Seismic Structural Investigation and Reservoir Characterization of the Moki Formation in Maar Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
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Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2015 Seismic structural investigation and reservoir characterization of the Moki Formation in Maar Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand Mohammed Dhaifallah M Alotaibi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Alotaibi, Mohammed Dhaifallah M, "Seismic structural investigation and reservoir characterization of the Moki Formation in Maar Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand" (2015). Masters Theses. 7459. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7459 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii SEISMIC STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOKI FORMATION IN MAAR FIELD, TARANAKI BASIN, NEW ZEALAND By MOHAMMED DHAIFALLAH M ALOTAIBI A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS 2015 Approved by Dr. Kelly Liu, Advisor Dr. Stephen Gao Dr. Neil Anderson iv 2015 Mohammed Dhaifallah M Alotaibi All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Maari Field is a large oil field located in the southern part of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. The field is bounded by two major structures, the Eastern Mobile Belt and Western Stable Platform. The Maari Field produces 40,000 BOPD (Barrels of Oil per Day) from five wells from reservoirs in the Moki Formation. The Miocene Moki Formation was deposited as part of the Wai-iti Group and consists of sandstone interbedded with siltstone and claystone. The sandstone of the Moki Formation is characterized by a submarine fan. It is distributed along the southern and central Taranaki shelf. Three-dimensional seismic data and well logs were recorded by the Geco-Prakla Company. Time and depth structural maps on the top of the Moki Formation are subdivided into a main structure with high and low elevations of topography, which are separated by a major fault, the Kiwi Fault. The fault trends from the south toward the northeast. Seismic attributes, such as coherence and edge detection, were mapped to interpret the major and minor faults. In the Maari Field, there are more than seventeen faults. Seismic data and well log data were used to determine the petrophysical properties in the Moki reservoir. Using the well logs, the transition zone (oil-water contact) between the oil and water was found to be 1352 m. The Moki reservoir has good quality oil, with an average porosity at Maari-1, Maui-4, Kea-1, Moki, and Maari-2 ranging from 14 to 19 percent. Gamma ray, resistivity, and spontaneous potential logs were used to determine correlation between well and lithology of the Moki reservoir. The net thickness of the reservoir is 320 m to 360 m. The distribution of shale is less than 10 percent throughout the Moki reservoir. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Allah for giving me the power to done with a good work. And to my family, especially my father and mother. To my brothers how are giving my support. A lot of thanks to my lovely wife for everything she does it for me. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Kelly Liu, for guiding and advising me my graduate program and during my research work. I would also like to thank Dr. Stephen Gao and Dr. Neil Anderson for their advising that have given me through their courses and have been my committee. I am also grateful to all my colleagues in the Geology and Geophysics Program at Missouri University of Science and Technology who have helped since I started my master’s degree, especially to my best friend “Essa Ali Elbileikia” for his support. Finally, I would like to express thanks to my sponsor, Ministry of Higher education of Saudi Arabia, for giving me such as a great opportunity to complete my education. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...........................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xi SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. OVERVIEW OF THE MAARI FIELD ................................................ 1 1.2. AIM OF THE STUDY ......................................................................... 3 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING ........................................................................ 4 2.1. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE TARANAKI BASIN ................. 4 2.2. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TARANAKI BASIN .............................. 9 2.3. DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM OF THE MOKI FORMATION ............ 13 2.4. THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM OF THE TARANAKI BASIN .......... 14 2.4.1. Source Rocks. ............................................................................ 14 2.4.2. Reservoir and Seal Rocks. ......................................................... 14 3. DATA AND METHODS ........................................................................ 16 3.1. SEISMIC DATA ................................................................................ 16 vi 3.1.1. Data Acquisition Parameters. ..................................................... 17 3.1.2. Well Data. .................................................................................. 19 3.2. INTERPRETATION SOFTWARE ................................................... 20 3.3. METHODOLGY ............................................................................... 20 4. SEISMIC INTERPRETATION AND SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES ........... 22 4.1. SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM GENERATION AND WELL TO SEISMIC TIES .................................................................................. 22 4.2. HORIZON AND RESERVOIR INTERPRETATION ...................... 22 4.2.1. Time and Depth Structure Maps. ............................................... 26 4.2.2. Isochron Map. ............................................................................ 27 4.2.3. Time Slice. ................................................................................. 29 4.3. SEISMIC ATTRUBITE MAPPING .................................................. 30 4.3.1. Coherence and Variance Attribute. ............................................ 30 4.3.2. Edge Detection and Dip Angle Maps. ....................................... 32 4.4. INTERPRETING THE FAULTS AND GAS CHIMENYS ............... 35 4.4.1. Fault Interpretation..................................................................... 35 4.4.2. Fault Modeling. .......................................................................... 36 4.4.3. Prospect Area (Gas Chimeny and Bright Spot). ........................ 39 5. WELL LOG AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION ................... 46 5.1. WELL LOG ANALYSIS .............................................................. 46 5.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RESERVOIR ......................... 47 5.2.1. Cross-plot Analysis. ................................................................... 48 vii 5.2.1.1. Cross-pot of gamma ray and density. ................................. 48 5.2.1.2. Cross-plot of gamma ray and porosity. ............................... 49 5.2.2. Petrophysical Analysis. .............................................................. 50 5.2.3. Fluid Distribution. ...................................................................... 52 5.3.4. Petrophysical Result................................................................... 53 5.3.4.1. Porosity. .............................................................................. 53 5.3.4.2 Effective porosity. ................................................................ 54 5.3.4.3. Water saturation. ................................................................. 55 5.3.4.4. Volume of shale (VSH). ..................................................... 55 5.3.4.5. Net to gross ratio. ................................................................ 56 6. CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 65 VITA ................................................................................................................. 69 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1.1. Location of the Maari Field in southern of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand ........................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2.1. Location of the Taranaki Basin. The Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Australian Plate, with the Taranaki Basin located above this subduction ................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2.2. The Western Stable Platform and the Eastern Mobile Belt with the Northern Graben, Central Graben, and Southern Inversion Zone ............... 7 Figure 2.3. The location of the Maari Field in the Southern Inversion Zone ................. 8 Figure