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Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Conservation of Mountain Lake Ecosystems of Asian Countries

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Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Conservation of Mountain Lake Ecosystems of Asian Countries AASSA REGIONAL WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION OF MOUNTAIN LAKE ECOSYSTEMS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES Edited by Prof. Hang-Sik Shin Dr. Marine Nalbandyan June 25-29 2014, Yerevan 2014 Editors: Prof. Hang-Sik Shin and Dr. Marine Nalbandyan Compilation by Marine Nalbandyan and Armine Avetisyan Sustainable management of water resources and conservation of mountain lake ecosystems of Asian countries. Proceedings of AASSA Regional Workshop/ Compilation by M. Nalbandyan and Armine Avetisyan; Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, 2014, 140 p. The proceedings present papers from countries of the Asian region. The main focus is on the strategies and approaches of water resources management, sustainable management of transboundary waters and ecosystem protection of rivers and mountain lakes. The problems of water quality management and rational use of water resources in the context of climate change are also discussed. All papers are edited. Color version of the proceedings is available on the web site of IGS NAS of RA: www.geology.am Table of Contents MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WATER RESOURCES IN KOREA Prof. Dr. Hang-Sik Shin ………………………………...………………5 THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ON ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY AND DESICCATION OF LAKE UROMIYEH IN IRAN Dr. Amin Alizadeh ………………………………………….…………12 SOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR CATCHMENT-BASED WATER MANAGEMENT UNDER THE EUROPEAN UNION WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Dr. Ho-Sik Chon ……………………………………………………… 18 INTRODUCING THE EUROPEAN UNION WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN ARMENIA: DEBED RIVER BASIN CASE STUDY Lusine Taslakyan ………………………………..……………………. 27 MODELING OF Ca, Mg, Na CONTENT IN WATER AS A TOOL FOR WATER AND SOIL CONTAMINATION MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL AREA M.A. Nalbandyan, N.A. Ajabyan ……………………………………. 38 WATER RESOURCES OF EASTERN GEORGIA Dr. Vakhtang Geladze, Dr. Nana Bolashvili, Dr. Tamaz Karalashvili, Dr. Nana Machavariani, Dr. Res. Nino Chikhradze, Dr. David Kartvelishvili …………………………………………………..…….…47 THE ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF LARGE DEEP RESERVOIRS CONSTRUCTION ON WATER QUALITY OF SIBERIAN RIVERS (EVENK RESERVOIR AS A CASE STUDY) Prof. Dr. Yuri I. Vinokurov, Dr. Alexander T. Zinoviev, Yana E. Kuznyak………………………………………………………..………. 55 GIS FOR STATE WATER CADASTRE OF ARMENIA: CONTENTS, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS Arshavir Avagyan, Hayk Yeritsian, Arayik Mkrtumyan, Aleksandr Arakelyan, Hasmik Manandyan, Anna Elbakyan, David Vardanyan, Artak Piloyan …………………………………………………………. 65 INTEGRATED STUDIES OF LAKETELETSKOYE FOR ITS CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE (ALTAI, RUSSIA) Prof. Dr. Yuri I. Vinokurov, Dr. Alexander T. Zinoviev, Dr. Elena Yu. Mitrofanova …………………………..……………………………76 THE PRINCIPLES OF GUIDELINE FOR THE RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN ARMENIA Arshavir Avagyan, Alexander Arakelyan, Hayk Yeritsian, Arayik Mkrtumyan, Hasmik Manandyan, Anna Elbakyan, Artak Piloyan ..................................................................................................... 87 INFLUENCE OF LAKE SEVAN CATCHMENT BASIN PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ON THE SAME OF THE LAKE PhD Hovsepyan A.A., PhD Khachikyan T.G., PhD Hambaryan L.R……………………………………………………………………. .102 ICE CONDITIONS OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER Darya Fedorova ………………………………………………………113 THE CHANGE OF WATER RESOURCES IN LAKE SEVAN IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE RENEWED SCENARIOS Dr. Levon Vardanyan, Dr. Levon Azizyan, Ph.D student Yelizaveta Yeroyan, Master Armine Danielyan .................................................. 123 THE ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE RIVERS OF GEORGIA, FLOWING IN THE BLACK SEA M. Kvinikadze, V. Kirakocian, G. Todradze, N. Loria, N. Janashvili, S. Jalagania, L. Akhalbedashvili ………………………………….…129 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WATER RESOURCES IN KOREA Prof. Dr. Hang-Sik Shin1 1KAIST, KOREA ABSTRACT Water is one of the most important factors for economic and social development of human environment while it also has a basic function in maintaining the integrity of the natural environment. However, vast differences of water availability and supply variability from region to region due to seasonal, topographical and geological reasons have urged to develop the tailored Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) program to the individual circumstances of country and local region. In Korea, the annual average precipitation is around 1,300 mm, about 1.3 times larger than the global average of 973 mm. However, per capita precipitation is 2,705m3/year, which is 12 percent less than world's average (22,096m3/year) due to high density of population of Korea. As consequences, Korea has been classified as a water stress country, ranked No.146 among180 countries in available water per capita as reported by the United Nations. In addition, even worse, concentrated precipitation in summer (70% of annual precipitation) and topographical limitations (rainfall loss to ocean) have affected the development of water resource management programs in Korea. In this study, therefore, Korea’s integrated water resources program including mid- and long-term water supply plan, technology developments for water resources and water resources management policies and actions will be addressed. Keywords: Water resources, Management strategy, Policy INTRODUCTION The Korean peninsula, about 1,300 km long and 300 km wide, is located in the northeastern region of the Asian Continent. The eastern coastline of the peninsula runs directly along the skirt of thesteep mountain slope range, while the southern and western coastlines are met by wide alluvial plains [1]. Usually, rivers running to the eastern coast are short in length and steep in channel slope. While long stretching rivers with mild gradient 5 such as the Han River, the Nakdong River, and the Geum River discharge to the southern or western coasts. South Korea is in the temperate zone of medium latitude, having four distinct seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). Under the influence of the cold continental anticyclone, winter is bitter cold and dry. In summer, however, it is hot and humid due to the North Pacific anticyclone. The average temperature throughout the year is 10~16°C except in the central mountainous area. The hottest month of year is August with 23~27°C; the coldest month is January with -6~ -7°C. Annual precipitation is 1,100~1,400 mm in the central part, and 1,000~1,800 mm in the southern, with two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurring only in the rainy summer season. On the other hand, the amount of precipitation is very low in winter and spring. The annual average runoff is 73.1 billion m3, which constitutes 57% of the annual average precipitation of 127.6 billion m3. The runoff ratio of 57% is somewhat large value. Relatively topographic characteristics of Korea such as smaller basin area and steep slopes when compared to the Unites States or the countries in Europe, and short length of rivers and heavy rainfalls in Korea cause large discharge in a short period. The monthly average runoff of June to September, as with precipitation shown in Fig.1, constitutes 2/3 of the annual volume. Unlike overseas rivers, the flow of rivers in Korea is unstable due to large seasonal variations inprecipitation and discharge. The coefficient of river regime of the Han River, before major dams were constructed, was 1:300, which is relatively larger than the Thames in Britain (1:8), the Rhine in Germany (1:18), and the Seine in France (1:34) [2]. Fig. 1. National monthly average runoff 6 The amount of water demand has been predicted to be gradually increased around 0.2% every year until 2020. In 2020, 6.5 times larger amount of total water will be needed than that of last 40 years and 32 times larger amount for domestic water use as shown in Fig.2. Thus, to cope with future water crisis, water resource management programs have been developed by government. Fig. 2. Total water use in Korea COMPREHENSIVE PLANS FOR WATER RESOURCES To cope with future water shortage as shown in Fig.3, long term management plans including water saving and demand-control plans, construction of dams and desalination plant have been developed. 7 Fig. 3. Prediction of water shortage in 2020 For the domestic and industrial water use management, water reuse had been replaced up to 0.8% of the domestic water at 2006 and exfiltration ratio of pipe line was decreased from 17% at 2005 to 12 % at 2011. Through those managements, 1.33 billion ton/year of water assumes to be saved by 2020 as shown in Fig. 4. In addition, in order to enhance the water storage capability, constructions of multi-purpose dam and dams for hydraulic power have been considered coupled with construction of desalination plants for water supply in rural area and island. Fig. 4. Water saving plan by 2020 8 POLICIES AND EFFORTS FOR WATER RESOURCES The national policies towards better water resource management are based on three principles: Improving the soundness and reliability in water use, building up social infrastructures to cope with floods, and forming river environments to be harmonized with the nature (MOCT, 2000) [3]. The agenda for the sound and reliable water use include: 1) Water demand management, 2) efficient water use and water quality improvement, 3) new water resources development to ensure reliability of water supply,and 4) capacity building for drought mitigation. The agenda for the flood control programs are: 1) Adopting basin-scaled integrated flood management plans replacing traditional
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