8 mm in diam., year. slightly concave. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep of Sparse forests; 600–1500 m. S Yunnan. following year. 89. Lithocarpus carolineae (Skan) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. Mixed mesophytic forests in dry places; 1500–2500 m. C to N 1: 123. 1919. Yunnan. 红心柯 hong xin ke 87. Lithocarpus melanochromus Chun & Tsiang ex C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 29. 1988. Quercus carolineae Skan in Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 518. 1903; Pasania carolineae (Skan) Schottky; 黑柯 hei ke Synaedrys carolineae (Skan) Koidzumi. Trees 8–15 m tall; young branchlets and petioles tawny Trees to 20 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences pilose, soon glabrescent. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade and leaf blade vein axils. Branchlets of current year narrowly oblong to lanceolate, 4–11 × 1–3.5 cm, rigidly sulcate, dark brown when dry. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf leathery, abaxially glaucous and with adherent, waxy Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. blade oblong to rarely obovate-oblong, 13–18 × 4–6 cm, (Hayata) Hayata; L. ternaticupulus (Hayata) Hayata; thickly papery, concolorous, dark brown when dry, with Pasania brevicaudata (Skan) Schottky var. arisanensis tuft of stellate hairs on axils of veins, base cuneate, (Hayata) Ying; P. confertifolia Hu; P. hancei (Bentham) margin serrate from middle to apex, apex shortly Schottky; P. hancei var. arisanensis (Hayata) J. C. Liao; caudate; secondary veins 15–20 on each side of mid- P. hancei var. ternaticupula (Hayata) J. C. Liao; P. vein, ending in teeth or abruptly curving apically near rhododendrophylla Hu; Q. arisanensis Hayata; Q. margin and gradually obscured. Infructescence with subreticulata Hayata; Q. ternaticupula Hayata; cupules in clusters of 3–5. Cupule plate-shaped, 1–1.5 × Synaedrys hancei (Bentham) Koidzumi; S. kuaruensis 3–4 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, dark brown when dry, Tomiya. basally with a short stalk; bracts imbricate, broadly Trees usually less than 15 m tall, glabrous except for triangular, appressed, base rhomboid, midvein inflorescences. Branchlets ± tawny to gray, usually with thickened. Nut depressed globose, 2.4–3 × 4–4.5 cm, ± a thin layer of translucent wax. Petiole 0.5–4 cm; leaf glossy, apex flat with a ± concave center, wall 6–10 blade variable in shape and size, ovate, broadly elliptic, mm thick; scar 2.5–3 cm in diam., margin concave but obovate-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, 5–10 × center ± convex. Fr. Sep–Oct. 2.5–5 cm, thinly papery to rigidly leathery, concolorous Mixed mesophytic forests; 1500–2000 m. S to SE Yunnan. and sometimes adaxially white farinose when dry, base 90. Lithocarpus naiadarum (Hance) Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. usually decurrent on petiole, margin entire and ± 9: 152. 1928. recurved, apex rounded, obtuse, acute, or narrowly 水仙柯 shui xian ke acuminate; secondary veins 6–13 on each side of Quercus naiadarum Hance, J. Bot. 22: 227. 1884; midvein, slender, evident; tertiary veins abaxially Pasania naiadarum (Hance) Schottky; Q. neriifolia obscure, reticulate. Male inflorescences usually in a Seemen; Synaedrys naiadarum (Hance) Koidzumi. panicle, sometimes with female flowers from base to Trees 4–10 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. middle, rarely longer than 10 cm; rachis sometimes Branchlets with a thin translucent wax layer. Leaf twisted. Female inflorescences 2–many congested at blade narrowly oblong to lanceolate, (5–)10–15(–30) × apex of branches; cupules usually in clusters of 3–5, (0.7–)1–1.5 (–2.5) cm, rigidly papery, concolorous and rarely solitary. Infructescence 6–8 cm; rachis less than without waxy scalelike trichomes, base attenuate and 8 mm thick. Cupule shallowly bowl-shaped to plate- decurrent on a very short petiole, apex shortly shaped, 3–7 mm × 1–2 cm, enclosing nearly 1/3 of nut, acuminate and with a blunt tip; secondary veins 11–15 wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts imbricate and appressed or on each side of midvein, slender, evident; tertiary veins connate into a few concentric rings, triangular, abaxially reticulate. Male inflorescences in a panicle; squamose. Nut depressed globose, subglobose, or rachis densely tawny pubescent. Female inflorescences broadly conical, 0.8–2 × 0.6–2.5 cm, apex rounded, to 20 cm; rachis ca. 3 mm thick; cupules in clusters of pointed, or rarely flat, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 5–10 ca. 3. Cupule discoid, 1.2–1.8 cm in diam., enclosing mm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Nov of basal part of nut, outside puberulent, wall to 1 mm thick following year. and ± woody near base; bracts usually connate into concentric rings, triangular, appressed. Nut broadly Various habitats; below 2600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, conical to rarely subglobose, 1–2 × 1.5–2.5 cm, apex Zhejiang. pointed or flat; scar concave to almost flat. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep of following year. 92. Lithocarpus ithyphyllus Chun ex H. T. Chang, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1960(1): 32. 1960. Frequent on stream banks; near sea level. Hainan. 挺叶柯 ting ye ke 91. Lithocarpus hancei (Bentham) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. Trees to 15 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. 1: 127. 1919. Branches of current year conspicuously sulcate. Petiole 硬壳柯 ying qiao ke rarely to 3 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 1–2 × 5–20 Quercus hancei Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 322. 1861; Cyclo- cm, rigidly leathery, concolorous, abaxially often white balanopsis ternaticupula (Hayata) Kudo; C. farinose, base rounded to auriculate, margin entire and ternaticupula f. arisanensis (Hayata) Kudo; recurved, apex narrowed and obtuse; secondary veins Cyclobalanus hancei (Bentham) Oersted; C. 12–18 on each side of midvein, slender, evident, ternaticupula (Hayata) Nakai; Lithocarpus arisanensis adaxially impressed; tertiary veins abaxially not visible (Hayata) Hayata; L. jingdongensis Y. C. Hsu & H. J. or very slender, evident. Male inflorescences sometimes Qian; L. matsudai Hayata; L. mupinensis (Rehder & E. androgynous, often congested at apex of branches, to 10 H. Wilson) A. Camus; L. omeiensis A. Camus; L. cm; rachis puberulent. Female inflorescence with spicatus (Smith) Rehder & E. H. Wilson var. cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 6–8 cm; mupinensis Rehder & E. H. Wilson; L. subreticulatus rachis puberulent, ca. 2 mm thick. Cupule plate- to shallowly bowl-shaped, 2–4 × 5–8 mm, covering base Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999. of nut, wall to 1 mm thick near base; bracts imbricate globose, 3–7.5 × 2.5–3.8 cm, often white farinose, apex and appressed or sometimes connate into 3 or 4 con- shortly pointed; scar 1–1.4 cm in diam., concave. Fl. centric rings, triangular, small. Nut narrowly ellipsoid Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. to conical, 1.2–1.8 × 1–1.2 cm, often ± white farinose, Mixed mesophytic forests; 1000–1800 m. Guangxi, S Guizhou, W base flat, apex pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 3–4 Hunan, SE Yunnan [Vietnam]. mm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Sep of Lithocarpus wenxianensis Y. J. Zhang & al. (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16: following year. 121. 1994), from SE Gansu, is close to L. petelotii, but its status needs Broad-leaved evergreen forests, more frequent in secondary forests; further study. With such a disjunct distribution, it seems unlikely that 400–900 m. E Guangdong. the two species are the same. 93. Lithocarpus calophyllus Chun ex C. C. Huang & Y. T. 95. Lithocarpus eriobotryoides C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Chang, Guihaia 8: 27. 1988. Guihaia 8: 25. 1988. 美叶柯 mei ye ke 枇杷叶柯 pi pa ye ke Trees to 28 m tall. Young branchlets sparsely Trees 10–15 m tall; branches of current year and leaf puberulent above middle; branchlets of last year growth blades abaxially with tawny stellate or forked long hairs. blackish, lenticellate. Petiole 2.5–5 cm; leaf blade Petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, obovate, or broadly elliptic, ovate, or oblong, 8–15 × 4–9 cm, sometimes elliptic, 12–20 × 4–7 cm, rigidly papery, rigidly leathery, abaxially densely tawny to rusty scurfy concolorous, base cuneate to broadly so and decurrent when young and ± glaucous with age, adaxially on petiole, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; glabrous, base subrounded to slightly auriculate and secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, sometimes asymmetric, apex acute to acuminate with a adaxially impressed, abruptly curving apically, partly caudate tip; secondary veins 7–11 on each side of fusing near margin; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, midvein, adaxially impressed, abruptly curving, obscure ± parallel. Male inflorescences in a panicle. Female near margin; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, inflorescence with cupules in clusters of ca. 3. subparallel. Male inflorescences in a panicle, less than 3 Infructescences ca. 12 mm; rachis 5–8 mm thick. cm. Female inflorescences to 20 cm; rachis 5–6 mm Cupule plate-shaped, 5–8 mm × 1.8–2.2 cm, enclosing thick; cupules in clusters of 3–5, rarely solitary on basal 1/8–1/5 of nut, wall to 2 mm thick and woody near base; part of rachis. Cupule 0.5–1 × 1.5–2.5 cm, shallowly bracts imbricate, triangular to rhomboid, appressed, cupular, enclosing 1/6–1/5 of nut, wall to 3 mm thick puberulent. Nut conical to ellipsoid, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 cm, and thickly woody near base. Nut 1.5–2 × 1.8–2.6 cm, apex ± flattened, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar ca. 1.3 cm in often slightly white farinose, apex flat with a ± concave diam., concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Aug–Oct of following to shortly pointed center, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar 1– year. 1.4 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep of Mixed mesophytic forests; 1000–1500 m. NE Guizhou, W Hubei, following year. NW Hunan, E Sichuan. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 500–1200 m. SW Fujian, SW 96. Lithocarpus macilentus Chun & C. C. Huang in C. C. Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Hunan, SW Jiangxi. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 30. 1988. 94. Lithocarpus petelotii A. Camus, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 5: 粉叶柯 fen ye ke 75. 1935. Trees 7–12 m tall; branches of current year, petioles, 星毛柯 xing mao ke and rachis of inflorescences tawny tomentose. Petiole Trees to 28 m tall. Branchlets and rachis of under 1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to rarely oblanceolate, inflorescences tawny pubescent. Petiole 2.5–4 cm, 6–11 × 2–3 cm, thinly leathery, with tufts of minute pubescent when young; leaf blade elliptic to ovate- crisp hairs on both surfaces when young, abaxially elliptic or sometimes obovate to obovate-elliptic, 9–15 scurfy, narrowed at both ends, base broadly cuneate and × 3.5–6 cm, rigidly leathery, abaxially with rust-colored, decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate scurfy scalelike trichomes and stellate hairs, base sub- with a caudate tip; secondary veins 6–8 on each side of rounded to broadly cuneate and sometimes asymmetric, midvein; tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. Male margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; secondary veins inflorescences in a panicle. Female inflorescence with 7–13 on each side of midvein, abaxially pubescent; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Cupule bowl-shaped, 6–8 tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. Male mm × 1.5–2 cm, enclosing basal part of nut, wall thin inflorescences in a panicle, less than 3 cm. Female but basally ± thickened. Nut broadly conical to inflorescences to 20 cm; rachis ca. 8 mm thick; cupules depressed globose, 1.3–1.5 × 1.5–1.7 cm, glabrous; scar in clusters of 3–5, rarely solitary on basal part of rachis. 7–8 mm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Oct–Nov of Cupule shallowly bowl-shaped, 0.8–1.5 × 2.5–3.5 cm, following year. covering base of nut, basally narrowed and slightly Broad-leaved evergreen forests on stream banks; below 400 m. W elongate into a short stalk, wall 3–6 mm thick and Guangdong, E Guangxi. woody; bracts imbricate, triangular to rhomboid, 97. Lithocarpus floccosus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, densely tawny puberulent; midvein ridged. Nut sub- Guihaia 8: 20. 1988. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

卷毛柯 juan mao ke Nakai; P. thalassica (Hance) Oersted; Q. sieboldiana Blume; Q. thalassica Hance; Q. thalassica var. Trees 7–10 m tall; young branchlets, petioles, and obtusiglans Dunn; Synaedrys glabra (Thunberg) Koid- rachis of inflorescences densely floccose-tomentose. zumi. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 5–10 × Trees to 15 m tall; branchlets and rachis of inflores- 1.5–3 cm, papery, abaxially with minute scalelike cences densely tawny tomentose. Petiole 1–2 cm, glands and floccose-tomentose but glabrescent, base tomentose when young; leaf blade obovate, obovate- cuneate, margin entire, apex abruptly acute to shortly elliptic, or oblong, 6–12 × 2.5–5.5 cm, leathery to caudate and with a blunt tip; secondary veins 6–9 on thickly papery, abaxially with dense scalelike glands each side of midvein, not fusing; tertiary veins and shortly tomentose when young, base cuneate, abaxially inconspicuous. Inflorescences usually margin entire or with 2–4 teeth on apical part, apex androgynous, 8–15 cm. Female inflorescence with abruptly acute, shortly acute, or long acuminate; secon- cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 5–9 cm; dary veins rarely over 10 on each side of midvein; rachis ca. 2 mm thick. Cupule cupular, 1–1.5 cm in tertiary veins abaxially usually not visible. Male diam., enclosing 1/5–1/3 of nut, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick inflorescences in a panicle or solitary in leaf axils, to 15 but basally × thickened; bracts imbricate, triangular, cm. Female inflorescences often with a few male small, appressed, sparsely puberulent. Nut broadly flowers; cupules in clusters of 3(–5). Infructescences ca. conical, 1–1.5 cm in diam., ± white farinose; scar ca. 5 6 cm; rachis usually pubescent. Cupule plate- to cupular, mm in diam., ± concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug of 5–10 mm × 1–1.5 cm, enclosing 1/5–2/5 of nut, wall to following year. 1.5 mm and woody near base; bracts imbricate or Broad-leaved evergreen forests with Ormosia, Schefflera, and connate into concentric rings, triangular, small, species of Lauraceae; 400–700 m. Fujian, E Guangdong, S Jiangxi. appressed, densely puberulent. Nut ellipsoid, 1.2–2.5 × 0.8–1.5 cm, ± white glaucous, apex pointed, wall 0.5–1 98. Lithocarpus obovatilimbus Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: mm thick; scar 3–5(–8) mm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul– 236. 1947. Nov, fr. Jul–Nov of following year. 卵叶柯 luan ye ke Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent on sunny slopes; below 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Trees to 15 m tall; branches and rachis of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan]. inflorescences pubescent. Petiole 3–10 mm; leaf blade 100. Lithocarpus grandifolius (D. Don) S. N. Biswas, Bull. obovate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, 4–8 × 1.5–2.5 cm, Bot. Surv. India 10: 258. 1968. subleathery, abaxially with grayish scalelike glands and 耳叶柯 er ye ke pubescent on basal part of midvein when young, base Quercus grandifolia D. Don in Lambert, Descr. Pinus 2: broadly cuneate to cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse, 27. 1824; Lithocarpus spicatus (Smith) Rehder & E. H. acute, shortly caudate, or rarely acuminate; secondary Wilson; Q. spicata Smith (1814), not Humboldt & veins 7–9(–13) on each side of midvein; tertiary veins Bonpland (1806); Q. squamata Roxburgh. abaxially slender, evident or not visible. Male Trees 10–15 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. inflorescences in a panicle. Female inflorescence with Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade obovate, oblanceolate, or cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences 2 or 3, sometimes oblong, 15–40 × 5–15 cm, leathery to congested at apex of branches; rachis pubescent. rigidly papery, concolorous, base often oblique and ± Cupule cupular, 4–7 mm × 0.8–1.4 cm, enclosing 1/4– auriculate, subrounded, or rarely cuneate, margin entire, 1/2 of nut, wall ca. 1 mm thick and basally woody; apex acute; secondary veins 13–20 on each side of bracts imbricate, triangular, small, appressed, midvein, fusing near margin; tertiary veins abaxially puberulent. Nut ellipsoid to broadly conical, 1–1.5 × conspicuous. Male inflorescences usually solitary, 0.8–1.4 cm, often ± white farinose; scar 4–7 mm in occasionally 3–many in a panicle; rachis tomentose diam., concave. Fr. Oct–Dec. with short hairs, rarely glabrescent. Female inflorescences terminal, usually in pairs, to 20 cm; Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–1100 m. Hainan (Lingshui rachis base 1–1.6 cm thick; cupules in clusters of 3–5, Xian). usually 1 or 2 developed. Cupule cupular, ca. 2.6 cm in 99. Lithocarpus glaber (Thunberg) Nakai, Cat. Hort. Bot. diam., enclosing 1/3–2/3 of nut, wall to 4 mm near base Univ. Tokyo 8. 1916. and woody; basal bracts often connate into horizontal ridges, broadly ovate to broadly rhomboid, puberulent. 柯 ke Nut depressed globose, 1.5–2.2 × 2–2.6 cm, apex flat Quercus glabra Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, and ± concave or rarely rounded and pointed, wall 1.5– 858. 1784; Kuromatea glabra (Thunberg) Kudo; 2 mm thick; scar 1.6–2 cm in diam., concave but center Lithocarpus thalassicus (Hance) Rehder; Pasania sometimes convex. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep of glabra (Thunberg) Oersted; P. sieboldiana (Blume) following year. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 600–1900 m. S to SW Yunnan 103. Lithocarpus arcaulus (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Sprengel) [Bhutan, NE India, N Laos, Nepal, NE Myanmar, Sikkim, N C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang in C. C. Huang, Acta Phytotax. Thailand]. Sin. 16(4): 72. 1978. Records of Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatusima ex Soepadmo from China are referable to L. grandifolius. 小箱柯 xiao xiang ke 101. Lithocarpus collettii (King ex J. D. Hooker) A. Camus, Quercus arcaula Buchanan-Hamilton ex Sprengel, Syst. Chênes, Atlas 3: 117. 1948. 格林柯 ge lin ke Veg. 3: 857. 1826. Quercus spicata Smith var. collettii King ex J. D. Trees to 30 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 5: 610. 1888; Lithocarpus Branchlets dark purplish brown. Petiole ca. 1.5 cm, gelinicus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, nom. illeg. base thickened; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to oblong, 10– (included Q. spicata var. collettii); L. himalaicus C. C. 20 × 5–8 cm, papery, concolorous, without scalelike Huang & Y. T. Chang. glands, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; Trees 8–25 m tall. Branchlets of current year purplish secondary veins 12–15 on each side of midvein, brown, sulcate, sparsely hairy and with early abruptly curving apically near margin but not fusing; glabrescent, stellate scalelike trichomes. Petiole 1–1.5 tertiary veins abaxially reticulate. Male inflorescences cm, base thickened; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or in a panicle or sometimes solitary, 15–30 cm. Female obovate-elliptic, (6–)15–28 × 3.5–5(–11) cm, thinly and androgynous inflorescences 25–40 cm; rachis papery to rigid and crustaceous, abaxially with scalelike pubescent; cupules in clusters of (3–)5–7. trichomes when young and glaucous with age, base Infructescences 20–40 cm; rachis base 8–18 mm thick, attenuate, decurrent on petiole, and sometimes asym- sparsely lenticellate. Cupule plate-shaped, 5–8 mm × metric, margin entire, apex acute, acuminate, or shortly 1.5–2 cm, wall ± woody; bracts imbricate or sometimes caudate; midvein sparsely hairy abaxially; secondary basal ones connate into concentric rings, sometimes veins (6–)14–20 on each side of midvein, adaxially triangular, appressed, obscure. Nut depressed conical, impressed, abruptly curving apically, fusing near 1.4–2 × 1.5–2 cm, glabrous, ± white farinose, wall thin; margin; tertiary veins abaxially reticulate. scar 8–10 mm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Sep– Infructescence ca. 4 cm; rachis ca. 4 mm thick, Oct of following year. obscurely lenticellate; cupules in clusters of 3–5 but 1 Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1100–2300 m. Xizang (Nyalam Xian, or 2 developed. Cupule cupular, 4–10 mm × 1.5–2.2 cm, Mêdog Xian), Yunnan (Tengchong Xian) [Nepal]. enclosing ca. 1/4 of nut, wall woody and basally 104. Lithocarpus mianningensis Hu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: thickened; bracts broadly triangular, with grayish 106. 1951. minute hairs. Nut depressed globose to broadly conical, 缅宁柯 mian ning ke 1.2–1.5 × 1.5–2 cm, glabrous, apex flat to rounded; scar Trees to 25 m tall. Young branchlets purplish brown, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fr. Aug. sparsely pubescent. Petiole 1.5–2 cm, sparsely Broad-leaved evergreen forests, on slopes and along river banks; pubescent when young; leaf blade ovate, broadly 700–2400 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian) [NE India, NE Myanmar, N Thailand]. elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 10–20 × 4–6 cm, ± rigidly 102. Lithocarpus obscurus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang in C. papery, abaxially with silky scalelike glands, sparsely C. Huang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 71. 1978. pubescent along midvein when young, and grayish 墨脱柯 mo tuo ke brown to ± purplish when dry, base broadly cuneate and Trees to 30 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. sometimes slightly asymmetric, margin entire, apex Branchlets blackish brown when dry, sparsely acute to shortly acuminate; secondary veins 11–16 on lenticellate; lenticels slightly raised. Petiole 3–7 mm; each side of midvein, abaxially impressed; tertiary leaf blade 10–19 × 4–8 cm, papery, concolorous, veins abaxially slender, evident or not visible. without scalelike glands, base rounded to auriculate, Inflorescences terminal at apex of current year's sometimes obtuse, and often asymmetric, margin entire, branches; Male inflorescences in a panicle; rachis pub- apex acute to obtuse; secondary veins 9–12 on each erulent. Female inflorescence with cupules in clusters side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. of ca. 3 or solitary, scattered on rachis. Infructescences Female inflorescences 10–35 cm; rachis puberulent; 8–15 cm; rachis 0.7–1.3 cm thick, sparsely lenticellate. cupules in clusters of 3–5. Infructescences to 35 cm; Cupule plate-shaped, 0.7–1.2 × 2.5–3 cm, wall basally rachis 0.8–1.4 cm thick. Cupule cupular, 6–8 mm × 1– woody; bracts imbricate, broadly triangular to 1.5 cm, enclosing hardly 1/2 of nut, dark gray when dry, rhomboid, densely puberulent. Nut broadly ellipsoid, 2– wall basally thickened; bracts imbricate, small, 2.6 × 2–3 cm, densely puberulent, apex rounded to flat appressed, usually only subulate apex conspicuous. Nut or sometimes with a ± concave center; scar concave. Fl. broadly conical, 1–1.4 × 1.5–2 cm; scar concave. Fr. Jun, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. Oct–Nov. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1100 –2500 m. SW Yunnan (Lincang Xian). Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 1500 –2500 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian), W Yunnan. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

105. Lithocarpus gaoligongensis C. C. Huang & Y. T. Quercus kawakamii Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Chang, Guihaia 8: 39. 1988. Tokyo 25(19): 201. 1908; Pasania kawakamii (Hayata) 高黎贡柯 gao li gong ke Schottky; Synaedrys kawakamii (Hayata) Koidzumi. Trees to 25 m tall. Branchlets of current year densely Trees; trunk to 70 cm d.b.h. Branchlets grayish, densely dark gray puberulent. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade oblong lenticellate. Petiole 2–5 cm; leaf blade obovate-oblong to obovate-elliptic, 15–20 × 5–8 cm, subleathery, to oblong, 12–25 × 5–7.2 cm, papery to thinly leathery, abaxially sparsely pilose and scurfy on midvein when with scalelike glands when young, abaxially rusty young, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin scurfy along midvein, adaxially glabrous, base acute to entire, apex acuminate to acute; secondary veins 12–15 attenuate and decurrent on petiole, margin with a few on each side of midvein, adaxially impressed; tertiary obtuse teeth near apex or sometimes entire, apex acute veins abaxially slender, obscure. Infructescences to 7 to shortly acuminate; secondary veins 12–25 on each cm; rachis ca. 9 mm thick; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, Cupule shallowly cupular, 1–1.4 × 2–2.6 cm, enclosing subparallel. Male panicles to 20 cm; rachis and ca. 1/3 of nut, wall basally woody; bracts imbricate, branches stout, with grayish scalelike glands. Female triangular to rhomboid, appressed, thickened, adaxially inflorescence rachis puberulent; cupules in clusters of ± raised, gray puberulent. Nut depressed globose, 1.2– ca. 3. Infructescence rachis 1–1.2 cm thick, lenticellate. 1.6 × 2–2.4 cm, apex rounded; scar concave. Fl. Oct– Cupule plate-shaped, 7–10 mm × 1.5–2.5 cm, enclosing Nov. 1/5–1/4(–1/3) of nut, wall 1–2 mm thick and woody; Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 2000 m. W Yunnan (W flank of bracts imbricate, triangular to rhomboid, appressed, Gaoligong Shan). with puberulent-scalelike glands. Nut chestnut brown, 106. Lithocarpus harlandii (Hance ex Walpers) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 127. 1919. depressed globose to broadly conical, 1.6–2.2 × 2–2.8 cm, apex flat or pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar 1– 港柯 gang ke 1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Nov Quercus harlandii Hance ex Walpers, Ann. Bot. Syst. 3: of following year. 382. 1852; Lithocarpus cuneiformis A. Camus; L. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 700–2900 m. Taiwan. kawakamii (Hayata) Hayata var. chiaratuangensis J. C. 108. Lithocarpus brevicaudatus (Skan) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Liao; Pasania chiaratuangensis (J. C. Liao) J. C. Liao; Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. P. harlandii (Hance ex Walpers) Oersted; Q. harlandii var. integrifolia Dunn; Synaedrys harlandii (Hance ex 短尾柯 duan wei ke Walpers) Koidzumi. Quercus brevicaudata Skan in F. B. Forbes & Hemsley, Trees to 18 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 508. 1899; Lithocarpus Branchlets purplish brown, dark brown when dry, brevicaudatus var. pinnativenus Yamamoto; L. sulcate. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, impressivenus (Hayata) Hayata; L. impressivenus var. or oblanceolate, 7–18 × 3–6 cm, rigidly leathery, falcatocaudata Yamamoto; Pasania brevicaudata abaxially with scalelike glands, base often asymmetric (Skan) Schottky; Q. impressivena Hayata; Synaedrys and attenuate-cuneate to rarely acute or subrounded, brevicaudata (Skan) Koidzumi. margin obtusely undulate-dentate on apical part or Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets of current year purplish rarely entire, apex caudate and often falcate; secondary brown, sulcate. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade usually ovate, veins 8–13 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins sometimes elliptic, oblong, or suborbicular, 6–15 × 4– abaxially obscure. Inflorescences terminal at apex of 6.5 cm, leathery, abaxially with pulverulent scalelike current year's branches. Male inflorescences arranged in glands, base broadly cuneate, subrounded, or acute, ± a panicle; rachis puberulent. Female inflorescence with auriculate, and sometimes asymmetric, margin entire, cupules in clusters of ca. 3 or solitary, scattered on apex acute, acuminate, or long caudate; secondary veins rachis. Infructescences 10–15 cm; rachis 4–5 mm thick. 9–13 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially Cupule cupular, 6–10 mm × 1.4–2 cm, enclosing 1/10– inconspicuous, reticulate. Male inflorescences arranged 1/6 of nut, wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts imbricate, in a panicle, 4–8 cm; rachis tawny puberulent. Female triangular to rhomboid, lamellate, puberulent, margin inflorescences 8–10 cm; cupules in clusters of 3–5, and midvein ± ridged. Nut conical to broadly ellipsoid, rarely solitary. Cupule disc-shaped to cupular, rarely to 2.2–2.8 × 1.6–2.2 cm, apex rounded to obtuse, wall 7 mm, 1.4–2 cm in diam., enclosing 1/8–1/6 of nut, 1.5–2 mm thick; scar 0.9–1.2 cm in diam., concave. Fl. outside tawny puberulent, wall to 3 mm and woody May–Jun, fr. Sep–Oct of following year. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 400–700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, S near base; bracts imbricate, triangular to rhomboid, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang. squamose. Nut broadly conical, 1.4–2.2 cm in diam., 107. Lithocarpus kawakamii (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. For- often ± white farinose, apex shortly pointed or flat, wall mosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. ca. 3 mm thick near base; scar at base of nut, 0.9–1.2 齿叶柯 chi ye ke cm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Sep–Nov of following year. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Mixed mesophytic forests, 300–1900 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Mixed mesophytic forests; 900–2200 m. W Guangxi, N Guizhou, W Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Hubei, W Sichuan, E Yunnan [NE Vietnam]. Zhejiang. 111. Lithocarpus henryi (Seemen) Rehder & E. H. Wilson in Very close to Lithocarpus hancei, and further studies may show that Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 209. 1916. they are conspecific. 灰柯 hui ke 109. Lithocarpus oblanceolatus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 24. 1988. Quercus henryi Seemen, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23(Beibl. 57): 50. 1897; Pasania henryi (Seemen) Schottky. 峨眉柯 e mei ke Trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets glabrous, lenticellate. Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets of current year purplish Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate to sometimes brown. Petiole 1.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, oblong, 15–30 × 4–7 cm, rigidly leathery, concolorous, 12–22 × 3–6 cm, leathery to rigidly leathery, abaxially abaxially with grayish, pulverulent scalelike glands with scalelike glands and grayish when dry, adaxially (visible under lens), adaxially glabrous, base cuneate glabrous, base broadly cuneate and often asymmetric, and decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate; margin entire, apex shortly acuminate; secondary veins secondary veins 9–11 on each side of midvein, 11–15 on each side of midvein, ± adaxially impressed; adaxially ± impressed; tertiary veins abaxially tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Male inflorescences conspicuous. Male inflorescences paniculate; rachis solitary in leaf axils, racemose, 10–14 cm. Female and tawny pubescent. Female inflorescences to 20 cm, often androgynous inflorescences to 20 cm; rachis tawny with a few male flowers near apex; cupules in clusters puberulent; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescences of 3(–5). Infructescence rachis 6–10 mm thick. Cupule 7–12 cm; rachis 6–9 mm thick. Cupule cupular, 0.6–1.4 plate-shaped to cupular, 5–8(–13) mm × 1.5–3 cm, × 1.5–2.4 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, wall to ca. 1.5 enclosing ca. 1/3 of nut, wall to 2.5 mm thick and mm thick and ± woody near base; bracts imbricate, woody near base; bracts imbricate, triangular to triangular, appressed, apical ones often separated. Nut rhomboid, appressed, grayish puberulent. Nut conical, depressed globose, 1.6–2 × 1.8–2.2 cm, often white 2.4–3 × 1.8–2.8 cm, wall 1–1.5 mm thick; scar 1.2–1.8 farinose, apex rounded, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; scar 1– cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep of 1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Aug–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct of following year. following year. Sparse forests; ca. 2000 m. W Sichuan (Emei Shan). Mixed mesophytic forests; 1400–2100 m. Anhui, NE Guizhou, W Hubei, W Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan. 110. Lithocarpus megalophyllus Rehder & E. H. Wilson in 112. Lithocarpus silvicolarum (Hance) Chun, J. Arnold Ar- Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 208. 1916. bor. 9: 152. 1928. 大叶柯 da ye ke 犁耙柯 li pa ke Lithocarpus pleiocarpus A. Camus; Quercus mairei H. Léveillé (1913), not Pasania mairei Schottky (1912). Quercus silvicolarum Hance, J. Bot. 22: 229. 1884; Trees 15–25 m tall. Branchlets glaucous, glabrous, Lithocarpus nariakii (Hayata) Sakaki ex Kudo; Pasania lenticellate. Petiole 2.5–6 cm, 3–6 mm thick; leaf blade silvicolarum (Hance) Schottky; Q. nariakii Hayata; obovate, obovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 14–30 × 6–13 cm, Synaedrys silvicolarum (Hance) Koidzumi. rigidly leathery, concolorous, abaxially with grayish, Trees to 20 m tall. Branchlets tawny pilose. Petiole 1– pulverulent scalelike glands (visible under hand lens), 1.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to obovate-elliptic, 10–20 × adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to subrounded, margin 3.5–6 cm, papery, abaxially with scalelike glands and entire, apex acute; secondary veins 14–18 on each side tawny pilose along side, base cuneate and decurrent on of midvein, abaxially strongly raised, adaxially petiole, margin entire or undulate on apical part, apex impressed; tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous, acute to narrowly acuminate; secondary veins 10–12 on subparallel. Male panicle to 20 cm; rachis sparsely each side of midvein; tertiary veins slender, pubescent when young. Female inflorescences usually inconspicuous to conspicuous. Male inflorescences in a at apex of branches; cupules in clusters of 3(–5), panicle, rarely solitary; rachis sparsely pubescent. sometimes solitary. Infructescences 10–14 cm; rachis Female inflorescences 8–20 cm; cupules in clusters of 1–1.5 cm thick. Cupule plate-shaped to cupular, 4–10 3–5. Infructescence rachis 1–1.2 cm thick. Cupule mm × 2–3 cm, enclosing 1/6–1/3 of nut, wall 1–2 mm cupular, 0.8–1.5 × 2–3.5 cm, enclosing ca. 1/2 of nut, thick; bracts 1–1.4 mm. Nut conical and 2.4–2.8 × 2– wall 1–1.5 mm thick and basally ± woody; bracts dark 2.5 cm to depressed globose and 1.6–1.8 × 2.8–3.2 cm, reddish brown, fused with wall of cupule or sometimes slightly shining, sometimes ± white farinose, apex flat only subulate apex free, broadly triangular to rhomboid. or with a ± concave center, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar Nut depressed globose, 1.2–1.6 × 2–2.5(–3) cm, 1.2–1.8 cm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Jun, fr. May– glabrous, base flat, apex rounded or flat, wall 0.5–1 mm Jun of following year. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

thick; scar 1.4–1.8(–2.5) cm in diam., concave. Fl. 113b. Lithocarpus litseifolius var. pubescens C. C. Huang Mar–May, fr. Jul–Sep of following year. & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 11. 1988. Broad-leaved evergreen forests; below 1200 m. SW Guangdong, SW 毛枝木姜叶柯 mao zhi mu jiang ye ke Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [NE Vietnam]. Branchlets puberulent at apex. Leaf blade secondary 113. Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. veins adaxially impressed when young. Rachis of 9: 152. 1928. infructescences densely pubescent. Cupule 5–8 mm × 木姜叶柯 mu jiang ye ke 1.2–1.5 cm. Fr. Apr–May. Trees to 20 m tall; branchlets and petioles sometimes ± Dense forests. Guangxi (Tian’e Xian). white farinose when dry. Petiole 1.5–2.5 cm; leaf blade 114. Lithocarpus taitoensis (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. elliptic, obovate-elliptic, ovate, or rarely narrowly Formosan. 6 Suppl.: 72. 1917. elliptic, 8–18 × 3–8 cm, papery to subleathery, concolorous to ± glaucous abaxially, base cuneate to 菱果柯 ling guo ke broadly so, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; Quercus taitoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. secondary veins 8–11 on each side of midvein, obscure Tokyo 30(1): 297. 1911; Lithocarpus brunneus Rehder; near margin; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident, L. nakaii Hayata; L. rhombocarpus (Hayata) Hayata; L. lax, reddish to yellowish brown when dry. Male suishaensis Kanehira & Yamamoto; L. tremulus Chun; inflorescences in a panicle, rarely solitary, to 25 cm. Pasania nakaii (Hayata) Nakai; P. suishaensis Female and androgynous inflorescences usually 2–6 (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Nakai; P. taitoensis (Hayata) congested at apex of branches, spiciform, to 35 cm; J. C. Liao; Q. rhombocarpa Hayata; Synaedrys nakaii rachis sparsely pubescent; cupules in clusters of 3–5. (Hayata) Kudo; S. rhombocarpa (Hayata) Kudo; S. Infructescences to 30 cm; rachis slender, rarely over 5 taitoensis (Hayata) Koidzumi. mm thick. Cupule plate-shaped, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., covering base of nut, outside glabrous, wall 0.5–1 mm Trees to 20 m tall. Branches of current year glabrous, thick and woody basally; bracts imbricate but basal sparsely puberulent, or densely pubescent. Petiole 1.5– ones connate into concentric rings, triangular, appressed. 3.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly elliptic, narrowly Nut broadly conical, subglobose, or rarely depressed elliptic, or sometimes obovate-elliptic, 6–12 × 2–5 cm, globose, 0.8–1.5 × 1.2–2 cm, glabrous or often ± white leathery, abaxially with lamellate scalelike glands and farinose, wall 0.2–0.5 mm thick; scar ca. 1.1 cm in oily and shiny when young, base broadly cuneate to diam., concave. Fl. May–Sep, fr. Apr–Oct of following sometimes cuneate and often ± asymmetric, margin year. entire, apex abruptly acuminate and shortly caudate; Broad-leaved evergreen forests, dense forests; 500–2500 m. Fujian, secondary veins 7–10 on each side of midvein, usually Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, adaxially impressed; tertiary veins abaxially not visible Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Laos, NE Myanmar, N Vietnam]. or rarely slender, reticulate. Male inflorescences usually Specimens reported from China as the Indian Lithocarpus poly- solitary in leaf axils, 4–6 cm. Female inflorescences to stachyus (Wallich ex A. de Candolle) Rehder are referable to L. 20 cm; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence litseifolius var. litseifolius. rachis 3–7 mm thick. Cupule plate-shaped, 1–1.5 cm in 1a. Rachis of infructescences glabrous 113a. var. litseifolius diam., covering base of nut, wall woody and basally 1b. Rachis of infructescences densely thickened; bracts usually connate into concentric rings pubescent ...... 113b. var. pubescens but apical ones imbricate, triangular, small, appressed. 113a. Lithocarpus litseifolius var. litseifolius Nut conical, 1.2–1.8 × 1–1.5 cm, often white farinose, 木姜叶柯(原变种) mu jiang ye ke (yuan bian zhong) apex shortly pointed or rarely flat, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; Quercus litseifolia Hance, J. Bot. 22: 228. 1884; Litho- scar 5–9 mm in diam., concave. Fl. May–Sep, fr. Aug– carpus mucronatus (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus; L. Dec of following year. synbalanos (Hance) Chun; Pasania litseifolia (Hance) Mixed mesophytic forests; ca. 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Schottky; P. lysistachya Hu; P. mucronata Hickel & A. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Camus; P. synbalanos (Hance) Schottky; P. viridis Yunnan, Zhejiang. Schottky p.p. (all syntypes except A. Henry 9636); P. Very close to Lithocarpus litseifolius, and could be treated as wenshanensis Hu; Q. synbalanos Hance; Synaedrys conspecific. litseifolia (Hance) Koidzumi. 115. Lithocarpus nitidinux (Hu) Chun ex C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 27. 1988. Branchlets glabrous. Rachis of infructescences glabrous. 光果柯 guang guo ke Cupule 0.8–1.4 cm in diam. Fr. Jun–Oct. Pasania nitidinux Hu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 115. 1951. Broad-leaved evergreen forests. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Trees to 18 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade narrowly oblong, 10–18 × [Laos, NE Myanmar, N Vietnam]. 4–6 cm, thickly papery, concolorous, base cuneate, This variety is drought resistant and is common in areas of high light margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 11–16 intensity. on each side of midvein; tertiary veins reticulate, Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

abaxially slender, conspicuous on both surfaces. 118. Lithocarpus hypoglaucus (Hu) C. C. Huang ex Y. C. Infructescence rachis 1–1.4 cm thick, sparsely lenticel- Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 76. 1976. late; lenticels small. Cupules in clusters of ca. 3, 灰背叶柯 hui bei ye ke cupular, enclosing 1/5–1/4 of nut, wall ± woody and Pasania hypoglauca Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., basally thickened; bracts imbricate, broadly triangular, Bot. 10: 101. 1940; Lithocarpus houanglipinensis A. appressed, grayish puberulent. Nut depressed globose, Camus; L. wangianus A. Camus; Pasania yungjenensis ca. 1.4 × 2.5 cm, apex ± flat; scar ca. 1.3 cm in diam., Hu. concave. Fr. Aug–Oct. Trees 10–20 m tall. Branchlets glabrous. Petiole 1.5–2 Sparse forests on calcareous mountains; ca. 1100 m. SW Guizhou, cm; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 7–15 × 2–6 cm, SE Yunnan (Xichou Xian). thickly papery, concolorous when young, abaxially 116. Lithocarpus phansipanensis A. Camus, Bull. Soc. Bot. glaucous and often with scurfy scalelike glands with France 90: 199. 1943 [1944]. age, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate-cuneate and 桂南柯 gui nan ke decurrent on petiole, margin entire, apex acuminate to Trees ca. 3 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate. acute; secondary veins 7–9 on each side of midvein; Petiole 3–5 mm, white farinose when dry; leaf blade tertiary veins abaxially inconspicuous. Male broadly obovate, 4–6.5 × 2.5–4 cm, rigidly leathery, inflorescences solitary or in a panicle, 6–15 cm. Female abaxially with dense scalelike glands and ± glaucous inflorescences at apex of branches, 7–15 cm; rachis when dry, base broadly cuneate and decurrent on with scurfy scalelike glands; cupules in clusters of (2 petiole, apex rounded; secondary veins 10–12 on each or)3. Cupule plate-shaped when mature, 1.5–5 mm × side of midvein, ending at margin; tertiary veins abax- 1.2–1.8 cm, covering on base of nut, wall 0.5–1.5 mm ially not visible. Female inflorescences 2–4, congested thick; bracts imbricate, triangular, small, appressed, at apex of branches, 4–7 cm; rachis ± with scalelike with tawny, scurfy scalelike glands. Nut depressed glands; cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Mature cupules globose to broadly conical, 1–1.5 × 0.8–2 cm, apex unknown. Fl. Feb. slightly concave to pointed, wall ca. 0.5 mm thick; scar Scrub on hill tops; ca. 1000 m. Guangxi (Shangsi Xian) [N Vietnam]. 0.8–1.2 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct Further study is needed to determine whether plants named as of following year. Lithocarpus phansipanensis from Guangxi are in fact this species. Mixed mesophytic forests; 1700–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW 117. Lithocarpus confinis C. C. Huang ex Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Yunnan. Jen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 84. 1976. 119. Lithocarpus listeri (King) Grierson & D. G. Long, 窄叶柯 zhai ye ke Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 134. 1982. 谊柯 Trees to 10 m tall, glabrous except for inflorescences. yi ke Branchlets blackish when dry. Petiole rarely to 1 cm, Quercus listeri King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2: base ± thickened; leaf blade oblong to lanceolate, 5–13 89. 1889. × 1.2–3.5 cm, thickly papery, abaxially ± glaucous and Trees to 15 m tall. Branchlets of current year sulcate, with scalelike glands, base cuneate and decurrent on glabrous, dark brown when dry, sparsely lenticellate. petiole, margin entire, apex shortly acuminate to Petiole 3–5 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to narrowly obtuse; secondary veins 12–16 on each side of midvein, lanceolate, 20–35 × 8–12 cm, leathery, base cuneate, slender, evident, irregularly spaced, sometimes ramified margin entire, apex acuminate; secondary veins 9–12 far from margin; tertiary veins abaxially very slender, on each side of midvein; tertiary veins subparallel. evident or not visible. Male inflorescences solitary or in Male inflorescences in a panicle, 2–3 cm; rachis a panicle; rachis glabrous or subglabrous. Female densely pubescent. Female inflorescences with cupules inflorescences in clusters of 2–6 at apex of branches; in clusters of ca. 3; bracts of young cupules imbricate, rachis ± puberulent, with tawny scalelike glands; ovate-triangular. Mature cupules unknown. Fl. Jun–Aug. cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence rachis 4–7 Broad-leaved evergreen forests; ca. 1000 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian) mm thick. Cupule plate-shaped, 1–3 mm × 1–1.6 cm, [Bhutan, NE India, NE Myanmar, Nepal]. covering only base of nut, wall 0.5–1 mm thick; bracts 120. Lithocarpus calolepis Y. C. Hsu & H. W. Jen, Acta imbricate, triangular, very small, appressed, with Phytotax. Sin. 14(2): 83. 1976. puberulent scalelike glands. Nut depressed globose to 美苞柯 mei bao ke rarely conical, 1–1.8 × 1.4–2 cm, sometimes ± white farinose, apex ± flat with a concave center to rarely Trees ca. 15 m tall. Young branchlets dark purplish shortly pointed, wall ca. 1 mm thick; scar 5–8 mm in brown, conspicuously sulcate. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf diam., concave. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct of following blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 8–15 × 2.5–5 cm, year. rigidly papery, base shortly cuneate to broadly so, Secondary forests on dry slopes; 1500–2400 m. W Guizhou, C to E margin entire, apex shortly to long acuminate; Yunnan. secondary veins 13–16 on each side of midvein, very slender, evident; tertiary veins abaxially not visible. Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.

Male inflorescences in a panicle; rachis puberulent. globose, less than 1 cm, 1.5–2 cm in diam., grayish Female and androgynous inflorescences 6–18 cm; farinose; scar 1–1.2 cm in diam., concave. Fr. Sep–Oct. cupules in clusters of ca. 3. Infructescence rachis 6–10 Broad-leaved evergreen forests or in association with Pinus mm thick, basally minutely lenticellate. Cupule plate- massoniana and other species of Lithocarpus; ca. 200 m. Guangxi shaped, 0.5–1.5 × 1.8–2.5 cm, basally narrowed; bracts (Qinzhou Xian), Guizhou (Libo Xian). triangular to rhomboid, squamate, appressed, with 123. Lithocarpus areca (Hickel & A. Camus) A. Camus, Rivièra Sci. 18: 39. 1931 [1932]. grayish puberulent scalelike glands, sometimes basal 槟榔柯 bin lang ke ones connate into 2 or 3 concentric rings. Nut depressed Pasania areca Hickel & A. Camus, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., globose, 1.5–2 × 2–2.5 cm, apex rounded to ± flat, wall sér. 10, 3: 404. 1921; P. longinux Hu. 1–1.5 mm thick; scar 1.2–1.5 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Trees 10–15 m tall. Branchlets grayish, glabrous, May–Jun, fr. Oct–Nov of following year. Mixed mesophytic forests of calcareous formation; 1000–1800 m. lenticellate. Petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblanceolate SE Yunnan (Xichou Xian). to narrowly oblong, 13–25 × 3.5–5.5 cm, papery, 121. Lithocarpus haipinii Chun, J. Arnold Arbor. 28: 233. concolorous, both surfaces glabrous or with tuft of hairs 1947. at axils of veins, both ends attenuate, base decurrent on 耳柯 an er ke petiole, margin with a few sharp teeth from middle to Trees to 30 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and rachis of apex or sometimes entire; secondary veins 9–15 on inflorescences densely with grayish to tawny long hairs. each side of midvein and usually adaxially ± impressed; Petiole 2–3.5 cm; leaf blade broadly elliptic, ovate, tertiary veins abaxially conspicuous. Male obovate, or obovate-elliptic, 8–15 × 4–8 cm, rigidly inflorescences axillary, solitary or rarely in a panicle, leathery, abaxially densely pilose, margin recurved, 5–8 cm, densely flowered; rachis slender. Female apex rounded to acute, sometimes shortly cuneate, and inflorescences 4–10 cm, often androgynous with female often asymmetric; secondary veins 9–13 on each side of flowers on basal part of rachis; cupules in clusters of 3– midvein, secondary and tertiary veins adaxially 5, usually 1 developed. Infructesence rachis ca. 5 mm impressed; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident. thick. Cupule discoid, 1.6–1.8 cm in diam., covering Male inflorescences in a panicle, densely brown base of nut, wall 1–2 mm thick; bracts linear, 2–4 mm tomentose. Female inflorescences shorter than male, when young, to 8 mm when mature. Nut ellipsoid to usually terminal at apex of branches, 6–14 cm; cupules long conical but flat at apical part, 4–5 × 2–3.5 cm, in clusters of 3–5. Young cupules completely enclosing with 3 longitudinal obtuse ridges, glabrous, apex nut; bracts linear. Mature cupules plate-shaped, 3–6 pointed, wall 2–3 mm thick; scar 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., mm × 1.5–2.5 cm, wall ± woody; bracts reflexed, tip concave. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov of following year. hooked. Nut subglobose but slightly depressed, 1.8–2.6 Broad-leaved evergreen forests; 800–1500 m. W Guangxi, SE × 2–3 cm, white farinose when young, base flat; scar Yunnan [N Vietnam]. 0.8–1.4 cm in diam., concave. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Jul–Aug of following year. Mixed mesophytic forests, frequent on gentle dry slopes; below 1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, S Guizhou, S Hunan. 122. Lithocarpus qinzhouicus C. C. Huang & Y. T. Chang, Guihaia 8: 17. 1988. 钦州柯 qin zhou ke Trees; branchlets, petioles, and rachis of inflorescences densely tomentose with short hairs. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate, 8–12 × 2–3 cm, rigidly leathery, abaxially densely tomentose with short hairs, soon glabrescent, with scalelike glands, and glaucous or grayish when dry, base attenuate, decurrent on petiole, margin entire or undulate from middle to apex; apex attenuate, secondary veins 9–14 on each side of midvein, adaxially slightly impressed; tertiary veins abaxially not visible but very slender, evident. Female and/or androgynous inflorescences in pairs, terminal at apex of branches, 10–15 cm. Female inflorescences with cupules in clusters of 3–5. Cupule plate-shaped, 1.5–2.2 cm in diam., enclosing basal part of nut; bracts spiny when young, thickly linear, 3–5 mm when mature, reflexed, tip hooked, grayish pubescent. Nut depressed Flora of China 4: 333–369. 1999.