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Cruise Ship Tourism Main Photograph: Silversea Cruises’ Silver Shadow Is a Superlative Small Cruise Ship at 28,258 Tons

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Cruise Ship Tourism Main Photograph: Silversea Cruises’ Silver Shadow Is a Superlative Small Cruise Ship at 28,258 Tons Cruise Ship Tourism Main photograph: Silversea Cruises’ Silver Shadow is a superlative small cruise ship at 28,258 tons. In the Berlitz Guide to Ocean Cruising & Cruise Ships 2005, the author Douglas Ward placed the ship eighth best out of a comprehensive review of 256 ships. In addition Silversea Cruises was voted the Best Small Cruise Ship Line in the World in the 18th Annual Condé Nast Traveller Readers’ Choice Awards in 2005. It was the ninth time Silversea has been voted number one in the prestigious read- ers’ poll. My wife and I are privileged to work as onboard lecturers on the Silver Shadow and we agree that it is one of the finest cruise ships afloat. Source: Silversea Cruises. Lower left photograph: Oceania Cruises’ Regatta, 30,277 tons, in Santorini, Greece. Source: Oceania Cruises. Lower centre photograph: Silversea Cruises’ Silver Cloud, 16,927 tons, departing Picton, South Island, New Zealand, January 2005. Source: Gary Stocker. Lower right photograph: Passengers on board the Silver Shadow, in Halong Bay, Vietnam, January 2004. Source: Ross Dowling. Cruise Ship Tourism Edited by Ross K. Dowling Edith Cowan University Faculty of Business and Law School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure Joondalup WA 6027 Australia CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cruise tourism / edited by Ross K. Dowling. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-048-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-84593-048-7 (alk. paper) 1. Ocean travel. 2. Cruise lines. I. Dowling, Ross K. II. Title. G550.C8327 2006 387.5′42--dc22 2005018815 ISBN-10: 1-84593-048-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-048-9 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. This book is dedicated to My wife Wendy who has accompanied me to the ends of the earth, I thank you for the way you share your life, love and spirit with me My six children and their families who are now living in Australia, China, England and New Zealand The memory of the late Professor William F. Grazer, esteemed Professor of Marketing at Towson University, Maryland, USA, one of this book’s contributors who sadly passed away on 10 August 2005 Miss Pat Higgins, Formerly Manager of Enrichment Programs, Silversea Cruises, Fort Lauderdale, USA – the consummate cruise tourism professional and enthusiast Silversea Cruises – undoubtedly the finest cruise line in the world today This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor xi Contributors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 The Cruising Industry 3 Ross K. Dowling 2 A Geographical Overview of the World Cruise Market and its Seasonal Complementarities 18 Jacques J. Charlier and Robert J. McCalla 3 The Cruise Industry: An Industrial Organization Perspective 31 Andreas Papatheodorou 4 Cruise Tourism and Organizational Culture: The Case for Occupational Communities 41 Darren Lee-Ross 5 Cruise Sector Policy in a Tourism-dependent Island Destination: The Case of Bermuda 51 Victor B. Teye PART II: DEMAND: CRUISE PASSENGERS AND MARKETING 6 What Drives Cruise Passengers’ Perceptions of Value? 63 James F. Petrick and Xiang Li 7 Cruising and the North American Market 74 Allan R. Miller and William F. Grazer 8 When One Size Doesn’t Fit All 86 Chris Fanning and Jane James 9 Ways of Seeing the Caribbean Cruise Product: A British Perspective 95 Clare Weeden and Jo-Anne Lester 10 The Impact of Interpretation on Passengers of Expedition Cruises 105 Kaye Walker and Gianna Moscardo 11 Cruise Guide Star-rating Systems: A Need for Standardization 115 Reg A. Swain vii viii Contents 12 Sixteen Ways of Looking at an Ocean Cruise: A Cultural Studies Approach 124 Arthur A. Berger PART III: SUPPLY: CRUISE DESTINATIONS AND PRODUCTS 13 Spatial and Evolutionary Characteristics of Baltic Sea Cruising: A Historic-geographical Overview 131 Jan O. Lundgren 14 The Alaska Cruise Industry 145 John M. Munro and Warren G. Gill 15 The Cruise Industry and Atlantic Canada: A Case Study 160 Nancy Chesworth 16 The Changing Geography of Cruise Tourism in the Caribbean 170 Paul F. Wilkinson 17 Paradise and other Ports of Call: Cruising in the Pacific Islands 184 Ngaire Douglas and Norman Douglas 18 The Antarctic Cruise Industry 195 Thomas Bauer and Ross K. Dowling 19 Round-the-world Cruising: A Geography Created by Geography? 206 Robert J. McCalla and Jacques J. Charlier 20 The Norwegian Coastal Express: Moving Towards Cruise Tourism? 223 Ola Sletvold 21 The Structure and Operation of Coastal Cruising: Australian Case Studies 232 Sacha Reid and Bruce Prideaux 22 Adventure Cruising: An Ethnography of Small Ship Travel 240 Valene L. Smith 23 Off the Beaten Track: A Case Study of Expedition Cruise Ships in South-west Tasmania, Australia 251 Claire Ellis and Lorne K. Kriwoken PART IV: INTERACTIONS: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 24 Turning Water into Money: The Economics of the Cruise Industry 261 Ross A. Klein 25 Cruising North to Alaska: The New ‘Gold Rush’ 270 Greg Ringer 26 The Sources and Magnitude of the Economic Impact on a Local Economy from Cruise Activities: Evidence from Port Canaveral, Florida 280 Bradley M. Braun and Fred Tramell 27 Florida’s Day Cruise Industry: A Significant Contributor to Florida’s Economy? 290 Lori Pennington-Gray 28 Cruise Tourism in the Eastern Caribbean: An Anachronism in the Post-colonial Era? 299 Lydia M. Pulsipher and Lindsey C. Holderfield 29 Fantasy and Reality: Tourist and Local Experiences of Cruise Ship Tourism in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 315 Lynnaire Sheridan and Gregory Teal 30 A Shifting Tide: Environmental Challenges and Cruise Industry Responses 327 James E.N. Sweeting and Scott L. Wayne 31 Environmental Policy Challenges for the Cruise Industry: Case Studies from Australia and the USA 338 Suzanne Dobson and Alison Gill Contents ix 32 Cozumel: The Challenges of Cruise Tourism 350 Helle Sorensen PART V: INDUSTRY ISSUES 33 Cruise Ships in the UK and North European Market: Development Opportunity or Illusion for UK Ports? 363 Derek Robbins 34 Troubled Seas: Social Activism and the Cruise Industry 377 Ross A. Klein 35 The Disneyization of Cruise Travel 389 Adam Weaver 36 Cruise Tourism: A Paradigmatic Case of Globalization? 397 Robert E. Wood 37 Cruises, Supranationalism and Border Complexities 407 Dallen J. Timothy 38 Looking Ahead: The Future of Cruising 414 Ross K. Dowling Index 435 This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Dr Ross K. Dowling is Foundation Professor and Head of Tourism in the School of Marketing, Tourism and Leisure, Faculty of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia. He is an Executive Board Member of the Indian Ocean Tourism Organisation (IOTO) and a Board Member of Ecotourism Australia. In Western Australia he is Chairperson of The Forum Advocating Cultural and Eco Tourism (FACET), as well as a Council Member of the National Trust, the Royal Automobile Club and the Royal Agricultural Society. He was an inaugural Director of the State’s Tourism Council. Professor Dowling is an international speaker, author, researcher and consultant on tourism with over 200 publications. In recent years he has co-authored or co-edited six books on tourism. They are Ecotourism Policy and Planning, and Tourism in Destination Communities (both published by CABI); Ecotourism; Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts & Management; Wildlife Tourism and Geotourism. Professor Dowling has degrees in Geology, Geography and Environmental Science as well as diplomas in Educational Administration, Sport & Recreation, and Teaching. In 1993 he was awarded a PhD in Environmental Science from Murdoch University, for his ecotourism thesis ‘An Environmentally Based Approach to Tourism Planning’. His model has since been applied in Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia and the USA. The Editor is passionate about Cruise Ship Tourism and he has lectured on board Cunard’s Queen Elizabeth 2 in the Pacific as well as Silversea Cruises’ Silver Shadow in South-east Asia and the Indian Ocean, and Silver Cloud around the east coast of Australia and New Zealand. In addition, he has led a tour with Quark Expeditions into the Antarctic on board the Kapitan Dranitsyn. xi This page intentionally left blank Contributors Thomas Bauer, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Hotel and Tourism Management, Hung Hom, Kowloon, PR China, e-mail: [email protected] Arthur A. Berger, San Francisco State University, Broadcast and Electronic Communication Arts Department, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Bradley M. Braun, University of Central Florida, College of Business Administration, Department of Economics, PO Box 161400, Orlando, FL 32816-1400, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Jacques J. Charlier, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Department of Geography, France 75005; University of Louvain-la-Neuve, Department of Geography, Belgium 1348, e-mail: charlier@ geog.ucl.ac.be Nancy Chesworth, Mount St Vincent University, Department of Business and Tourism, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3M 2J6, e-mail: [email protected] Suzanne Dobson, Simon Fraser University, Department of Geography, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6, e-mail: [email protected] Ngaire Douglas, Southern Cross University, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Norman Douglas, Pacific Profiles, PO Box 229, Alstonville, NSW 2477, Australia, e-mail: [email protected] Ross K.
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