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Obnova World Trade Centra U New Yorku Inozemna gradilišta OBNOVA WORLD TRADE CENTRA U NEW YORKU Uvod RENEWAL OF WORLD TRADE CENTRE IN NEW YORK Deseta je obljetnica rušenja World Full ten years have elapsed since the air raid on the World Trade Centre Twins in Trade Centra (WTC-a – Svjetskoga New York, in which the Twins were completely destroyed while many nearby trgovačkog centra) u New Yorku buildings suffered extensive damage. This event has significantly altered history of the modern world, and has even been at the origin of two wars. On the other obilježena na mjestu tragedije naz- hand, it has also inspired the need to create at this very spot something memorial vanom „Ground Zero“ („Nulta razi- and useful, but also sufficiently glamorous to show the true power and strength of na“). U komemoraciji koja je zapo- America. The design proposed by Daniel Libeskind, widely known as the author čela minutom šutnje u 8,46 sati po of the Jewish Museum in Berlin, was selected at the international competition lokalnom vremenu (kada je prvi avi- organized for this huge development. According to Libeskind's winning solution, on udario u sjeverni toranj) sudjelo- the remains of the highest WTC buildings were to be kept, while several towers vali su bivši i sadašnji najviši duž- would be situated around this zone. The tallest one, with the gleaming memorial nosnici Sjedinjenih Američkih Dr- antenna on its top, would have been 541.3 m in height. However, the initial žava te države i grada New Yorka, design has been greatly modified and the most famous architects of the world ali i predstavnici mnogih zemalja i were engaged for the project. Only a part of the memorial platform has been completed by the tenth anniversary of the tragedy, and it is currently expected svjetskih institucija. Komemoracije that the remaining work will be completed within the next several years. This žrtvama toga po općem uvjerenju huge and grandiose construction site is even now compared, by its cost and dosad najsudbonosnijega datuma completion times, with construction of the renaissance Rome. svjetske povijesti u 21. stoljeću odr- žane su i širom svijeta, pa i u našoj zemlji (u Muzeju Mimara u Zagrebu). Posljedice su događaja 11. rujna (poz- natijeg prema američkom označiva- nju datuma kao „September 11“, „9/11“, „9-11“ ili „911“, što je inače broj hitne pomoći u SAD-u i mno- gim drugim zemljama) gotovo nem- jerljive, posebno kada se spoznaju gospodarski, socijalni, kulturni i vojni učinci ne samo u SAD-u već i u mnogim dijelovima svijeta. Napad 9. rujna znatno je utjecao na cjelo- kupnu svjetsku politiku i osuđen je širom svijeta, a već je nakon mjesec dana pokrenut napad na Afganistan u potrazi za članovim Al-Kaide, me- đunarodnog saveza islamskih tero- rističkih organizacija, organizatori- ma toga i mnogih drugih teroristič- kih napada. Brojne su države uvele stroge antiterorističke zakone i po- kušale spriječiti financiranje teroriz- ma čak i zamrzavanjem sumnjivih bankovnih računa. Policije mnogih država poboljšale su međusobnu su- radnju radi učinkovitije borbe protiv terorizma, ali su pritom dobile odre- đene ovlasti koje su uvjetovale ogra- Plan Svjetskog trgovačkog centra prije rušenja ničavanje nekih građanskih prava. GRAĐEVINAR 63 (2011) 9/10 887 Inozemna gradilišta Napadi su povećali međusobnu po- rave tako da se službeno zove samo vezanost građana New Yorka i pat- New York za razliku od ostalih riotske osjećaje u cijeloj zemlji, ali gradskih četvrti (Queens, Brooklyn, su imali i ekonomske posljedice u Bronx i Staten Island) koje uz naziv SAD-u i u svijetu. Samo se izravne imaju i kraticu NY. Uostalom i sami štete od rušenja procjenjuju na prib- Njujorčani kada kreću na Manhattan ližno 80 milijardi dolara. Njujorška govore kako „idu u grad“. burza, iako neoštećena, nije bila ot- Otok je od starosjedilaca Lenape In- vorena punih 7 dana (najduže nakon dijanaca za škrinju tkanina i sitnica gospodarske krize 1929.) jer su tvrt- (vrijednih ondašnjih 26, a današnjih ke i kupci ostali bez komunikacijs- 1000 dolara) 1626. kupio Nizoze- kih i telefonskih veza. U tom su mac Peter Minuit, a prema jednom tjednu američke dionice izgubile na tumačenju indijansko „manna-hatta“ vrijednosti 1200 milijardi dolara. Na Dijelovi grada New Yorka (žuto je zapravo znači „brežuljkasti otok“. Manhatan) nekoliko je dana bio prekinut i zrač- ni promet, a kada je ponovno otvo- ren bio je znatno smanjen. O uzrocima rušenja najviših njujorš- kih nebodera, popularnih Twinsa (Blizanaca), već smo iscrpno pisali (Građevinar, 1./2002.), a na ovome bi mjestu htjeli nešto reći o njihovoj obnovi, zapravo o trenutačno naj- skupljem svjetskom gradilištu. Na to nas je potaknula i činjenica što na tom gradilištu ima mnogo problema i što radovi znatno kasne pa je, pri- mjerice, izostao završetak najviše zgrade koja je u početku nazvana Freedom Tower (Toranj slobode) i koja treba biti novi simbol oporav- ljenoga New Yorka i SAD-a. Nje- gov je završetak bio planiran za de- Dijelovi grada New yorks (žuto je Manhattan) setogodišnjicu tragedije, ali se sada govori da će biti završen 2013., a možda i poslije. No najbolje je krenuti redom. Razvoj Manhattana te nastanak i rušenje WTC-a Manhattan je jedan od brojnih nju- jorških otoka, omeđen rijekama Hud- son na zapadu i Harlem na sjeveru te East Riverom na istoku, i povezan tunelima, mostovima i trajektima s ostalim dijelovima grada. Središnja je to gradska četvrt koja je iako najmanja (59,5 km2) i najmnogo- ljudnija te je s 27.489 stanovnika po četvornom kilometru jedno od naj- naseljenijih područja na svijetu. Na Manhattanu je središte gradske up- WTC-svjetski trgovački centar 888 GRAĐEVINAR 63 (2011) 9/10 Inozemna gradilišta Začetak je New Yorka. odnosno naj- te tvrtke nakon gradnje tunela i mos- sjeverno od WTC-a i omeđen je prije Novoga Amsterdama, bio up- tova na rijeci Hudson pao od 117 ulicama Vesey, Zapadni Broadway, ravo na južnom dijelu Manhattana u milijuna putnika u 1927. na 26 mili- Barclay i Washington. Gradila ga je blizini srušenih Twin Towersa i uz juna u 1958. godini. Stoga je uteme- tvrtka Silverstein Properties čiji će negdašnju vojnu utvrdu oko koje se ljena nova tvrtka Port Authority vlasnik Larry Silverstein koji je pos- razvila živa trgovačka aktivnost. Trans-Hudson (PATH) koja je odlu- lije kao zakupnik cijeloga WTC-a Čak je i obližnji Wall Sreet, najpoz- čila Svjetski trgovački centar s pos- postao jedna od ključnih osoba u natije svjetsko financijsko središte, tajom podzemne željeznice graditi njegovoj obnovi. ime dobio po zidu koji je doselje- na zapadnom dijelu Donjeg Manha- Valja reći da je WTC teško stradao u nike dijelio od okolnih Indijanaca. ttana, istočno od World Financial požaru 1975., a kao simbol američ- Centra, na lokaciji gdje je nekad bili Manhattan je začetak New Yorka, ke moći i snage u dva je navrata bio smješteni Radio Row i stanica pod- SAD-a i svijeta. Tu je sjedište mno- metom terorističkog napada. U pr- zemne željeznice. Taj je prostor gih velikih radijskih, televizijskih i vom je napadu kamionom bombom površine 6,5 hektara omeđen Zapad- te njegovo komercijalno, financijsko 26. veljače 1993. bilo pet mrtvih i nom ulicom i autocestom 9A sa za- i kulturno središte s mnoštvom turis- više ranjenih, a u drugom je napadu pada te ulicama Slobode (Liberty) tičkih atrakcija, muzeja, sveučilišta i 11. rujna 2001. WTC potpuno razru- na jugu, Crkvene (Church) na istoku telekomunikacijskih tvrtki. Na Man- šen i tada je u svim napadima bilo i Vesey na sjeveru. hattanu je smještena i zgrada Ujedi- gotovo 3 tisuće mrtvih i više od 6000 njenih naroda. Projekt je 1962. izradio američko- ranjenih među putnicima zrakoplo- japanski arhitekt Minoru Yamasaki va, zaposlenicima WTC-a i Pentago- Pogled na nebodere Manhattana uz pomoć tvrtki Emery Roth & Sons na te vojnicima, službenicima hitne možda je najdojmljivija slika današ- te Leslie E. Robertson Associates za pomoći i vatrogascima. njega svijeta koja je duboko utisnuta konstrukciju. Radovi su na iskopu u skupnu svijest suvremenoga čov- počeli 1966., a velika je količina jeka. U prvoj polovici prošloga sto- Razmjeri tragedije i planovi materijala iskorištena za gradnju ob- ljeća New Yorkom su dominirale obnove ližnjega Batery parka na obali rijeke dvije velike znamenitosti, Kip slo- Hudson. Napad je, kao što je poznato, izvršen bode i Empire State Building, a kra- otetim zrakoplovima koji su se kao jem 20. st. tornjevi blizanci WTC-a Gradnja WTC-a 1 započela je sredi- plamteće bombe zaletjeli u planirane kao simboli novoga New Yorka i nom 1968., a dovršena je 1970., dok ciljeve. Prvi je, prema službenom nove Amerike te njezine moći i vod- je gradnja WTC-a 2 započela počet- izvještaju, toga kobnoga jutra udario stva u svijetu globalnog kapitalizma. kom 1969., a dovršena je sredinom u sjeverni toranj zrakoplov Ameri- Slika Twinsa postala je i najčešćim 1971. Troškovi su izgradnje stajali can Airlinesa na letu broj 11 između prizorom američkih filmova i serija 400 milijuna dolara (2,17 milijardi Bostona i Los Angelesa, a 17 minu- pa je bila svima prepoznatljiv znak. dolara po sadašnjim cijenama), a ta kasnije, u 9,03 po lokalnom vre- Razvio se čak i poseban postupak dobiveno je 1,24 milijuna četvornih menu, avion United Airlinesa na filmske montaže, koji su posprdno metara uredskog prostora. Oba su letu 175, također između Bostona i nazivali „WTC montaža“, kada bi se nebodera bila visoka 110 katova i Los Angelesa, zabio se u drugi južni između dva dijaloga ubacivala slika kvadratnoga tlocrta (63,4 x 63,4 m), toranj. Treći je zrakoplov American New Yorka i njegovih najviših ne- a WTC 1 svojom je visinom od 417 Airlinesa na letu 77 iz Washingtona bodera. m (WTC 2 je 2 m niži) i antenom za Los Angeles u 9,37 udario u zgradu koja dostiže visinu od 526,3 m krat- Pentagona, a četvrti (United Airlines Ideja o gradnji Svjetskoga trgovač- ko vrijeme, do 1973., bio najviša na letu 95 iz Newarka za San Fran- kog centra na obali East Rivera u zgrada na svijetu.
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